Proceeding International Conference on Religion, Science and Education (2025) 4, 907-912
Spatial Temporal Analysis of Development in Adiwerna
Sub-district, Indonesia due to the Impact of Pejagan-
Pemalang Toll Road Development
Heinrich Rakuasa1,*, Viktor Vladimirovich Budnikov1, Benson Joshua2, Philia Christi Latue3
1Department of Geography, Faculty of Geology and Geography, Tomsk State University,
Ulitsa Arkadiya Ivanova, 49, Tomsk, Tomsk Oblast, 634028, Russian Federation
2Department of Bioinformatics, Schools of Advanced Engineering Studies, Tomsk State University,
пл. Новособорная, 1, Tomsk, Tomsk Oblast, 634029, Russian Federation
3Department of Biology, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Pattimura University,
Jalan Ir. M. Putuhena, Ambon, 97233, Indonesia.
Corresponding author*
[email protected]
Abstract: The development of transportation infrastructure, particularly the Pejagan-Pemalang Toll Road, has had a
significant impact on the development of areas in Adiwerna Sub-district, Central Java, Indonesia. This study uses spatial
temporal analysis with high-resolution satellite image data from 2013, 2018, and 2023 to evaluate land cover change and
settlement development patterns. The results showed that the settlement area increased from 942.76 hectares in 2013 to
1308.90 hectares in 2023, with the growth rate increasing significantly after the toll road is fully operational. This settlement
development not only increases accessibility and economic activity, but also leads to conversion of agricultural land,
potentially threatening the sustainability of food production. While this infrastructure development brings economic
benefits, a sustainable planning strategy is needed to manage the impacts of urbanization and maintain a balance between
development and environmental preservation.
Keywords: Adiwerna, Built-up land, Pejagan-Pemalang Toll Road.
Introduction economic growth and attracted investment interest
in the region(Saraswati et al. 2022). This in turn
The development of transportation infrastructure, triggers changes in land function from agricultural
especially toll roads, has a significant impact on the areas to residential and commercial areas (Shofy
development of the surrounding area (Irawan et al. and Wibowo 2023).
2019). One of the major infrastructure projects that Spatial-temporal analysis is an important
has changed the landscape of the Central Java instrument in understanding the dynamics of land
region is the construction of the Pejagan-Pemalang use change and settlement development patterns.
Toll Road. This project, which is part of the Trans Using data from 2013, 2018, and 2023, this study
Java Toll Road network, has had a diverse impact aims to comprehensively examine how the
on the areas it passes through, including Adiwerna construction of the Pejagan-Pemalang Toll Road
Sub-district in Tegal Regency (Ahmad 2022). has affected settlement development in Adiwerna
Adiwerna Sub-district, as one of the areas directly Sub-district over the past decade. Rapid settlement
affected by the construction of the Pejagan- development can have both positive and negative
Pemalang Toll Road, experienced significant consequences for the local community and
changes in land use patterns and settlement environment (Shofy and Wibowo 2023). On the one
development (BPS 2023). Increased accessibility hand, this growth can increase economic activity
due to the presence of the toll road has driven and improve local infrastructure (Shafizadeh
Copyright: © 2025 by the authors. This article is an open access article distributed under a CC BY license.
ISSN 2829-3355 | EISSN 2828-8467
908 Proceeding International Conference on Religion, Science and Education (2025) 4
Moghadam and Helbich 2013). But on the other studies in the future, especially in the context of
hand, uncontrolled settlement expansion has the evaluating the long-term impact of large
potential to threaten the availability of productive infrastructure projects on regional development.
agricultural land and cause environmental By understanding the patterns and dynamics of
problems such as flooding and pollution (Zhou et spatial changes due to toll road development, it is
al. 2021) hoped that future development planning can better
The use of remote sensing technology and consider aspects of sustainability and balance
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in this between economic development and
study allows for a more accurate and environmental preservation.
