Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Engineering - Department of Electrical Engineering

FINAL DESIGN PROJECT

COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

EE-413
Fundamentals of Power Plant Engineering Design

Submitted By:
Ariola, Jamir G.
Cedeño, Regina L.
De Chavez, Kelsie L.
Gamboa, Krishalyn Faye I.
Macase, Sheena Mae A.
Oloteo, Johan Bien M.

Group 2 | EE-4201

Submitted To:
Engr. Arvel A. Velasquez
Instructor, EE 413

April 26, 2025

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Engineering - Department of Electrical Engineering

PROPOSED 20 MW
COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT PROJECT IN MABINI BATANGAS CITY,
BATANGAS

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Engineering - Department of Electrical Engineering

I.​ INTRODUCTION
Coal-fired power plants continue to be a primary source of electricity generation
worldwide, especially in both developing and industrialized countries. Coal remains essential in
fulfilling global energy requirements, attributed to its availability, cost-effectiveness, and existing
infrastructure, despite the increasing transition to renewable energy sources. China, India, the
United States, and Indonesia are the foremost nations in coal consumption and production,
utilizing this conventional energy source to support their economic growth and ensure energy
security. In the Philippines, coal-fired power plants constitute a fundamental component of the
national grid, providing a significant share of the country's baseload electricity requirements. In
light of the country's rising energy demand, coal continues to be a feasible option for maintaining
a stable and reliable power supply.
Coal-fired power plants produce electricity through the combustion of pulverized coal,
resulting in the generation of high-pressure steam. The steam is channeled into a turbine,
resulting in its rotation and the subsequent activation of a generator that generates electricity.
The boiler system facilitates the combustion process by igniting coal and converting it into
thermal energy. This process is efficient for large-scale power generation; however, it generates
substantial waste heat and emissions, including carbon dioxide, which presents challenges for
environmental sustainability. Innovations in clean coal technologies and emission control
systems are enhancing the environmental performance of contemporary coal-fired power plants.

Demographic Background
Bagalangit is a barangay in the municipality of Mabini, in the province of Batangas. Its
population as determined by the 2020 Census was 2,708. This represented 5.32% of the total
population of Mabini. Brgy. Bagalangit's demographic profile, geographic characteristics, and
economic potential indicate its suitability for a large-scale energy infrastructure project.
Implementing appropriate environmental safeguards and engaging stakeholders can enable the
coal-fired power plant to act as a catalyst for local development and enhance national energy
resilience.

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Engineering - Department of Electrical Engineering

Figure 1.1. Chosen Location: Brgy. Bagalangit Mabini, Batangas City, Batangas
Residents in Mabini and other areas served by the Batangas II Electric Cooperative
(BATELEC II) have reported frequent power outages, some lasting several hours. These
interruptions have caused inconvenience to daily life and losses to businesses. BATELEC II has
attributed these outages to weather disturbances damaging power lines and insulation .​
Mabini is a coastal municipality situated in the province of Batangas, along the
southwestern edge of Luzon. The total land area is 44.47 square kilometers (17.17 square miles),
representing approximately 1.43% of Batangas's total area of 3,119.75 square kilometers.
According to the 2020 Census, the municipality had a population of 50,858, representing 1.75%
of the province's total population and roughly 0.31% of the entire CALABARZON region. The
population density is 1,144 inhabitants per square kilometer (2,962 per square mile), indicating a
moderately dense coastal community characterized by a combination of residential, agricultural,
and tourism-related activities.
The proposed 20 MW coal-fired power plant in Bagalangit, Mabini, is situated in a
remote mountainous region that reduces residential impact, with the elevated topography
facilitating the dispersion of stack emissions. The closeness to existing transmission lines
guarantees practical grid integration, resolving local power dependability concerns, including
recurrent outages and voltage instability, and providing a sustainable solution to supply
shortages. The project will adhere to environmental requirements by conducting a
comprehensive Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and employing advanced clean coal
technologies, such as Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) and flue-gas desulfurization, to reduce
pollution. Ecological buffer zones and waste treatment systems will safeguard adjacent areas.
The facility will create employment opportunities throughout its building and operational phases,
bolstered by CSR initiatives like rural electrification and healthcare services, while ensuring a

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Engineering - Department of Electrical Engineering

buffer from tourism areas to safeguard eco-tourism. The facility will function as a dependable
baseload power source, particularly during typhoons and nighttime, supporting intermittent
renewable energy sources. To enhance alignment with sustainability objectives, the plant may
adopt biomass co-firing or natural gas in the future, assuring adaptability in the energy
composition.
Due to its strategic location, stable terrain, and existing coastal infrastructure, the area is
under consideration for industrial expansion, specifically for the establishment of a coal-fired
baseload power plant. The proposed project site encompasses approximately 45 hectares, along
with an additional 10 hectares of foreshore rights, located about 160 meters from the shoreline,
with the nearest point varying between 5 to 15 meters from the coast. The proximity to the sea
facilitates efficient intake and discharge of cooling water, which is essential for the operations of
coal power plants. The area's elevation and hilly terrain serve as a natural barrier against coastal
flooding, and its established road networks facilitate logistics and construction activities. The
establishment of a coal-fired power plant in Bagalangit supports national initiatives aimed at
enhancing baseload generation capacity, thereby ensuring a stable and dependable electricity
supply for local and regional needs. Luzon, as the most industrialized and power-intensive island
in the Philippines, requires increased power generation capacity to avert shortages and facilitate
future economic growth.
The project is anticipated to generate both direct and indirect employment opportunities
for local residents, encompassing areas from construction to operations and maintenance. The
heightened demand for ancillary services, including transportation, catering, and housing, will
benefit these services. Additionally, revenues derived from taxes and corporate social
responsibility (CSR) initiatives may be reinvested into community development projects,
encompassing education, healthcare, and infrastructure improvements. From an energy policy
perspective, although renewable energy sources are increasing in prominence, coal-fired power
plants continue to be essential for ensuring grid stability because of their capacity to deliver
consistent power. Establishing a facility in Bagalangit is considered a strategic initiative to
enhance energy security, especially as the nation shifts towards a diversified energy mix. The
Batangas II Electric Cooperative, Inc. (BATELEC II) is a licensed electric distribution utility that
serves the cities of Lipa and Tanauan, along with fifteen municipalities in Batangas province,
encompassing approximately 3,166 square kilometers. The municipalities listed are Alitagtag,
Cuenca, Mataas na Kahoy, Balete, San Jose, Mabini, Tingloy, Rosario, Padre Garcia, Taysan,
San Juan, Lobo, Malvar, Talisay, and Laurel.

