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TRANSFORMATIONS TRANSFORMATIONS
 To transform is to change, therefore transformation involves the change of a figure or shape
(object) in size, position, shape and or appearance.
 There are six types of transformation which are divided into two groups that are Isometric and
Non isometric.
 Isometric transformations mean the image (a result after transformation) maintains the same
dimensions of the object as well as the shape itself. They are identical or congruent.
 Isometric transformations are Translation (T), Reflection (M) and Rotation (R).
 Non Isometric means the size and shape differs with that of the object. They include
Enlargement (E), Shear (H) and Stretch (S) which is further divided into One way stretch and
Two way stretch.

ISOMETRIC TRANSFORMATIONS [SIZE DOES NOT CHANGE]

 Translation
 Reflection
 Rotation
NON ISOMETRIC TRANSFORMATIONS [SIZE CHANGES]

 Enlargement
 Shear
 Stretch
NB: Whenever you see the size of the image is the same as that of the original object, your answer
must be between Translation, Reflection or Rotation.
When the size of the image differs from the size of the original object, your answer must be between
Enlargement, Shear or Stretch.

TRANSLATION [change of position only]

This is the transfer of an object from one position to another in a specified direction without changing
its appearance in any way. Appearance in this regard means how it looks specifically talking about the
sides of a shape or vertices. It is denoted by a translation vector in the form ( ) where x represents
the movement along the x- axis and y represents the movement along the y-axis.

A
A1

B C

B1 C1

The above shapes differ in position only, this is translation. The point A is at the top and A1 is at the
top. B is vertically bellow A and B1 is also vertically below A1.C is to the right of B same applies to
C1.

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TO DESCRIBE TRANSLATION
i) State that it is translation
ii) State the translation vector in the form ( ) , that is units moved along the x-axis and units
moved along the y-axis.

EXAMPLES

Question1.
Describe fully the single transformation that maps triangle
(a) A onto B
(b) A onto C
(c) A onto D
(d) E onto C
(e) D onto B
(f) E onto A

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SOLUTIONS: The first thing to note is that the sizes of the shapes are the same and appearance
hasn’t changed. The changes only affected positions.

(a) A onto B : It is translation of vector ( )

(b) A onto C: It is translation of vector ( )

(c) A onto D:It is translation of vector ( )

(d) E onto C: It is translation of vector ( )

(e) D onto B: It is translation of vector ( )

(f) E onto A: It is translation of vector ( )

Question 2.On the same axes above, draw the following triangles.

(a) X where X is the image of A under a translation of vector ( )

(b) Y where Y is the image of E under a translation of vector ( )

(c) Z where Z is the image of C under a translation of vector ( )

HINT: Every vertex must be MOVED the same x- units and y- units respectively.
SOLUTIONS: The coordinates of X, Y and Z are:
(a) X( )( ) ( )
(b) Y( )( ) ( )
(c) Z( )( ) ( )

NB: Matrix of Translation will be checked under matrix in transformation as the whole.
FOLLOW UP QUESTIONS
Using a scale of 2cm to represent 1 unit on the x axis and 2cm to represent 2 units on the y axis, draw
the Cartesian plane for and
(a) Draw ABC with A( ) ( ) ( )
(b) Draw A1B1C1 with A1 ( ), B1 ( ) and C1 ( )
(c) Draw A2B2C2 with A2( )B2( ) C2( )
(d) Describe fully the single transformation that maps triangle
(i) ABC onto A1B1C1
(ii) ABC onto A2B2C2
(iii) A2B2C2 onto A1B1C1
(e) Draw triangle,
(i) A3B3C3 the image of ABC under a translation of vector ( )

(ii) A4B4C4 the image of ABC under a translation of vector ( )

(iii) A5B5C5 the image of ABC under a translation of vector ( )

(iv) A6B6C6 the image of A2B2C2 under a translation of vector ( )

NB; Take note that each 2cm on the y-axis represents 2units, therefore 2 boxes along the y-axis mean
4 units.

