SEMINAR REPORT ON

CLOUD COMPUTING
Submitted to
Black Diamond College of Engineering and
Technology
In partial fulfilment for the requirement of the
award of the degree

Bachelor of Technology
In
Computer Science and Engineering

Submitted By

Roshni Rathor
2102309012

Black Diamond College of Engineering and Technology Department

of Computer Science and Engineering (2021 – 2025)
 BIJU PATNAIK UNIVERSITY
OF
TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Certificate

This is to certify that the seminar entitled “CLOUD COMPUTIMG ” is submitted by

ROSHNI RATHOR bearing Reg No. 2101309012 in partial fulfilment of the
requirement for the award of the Bachelor degree of Technology in Computer
Science and Engineering of Black Diamond College of Engineering and
Technology for the academic year 2021–2025.

Jhunurani Patel Seminar Er. Bikash Ranjan Dash Head of Department,

Coordinator Assistant Vice-Principal Computer Science and
Professor Engineering

Place – Jharsuguda
Date :

2
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First of all, I am indebted to the GOD ALMIGHTY for giving me an opportunity

to excel in my efforts to complete this seminar on time.

I am extremely grateful to Dr. Bhopal Ch. Patel, Principal, Black Diamond

of College of Engineering and Technology and Mr. HOD, Head of
Department, Department of Computer Science and Technology, for
providing all the required resources for the successful completion of
my seminar.
My heartfelt gratitude to my seminar guide Ms. Jhunurani Patel, Asst.
Professor, Computer Science and Technology, for her suggestions and
guidance in the preparation of the seminar report.
I express my thanks to Ms. Jhunurani Patel, Assistant Professor, and
all staff member and friends for all the help and co-ordination extended
in bringing out this seminar successfully in time.
I will be failing in duty if I do not acknowledge with grateful thanks to
the authors of the reference and other literatures referred to in this
seminar.
Last but no the least; I am very much thankful to my parents who
guided me in every step which I took.

Thanking You
Roshni Rathor

3
 ABSTRACT

Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) is a software design approach that

emphasizes the creation of modular, interoperable services to support business
processes and application. In SOA, functionalities are encapsulated as services
that communicate through standardized protocols, fostering, etc. SOA has been
instrument in enhancing system integration, simplifying maintenance, and
facilitating agile envelopment methodologies.

Keywords :

Service-Oriented Architecture, services, Modularity, Interoperability,

Standardized Protocols, Flexibility, Scalability, Reusability, Component
Decoupling, System integration, Agile Development, Maintenance, Business
Processes, Service Consumer, Service Provider.

4
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cloud Computing

1 Introduction 7

2 CloudComputingBasics 8
2.1 Types of Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2 Stakeholders . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.3 Advantages of using Cloud . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1

3 MotivationtowardsCloudinrecenttime 0

1
4 CloudArchitecture 11
4.1 Comparison between Cloud Computing and Grid Computing ... . 0
13
4.2 Relation between Cloud Computing and Utility Computing . .. Types of. .
13
4.3 utility cloud services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . .
13

5 Popular Cloud Applications: A Case study 15

5.1 AmazonEC2andS3Services. 5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
GoogleApp-Engine . . . . . . . . . .. 5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Windows Azure . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

6 Cloud Computing Application in Indian context 17

6.1 E-Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.2 Rural development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

7 Conclusion 21

8 Refrence 22

5
INTRODUCTION
Cloud computing is a recently developing paradigm of distributed
computing. Though it is not a new idea that emerged just recently. In 1969
[16] L. Kleinrock anticipated, “As of now, computer networks are still in
their infancy. But as they grow up and become more sophisticated, we will
probably see the spread of ’computer utilities’ which, like present electric
and telephone utilities, will service individual homes and offices across the
country.” His vision was the true indication of today’s utility based
computing paradigm. One of the giant steps towards this world was taken in
mid 1990s when grid computing was first coined to allow consumers to
obtain computing power on demand. The origin of cloud computing can be
seen as an evolution of grid computing technologies. The term Cloud
computing was given prominence first by Google’s CEO Eric Schmidt in late
2006 (may be he coined the term) [6]. So the birth of cloud computing is
very recent phenomena although its root belongs to some old ideas with
new business, technical and social perspectives. From the archi- tectural
point of view cloud is naturally build on an existing grid based architecture
and uses the grid services and adds some technologies like virtualization
and some business models.