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Engineering - Department of Electrical Engineering

Figure 1.2. Batangas II Electric Cooperative, Inc. (BATELEC II)

​ BATELEC II was founded on August 12, 1977, and is registered with the National
Electrification Administration (NEA). The cooperative, headquartered in Antipolo del Norte,
Lipa City, is one of two electric cooperatives functioning in Batangas province. As of December
2017, there were over 302,997 active connections facilitated by 22 power transformers
distributed across 15 substations, with a cumulative capacity of 210.6 MVA. BATELEC II
reported energy sales of 898,306,990 kWh in 2017, achieving a peak demand of 171.876 MW
and a compound annual load growth rate of 3.44% over the preceding five years.
BATELEC II is dedicated to ensuring system reliability and reducing energy losses
through ongoing system rehabilitation and line enhancement initiatives. As of December 2017,
the utility reported a 12-month average system loss of 10.58%, which is well within the limit
established for distribution utilities. The organization's vision is centered on delivering efficient,
reliable, and inclusive energy services to its expanding customer base.

Load Situation
​ BATELEC II currently provides electricity to two cities, Lipa and Tanauan, as well as
fifteen municipalities in Batangas including Mabini, encompassing a total area of approximately
3,166 square kilometers the distribution utility functions via several distribution substations,
which collectively possess an installed capacity of 340.6 MVA. The 2020 Power Supply
Procurement Plan (PSPP) indicates that the non-coincident peak demand was 206.78 MW,
representing about 61% of the total substation capacity. Metering Point 201, with a rating of
65.6 MVA, recorded a peak load of 55.816 MW, while Metering Point 203, rated at 5 MVA,
achieved 5.103 MW, demonstrating that both points are functioning at over 70% capacity. The
data indicate essential substations that may necessitate load redistribution or transformer

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Engineering - Department of Electrical Engineering

enhancements. The utility is implementing system improvements to address increasing demand

while ensuring adherence to regulatory caps on system losses.

Figure 1.3. Substation Peak Loading

Figure 1.4. Vicinity Map of Batangas II Electric Cooperative, Inc.

​ The figure above illustrates that the Batangas II Electric Cooperative, Inc. is anticipated
to reach a peak demand of 131.98 MW in 2023, with projections indicating an increase to 141.35
MW by 2025. The corporation exhibits a consistent Demand Annual Average Growth Rate of
4.12% from 2016 to 2025, indicating a favorable business outlook. The corporation possesses a
substantial captive customer base, totaling 234,886 connections according to the most recent
data. The corporation has recorded substantial sales, totaling 732,554 MWh sold. The data
suggests that Batangas II Electric Cooperative, Inc. is a developing and stable organization with
a favorable outlook.

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Engineering - Department of Electrical Engineering

Figure 1.5. Previous Year’s Load Profile

Figure 1.6. Previous Year’s Load for Peak MWh and MW Days
​ In the previous historical year, the Load Duration Curve indicated a minimum load of
14.497 MW and a maximum load of 178.592 MW. The peak electricity demand, measured in
megawatts (MW), was recorded at 13:15 on May 16, 2019. This can be attributed to the load
behavior of BATELEC II. The peak daily demand, quantified in megawatt-hours (MWh), was
recorded at 14:15 on June 4, 2019, due to the same factors. It is essential to note that, despite
these peak demands, the available supply is less than the peak demand.

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Engineering - Department of Electrical Engineering

Figure 1.7. Historical Consumption Data

​ Over 19 years, from 2000 to 2019, the electricity demand experienced a significant
increase. Peak Demand declined from 130.23 MW in 2012 to 119.32 MW in 2013, reflecting a
reduction of 8.38%, attributed to the shutdown of PL Steel Corporation, a major industry under
the franchise of BATELEC II. MWh Offtake declined from 921,664 MWh in 2016 to 878,862
MWh in 2017, reflecting a decrease of 4.64% attributed to the transition of other contestable
customers to RES. During this period, the Load Factor varied between 70% and 62%. There
existed. An abrupt change in consumption occurred in 2017 as a result of the implementation of
RCOA.

Figure 1.8. Forecasted Supply vs Demand

​ The graph depicted in Figure 1.6 illustrates that the available power supply for
BATELEC II consistently falls short of meeting the peak demand, highlighting a persistent
supply-demand gap. This discrepancy indicates that the utility's contracted power supply is

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Engineering - Department of Electrical Engineering

insufficient to cover high consumption periods, necessitating the procurement of additional

electricity from the Wholesale Electricity Spot Market (WESM). While WESM serves as a
short-term solution to address imbalances and avoid service disruptions, it also exposes the
utility to price volatility and increased operational costs. The recurring reliance on WESM
emphasizes the need for BATELEC II to secure additional long-term power supply agreements
and enhance its contracting strategies to ensure a more stable, reliable, and cost-effective energy
supply for its growing customer base.

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Engineering - Department of Electrical Engineering

Figure 1.9. Forecasted Consumption Data

​ The table displays the projected monthly MWh offtake for BATELEC II from 2020 to
2029, derived from time series forecasting methods. The data indicates seasonal variations in
energy consumption, with peak demand generally observed in the summer months, especially in
May and June, when elevated temperatures lead to heightened utilization of air conditioning and
refrigeration systems. The lowest energy offtake occurs in January, aligning with cooler
temperatures and reduced energy consumption in residential and commercial sectors. Energy
demand has shown a consistent upward trend over the years, with MWh output expected to
increase at an average annual rate of 5.22%. This growth is influenced by factors including
population expansion, heightened economic activity, and increasing levels of electrification
within BATELEC II's franchise area.
System loss was calculated through mathematical modeling in Excel, and the results
demonstrate that the distribution system is sufficiently capable of delivering electricity to
consumers. Projected system losses range from 5.63% to 11.93%, whereas gearbox losses are
between 0.84% and 1.86%. These figures indicate the cooperative's ongoing commitment to
maintaining system efficiency and reliability. The values align with regulatory thresholds,

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Engineering - Department of Electrical Engineering

suggesting that although demand is projected to increase, BATELEC II's infrastructure is

presently adequate to handle the load without considerable energy loss. Ongoing monitoring and
enhancement initiatives will be crucial to sustain performance levels and guarantee service
quality as consumption increases in the forthcoming years.