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REFLECTION [Use of the mirror]

Reflection is the transfer of a figure, shape, line or point from one position to the other, under a
defined line called the mirror line or line of reflection, changing its appearance but the size and shape
remains the same. It is abbreviated M, which refers to the mirror line. The distance between an object
from the mirror line is the same as that of the image from the mirror line.
TO DESCRIBE REFLECTION

 State that it is reflection

 State the equation of the mirror line e.g.
NB: To find the mirror line, bisect any of the corresponding points and the bisector is the mirror line.
NB: To check for reflection, if you bisect all the corresponding points, you get a single line that is the
mirror line.
There is need now to find the equation of the mirror line either by using the gradient concept or the y-
intercept.
Mirror line
A A1 The distance of A from the mirror line
is the same as of A1 from the mirror
line.
This also applies to B and B1 as well as
C and C1.

B C C1 B1

EXAMPLES
Using a scale of 2cm to represent 1 unit on both axes, draw the Cartesian plane for and

(a) Draw and label

(i) A with vertices ( )( ) ( )
(ii) B with vertices ( )( ) ( )
(iii) C with vertices ( )( ) ( )
(iv) D with vertices ( )( ) ( )
(v) E with vertices ( )( ) ( )
(b) Describe fully the single transformation that maps triangle
(i) A onto B
(ii) A onto C
(iii) A onto D
(iv) D onto E
(v) C onto E
(c) Draw and label fully triangle
(i) H, the image of C under a reflection in the line
(ii) G ,the image of A under a reflection in the line
SOLUTION NOTES

 To find the mirror line, bisect at least one of the corresponding points.
 To draw the image, count the same distance of the original shape from the mirror line, for
every vertex.
 For oblique or slant lines, count z units horizontally to the mirror line then z units again
vertically downwards or upwards but on the other side of the mirror line.

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SOLUTIONS REFLECTION

(a)

(b) (i) A onto B is reflection in the line

(ii) A onto C is reflection in the [
(iii) A onto D is reflection in the line (calculated)

(iv) D onto E is reflection in the line or in the

(v) C onto E is reflection in the line (calculated)

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CALCULATIONS
Any two points on the line (0; 2) and (3; 5)
Gradient , therefore grad= 1
Equation is in the form y=mx+c
Using (0; 2) to find C substitute x=0 and y=2 then we find c to be 2.
Ans[ 𝑦 𝑥 ],answer the other one using any of the methods.

(c ) Draw the given lines first, so for ,use a table of values[TOV]

(i) From the mirror line to C, there are 0,5 units to the horizontal line of shape C ,so
count 0,5 units from the mirror line to get the points on the horizontal line of shape H.
From the top of shape C, there are 2,5 units from the mirror line, so count 2,5units to get
the point of the image H. Join the points to get the triangle H.

(ii) **I have used these symbols on the diagram for an easy follow up, count horizontally
from A(4;2) until you get to the mirror line[ ] right? Now count vertically 4 units
on the other side of the mirror line,that is units to give us the point ( ) If you
use the point (4;5),you will find out that there are units horizontally to the mirror line,
therefore count the same distance vertically downwards to the point ( ).
To summarize this, the line joining the corresponding points and the mirror line are
perpendicular, give 90 at the point of contact.
NB ,a set square can also be used to draw a line perpendicular to the mirror line.[Find
out].You may use a mirror to verify your answers[during practice not exam]

FOLLOW UP EXERCISE

Using a scale of 2cm to represent 1 unit on both axes, draw the Cartesian plane for
and

(a) Draw quadrilateral

i) A with vertices ( )( )( ) ( )
ii) B with vertices ( )( )( ) ( )
iii) C with vertices ( )( )( ) ( )
(b) Describe fully the single transformation that maps quadrilateral
i) A onto B
ii) A onto C
(c) i) Draw quadrilateral D, the image of A under a reflection in the line
ii) Draw quadrilateral E, the image of A under a reflection in the line

NB: Matrix of Reflection will be dealt with it in the next lesson on Matrix in Transformation.

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ROTATION [Clockwise or Anti-clockwise]

This involves the turning of an object either clockwise or anticlockwise about a defined point called
the center of rotation.
The angles usually rotated through are 90 ,180 and 270 .The angle of 90 clockwise is the same as
270 anticlockwise direction and vice-versa.
The shape changes its position and appearance but its shape and size remain the same.
TO DESCRIBE ROTATION
i) State that it is rotation
ii) State angle and direction e.g. 90 clockwise direction
iii) State the center of rotation in the form ( )

 To find the center, bisect at least two of the corresponding points and the bisectors meet at the
center.