6
In brief cloud is essentially a bunch of commodity computers networked to- gether in
same or different geographical locations, operating together to serve a number of
customers with different need and workload on demand basis with the help of
virtualization. Cloud services are provided to the cloud users as utility ser- vices like
water, electricity, telephone using pay-as-you-use business model. These utility
services are generally described as XaaS (X as a Service) where X can be Software or
Platform or Infrastructure etc. Cloud users use these services provided by the cloud
providers and build their applications in the internet and thus deliver them to their
end users. So the cloud users don’t have to worry about installing, maintaining
hardware and software needed. And they also can afford these services as they have
to pay as much they use. So the cloud users can reduce their expen- diture and effort
in the field of IT using cloud services instead of establishing IT infrastructure
themselves.

Cloud computing is growing now-a-days in the interest of technical and

busi-ness organizations but this can also be beneficial for solving social
issues. In therecent time E-Governance is being implemented in
developing countries to improveefficiency and effectiveness
of
governance. This approach can be improved much byusing cloud
computing instead of traditional ICT. In India, economy is agriculture
based and most of the citizens live in rural areas. The standard of living,
agricul- tural productivity etc can be enhanced by utilizing
cloud
computing in a proper way. Both of these applications of cloud computing
have technological as well associal challenges to overcome.

In this report we would try to clarify some of the ideas – Why is cloud
computing a buzzword today? i.e. what are the benefits the provider and
the usersget using cloud? Though its idea has come long back in 1990 but
what situatiomade it indispensable today? How is cloud built? What
differentiates it from similarterms like grid computing and uti lity
computing? What are the different services areprovided by the cloud
providers? Though cloud computing now-a-days talks aboutbusiness
enterprises not the non-profit organizations; how can this new paradigm be
used in the services like e-governance and in social development issues of
rural India?

7
2 Cloud Computing Basics
Cloud computing is a paradigm of distributed computing to provide the
customers on-demand, utility based computing services. Cloud users can provide
more reli- able, available and updated services to their clients in turn. Cloud
itself consists of physical machines in the data centers of cloud providers.
Virtualization is pro- vided on top of these physical machines. These virtual
machines are provided to the cloud users. Different cloud provider provides
cloud services of different abstraction level. E.g. Amazon EC2 enables the users
to handle very low level details where Google App-Engine provides a
development platform for the developers to develop their applications. So the
cloud services are divided into many types like Software as a Service, Platform as
a Service or Infrastructure as a Service. These services are available over the
Internet in the whole world where the cloud acts as the single point of access for
serving all customers. Cloud computing architecture addresses difficulties of
large scale data processing.

2.1 Types of Cloud

Cloud can be of three types [20].

1. Private Cloud – This type of cloud is maintained within an organization and

used solely for their internal purpose. So the utility model is not a big term
in this scenario. Many companies are moving towards this setting and experts
consider this is the 1st step for an organization to move into cloud. Security,
network bandwidth are not critical issues for private cloud.

8
 2. Public Cloud – In this type an organization rents cloud services from cloud
providers on-demand basis. Services provided to the users using utility com-
puting model.
3. Hybrid Cloud – This type of cloud is composed of multiple internal orexter-
nal cloud. This is the scenario when an organization moves to public cloud
computing domain from its internal private cloud.

2.2 Cloud Stakeholders

To know why cloud computing is used let’s first concentrate on who use it. And
then we would discuss what advantages they get using cloud. There are three
types of stakeholders cloud providers, cloud users and the end users [Figure 1].
Cloud providers provide cloud services to the cloud users. These cloud services
are of the form of utility computing i.e. the cloud users uses these services pay-
as-you-go model. The cloud users develop their product using these services
and deliver the product to the end users.

Figure 1: Interconnection between cloud stakeholders

9
2.3 Advantages of using Cloud
The advantages for using cloud services can be of technical, architectural,
business etc [5, 6].