II.​ POWER PLANT

Some of the Existing Natural Gas Power Plants in the Philippines

●​ South Luzon Thermal Energy Corporation - 270MW

Figure 2.1. South Luzon Thermal Energy Corporation

​ The South Luzon Thermal Energy Corporation (SLTEC) is a privately owned Philippine
corporation that operates a sub-critical Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) coal-fired power plant,
strategically located in Barangay Puting Bato West, Calaca, Batangas on Luzon Island. The
power facility, positioned along the scenic coastline of Balayan Bay and accessible via the
Calaca-Lemery Highway, occupies a 14.1-hectare site. An ash storage facility, essential for
managing combustion by-products, is situated approximately four kilometers east of the main
plant, covering an additional 31.7 hectares.
The SLTEC power plant consists of two generating units, each with a capacity of 135
megawatts, contributing a total of 270 megawatts to the Luzon grid. Commercial operations
began in April 2015 for the first unit and were followed by the second unit in February 2016. As
a baseload plant, SLTEC plays a critical role in maintaining the consistent and stable supply of
electricity in the region, especially during peak demand periods. Committed to sustainable and
responsible energy production, SLTEC employs modern and environmentally conscious CFB

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Engineering - Department of Electrical Engineering

technology, which allows for more efficient combustion with lower emissions compared to
traditional coal-fired systems. This approach reflects the corporation’s goal to balance energy
generation with ecological stewardship.
SLTEC is certified under ISO's Integrated Management System, holding accreditations in
Quality Management (ISO 9001:2015), Environmental Management (ISO 14001:2015), and
Occupational Health and Safety (ISO 45001:2018), demonstrating its commitment to
international standards in operations, environmental impact reduction, and workplace safety.
Beyond technical and environmental achievements, SLTEC places high value on the
well-being of its workforce and host communities. It engages in numerous corporate social
responsibility and sustainability programs designed to uplift the living conditions of nearby
residents. The organization recognizes that the strength of its operations lies in the dedication and
expertise of its employees, fostering a culture that promotes collaboration, innovation, and
operational excellence.

●​ Sem-Calaca Power - 600MW

Figure 2.2. Sem-Calaca Power

​ The power complex spans 167 hectares and is situated along the shorelines of Balayan
Bay, roughly 250 kilometers by sea from Semirara Island, Antique, and approximately 115
kilometers south of Manila. The area is delineated to the north by the National Highway, to the
west by the Dacanlao River, to the east by the Cawong (Bolboc) River, and to the south by
Balayan Bay.
The power plant consists of two generating units, each with a rated capacity of 300 MW.
Unit 1 was commissioned by the National Power Corporation (NPC) in 1984, followed by Unit 2
in 1995. Power generation utilizes Semirara coal through pulverized coal-fired boilers and

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Engineering - Department of Electrical Engineering

steam-driven turbo generators. It can also integrate its consumption with imported coal as an
alternative and heavy fuel oil as a standby option. Light fuel serves as igniter fuel. A harbor with
a capacity of 50,000 Weight Tonnes (DWT) facilitates the unloading of Semirara coal or
imported coal from ships and barges. The coal is transported to the covered storage yard, which
has sufficient capacity for both plants. The coal is subsequently reclaimed into the semi-enclosed
conveyors, followed by the crusher, and then directed to the silos. The material is processed in
pulverizers, where it is reduced to a fine powder resembling talcum. This powder is then
transported by primary air through piping into the boiler furnace, where it is mixed with
secondary air for combustion purposes.
The heat of the combustion gases, absorbed by demineralized water circulating within the
boiler tubes, produces superheated steam. Steam at 169 kg/cm² and 538 °C is directed to the
main turbine, which operates at 3600 rpm. The AC generator connected to the rotating main
turbine transforms mechanical energy into 300 MW of electrical power. The turbine-generator
power output voltage is increased from 22 kV to 230 kV, directed into the switchyard, and
transmitted to the Luzon grid via the Biñan and Dasmariñas transmission lines. Simultaneously,
combustion generates heavy (bottom) and light (fly) ash particles as by-products. Historically,
heavy or bottom ash produced through wet technology was collected and managed within an ash
pond. Currently, two company units have transitioned to a dry bottom ash handling system. Unit
1 has been converted, and Unit 2 will also be converted to dry ash in due course. Conversely,
light ash or fly ash is carried with the gases and collected in the Electrostatic Precipitator for sale
to cement manufacturers.

●​ Southern Luzon Power Generation Corporation (SPLG - 300MW)

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Engineering - Department of Electrical Engineering

Figure 2.3. Southern Luzon Power Generation Corporation

The Southern Luzon Power Generation Corporation (SLPGC) operates as a subsidiary of
San Miguel Corporation (SMC), functioning within its power division, SMC Global Power
Holdings Corp. SLPGC manages a coal-fired power plant situated in Barangay San Rafael,
Calaca, Batangas. The facility comprises two units, each capable of generating 150 megawatts
(MW), resulting in a total installed capacity of 300 MW. Commissioned in the mid-2010s,
SLPGC significantly contributes to the power supply in the Luzon grid, functioning as a
baseload power plant to maintain the reliability and stability of electricity in the region.
The plant employs circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler technology, enhancing
combustion efficiency and contributing to lower emissions relative to traditional coal
technologies. SLPGC contributes to the Philippine government's strategy aimed at diversifying
the energy mix and mitigating power shortages by ensuring reliable energy availability. The
plant contributes to the national grid while also fostering economic development in Batangas and
surrounding provinces through job creation and infrastructure improvement. SLPGC is actively
investigating developments in cleaner and more sustainable energy technologies in accordance
with the nation's evolving energy transition policies.

Parts and Working Process of the Power Plant

Figure 2.4. Coal for Electricity Generation

​ The operational procedure of a coal-fired power plant commences with fuel preparation,
wherein coal is ground into a fine powder to augment its surface area, thus improving
combustion efficiency. Pulverized coal is subsequently introduced into a boiler, which
experiences combustion, transforming chemical energy into heat energy. The intense heat
produced by burning coal within the boiler is conveyed to a system of water-filled pipes

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Engineering - Department of Electrical Engineering

encircling the furnace. This leads to the conversion of water into high-pressure steam,
illustrating the transformation of heat energy into steam energy.
The high-pressure steam is directed to a steam turbine, where it expands and causes the
turbine blades to rotate, converting steam energy into mechanical energy. The turbine is
mechanically linked to a generator through a rotating shaft. The turbine's rotation activates the
generator, employing electromagnetic induction to transform mechanical energy into electrical
energy. The electricity is subsequently transmitted to the grid, providing power to residential,
industrial, and other consumers.

Components of a Coal-Fired Power Plant:

●​ Fuel Preparation and Feeding - After being supplied to the facility, coal is crushed in a
coal crusher to make it smaller. Conveyor belts move it to the coal feeder, which
regulates how much-pulverized coal is fed into the furnace. Separate feeders supply sand
and limestone in addition to coal. During burning, the limestone reduces sulfur emissions
by acting as a sorbent.
●​ Combustion in the Furnace - Coal is burned inside the furnace in a fluidized bed using
fluidizing air fans. This method improves mixing and heat transfer by suspending solid
particles in the air, ensuring cleaner and more efficient burning. The high-temperature
heat and hot flue gases produced by the combustion process heat the water in the nearby
pipes.
●​ Heat Exchange and Steam Generation - High-pressure steam is created by transferring
the furnace's heat to water in boiler tubes. To preserve combustion efficiency, solid
particles are extracted from the flue gas by the cyclone separator and sent back to the
furnace. When the flue gas travels through the backpass, superheaters, reheaters,
economizers, and air preheaters further improve the energy recovery process.
●​ Power Generation - A sequence of high-pressure (HP), intermediate-pressure (IP), and
low-pressure (LP) steam turbines rotate as the produced high-pressure steam passes
through them. A shaft connects these turbines to a generator. The generator transforms
the mechanical energy from the revolving turbines into electrical energy, which is
subsequently distributed to the grid.
●​ Steam Condensation and Water Recirculation - Following its passage through the
turbines, the steam is cooled by circulating water from the cooling tower in a condenser.
The water-steam cycle is completed when the condensed steam turns back into water and
is returned to the boiler via a boiler feedwater pump.