B1 A1
A

C1

B C

 Have a close look on the appearance of the shapes, it is neither translation nor reflection but it
is a clockwise rotation that has transformed ABC onto A1B1C1.We are going to find the angle
and center of rotation for a full description. If you join the corresponding points to the center
of rotation, you can easily find the angle of rotation, though it can easily be seen without any
measurements.
 One clockwise turn gives 90 .Two turns give us 180 and Three turns give us 270 [90
anticlockwise]
 NB: A pair of compasses is used to construct the perpendicular bisectors
 A protractor is used to measure angles when drawing the image while given the center, angle
and direction.
EXAMPLES
Using a scale of 2cm to I unit on both axes, draw the Cartesian plane for and
a) (i) Draw triangle A with vertices at ( )( ) ( )
(ii) Draw triangle B with vertices at ( )( ) ( )
(iii) Draw triangle C with vertices at ( )( ) ( )
(iv) Draw triangle D with vertices at ( )( ) ( )
b) Describe the single transformation that maps triangle
i) A onto B
ii) A onto C
iii) B onto D
c) Draw and label fully triangle
i) E, the image of A under a clockwise rotation of 90 about ( ).
ii) F, the image of A under a rotation of 180 with ( ) as center.

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SOLUTIONS: ROTATION

Clockwise rotation

b) Description of the transformations

i) A onto B ; It is rotation, 90 anticlockwise direction, center (1;1) or 270 clockwise.
ii) A onto C ; It is a clockwise rotation of 90 about the origin or (0;0).
iii) B onto D ; It is a rotation of 180 about (0;1).
c) How to draw using a protractor?
i) A onto E, taking the point (2;1),join it to the center ( ) using broken lines.Put
your protractor on the right side of the line as indicated by the arrow.Measure 90
and you will see that it follows the red line with an arrow (line y ).Count the
same units moved from (2;1) to the center and from the center to the image thus
(4; ).Do this to the rest of the points.
ii) A onto F, 180 is a straight line so there is no need for you to measure, just join
straight lines passing through the center. Count the same units or measure the
same distance of an object to the venter and image to the center, as shown on the
diagram.
NB:The matrix of Rotation will be dealt with it when doing matrix in Transformation.

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FOLLOW UP EXERCISE [ROTATION]

Using a scale of 2cm to 1 unit on both axes, draw the Cartesian plane for and
a) Draw and label fully the following triangles
i) ABC with A( ) ( ) ( )
ii) A1B1C1 with A1( ),B1( ) and C1( )
iii) A2B2C2 with A2 ( ),B2 ( ) and C2 ( )
iv) Q with vertices at ( )( ) ( )
b) Describe fully the single transformation that maps triangle
i) ABC onto A1B1C1
ii) ABC onto A2B2C2
c) Draw and label R, the image of Q under an anti-clockwise rotation of 270 about ( ), [that
is 90 clockwise direction ,center (3;3).]
d) Draw and label S, the image of Q under a rotation of 180 about the origin.

COMBINED TEST [ISOMETRIC TRANSFORMATIONS]

ANSWER THE WHOLE OF THIS QUESTION ON A SINGLE SHEET OF A GRAPH PAPER

a) Using a scale of 2cm to represent 1 unit on both axes for and ,draw
and label fully the following triangles,
i) A with vertices at ( )( ) ( )
ii) B with vertices at ( )( ) ( )
iii) C with vertices at ( )( ) ( )
iv) D with vertices at ( )( ) ( )
b) Describe fully the single transformation that maps triangle,
i) A onto B
ii) A onto C
iii) A onto D
c) Draw and label fully the following triangles,

i) E, the image of A under a translation of vector ( )

ii) F, the image of A under a reflection in the line

iii) G, the image of A under a rotation of 90 anticlockwise direction about ( )
iv) H, the image of A under a rotation of 180 about the origin
v) K, the image of C under a reflection in the line .

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ENLARGEMENT
 Is a transformation in which an object is made bigger or smaller proportionately.
 The ratio of the corresponding sides is the same , that is the scale factor.
 The scale factor can be negative or positive, where the positive scale factor means that the
appearance of the image is similar to that of an object and negative scale factor means that the
appearance is difference.
 Negative scale factor gives an image which looks like rotated through 180 , but with different
shape sizes.