1. Cloud Providers’ point of view

(a) Most of the data centers today are under utilized. They are mostly 15%
utilized. These data centers need spare capacity just to cope with the huge
spikes that sometimes get in the server usage. Large companies having those
data centers can easily rent those computing power to other organizations and
get profit out of it and also make the resources needed for running data center
(like power) utilized properly.
(b) Companies having large data centers have already deployed the resources
and to provide cloud services they would need very little investment and
the cost would be incremental.

2. Cloud Users’ point of view

(a) Cloud users need not to take care about the hardware and software they
use and also they don’t have to be worried about maintenance. The users
are no longer tied to some one traditional system.
(b) Virtualization technology gives the illusion to the users that they are
having all the resources available.
(c) Cloud users can use the resources on demand basis and pay as much as
they use. So the users can plan well for reducing their usage to minimize
their expenditure.
(d) Scalability is one of the major advantages to cloud users. Scalability is
provided dynamically to the users. Users get as much resources as they
need. Thus this model perfectly fits in the management of rare spikes in
the demand.

3 MotivationtowardsCloudinrecenttime
Cloud computing is not a new idea but it is an evolution of some old paradigm of
distributed computing. The advent of the enthusiasm about cloud computing in
recent past is due to some recent technology trend and business models [5].

10
 1. High demand of interactive applications – Applications with real time response
and with capability of providing information either by other users or by non-
human sensors gaining more and more popularity today. These are generally
attracted to cloud not only because of high availability but also because
these services are generally data intensive and require analyzing data across
different sources.
2. Parallel batch processing – Cloud inherently supports batch-processing and
analyzing tera-bytes of data very efficiently. Programming models like Google’s
map-reduce [18] and Yahoo!’s open source counter part Hadoop can be used
to do these hiding operational complexity of parallel processing of hundreds
of cloud computing servers.
3. New trend in business world and scientific community – In recent times the
business enterprises are interested in discovering customers needs, buying pat-
terns, supply chains to take top management decisions. These require analysis of
very large amount of online data. This can be done with the help of cloud very
easily. Yahoo! Homepage is a very good example of such thing. In the
homepage they show the hottest news in the country. And according to the
users’ interest they change the ads and other sections in the page. Other than
these many scientific experiments need very time consuming data processing
jobs like LHC (Large Hadron Collider). Those can be done by cloud.

4 Cloud Architecture
The cloud providers actually have the physical data centers to provide virtualized
services to their users through Internet. The cloud providers often provide separa- tion
between application and data. This scenario is shown in the Figure 2. The underlying
physical machines are generally organized in grids and they are usu- ally geographically
distributed. Virtualization plays an important role in the cloud scenario. The data center
hosts provide the physical hardware on which virtual ma- chines resides. User
potentially can use any OS supported by the virtual machines used.

11
Operating systems are designed for specific hardware and software. It results
in the lack of portability of operating system and software from one machine to
another machine which uses different instruction set architecture. The concept of
virtual machine solves this problem by acting as an interface between the hardware
and the operating system called as system VMs [21]. Another category of virtual
machine is called process virtual machine which acts as an abstract layer between
the operating system and applications. Virtualization can be very roughly said to
be as software translating the hardware instructions generated by conventional soft-
ware to the understandable format for the physical hardware. Virtualization also
includes the mapping of virtual resources like registers and memory to real hard-
ware resources. The underlying platform in virtualization is generally referred to
as host and the software that runs in the VM environment is called as the guest.
The Figure 3 shows very basics of virtualization. Here the virtualization layer cov-
ers the physical hardware. Operating System accesses physical hardware through
virtualization layer. Applications can issue instruction by using OS interface as well
as directly using virtualizing layer interface. This design enables the users to use
applications not compatible with the operating system.

Virtualization enables the migration of the virtual image from one physical
machine to another and this feature is useful for cloud as by data locality lots of
optimization is possible and also this feature is helpful for taking back up in different
locations. This feature also enables the provider to shut down some of the data center
physical machines to reduce power consumption.

