Scribd
Upload
9 views27 pages

4 - Water Supply - Demand Estimation

The document outlines the essential components and considerations for designing water distribution systems, including methods of water distribution, capacity requirements, and system losses. It emphasizes the importance of delivering water with appropriate quality, quantity, and pressure to consumers while addressing factors such as population forecasts and fire demand. Additionally, it provides definitions and examples related to water demand and design periods for effective planning and management of water supply systems.

Uploaded by

Paneah Von Kerry
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
9 views27 pages

4 - Water Supply - Demand Estimation

The document outlines the essential components and considerations for designing water distribution systems, including methods of water distribution, capacity requirements, and system losses. It emphasizes the importance of delivering water with appropriate quality, quantity, and pressure to consumers while addressing factors such as population forecasts and fire demand. Additionally, it provides definitions and examples related to water demand and design periods for effective planning and management of water supply systems.

Uploaded by

Paneah Von Kerry
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 27

Water Distribution

Systems – Part 1

1
 Methods of Distributing Water
 Capacity Requirements
 System Losses
 Population Forecast
 Water Demand
 Fire Demand
 Pressure
 Design Period
 Work Examples
 Storage Reservoirs
 Elevated Reservoirs
 Work Example

Contents
2
Water Distribution Systems (WDS)
 The objective of WDS is to deliver water to individual
consumers with appropriate quality, quantity and
pressure.

 The distribution system describes collectively the


facilities used to supply water from its source to the
point of usage.

 This may include extensive system of pipes, storage


reservoirs, pumps and related appurtenances.

 The proper functioning of a water distribution system


is critical to providing sufficient drinking water to
consumers as well as providing sufficient water for
fire protection

3
 Average day demand. The total annual quantity of water production for
an agency or municipality divided by 365.
 Maximum day demand. The highest water demand of the year during
any 24-h period.
 Peak hour demand. The highest water demand of the year during any
1-h period.
 Peaking factors. The increase above average annual demand,
experienced during a specified time period. Peaking factors are
customarily used as multipliers of average day demand to express
maximum day and peak hour demands.
 Distribution pipeline or main. A smaller diameter water distribution
pipeline that serves a relatively small area. Water services to individual
consumers are normally placed on distribution pipelines. Distribution
system pipelines are normally between 150 and 400 mm (6-16 in.).
 Transmission pipeline or main. A larger-diameter pipeline, designed to
transport larger quantities of water during peak demand-periods. Water
services for small individual consumers are normally not placed on
transmission pipelines. Transmission mains are normally pipelines larger
than 400 mm (16 in.).

Definitions 4
Methods of Distributing Water
Depending on the topography between the source and the
consumer the following may be used to transport water to
consumers with adequate pressure:

 Gravity – when the source is at a sufficient elevation above


the consumer to produce the desired pressure. Highly
economical

 Pumping – Pumps are used to develop the necessary head


(pressure) to distribute to consumers and storage
reservoirs

 Pump-Storage System- storage reservoirs are used to


maintain adequate pressure during periods of high demand
and emergency (fires & power failures). During low
consumption, water is pumped and stored in the storage
reservoir. 5
Capacity Requirements
When designing a water –supply
system, a major consideration is
the population to be served, the
fire flows needed and the
proximity to the source.

Categories of water demand are


given in the table and can vary
from city to city or country to
country.

Residential – Typical for third world-


135 lpcd
Bath – 55 L
Washing Cloths – 20 L
WC – 30 L
Washing House – 10 L
Washing Utensils – 10 L
Cooking – 5 L
Drinking – 5 L
6
Capacity Requirements - Water Demand
Demand vary throughout
the 24hr period and can
range
- from 25-40% of the
avg daily demand
between 12.00 to
6.00am
- to as high as 150 to
175% during morning
and evening peak

Demand also vary from


year to year; season to
season; day to day and
house to house

7
Capacity Requirements - Water Demand
The range of demand conditions expected within a
distribution are specified by demand factors or peaking
factors. See Table

NOTE:
Max daily demand – demand on the day of the year that
uses the most water = 1.8 x Avg daily demand
Max hourly demand – the demand during the hour that
uses the most water = 3.25 x avg daily demand

8
System Losses
 Leaking and overflow from reservoir
 Leaking from main and service pipelines
 Leaking and losses on premises
 Leaking from public taps

In a well maintained system losses are


about 20%. Partially maintained systems
are about 50%

9
Capacity Requirements –

In water-supply projects the water demand at


the end of the design life of the project forms
the basis for design.
Design flow rate =population (at the end of
service life) x per capita water demand

10
11
Design Periods
 Design period: Time periods for which the
system or components is to be adequate (useful
life)
 The design periods of water & wastewater
facilities depends on several factors including :
◦ Point of diminishing returns:
(Repair and maintenance vs cost of new facility)
◦ Ease of replacement and expansion
◦ Likelihood of obsolescence by technological
advances
◦ Future needs (expected growth)
◦ Cost and interest rate

12
Design Period-Drinking Water Systems

(1)Allow for expansion


13
Design Period Wastewater Systems

(1)Allow for expansion


14
Population Projection

15
Population Projection

16
17
Work Example – Population Forecast

18
19
20
21
22
Work Example –water Demand
A community have a population of 225,000
persons with the average daily demand
600L/capita/day.
1- Calculate the water demand; giving
the following data
◦ Maximum daily demand factor is 1.8
◦ Max. peak hour demand factor is 2.7
◦ Fire demand should be calc for 10 hrs
2- Based on your calculation, Should we
include a storage reservoir in our design
and if yes, estimate the size of the
reservoir
23
Work Examples – Water Demand

24
Work Examples – Water Demand

25
Work Examples – Water Demand

26
Work Examples – Water Demand

27

You might also like