comprehensive analysis of land cover change and
settlement development patterns (Rana and Sarkar
2021). These methods allow for the visualization Materials and Methods
and quantification of spatial changes over time,
providing a more in-depth understanding of trends This research was conducted in Adiwerna Sub-
and patterns of area development (Fallati et al. district, Tegal Regency, Central Java Province,
2017). The results of this study are expected to Indonesia, with the aim of analyzing the
make a significant contribution to the development of settlements due to the impact of
understanding of the impact of large infrastructure the Pejagan-Pemalang Toll Road construction. The
development on the spatial dynamics of the region. data used in this study included high-resolution
The findings obtained can be valuable input for satellite images, namely Worldview-2 for 2013 and
policy makers in formulating more sustainable 2023, and Geoeye-1 for 2018, obtained from Maxar
regional planning and management strategies, Technologies (Figure 1). These satellite images
especially in the context of transportation were used to identify and map land use change,
infrastructure development. Furthermore, this particularly settlement development in Adiwerna
study is also expected to be a reference for similar Sub-district.
Figure 1. Worldview-2 Satellite Imagery in 2013 and 2023 and Geoeye-1 in 2018.
Spatial-temporal analysis of settlement and mapping. The population data of Adiwerna
development was conducted using a process of Sub-district for 2013, 2018, and 2023, obtained from
visual interpretation and digitization of satellite the Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics, was
images. This process involved identifying new also analyzed to see the relationship between
settlement areas as well as changes in settlement settlement growth and population increase. By this
area from 2013, 2018, to 2023. In addition, area method, a clear picture of the impact of toll road
analysis was conducted using ArcGIS 10.8 construction on settlement development in
software, which allows for accurate measurement Adiwerna Sub-district is expected.
Rakuasa et al. – Spatial Temporal Analysis of Development in … 909
Results and Discussion Settlements are mainly expanding around toll gate
accesses and along main routes that connect with
Settlement Development in Adiwerna Sub- new residential areas and centers of economic
district activity. This development pattern illustrates that
The results showed that there was a significant the construction of toll roads increases the
increase in the area of settlements in Adiwerna attractiveness for the development of surrounding
Sub-district from 2013 to 2023. In 2013, the areas, especially in the property and commercial
settlement area reached 942.76 hectares. Five years sectors.
later, in 2018, there was an increase of 106.82 One of the main impacts of the increase in
hectares to 1049.58 hectares. In 2023, the settlement settlements is the conversion of agricultural land.
area further increased to 1308.90 hectares, an The increase in settlements from 942.76 hectares to
increase of 259.32 hectares compared to 2018 1308.90 hectares within 10 years indicates that most
(Figure 2). In total, over a 10-year period, of the converted land came from productive
settlements increased by 366.14 hectares. The agricultural land. This raises concerns about the
construction of the Pejagan-Pemalang toll road that sustainability of local food production and the
crosses this area plays an important role in degradation of environmental quality in the area.
accelerating settlement development in Adiwerna The rapid growth of settlements has an impact on
Sub-district. The construction of this toll road the social and economic changes of local
infrastructure triggered increased accessibility and communities. Communities living near toll roads
mobility, thus attracting investment, construction tend to experience an increase in the value of their
of commercial, residential and industrial facilities. land and assets. However, this can also lead to
This has been one of the main factors in the social problems such as uncontrolled urbanization,
expansion of settlements and other land uses in the increased living costs, and pressure on city
area. infrastructure. As built-up land increases,
During the period 2013 to 2018, the growth of environmental quality in Adiwerna Sub-district
settlements showed a moderate pace with an may suffer, such as reduced green open space,
addition of about 2.27% per year. However, in the increased surface temperatures, and changes in
following five years (2018-2023), the growth rate water flow patterns. Massive development in this
increases to about 4.94% per year. This faster area has the potential to increase flood risk and
increase reflects the direct effect of the full degrade groundwater quality due to reduced
operation of the toll road which has led to faster infiltration areas.
economic growth and development in the region.
910 Proceeding International Conference on Religion, Science and Education (2025) 4
Figure 2. Settlement Development in Adiwerna Sub-district in 2013, 2018 and 2023.