12
4.1Comparison between Cloud Computing and Grid Com-
puting
Most of the cloud architectures are built on Grid architecture and utilizes its ser- vice.
Grid is also a form of distributed computing architecture where organizations owning
data centers collaborate with each other to have mutual benefit. Although if apparently
seen it seems that cloud computing is no different from its originator in the first look
but there are substantial difference between them in spite of so many similarities [12].
The relation between Grid and cloud computing is discussed in Table

4.2Relation between Cloud Computing and Utility Com-

puting
The cloud users enjoy utility computing model for interacting with cloud service
providers. This Utility computing is essentially not same as cloud computing. Utility
computing is the aggregation of computing resources, such as computation and
storage, as a metered service similar to a traditional public utility like electricity, water
or telephone network. This service might be provided by a dedicated computer cluster
specifically built for the purpose of being rented out, or even an under-utilized
supercomputer. And cloud is one of such option of providing utility computing to the
users.
4.3
Types of utility cloud services
Utility computing services provided by the cloud provider can be classified by the
type of the services. These services are typically represented as XaaS where we
can replace X by Infrastructure or Platform or Hardware or Software or Desktop or
Data etc. There are three main types of services most widely accepted - Software
as a Service, Platform as a Service and Infrastructure as a Service. These services
provide different levels of abstraction and flexibility to the cloud users.

We’ll now discuss some salient features of some of these models

- (Software as a service) – Delivers a single application through the web

1. SaaS
browser to thousands of customers using a multitenant architecture. On the
customer side, it means no upfront investment in servers or software licens-
ing; on the provider side, with just one application to maintain, cost is low
compared to conventional hosting. Under SaaS, the software publisher (seller)
runs and maintains all necessary hardware and software. The customer of
SaaS accesses the applications through Internet. For example Salesforce.com
with yearly revenues of over $300M, offers on-demand Customer Relationship
Management software solutions. This application runs on Salesforce.com’s own
infrastructure and delivered directly to the users over the Internet. Salesforce

13
 Figure 4: Cloud Service stack

does not sell perpetual licenses but it charges a monthly subscription fee start-
ing at $65/user/month [10]. Google docs is also a very nice example of SaaS
where the users can create, edit, delete and share their documents, spread-
sheets or presentations whereas Google have the responsibility to maintain the
software and hardware.
E.g. - Google Apps, Zoho Office.

2. PaaS (Platform as a service) – Delivers development environment as a ser-

vice. One can build his/her own applications that run on the provider’s infras-
tructure that support transactions, uniform authentication, robust scalability
and availability. The applications built using PaaS are offered as SaaS and
consumed directly from the end users’ web browsers. This gives the ability to
integrate or consume third-party web-services from other service platforms.
E.g. - Google App Engine.

3. IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) – IaaS service provides the users of the cloud
greater flexibility to lower level than other services. It gives even CPU clocks
with OS level control to the developers. E.g. - Amazon EC2 and S3.

14
5 Popular Cloud Applications: A Case study
Applications using cloud computing are gaining popularity day by day for their high
availability, reliability and utility service model. Today many cloud providers are in
the IT market. Of those Google App-Engine, Windows Azure and Amazon EC2,
S3 are prominent ones for their popularity and technical perspective.

5.1 Amazon EC2 and S3Services

Amazon Elastic Computing (EC2) [13] is one of the biggest organizations to pro- vide
Infrastructure as a Service. They provide the computer architecture with XEN virtual
machine. Amazon EC2 is one of the biggest deployment of XEN architec- ture to date.
The clients can install their suitable operating system on the virtual machine. EC2
uses Simple Storage Service (S3) for storage of data. Users can hire suitable amount
CPU power, storage, and memory without any upfront com- mitment. Users can
control the entire software stack from kernel upwards. The

architecture has two components one is the EC2 for computing purposes and S3 is
for storage purposes [14].

• Simple Storage Service: S3 can be thought as a globally available distributed

hash table with high-level access control. Data is stored in name/value pairs.
Names are like UNIX file names and the value can be object having size up-to
5 GB with up-to 4K of metadata for each object. All objects in Amazon’s
S3 must fit into the global namespace. This namespace consists of a “bucket
name” and an “object name”. Bucket names are like user names in traditional
email account and provided by Amazon on first come first serve basis. An
AWS (Amazon Web Services) account can have maximum of 100 buckets.