TO DESCRIBE ENLARGEMENT

(i) State that it is enlargement

(ii) State the scale factor
(iii) State the center of enlargement in the form ( )
 To find the center, join all the corresponding points and the lines meet at the center.
 Scale factor or

𝐶1
Examples

 Positive scale factor

𝐴1 𝐵1

A B

 Center of enlargement (𝑥 𝑦), where the lines meet.

 Negative scale factor 𝐶1

B  𝐵1

Center of enlargement (𝑥 𝑦) 𝐴1

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EXAMPLES: ENLARGEMENT
1. Answer the whole of this question on a single sheet of a graph paper.

a) Using a scale of to represent units on both axes for and

,draw the following triangles,
i) A with vertices at (2;2), (4;2) and (2;5)
ii) B with vertices at ( 4;4), (8;4) and (4;10)
iii) C with vertices at (7; ) , (5; ) and (7; )

b) Describe fully the single transformation that maps triangle

i) A onto B
ii) B onto C
iii) B onto A
iv) C onto B
c) Draw the following triangles
i) D, the image of A under an enlargement of factor 2 with (8;0) as center.
ii) E, the image of A under an enlargement of factor with the origin as center.

SOLUTIONS: ENLARGEMENT

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b) Description of transformation
i) A onto B : It is enlargement, scale factor 2, center origin.
1
ii) B onto C : It is enlargement, scale factor , canter ( )
1
iii) B onto A : It is enlargement, scale factor , center ( )
iv) C onto B : It is enlargement, scale factor center ( )

NB: Read again how to find the scale factor

c) How to draw D and E

i) Since the scale factor is positive, the center is not between the two shapes, so the image is
on the same side of the center as A.
Join from the center (8;0) through A going upwards, do this to all vertices as shown in blue
Measure the length of the line joining A to the center(bottom line =6cm). Multiply the
distance by the scale factor,2, that is you get 12cm.Then measure the found distance, that is
12cm from the center to the image. Do this to the rest of the points.

ii)The scale factor is negative ,so the center is between the two shapes. The lines joining the
corresponding points meet at (0;0) just like B and C. The scale factor means the same
distance from the center. Check the given solution above.

FOLLOW UP EXERCISE:ENLARGEMENT

2. Answer the whole of this question on a single sheet of a graph paper.

a) Using a scale of to represent 2 units on both axes for and ,

draw triangle A with vertices at ( 2;2) , (6;2) and (2;4;)
b) Draw and label triangle B with vertices at ( ),( ) and ( )
c) Draw and label triangle C with vertices at ( ),( ) and ( )
d) Draw triangle D, the image of A, under an enlargement of factor with (4;0) as center.
1
e) Draw triangle E, the image of A under an enlargement of factor with center (0; 0)

f) Describe fully the single transformation that maps triangle

i) B onto A
ii) A onto C.

WE WILL CHECK LATER ON THE MATRIX OF AN ENLARGEMENT( ), where k is a scale factor and the
center is the origin.

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SHEAR
 Is a transformation in which an object moves in a specified direction, changing the shape but
the area remains the same. Examples of shear are, from rectangle to a parallelogram and from
a square to a rhombus.
 Shear is parallel to the invariant line. Invariant means not changing. If you look at the
rectangle and parallelogram, you can identify that the base line remains the same in
dimensions .It has not changed, that is being invariant.
 Usually the axes are used as the invariant lines i.e. the x -axis and the y-axis, but, it can be
any equation like or .

TO DESCRIBE SHEAR

 State that it is a shear

 State the invariant line, e.g. x-axis invariant when the shape is transformed parallel the x-axis.

 State the scale factor = that is

, if it is x-axis invariant. The scale factor can be positive or negative or a

fraction.

NB: To find the invariant line, just identify the direction of the transformation. If the shape is parallel
the x-axis(y=0), then it is x-axis invariant and when it is parallel the y-axis(x=0) then it is y-axis
invariant. Sometimes it may be any line from the axes. Check with the following examples. Also, the
invariant line can be identified by joining the corresponding lines and the invariant line is where all
the intersecting lines rest.