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Engineering - Department of Electrical Engineering

●​ Flue Gas Cleaning and Emission Control - Fine fly ash particles are captured by an
electrostatic precipitator, which cleans the flue gases as they exit the furnace. They are
gathered and transported for disposal in fly ash silos. After passing via an induced draft
fan, the gases which are now much cleaner thanks to the integrated emission control
systems are finally released into the atmosphere through the smoke stack.
●​ Ash Handling - Slag and bottom Ash produced during combustion are gathered at the
bottom of the furnace and moved to ash silos by bucket elevators and conveyors. From
there, they are loaded onto trucks for disposal or additional processing.

III.​ TECHNICAL DESIGN

This technical design presents the essential calculations and factors required for the
optimal operation of a power plant. It comprises an analysis of various load factors and other
crucial elements necessary for efficient power generation and distribution. The following
provides an overview of the components and factors to be included into the design.

Variable Load Parameters

The Department of Energy’s (DOE) 2021 Power Supply Procurement Plan for the
Batangas II Electric Cooperative, Inc. (BATELEC II), a 10-year historical electricity
consumption record, was analyzed to identify demand trends within its franchise area. The data
revealed that the peak demand steadily increased until 2019, reaching 178.692 MW, with a
marginal increase attributed to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. By 2029, the peak
demand is projected to reach approximately 197.67 MW, highlighting the need to size up the
proposed plant capacity by at least 20% of this projected maximum demand to ensure reliability
and reserve adequacy.

Moreover, according to the Department of Energy (DOE) Distribution Development Plan,

the projected peak demand for grid-connected Distribution Utilities (DUs) in the Philippines is
expected to increase from 12,087.72 MW in 2021 to 17,882.77 MW by 2030, reflecting an
average annual growth rate of 4.33%. The proposed location for the power plant is in Mabini,
Batangas, which falls under the jurisdiction of the Batangas II Electric Cooperative, Inc.
(BATELEC II), a distribution utility that serves a total of 15 municipalities, including Mabini.
Furthermore, as cited in the DOE Power Supply Procurement Plan, Mabini accounts for
approximately 5% of the total energy demand within the BATELEC II franchise area.

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The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Engineering - Department of Electrical Engineering

In 2019 peak demand:

178. 592 𝑀𝑊 × 5% = 8. 9296 𝑀𝑊

In 2029 Projected Peak Demand:

10
8. 9296 𝑀𝑊 × (1 + 4. 33%) = 13. 6 𝑀𝑊 (𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑)

Based on this proportion, the projected peak demand for Mabini in 2029 is estimated to
be around 13.6 MW, assuming linear growth and a consistent demand share.

Plant Capacity = 1. 20 × 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑

= 1. 20 × 13. 6𝑀𝑊
= 16.32 MW = 20 MW (rounded up)

Plant Capacity = 20 MW

The proposed coal-fired power plant will focus on providing power to the Mabini area,
specifically to its designated substation. The power plant would consist of 2 – 10 MW generator
units, providing a total installed capacity of 20 MW. This configuration is designed to support
base load operation with stable power output. Additionally, the variable load parameters and
operational benchmarks would be computed starting from the base year 2025 to align with
projected demand and supply requirements.

For a four-year forecast (2029)

Maximum Demand = 20 MW

Units Generated/year = 5612. 70 𝑀𝑊ℎ + 5750. 90 𝑀𝑊ℎ + 5723. 70 𝑀𝑊ℎ

+ 6840. 60 𝑀𝑊ℎ + 6865. 65 𝑀𝑊ℎ 6930. 95 𝑀𝑊ℎ + 6655. 60 𝑀𝑊ℎ + 6752. 15 𝑀𝑊ℎ
+ 6765. 55 𝑀𝑊ℎ + 6683. 60 𝑀𝑊ℎ + 6527. 75 𝑀𝑊ℎ + 6396. 75 𝑀𝑊ℎ
Units Generated/year = 79705.9 MWh

The maximum demand, indicating the highest anticipated power consumption in Mabini,
Batangas, by the year 2029, is estimated at approximately 13.6 megawatts (MW), based on
regional projections from the Batangas II Electric Cooperative, Inc. (BATELEC II). Furthermore,

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Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Engineering - Department of Electrical Engineering

the estimated annual energy generation of the proposed coal-fired power plant is approximately
79,705.9 megawatt-hours (MWh).

𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 79705.9 𝑀𝑊

Average Load = 8760 ℎ
= 8760 ℎ

Average Load = 9.0988 MW

The average load, determined to be 9.0988 MW, signifies the typical consumption of
power for the duration required. This value is crucial for comprehending the baseline demand
that the power plant must continually meet to guarantee reliable and efficient operation.

Reserve Capacity = 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 − 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑

= 20 𝑀𝑊 − 13. 6 𝑀𝑊

Reserve Capacity = 6.4 MW

The reserve capacity denotes additional generation capability beyond the expected peak
demand, providing a critical margin for operational reliability and flexibility. The power system
must respond efficiently to abrupt load surges, maintenance timelines, or unexpected system
disruptions. The reserve capacity is 6.4 MW, indicating that the proposed plant is sufficiently
prepared to maintain a consistent and reliable electricity supply under fluctuating demand
situations.

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 9.0988 𝑀𝑊

Load Factor = 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
× 100% = 13.6 𝑀𝑊

Load Factor = 66.90%

The load factor measures the power plant's capacity utilization over time. This value
indicates that the plant operated, on average, at 66.90% of its full capacity throughout the year.

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 9.0988 𝑀𝑊

Plant Capacity Factor = 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
× 100% = 20 𝑀𝑊

Plant Capacity Factor = 45.49%

The plant capacity factor is an important indicator that assesses the efficiency with which
a power plant utilizes its installed capacity during a designated time frame. The computed
capacity factor is 45.49%, indicating that the facility operates at less than fifty percent of its

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The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
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Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Engineering - Department of Electrical Engineering

maximum potential. This utilization level suggests that current demand is satisfied, while it also
highlights a considerable margin for increased output should the need arise. This capacity factor
may indicate operating strategy, demand variability, or possible underutilization, all of which are
critical factors in assessing the power plant's overall efficiency and future scalability.

Power Plant Layout

The process illustrated below represents a coal-fired power plant, developed with careful
consideration of factors such as supply, site conditions, and environmental regulations. The
diagram is designed to optimize both efficiency and power generation while ensuring compliance
with safety protocols and emission standards. The process flow is arranged sequentially in the
diagram.