15
 One can use SSL with HTTPS to connect to S3 for more security but this usage of SSL
increases upload/download time also. Data integrity can be achieved by checking end to
end MD5 checking. When an object is stored into S3 then it returns MD5 of that object.
One can easily check it with previously computed hash value to guarantee data integrity.
Short term availability depends upon the Amazon’s connectivityand load on its server at
that instant.
• Elastic Compute Cloud: As the name implies EC2 rents cloud of computers
to the users with flexibility of choosing the configuration of the virtual machine
like RAM size, local disk size, processor speeds etc.
Machines that deliver EC2 services are actually virtual machines running on
top of XEN platform. Users can store a disk image inside S3 and create a
virtual machine in EC2 using tools provided by Amazon. This virtual machine
can be easily instantiated using a java program and can also be monitored.
As EC2 is based on XEN it supports any linux distribution as well as other
OSs. Amazon does not promise about reliability of the EC2 computers. Any
machine can crash at any moment and they are not backed up. Although these
machine generally don’t crash according to the experience of the users but it
is safe to use S3 to store information which is more reliable and replicated
service. EC2 security model is similar to that of S3. The only difference is
that the commands are signed with an X 509 private key. But this key is
downloaded from AWS account so the security depends fundamentally on the
AWS username and password.
5.2 GoogleApp-Engine

Google App-Engine [1] is a platform for developing and deploying web applications in
Google’s architecture. This provides Platform as a Service to the cloud users. In 2008
Google App-Engine was first released as beta version. Languages supported by Google
App-Engine are python, java and any extension of JVM languages. App- Engine
requires developers to use only languages which are supported by it and this is also
applied with APIs and frameworks. Now Google App-Engine allows storing and
retrieving data from a BigTable non-relational database.

5.3 WindowsAzure
Windows Azure [9] is an intermediate in the spectrum of flexibility vs programmer
convenience. These systems use .NET libraries to facilitate language independent
managed environment. This service falls under the category of Platform as a Ser-
vice. Though it is actually in between complete application framework like Google
App- Engine and hardware virtual machines like EC2. Azure applications run on
machines in Microsoft data centers. By using this service customers can use it to
run applications and store data on internet accessible machines owned by
Microsoft. windows Azure platform provides three fundamental components -
compute com- ponent, storage component and fabric component.

16
• The Compute Service: The primary goal of this platform is to support a large
number of simultaneous users. (Microsoft also said that they would use Azure
to build their SaaS applications which motivated many potential users.) To
allow applications to scale out Microsoft uses multiple instances of that appli-
cations on virtual machines provided by Hypervisor. Developers use Windows
Azure portal through Web browser, and use Windows live ID to sign in into
his/her hosting account or storage account or both.
Two different types of Azure instance is available: Web role instance and
Worker role instances.
– Web role instance: As the name implies this type of instance can accept
HTTP or HTTPS requests. For this facility Microsoft uses IIS (Internet
Information Services) as a web server inside the VM provided. Developers can build
applications using ASP.NET, Windows Communication Foun-
dation (WCF) or any other .NET technology or native codes also like
C++. PHP or java based technologies also supported in Azure. Azure
scales applications by running multiple instances without any affinity with
a particular Web role instance.

6Cloud Computing Application in Indian con- text

Today most of the studies in cloud computing is related to commercial benefits. But
this idea can also be successfully applied to non-profit organizations and to the
social benefit. In the developing countries like India Cloud computing can bring
about a revolution in the field of low cost computing with greater efficiency,
availability and reliability. Recently in these countries e-governance has started to
flourish. Experts envisioned that utility based computing has a great future in e-
governance. Cloud computing can also be applied to the development of rural life in
India by building information hubs to help the concerned people with greater access
to required information and enable them to share their experiences to build new
knowledge bases.

6.1 E-Governance
E-Governance is an interface between Government and public or this can be an interface
between two governments or between government and business organiza- tions [7].
Objectives are generally to improve efficiency and effectiveness to serve public demand
and to save costs for online services. This requires Government to have the will to
decentralize the responsibilities and processes and start to have faith on electronic and
internet systems. E-government is a form of e-business in gover- nance and refers to the
processes and structure1s4 n eeded to deliver electronic services to the
public (citizens and businesses), collaborate with business partners and to conduct
electronic transactions within an organizational entity. This E-Governance can be
greatly improved by utility computing [8].