Examples of shear, with the x-axis invariant

C C1
OBJECT IMAGE

Square onto Rhombus

A B

The case here is that the transformation is parallel to the x-axis.

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EXAMPLES:SHEAR
1. a) Using a scale of 2cm to represent 1unit on both axes for and
,draw triangle
i) ABC with vertices at A( ) ,B( ) and C( )
ii) A1B1C1 with vertices at A1( ) , B1( ) and C1( )
iii) A2B2C2 with vertices at A2( ) , B2( ) and C2( )

b) Describe fully the single transformation that maps triangle

i) ABC onto A1B1C1
ii) ABC onto A2B2C2
c) Draw A4B4C4, the image of ABC under a shear of factor with the x-axis invariant.
d) Draw A3B3C3, the image of ABC under a shear of factor 2 with the y-axis invariant.

SOLUTIONS: SHEAR

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NB: Shear is parallel to the invariant line

b) Description of transformations

i) ABC onto A1B1C1: It is Shear of factor 2 with the x-axis invariant.

ii) ABC onto A2B2C2: It is Shear of factor with the y-axis invariant.

To find the invariant line, produce CA and C1A1, find where the lines meet. Produce also CB and
C1B1, find where the lines meet. After this, find the line on which the two points of intersection rest.
You can find that they rest on the x-axis.

To find the scale factor: scale factor = that is

, = = 2.

c). ABC to A4B4C4, since it is x-axis invariant, we start from the x-axis towards A and we see that

there is 1 unit. Multiply 1 by the given scale factor, we get This means from A, we move

units to the position of A4, parallel the x-axis. C is 2 units from the invariant line (x-axis).Multiply

2 by the scale factor, As a result, we get so move units parallel the x-axis to get the

position of C3.Do this to find the position of B4.Then draw and label triangle A4B4C4.

d).ABC onto A3B3C3: The scale factor is positive and it is y-axis invariant. So we start from the y-

axis. Point A is 1 unit from the y-axis so multiply 1 by the scale factor 2, you get 2.This means you

move 2 units along the y-axis, therefore move upwards to find the position of A3.Do all the other

points and join triangle A3B3C3.

WILL CHECK LATER ON THE MATRIX OF SHEAR

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STRETCH

 Is a transformation in which an object increases or decreases its dimensions in either one

direction or both. When it increases or decreases one direction, it is called a One way stretch
and when both directions are affected, it is called a Two way stretch.
 Stretch is perpendicular to the invariant line, that is ,it opposes the side that remains constant
after being transformed.
 Usually the axes are used as the invariant lines though it can be any line within the axes.
 Stretch factor can be negative or positive that is the negative scale factor is similar to
reflection with regard to the appearance but positive scale factor does not change the
appearance.

TO DESCRIBE STRETCH

 State that it is one way stretch or two way stretch

 State the equation of the invariant line, e.g. x-axis invariant or the invariant line is y=0

 State the scale factor =

EXAMPES OF STRETCH

A one way stretch with the y –axis invariant, the direction of the image is opposite to the invariant
line. The distance along the y-axis does not change.
Y

Image
Object

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PRACTICAL EXAMPLES
1. Using a scale of 2cm to represent 1 unit on both axes, draw the following triangles for
and
a) Draw triangle

i) A with vertices at ( )( ) ( )
ii) B with vertices at ( )( ) ( )
iii) C with vertices at ( )( ) and ( )
b) Describe fully the single transformation that maps triangle
i) A onto B
ii) A onto C
c) Draw the following triangles
i) D, the image of A under a one way stretch of factor 2 with the x-axis invariant.
ii) E, the image of A under a one way stretch of factor with the y-axis invariant.
SOLUTIONS: ONE WAY STRETCH

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*Remember Stretch is perpendicular to the invariant line.

b) i) A onto B : One way stretch of factor 3 with the y-axis invariant.
ii) A onto C : One way stretch of factor with x-axis invariant.

 State the scale factor =

= when using a point with a right angle.

c). To draw the image, count the units to A from the invariant line, x-axis then multiply by the scale
factor, 2.To find the position of the image, move the number of units found by multiplication. When
using the top vertex, there are 3 units from the x-axis, so multiplying by 2 we get 6.Move 6 units from
the x-axis to find the image. For the negative scale factor, you go the opposite sign starting from the
invariant line.