Population Growth 120,350 people, and continued to increase until it
Based on population data obtained from the reached 139,028 people in 2023 (BPS 2013; BPS
Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics, there has 2023). This represents a growth of 18,678 people or
been a significant increase in population in about 15.5% in a decade. This growth was
Adiwerna Subdistrict within 10 years, from 2013 to influenced by several factors, including
2023. In 2013, the total population was recorded at infrastructure development such as the Pejagan-
Rakuasa et al. – Spatial Temporal Analysis of Development in … 911
Pemalang toll road, which improved the sector, which also influences population growth in
accessibility of the region and attracted more the area.
people to live in the area. This increase also shows The rapid population growth over the past 10
that Adiwerna Sub-district is becoming a more years in Adiwerna Sub-district brings a number of
densely populated area due to urbanization and challenges, including the need for good land
economic development. In terms of gender, both management to address environmental issues,
male and female populations have increased uncontrolled urbanization, and the potential for
consistently from year to year. In 2013, the male increased congestion and pressure on
population was 60,860 people, while women infrastructure. Increased demand for basic
reached 59,490 people. In 2018, the male amenities such as clean water, electricity and
population increased to 65,270 and the female sanitation must also be anticipated by local
population to 62,525 (BPS 2018). This figure government. In addition, there is a risk of
continues to grow until 2023, where men reach deteriorating quality of life in the absence of
71,179 people and women 67,849 people. This adequate planning, especially in terms of the
faster increase in the male population than the provision of decent housing, public facilities, and
female population is likely related to economic efficient transportation. Population growth of
changes in the region, especially the growth of the 15.5% over the past 10 years demands better and
industrial and service sectors that attract more more sustainable infrastructure development. The
male workers, as well as migration from other development of education, health, transportation,
regions. and public space facilities must be adapted to the
Population growth in Adiwerna Sub-district has needs of the growing community. If not managed
a direct correlation with the development of built- properly, this population growth can exacerbate
up land. As the population increases, the need for social problems such as poverty, unemployment,
housing, public facilities, and supporting and traffic congestion (Lisanyoto, Supriatna, and
infrastructure such as schools, hospitals, and Sumadio 2019). Population growth in Adiwerna
shopping centers also increases (Rakuasa and Subdistrict also contributes to changes in
Nurul Achmadi 2024). This encourages the socioeconomic dynamics. An increase in
expansion of built-up land, as seen from the population is usually followed by the development
significant increase in built-up land area during the of informal sectors such as small trade, food stalls,
period 2013 to 2023. In 2013, the built-up land area and other service businesses. However, this
in Adiwerna Sub-district reached 942.76 hectares, economic development needs to be accompanied
and increased to 1049.58 hectares in 2018 and by an increase in employment opportunities and
1308.90 hectares in 2023. This increase indicates the provision of suitable land for businesses, so
that population growth drives the need for that there is no imbalance between population
conversion of non-residential land into built-up growth and economic welfare (Supriatna et al.
areas to accommodate the needs of the population. 2016).
The Pejagan-Pemalang toll road that crosses this The population increase of nearly 20,000 people
area has a significant impact on population growth. over the past decade has certainly increased the
With easier and faster access, the area has become need for housing land. This has resulted in the
more attractive to newcomers, especially those conversion of land, especially agricultural land,
seeking employment and business opportunities in into housing and commercial areas. The
the trade, service and industrial sectors. The toll government must ensure that the development of
infrastructure also facilitates better mobility for built-up land does not harm the sustainability of
local residents, thereby increasing the natural resources and still pay attention to
attractiveness of Adiwerna Sub-district as a place environmental aspects. With an increasing
to live. The toll road serves as connection that population growth rate, Adiwerna Sub-district is
accelerates the flow of urbanization and increases projected to become an increasingly urbanized area
the attractiveness of investment in the property in the future. This urbanization must be balanced
912 Proceeding International Conference on Religion, Science and Education (2025) 4
with careful planning to avoid uneven population Changes Using the Cellular Automata – Markov Chain
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