17
 Impact of Technology in E-governance -

• 24/7 Service Model – Systems and services require high availability. Get the
citizens feel that Government is always at their service.
• Need for Content – Web contents should be regularly updated and the infor-
mation provided to the public should be sufficient. Respective departments
should be responsible for providing the information.
• Human Resource – Building these IT skilled resources would need properly
trained personals. This would make government to compete with other private
organizations.
• Security – Sensitive Government data is to be highly secured. Policies are to
be taken seriously maintained and designed.
• Privacy – Personal data should be given sufficient privacy. It can be a difficult
issue if data is stored across different departments and computer systems.

Recently Government of India have taken initiative and launched several

projects to facilitate people with better mechanism of governance using IT as a tool.
They have launched projects like Gyan Ganga, e-Gram [17] to leverage the strength
of connectivity. Gyan Ganga is one of the initiatives of the Government of Gujrat
to ensure wireless Internet connectivity to 18000 villages in Gujrat. This project
is based on corDECT a technology based on Wireless Local Loop (WLL). Rural
citizens are provided with facilities like browsing emails, Internet, land records,
rural job opportunities, status of various government projects, information about
local weather, soil and consult with experts to increase productivity in agriculture,
to have answer to their queries about veterinary and health care. Gyan Ganga comes
with other facilities with on-line registration of various applications, on-line public
grievance form, information on Government projects etc.
Another Government of India initiative is E-Gram computerization of local
Gram panchayats. This is also now implemented in the villages of Gujrat. This E-
Gram provides the rural people services like birth and death certification, property
assessment, tax-collection, accounts of gram panchayats etc.
Why traditional systems are not sufficient? For maintaining traditional sys-
tems in e-government there are many more disadvantages.

• Application life cycle management – Applications are generally developed in

evolutionary manner and changes should be consistent across all the depart-
ments and up gradation should be performed when the system is functioning.
• Software licensing – Software should be licensed for each and every depart-

ment terminal. This incurs a large amount of establishment cost.

• Scalability – Traditional centralized systems have inherent weakness towards

the aspect of scalability.

18
6.2Rural development
In the context of rural development cloud computing can also be used to success for
its centralized storage and computing facility and utility based pay model. As per [3]
72.2% of total Indian population resides in rural areas. According to the survey
conducted by “Hole in the Wall project” [11] computer literacy among boys and girls
of age group 8-14 in rural area varies across the regions of India. It is 40- 50% in
most of the regions. So the computer literacy is not a concern in rural India and also
in [11] it shown that learning rate is pretty high for computer literacy. Agriculture is
India’s biggest employment source, accounting for 52% employment in India [4]. And
agricultural sector contributes to 20% of country’s total GDP. So it is very important
to make a serious attempt to develop rural India.
Rural development can be in the form of education, agriculture, health, cul-
ture or in any other fields. Now a days most of the villages have some access to
electricity and cellular phone. So there is technical feasibility of establishing com-
puter systems. But the mentality of the people haven’t been changed that much
and that’s why the spread of personal computer is not that much significant in the
villages. We think this growth rate can be enhanced if the computing system is
really cheap, easy to operate with minimum level of knowledge, without upfront
commitment and more essentially if the system is helpful to enhance their life style.
The main aim of the system is to make the people in rural areas to have access to
recent technology and with the help of the computing system enhance their standard
of living and also this would lead to a grater good of developing the nation.
• Availability – Many of the services should be available always like health etc.
These availability issues are not that well handled by the traditional web services
as they are handled typically by a single server and thus the server downtime is
always there to happen.
• The villagers have to own a PC – To use traditional web services through in-
ternet the villagers need to own a PC which would increase their investment.
Then the issues of need for technical experts for software/hardware installa-
tion and maintenance are needed. But naturally the number of such experts is
very less in number in the remote village. Upgradation of software or hardware
would be a problem both economically and technically.

With the help of cloud computing this can be made possible. We’ll now
discuss the technological and economic advantages for using cloud.
• No upfront commitment – The villagers need not to invest too much to buy
computing system and commit. But instead they can have very low cost
terminals with basic functionality of I/O and have a network access.
• No maintenance issues – The users need not to be an expert for maintenance.
This solves the unavailability of technical experts in the remote villages as the
maintenance issues are handled by the cloud provider explicitly.