FOLLOW UP EXERCISE

2. Using a scale of 2cm to 1 unit on both axes for and , draw a

quadrilateral A with vertices at(1;1), (1;3),(2;3) and (2;2).
a) Draw quad B, the image of A under a one way stretch of factor 3 with the y axis invariant
b) Draw quad C , the image of A under a one way stretch of factor with the x axis
invariant
c) Draw quad D, the image of A under a one way stretch of factor with the y- axis
invariant.
1
d) Draw quad E, the image of A under a one way stretch of factor with the x -axis

invariant.

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TWO WAY STRETCH

 It has two factors of which the factor with the y -axis invariant implies that the image
goes parallel the x -axis and the factor with the x- axis invariant implies that the
image goes parallel the y -axis.
 The image is affected in all directions with regard to the scale factor.

EXAMPLES

Using a scale of 2cm to 1unit on both axes for and , draw triangle ABC with
vertices at A (1;1), B(2;1), C(2;2)

a) Draw A1B1C1 the image of ABC under the two way stretch of factor 2 with the x- axis
invariant and factor 3 with the y -axis invariant
b) Draw A2B2C2, with vertices at A2( ),B2( ) and C2( )
c) Describe fully the single transformation that maps triangle ABC onto A2B2C2.

SOLUTIONS:TWO WAY STRETCH

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b) A is 1 unit from the x-axis and 1 unit from the y-axis. From the x-axis, multiply by 2 and from the
y-axis, multiply by 3.Then from the x-axis move 2 units upwards and from the y-axis move 3 units to
get the point of A1.C is 2 units from both axes, multiply 2 units by 2 to get 4 from the x-axis and
multiply 2 by 3 to get 6 from the y-axis. Now move 4 units from the x-axis and 6 units from the y-axis
to get the position of C1.Do the same to B and B1.

c) It is a two way stretch of factor with the x-axis invariant and factor 2 with the y-axis invariant.

Scale factor = =1 =2 ,but AB is along the x-axis so it is y-axis invariant.

Scale factor = = 1
= , but BC is along the y-axis so it is x axis invariant.

You can also find the scale factor by using the first method, = 1
x-axis

invariant. Do this method using the y-axis as an invariant line.

MATRIX OF STRETCH WILL BE DEALT WITH IN THE NEXT TOPIC.

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TEST: NON ISOMETRIC TRANSFORMATIONS

ANSWER THE WHOLE OF THIS QUESTION ON A SINGLE SHEET OF GRAPH PAPER
Using a scale of 2cm to represent 1 unit on both axes, draw the Cartesian plane for and
.

a) Draw and label fully the following triangles

i) ABC with A( ) ( ) ( )
ii) A1B1C1 with A1( ),B1( ) and C1( )
iii) A2B2C2 with A2( ), B2( ) and C2( )
iv) A3B3C3 with A3( ) ,B3( ) and C3( )
v) A4B4C4 with A4( ) ,B4( ) and C4( )
b) Describe fully the single transformation that maps triangle
i) ABC onto A1B1C1
ii) ABC onto A2B2C2
iii) ABC onto A3B3C3
iv) ABC onto A4B4C4
c) On the same axes, draw the following triangles
i) A5B5C5, the image of ABC under a shear of factor with the x-axis invariant.
ii) A6B6C6, the image of ABC under an enlargement of scale factor 3 and center (3; 0)
1
iii) A7B7C7, the image of ABC under a one way stretch of factor with the x-axis

invariant.

TRANSFORMATION TEST NUMBER 1

Answer the whole of this question on a single sheet of a graph paper
Use a scale of 2cm to represent 2 units on both axes for and
a) Draw triangle
i) P with vertices at ( )( ) ( ) [1]
ii) S with vertices at ( )( ) ( ) [1]
iii) M with vertices at ( )( ) ( ) [1]
iv) T with vertices at ( )( ) ( ) [1]
v) E, the image of P under an enlargement of factor with the origin as centre. [3]
vi) R, the image of P under an anti-clockwise rotation of 90 about ( ) [3]
vii) H, the image of P under a shear of factor with the y-axis invariant. [2]
b) Describe fully the single transformation that maps triangle
i) P onto T [2]
ii) P onto M [3]
iii) P onto S [3]

MASTER G [[email protected]; WhatsApp 0776707982]

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MATRIX IN TRANSFORMATION

 Only translation has a 2by1 matrix which is in the column form ( ) where represents the
movement along the axis and represents the movement along the y axis.
 Original point + Translation vector = Image point.
 The coordinates are calculated in column form but remember to write coordinates in the form
( )
 E.g. If triangle A with coordinates (2; 0), (2;3) and (4:1) is transformed into B by a translation
of vector ( ) , find the coordinates of B.