Figure 3.1 Process Flow Diagram of a Coal Power Plant

A coal-fired power plant generates electricity by burning pulverized coal to produce heat,
which converts water into high-pressure steam inside a boiler. The coal is first transported to the
plant, crushed in a pulverizer, and then burned in the furnace. The heat from combustion
transforms water circulating in the boiler tubes into steam, which is then directed at high speed
onto the blades of a steam turbine. As the steam spins the turbine, it drives a generator,
converting the mechanical rotation into electrical energy that is sent to the grid for distribution.
Once the steam passes through the turbine, it enters a condenser where it is cooled down
by circulating cooling water, usually sourced from a cooling tower. The condensed water is then
pumped back to the boiler to repeat the cycle. Meanwhile, flue gases from the burned coal are
filtered and treated to reduce harmful emissions before being released into the atmosphere. This

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College of Engineering - Department of Electrical Engineering

closed-loop system efficiently produces electricity while maintaining water circulation and
managing emissions to minimize environmental impact.

Figure 3.2. Actual Perspective of the Proposed Coal Power Plant

Figure 3.2 shows the actual view of the proposed coal power plant. The image gives a
clear look at how the plant will be set up, including the buildings and equipment. It helps to show
what the plant will look like once it is built and how each part is arranged on the site.

Substation Layout and Component Specification

A substation in a coal-fired power plant is crucial for stepping up and distributing

electricity from the generator to the power grid. It consists of core components such as power
transformers, circuit breakers, and other equipment listed below. These components work
together to ensure reliable voltage transformation and the safe transfer of power to the
transmission lines.

1.​ Power Transformer

A power transformer is used to step up voltage for transmission at generation stations and
step down voltage for distribution at substations. The two units in the power plant are
rated at 15MVA which the specification of the transformer is air-blast cooling. These
transformers play a key role in voltage regulation across the electrical grid.
2.​ Instrument Transformer
Instrument transformers reduce high voltage and current levels to safe, measurable values
suitable for standard metering and protective relays.

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Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Engineering - Department of Electrical Engineering

3.​ Voltage Transformer

Instrument transformers reduce high voltage and current levels to safe, measurable values
suitable for standard metering and protective relays.
4.​ Current Transformer
A current transformer is an electrical device, and the main function of this is to change
the value of current from a superior value to the minor value. This type of transformer is
applicable in meters, control apparatus and parallel by AC instruments.
5.​ Generator
Generators in substations, often diesel-powered, provide backup power to critical control
and protection equipment. In case of grid outages, they ensure continuous operation of
SCADA systems and relays. In power plants, they may also serve as a primary source of
electrical energy.
6.​ Lightning Arrester
Lightning arresters protect substation equipment from voltage surges caused by lightning
or switching events. They are installed between the power line and ground to safely
divert excess voltage. This prevents damage to critical components like transformers and
circuit breakers.
7.​ Circuit-Breaker
A circuit breaker is a high-speed switching device designed to disconnect power during
faults. It operates automatically when triggered by a relay signal, ensuring faulty parts of
the system are quickly isolated. This protects the equipment and helps maintain grid
stability.
8.​ Bus Bar
A bus bar is a conductive bar or node that distributes power from incoming sources to
outgoing feeders. It serves as the central point for connecting multiple electrical circuits
in the substation. Bus bars help organize and simplify power flow within the system.

9.​ Isolator in Substation

An isolator is a mechanical switch used to fully disconnect a section of the system for
maintenance. It operates only under no-load conditions and has no arc-quenching ability.
Isolators ensure visual disconnection and safety for maintenance personnel.
10.​Power Cables
transfer energy from a source to equipment. Control cables send signals to control the
functioning of equipment.

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E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Engineering - Department of Electrical Engineering

11.​Relay
Relays detect abnormal conditions like overcurrent, undervoltage, or faults in the system.
Upon detection, they send a signal to circuit breakers to isolate the faulty section. This
makes them a crucial element in substation protection schemes.
12.​Capacitor Bank
A capacitor bank consists of multiple capacitors connected in series or parallel to
improve power factor and voltage regulation. It helps reduce reactive power demand and
energy losses in the system. Capacitor banks are widely used in industrial and utility
substations for efficiency.
13.​Insulator
Insulators support and electrically isolate conductors like bus bars from grounded
structures. They come in types such as post and bushing, typically made of ceramic or
composite materials. Their role is critical in preventing short circuits and ensuring safe
operation.

14.​Control Room
The control room is the operational heart of the substation, where operators monitor and
manage the entire system. It houses SCADA terminals, protection relays, and
communication equipment. This centralized setup allows for real-time control and
response to grid events.

Figure 3.3 Actual Perspective of the Substation

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The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Engineering - Department of Electrical Engineering

Electronics System

A coal-fired power plant relies on several important electronic systems to ensure safe,
stable, and efficient operation. These systems work together to control equipment, monitor plant
conditions, protect against faults, and manage the flow of electricity. Each system plays a key
role in making sure the power plant runs smoothly and delivers reliable electrical power to the
grid.

Power Plant.

1.​ Control System​

The control system is the brain of the power plant, making sure every part works
together smoothly and safely. It uses devices like Programmable Logic Controllers
(PLCs) and Distributed Control Systems (DCS) to automatically adjust equipment based
on real-time data. This system controls processes such as fuel feeding, boiler temperature,
steam pressure, and turbine speed to keep power generation stable and efficient.
2.​ Instrumentation System​
The instrumentation system uses sensors to gather important data from different parts of
the plant. These sensors monitor things like temperature, pressure, water levels, coal
flow, and steam output. The data is sent to the control system, which uses it to make
real-time decisions and adjust operations to ensure safe and efficient performance.
3.​ Protection System​
The protection system keeps the plant safe by detecting abnormal conditions like
overloads, short circuits, or equipment faults. It uses protective relays, circuit breakers,
and fault indicators to shut down or isolate parts of the system when problems occur. This
helps prevent damage to expensive equipment and reduces risks for plant workers.
4.​ Excitation System​
The excitation system controls the flow of electric current to the generator’s rotor, which
creates the magnetic field needed to produce electricity. By adjusting the excitation level,
the system keeps the generator output voltage stable, even as load conditions change.
This is essential for maintaining reliable power delivery to the grid.
5.​ Electrical Distribution System​
The electrical distribution system safely delivers electricity from the generator to the grid

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Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Engineering - Department of Electrical Engineering

and supplies power to the plant’s own equipment. It uses components like transformers,
switchgears, busbars, and circuit breakers to manage the flow and protection of electrical
power. This system ensures that power is distributed at the right voltage and protects the
network from faults or overloads.
6.​ Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)​
SCADA allows operators to monitor and control the entire plant from a single location
using computer screens and real-time graphics. It collects data from sensors and control
devices throughout the plant and displays alarms or alerts if any part of the system isn’t
working properly. This helps plant staff make fast decisions and maintain smooth
operation with fewer chances of human error.