19
• Education in remote areas – Education in rural areas can be enhanced with
the help of distance education. Education can be provided in different lan-
guages and with respect to different curriculum with the aid of e-learning
components. Students can be encouraged to build their own multimedia pre-
sentations. These can be hosted in the cloud. This type of approach encourage
the students to concentrate more on learning and representing the material and
also that would build the knowledge in the cloud for other students to refer.
This is possible with the aid of cloud computing with greater reliability and
availability.

• Access to Information hub – Government can provide relevant information

such as land revenue data, weather data, soil information etc. through these
cloud services to the people concerned.

All these things are possible with right initiative. These may need customiz-
ing the original cloud services. Some generally unpopular services like Desktop as
a Service may make sense in these scenario which essentially tells about providing
the users a virtual desktop environment. But deployment of cloud services in rural
areas have some issues associated with it.

• The first and foremost issue for the deployment of internet based services in rural
India is the availability of electricity and networks. Currently there are a number of
initiatives underway to explore alternative to wired Internet, in- cluding WiFi,
WiMax, satellite-based Internet connectivity. Such an effort is made by Midas
Communication technologies and Indian Institute of Madras in the name of
corDECT which is a wireless access system. It provides simul- taneously voice and
35-70kbps Internet access to wireless subscriber. Another effort is [19] where the
authors modified traditional WiFi to make it efficiently work in long distance
suitable in the context of rural area.

• Optimization due to data locality – Store the data where it is mostly used is
known as the data locality. This is very helpful for optimization purpose. This
can be done by establishing data centers in rural India. But the cost of power
and bandwidth may not be cheap in many places. So for those places some
efficiency and economic trade off should be obeyed.

India is now world’s 2nd fastest growing economy. As per World Bank survey,
by this year the growth rate of India’s economy would be faster than currently fastest
economy China. In India there is very large scope of applying IT in domestic level
and that encouraged the cloud providers to establish cloud services in India. Today
companies like Reliance, TATA, Zenith Computers, Wipro Technologies, Netmagic
Solutions, and Reliance are providing cloud services in India successfully. These
companies can grasp the huge market in the rural India as well as making social
development.
20
CONCLUSION
Cloud‖ computing builds on decades of research in virtualization,
distributed computing, utility computing, and more recently
networking, web and software services. It implies a service oriented
architecture, reduced information technology overhead for the end-
user, great flexibility, reduced total cost of ownership, ondemand
services and many other things. In today's global competitive
market, companies must innovate and get the most from its
resources to succeed. Cloud computing infrastructures are next
generation platforms that can provide tremendous value to
companies of any size. They can help companies achieve more
efficient use of their IT hardware and software investments and
provide a means to accelerate the adoption of innovations.Cloud
computing increases profitability by improving resource utilization.
Costs are driven down by delivering appropriate resources only for
the time those resources are needed. Cloud computing has enabled
teams and organizations to streamline lengthy procurement
processes. Cloud computing enables innovation by alleviating the
need of innovators to find resources to develop, test, and make their
innovations available to the user community. Innovators are free to
focus on the innovation rather than the logistics of finding and
managing resources that enable the innovation.

21
 REFERENCES
[1] Google app engine. http://code.google.com/appengine/.
[2] Cloud computing for e-governance. White paper, IIIT-Hyderabad, January
2010. Available online (13 pages).
[3] Demographics of india. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_
India, April 2010.
[4] Economy of india. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_India, April
2010.
[5] Michael Armbrust, Armando Fox, Rean Griffith, Anthony D. Joseph, Randy H.
Katz, Andrew Konwinski, Gunho Lee, David A. Patterson, Ariel Rabkin, Ion Stoica,
and Matei Zaharia. Above the clouds: A berkeley view of cloud computing.
Technical Report UCB/EECS-2009-28, EECS Department, University of California,
Berkeley, Feb 2009.
[6] F.M. Aymerich, G. Fenu, and S. Surcis. An approach to a cloud computing
network. Applications of Digital Information and Web Technologies, 2008.
ICADIWT 2008., pages 113 –118, August 2008.
[7] M. Backus. E-governance in Developing Countries. IICD Research Brief, 1,
2001.
[8] Jaijit Bhattacharya and Sushant Vashistha. Utility computing-based
framework for e-governance, pages 303–309. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2008.
[9] D. Chappell. Introducing windows azure. http://go.microsoft.com/, December
2009

22