SOLUTION ( ) ( ) ( ) Therefore coordinates of B are ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )

OTHER TRANSFORMATIONS HAVE THE MATRIX ( )

 Reflection, Rotation, Enlargement, Shear and Stretch have a 2 by 2 matrix which is multiplied
to the original point so as to get the image.
 Matrix of transformation Original point = Image point.
 E.g. If triangle ABC has vertices at A(2;1) , B(3;0) and C(4;3) ,find the coordinates of
A1B1C1,the image of ABC under a transformation with the matrix ( )
SOLUTION
A B C A1 B1 C1
( ) ( ) ( ) ,therefore the coordinates of the image A1B1C1 are
A1(2;3) , B1(3;0) and C1(4;9).

 To find the unknown matrix, you have to form a pair of simultaneous equations and solve
them. During calculation, the coordinates are written in column form.
 Eg. A line AB with vertices at A(2;3) and B(1;4) is transformed into A1(4;6) and B1(2;8) by a
single transformation. Find the matrix of this transformation.
 Solution

( ) ( ) ( ) , the equations will look like this

……..i and …………iii

……..ii ………..iv, so by solving the simultaneous
equations, the outcomes are a= 0 , c=0 and d=2, therefore the required matrix is ( )

( ).

This method is used for all transformations except translation.

When you are given three or four coordinates, ABC or ABCD, you can use any two of them, AB, AC
or BC; AB, BC, CD or AD.

MASTER G [[email protected]; WhatsApp 0776707982]

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A TABLE WITH MATRICES OF TRANSFORMATIONS AND DESCRITION

MATRIX DESCRIPTION

( ) Translation of vector ( ) where and represents a certain vector.

( ) Reflection in the x -axis

( ) Reflection in the y- axis

( ) Reflection in the line

( ) Reflection in the line

( ) Clockwise rotation of 90 about the origin

( ) Anti-clockwise rotation of 90 about the origin

( ) A rotation of 180 about the origin

( ) Enlargement of factor k with the origin as center

( ) Shear of factor h with the x-axis invariant

( ) Shear of factor h with the y- axis invariant

( ) One way stretch of factor h with the x- axis invariant

( ) One way stretch of factor h with the y -axis invariant

( ) Two way stretch of factor k with the x -axis invariant and factor h with the y -axis

invariant.

MASTER G [[email protected]; WhatsApp 0776707982]

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Examples .Describe fully the single transformation represented by the following matrices

a) ( ), Enlargement of factor 3 with the origin a center.

b) ( ), One way stretch of factor 2 with the x-axis invariant.

c) ( ), Shear of factor 4 with the x-axis invariant.

d) ( ), Two way stretch of factor with the x-axis invariant and factor 2 with the y-axis

invariant.

e) ( ), One way stretch of factor 5 with the y-axis invariant.

f) ( ), Shear of factor with the y-axis invariant.

g) ( ), Rotation of 180 about the origin or Enlargement of factor center (0;0)

h) ( ), Clockwise rotation of 90 about the origin.

i) ( ) Reflection in the line

j) ( ), Two way stretch of factor 3 with the x-axis invariant and factor 2 with the y-axis

invariant.

NB: Given that a shear of factor 2 with the x axis invariant maps triangle A with vertices at

( )( ) ( ) onto triangle B. Find the coordinates of B and draw triangle B.

SOLUTION :Matrix of shear is ( ) where h is the scale factor, therefore;

( )( ) ( )

Coordinates of triangle B are ( )( ) ( )

This means that you write down the matrix of a given transformation then multiply it to the given

object so that you get the image.

THE END: CHECK OUT FOR MORE PRACTICE,USE ZIMSEC QUESTIONS;

MASTER G [[email protected]; WhatsApp 0776707982]