Substation.

1.​ Protection Systems​

Substations use Digital Protection Relays (IEDs) to detect and respond to faults, with
circuit breakers receiving trip commands for fast isolation. CTs and PTs provide accurate
current and voltage measurements, while surge arresters protect equipment from
overvoltages. Additional systems like grounding monitors and fire detection ensure safety
and asset protection.
2.​ Control and Monitoring Systems​
SCADA systems enable real-time remote control and monitoring of substation
equipment. Local HMIs and digital metering systems allow operators to access live data,
while sequence of events recorders and disturbance recorders log events for post-fault
analysis. Asset monitoring tools provide predictive maintenance insights for key
equipment.
3.​ Communication Systems​
Substations use high-speed fiber-optic LANs and WAN links for secure, real-time data
exchange with control centers and grid operators. IEC 61850 protocol ensures
interoperability and fast communication between protection, control, and monitoring
devices. GPS-based time synchronization guarantees precise event logging and system
coordination.
4.​ Auxiliary Systems​
Battery-backed DC power systems supply reliable power to critical protection and control
equipment during outages. Redundant AC systems support auxiliary loads like lighting

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College of Engineering - Department of Electrical Engineering

and HVAC. Cybersecurity infrastructure secures digital systems against unauthorized

access and cyber threats.

Single-line Diagram

Figure 3.4. Single Line Diagram of the Coal-Fired Power Plant

This diagram illustrates the flow of electric power from the generators to the transmission
line, passing through various components of a power substation, with specific ratings for each.
At the bottom of the diagram, there are two generators (Gen 1 and Gen 2), each rated at 10 MW.
These are connected to their respective step-up transformers (Transformer 1 and Transformer 2),
each rated at 15 MVA, that is connected to the 13.8 kV for efficient distribution. The output of
these transformers is connected to Bus 3, which operates at 13.8 kV. Protection is provided by
fuses (mostly High Rupture Capacity) and circuit breakers (mainly SF6 and VCBs) before and
after each transformer.

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Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Engineering - Department of Electrical Engineering

From Bus 3, the power is then directed to a main power transformer rated at 30 MVA,
which steps up the voltage from 13.8 kV to 69 kV. This step-up is necessary for transferring
power efficiently over long distances. The path includes Fuse 1 and Circuit Breaker CB2 for
protection. The stepped-up power is delivered to Bus 2 (69 kV), then passes through CB1 and
Switch (SW1), and finally reaches Bus 1, which connects to the 230 kV transmission line. This
transmission line, with a 100 MVA short circuit capacity, delivers the power to the grid or
distribution substations. This entire setup ensures proper voltage transformation, system
protection, and efficient integration into the larger transmission network

Figure 3.5. Single Line Diagram of the Substation

The substation begins with two incoming 69 kV lines which serve as the high-voltage
supply from the grid or an upstream substation. These are protected and isolated using
disconnect switches, fuses, and circuit breakers (CBs) to ensure safety and controllability. At the
heart of the system is Transformer 1, a 69 kV / 13.8 kV step-down transformer, typically rated at
37.5 MVA, which lowers the transmission voltage to distribution level. This transformer feeds
power into a 13.8 kV auxiliary bus, which acts as the central hub for distributing

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College of Engineering - Department of Electrical Engineering

medium-voltage power throughout the facility. Bus PTs (Potential Transformers) are installed on
both the 69 kV and 13.8 kV sides to provide voltage signals for monitoring and protection,
usually stepping down to 110 V for metering.

On the 13.8 kV side, includes Transformer 2, another 13.8 kV transformer, to be used for
auxiliary or station service, stepping down voltage further for internal operations. The station
transformer provides low-voltage power for the substation's own equipment and buildings. The
distribution system is organized around Bus 2 and Bus 3, both at 13.8 kV, which supply power to
outgoing feeders. Each feeder (Feeder 1, 2, and 3) is equipped with switches, circuit breakers,
and fuses to isolate faults and protect connected loads. Throughout the system, circuit breakers
rated at 13.8 kV, 600–1200 A, and 25 kA breaking capacity ensure protection against overcurrent
and short circuits.

IV.​ SITE SELECTION ANDS ANALYSIS

Criteria for Site Selection

A set of project-specific technical criteria was devised to facilitate selecting a suitable
location for the proposed coal-fired power production facility. The requirements are derived from
industry standards, best practices of current coal-fired plants, pertinent feasibility studies,
environmental restrictions, and data from geotechnical, topographic, and infrastructure
evaluations. Case studies of analogous facilities, expert consultations, and regional development
plans further elucidated assumptions. The following criteria categories were established to
facilitate a comparative assessment of prospective sites and ensure conformity with coal-fired
power generation's technical, environmental, and operational prerequisites.

1. Proximity to Fuel Supply and Transportation Access

The location must ensure a consistent and dependable coal supply. Ideally, it should be situated
near ports, trains, or roadways that can effectively facilitate substantial coal delivery.

2. Access to Water Resources

Coal-fired power facilities use substantial quantities of water for cooling and steam production.
The location must be near a sustainable and authorized water source (e.g., river, bay, or reservoir)
with minimal ecological impact.

3. Grid Interconnection Capability

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College of Engineering - Department of Electrical Engineering

The location must be near existing high-voltage transmission infrastructure to facilitate smooth
integration with the national grid and minimize transmission losses and expenses.
4. Topography and Geotechnical Suitability
The chosen site must possess solid soil conditions and advantageous topography for building
heavy structures, boilers, turbine rooms, and ash handling systems.

5. Environmental and Regulatory Compliance

The site must adhere to national and local environmental requirements, encompassing air quality
standards, emissions control, and waste management. Feasible buffer zones and ecological effect
reduction are essential.

6. Land Availability and Accessibility

Adequate land area must be accessible to support plant infrastructure, buffer zones, coal storage
facilities, ash disposal sites, and potential expansions. The site must be accessible to construction
and maintenance personnel.

7. Community and Social Impact

The site requires assessment for potential impacts on nearby communities, encompassing
displacement, health hazards, noise, and pollution. Social acceptance and prospects for local
employment are other critical factors.

8. Logistics for Ash Disposal and By-Product Management

The facility must facilitate the appropriate disposal or advantageous reuse of coal combustion
by-products, including bottom ash and fly ash, in compliance with environmental and safety
regulations.

9. Natural Hazard Risks

Sites characterized by little danger of natural hazards, including flooding, earthquakes, and
typhoons, are favoured to enhance plant reliability and reduce susceptibility to disasters.

10. Availability of Support Infrastructure

Proximity to utilities, telecommunications, emergency services, and workforce housing is crucial
for sustaining operations and ensuring plant safety.

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College of Engineering - Department of Electrical Engineering

These criteria establish the foundation for a thorough and comparative site evaluation
process, facilitating the identification of a location that ideally balances cost, efficiency,
environmental stewardship, and long-term operational sustainability for a coal-fired power
production facility.

Evaluation of Potential Sites

The assessment of prospective locations for the proposed coal-fired power plant in
Batangas concentrated on Barangay Bagalangit, Barangay Balangot, and Barangay Yongyong
Malimatoc 2. Each site was evaluated according to essential factors, such as coal supply
availability, water resources, grid connectivity, topographical appropriateness, and probable
environmental and social repercussions. This thorough assessment seeks to determine the
optimal site that harmonizes cost, efficiency, environmental responsibility, and long-term
operational viability for the coal-fired power plant.

1.​ Barangay Bagalangit Mabini, Batangas City, Batangas

Figure 4.1. Location Map of Barangay Bagalangit Mabini, Batangas City, Batangas
Barangay Bagalangit, situated along the coastline, possesses notable benefits regarding
coal transportation and water resources. The proximity to Batangas Port facilitates effective
maritime coal delivery, lowering logistical expenses. Moreover, the region's proximity to
Balayan Bay provides a dependable seawater supply for cooling applications. The closeness to
coastal ecosystems necessitates meticulous management to mitigate environmental effects,
primarily on marine organisms. The location is near the existing transmission infrastructure,
enabling seamless connection with the national grid and rendering it a compelling choice for the
power plant.

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College of Engineering - Department of Electrical Engineering

2.​ Barangay Balangot Mabini, Batangas City, Batangas

Figure 4.2. Location Map of Barangay Balangoy Mabini, Batangas City, Batangas
Conversely, Barangay Balangot, located inland, faces difficulties regarding transportation
infrastructure and water supplies. The location lacks direct port access, necessitating the
construction of substantial road infrastructure for coal transportation. Moreover, although local
rivers and reservoirs exist, the sustainability of these water resources requires further evaluation
to provide a consistent water supply for plant operations. Nevertheless, its more rural setting may
encounter diminished widespread opposition relative to coastal locations, although the possible
effects on agricultural land must be meticulously considered.
3.​ Barangay Yongyong Malimatoc 2, Mabini, Batangas City, Batangas

Figure 4.3. Location Map of Barangay Yongyong Malimatoc 2, Mabini, Batangas City,
Batangas

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The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Engineering - Department of Electrical Engineering

Barangay Yongyong Malimatoc 2 provides stable terrain for construction and may have
reduced environmental consequences owing to its remoteness from coastal habitats. Like
Barangay Balangot, it lacks access to ocean transit and will rely predominantly on land-based
logistics for coal delivery. The site encounters issues with water supply, as it must depend on
local freshwater supplies, which may be susceptible to seasonal fluctuations. Notwithstanding
these logistical problems, the site's inland position presents prospects for development with
reduced environmental constraints relative to coastal regions.
Barangay Bagalangit is anticipated to encounter attention from adjacent metropolitan and
coastal communities regarding air pollution, noise, and relocation issues. Nonetheless, it has
significant prospects for local employment and infrastructure advancement. Conversely, due to
their rural nature, Barangay Balangot and Barangay Yongyong Malimatoc 2 may encounter
diminished societal resistance but could adversely affect local agricultural endeavours.
Community engagement will be essential at all locations to ensure that concerns are addressed
and that the advantages of the power plant are conveyed to local populations.
In summary, each of the three locations Barangay Bagalangit, Barangay Balangot, and
Barangay Yongyong Malimatoc 2 exhibits unique benefits and obstacles for coal-fired power
generation. Barangay Bagalangit is notable for its closeness to water resources and transportation
infrastructure, but Barangay Balangot and Barangay Yongyong Malimatoc 2 provide more firm
land foundations but necessitate substantial infrastructural investment. A conclusive conclusion
will rely on additional, comprehensive research, financial evaluations, and proactive community
engagement to guarantee that the chosen location meets both technical specifications and
environmental and social obligations.

Environmental Impact Assessment

​ The projected coal-fired power station in Mabini, Batangas, Philippines, will supply
consistent baseload power to the Luzon grid. The building and management of such a plant
unavoidably generate questions about its environmental impact. This Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) examines the probable environmental consequences of the facility and
recommends mitigation solutions to address issues stemming from coal combustion, water usage,
and waste management. The objective is to guarantee that the facility satisfies the region's
energy requirements while reducing its environmental impact.
A major environmental problem is air quality, as coal combustion emits detrimental
pollutants such as sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon dioxide (CO2), and

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 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Engineering - Department of Electrical Engineering

particulate matter (PM). The facility will implement sophisticated emission control
technologies, such as flue gas desulfurization systems and electrostatic precipitators, to absorb
particulate pollutants and alleviate these consequences. Ongoing air quality monitoring will be
instituted to guarantee adherence to national and international requirements. A buffer zone will
be created around the facility to reduce air pollutant exposure for neighbouring populations.
Water resources represent a critical issue since the facility will require substantial water
for cooling and steam production. The facility will obtain water from [particular water body],
implementing measures to avert excessive depletion and contamination of local water supplies.
A closed-loop cooling system will minimize water use, while wastewater treatment facilities
guarantee that any discharge is adequately treated before reintroduction into the ecosystem.
These methods will aid in safeguarding local water quality and sustain the adjacent regions'
ecological equilibrium.
Managing coal combustion by-products, such as bottom and fly ash, is critical. The
facility will employ a specialized ash storage system featuring appropriate lining and leachate
management mechanisms to avert soil and groundwater contamination. Furthermore, projects
for ash recycling will be investigated to mitigate environmental impact. The facility will
implement optimal waste management methods, encompassing the appropriate chemical waste
treatment and the secure disposal of waste materials.
The project's social impact will be meticulously controlled through community
participation and development efforts. The power plant will provide employment, enhance local
infrastructure, and bolster community initiatives. A community consultation mechanism will be
implemented to address regional issues and guarantee openness. The facility will establish
health monitoring initiatives to evaluate potential health hazards for nearby neighbours. The
coal-fired power plant seeks to harmonize energy production with environmental stewardship
and social responsibility through the implementation of sustainable practices, so assuring a
beneficial long-term effect on the region.

V.​ OPERATION SCHEDULE

​ The operational schedule outlines the systematic deployment of generator units

throughout the day based on the projected electrical load demand of Mabini, Batangas for the
year 2030. With an estimated daily energy consumption of 218,110 kWh and a peak demand
reaching approximately 15.15 MW, the operational schedule ensures the optimal use of generator
resources to maintain uninterrupted power supply while maximizing efficiency and reliability.

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 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Engineering - Department of Electrical Engineering

This schedule is developed by analyzing the load profile across defined time blocks,
identifying periods of low to peak demand, and matching these requirements with the number of
generator units in operation. By implementing a load-based scheduling strategy, the municipality
can avoid underutilization or overloading of equipment, thus enhancing system performance,
extending generator lifespan, and ensuring sufficient power during critical hours.

The following section presents the detailed hourly allocation of generator units in
response to the varying load demands, incorporating safety margins and redundancy measures to
account for maintenance and unexpected fluctuations.

𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 79705.9 𝑀𝑊ℎ

Units Generated/day = 365 𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑠
= 365 𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑠
= 218.110 MWh

Units Generated/day=218.110 MWh

The units generated per day would be multiplied by the multipliers below to achieve the kWh
generation for each time range of a day.

Time Block Duration Multiplier Energy Average Generator

(hrs) (kWh) Load (kW) Units (10
MW)

12MN–6AM 6 10.00% 21,811 3,635 1

6AM–9AM 3 12.00% 26,173 8,724 1

9AM–12NN 3 18.00% 39,260 13,087 2

12NN–3PM 3 16.00% 34,898 11,633 2

3PM–6PM 3 18.00% 39,260 13,087 2

6PM–9PM 3 16.00% 34,898 11,633 2

9PM–12MN 3 10.00% 21,811 7,270 1

​ The table summarizes the projected daily operational schedule of electricity consumption
in Mabini for the year 2030, based on an annual energy usage of 79,705.9 MWh, which is

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Engineering - Department of Electrical Engineering

equivalent to approximately 218,110 kWh per day. The 24-hour day is divided into seven key
time intervals, each representing distinct demand patterns tied to typical residential and
commercial activities.

​ The multiplier column indicates the percentage of daily consumption distributed to each
time block. This distribution was based on assumed consumption behaviors, such as increased
usage during daytime working hours and early evening when household activities peak. For each
time block, the table calculates the total energy consumed (kWh) and the average load (kW),
which is derived by dividing energy by the number of operational hours.

​ To ensure uninterrupted power supply, the table also shows the number of 10 MW
generator units required to meet the load for each time block. This is calculated by dividing the
average load by 10,000 kW (10 MW) and rounding up to the nearest whole number. The peak
load periods (9AM–12NN, 3PM–6PM, and 6PM–9PM) require 2 generator units, while other
periods operate sufficiently with 1 unit.

Figure 5.1. Load Curve for Mabini 2030

​ The Load Curve (Bar Graph) illustrates the average electrical load (in kilowatts) across
different time blocks throughout a typical day in Mabini, Batangas for the year 2030. This graph
captures the temporal variation in power demand and reveals critical insights into consumption
behavior. The load is lowest between 12 midnight and 6 in the morning, reflecting minimal
residential and commercial activity. A noticeable increase begins from 6AM to 9AM as
households and businesses commence their operations. The demand peaks from 9AM to 9PM,
highlighting the hours of intense electricity use due to industrial activities, office functions, and

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Engineering - Department of Electrical Engineering

residential appliance operation. After 9PM, the load begins to taper off, indicating reduced usage
as establishments close and households prepare for rest. This graph is crucial for scheduling
generator operations to align with actual demand patterns.

Figure 5.2. Load Duration Curve for Mabini 2030

The Load Duration Curve (Bar Graph) presents the same load data, but arranged from the
highest to the lowest demand, regardless of the time they occur. This representation offers a
clearer view of how frequently higher load levels are sustained throughout the day. It highlights
that a substantial portion of the day operates near peak capacity, suggesting the need for
generators that can consistently handle loads above 10,000 kW. This curve is essential for
planning reserve capacity and determining how much time the system runs near full output. It
also assists in making decisions regarding system redundancy, and generator wear management.

Figure 5.3. Daily Load Curve for Mabini 2030

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 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Engineering - Department of Electrical Engineering

​ The Color-coded Daily Load Curve combines the actual load demand in megawatts with
a visual representation of generator unit operation, assuming the use of 10 MW generators. Each
colored segment on the bars represents a generator unit, with most periods requiring one to two
units in operation. The purple line superimposed on the graph traces the actual load, showing how
it climbs during peak hours and descends during off-peak times. This graph effectively demonstrates that
two generator units are sufficient to meet the town’s peak energy demands, while also providing visual
clarity on when fewer units can be operated to save fuel and reduce wear. This type of graphical
presentation supports optimized generator scheduling and operational efficiency.

Table 5.1. Operating Schedule of the Generating Units

Status Status
Time Time
Gen 1 Gen 2 Gen 3 Gen 1 Gen 2 Gen 3

12:00 AM started reserved reserved 12:00 PM in in reserved

operation operation

1:00 AM started reserved reserved 1:00 PM in in reserved

operation operation

2:00 AM in reserved reserved 2:00 PM in in reserved

operation operation operation

3:00 AM in reserved reserved 3:00 PM in in reserved

operation operation operation

4:00 AM in reserved reserved 4:00 PM in in reserved

operation operation operation

5:00 AM in reserved reserved 5:00 PM in in reserved

operation operation operation

6:00 AM in reserved reserved 6:00 PM in in reserved

operation operation operation

7:00 AM in reserved reserved 7:00 PM in in reserved

operation operation operation

8:00 AM in reserved reserved 8:00 PM in in reserved

operation operation operation

9:00 AM in reserved reserved 9:00 PM in in reserved

operation operation operation

10:00 AM in in reserved 10:00 PM in stopped reserved

operation operation operation

11:00 AM in in reserved 11:00 PM in stopped reserved

operation operation operation

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph
College of Engineering - Department of Electrical Engineering

12:00 PM in in reserved 12:00 AM in stopped reserved

operation operation operation

VI.​ REFERENCES

Bagalangit, municipality of Mabini, Province of Batangas. PhilAtlas. (n.d.).

https://www.philatlas.com/luzon/r04a/batangas/mabini/bagalangit.html

Batelec II: Department of Energy Philippines. BATELEC II | Department of Energy

Philippines. (n.d.). https://doe.gov.ph/ducsp/profile/batelec-ii

DENR | Department of Environment and Natural Resources. (n.d.). https://denr.gov.ph/

DPWH | Department of Public Works and Highways. (n.d.). http://www.dpwh.gov.ph/

DSWD | Department of Social Welfare and Development. (n.d.). https://www.dswd.gov.ph/

EMB | Environmental Impact Assessments. (n.d.). https://emb.gov.ph/

​
Home. National Electrification Administration | NEA, ECs and MCOs: Partners in Rural
Electrification and Development. (n.d.). http://www.nea.gov.ph/ao39/

Our business. Sem Calaca. (n.d.).

https://semcalacapower.ph/our-business/#:~:text=PLANT%20DESCRIPTION&text=The
%20power%20plant%20is%20composed,and%20steam%2Ddriven%20turbo%20generato
rs.

Yang, Y., & Holappa, L. (2014). Pulverised coal. Pulverised Coal - an overview |
ScienceDirect Topics. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/pulverised-coal

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