Section A

Ten MCQs/Fill in the Blanks of 01 Mark each – Choose the correct answer as
applicable.

1. a) To increase heat transfer area

2. c) both (a) and (b)

3. c) Gr and Pr
4. d) All of above

5. b) Laplace equation

6. b) Gr/Re2 >> 1

7. c) opaque

8. c) Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association

9. d) Lambert's cosine law

10. c) Displacement thickness

Section B
 Five Questions of 02 Marks each

11. Define logarithmic mean area for hollow cylinder and its importance

Ans: Logarithmic mean area is the area of plane wall which conduct same heat
to hollow cylinder for same thickness, same temperature difference, and for
same material.
By the use of Logarithmic mean area, the complicated problems of cylinder can
be transformed into simple plane wall and can be solved easily.

12. Describe in brief different modes of heat transfer

Ans: Sol. Conduction: - If the heat is transferred between same medium called
conduction eg. solid-solid, gas-gas etc.
Convection: - If the heat is transferred between different mediums called
convection.eg solid-liquid, liquid-gas etc.
Radiation: - Radiation is the transfer of heat through space or matter by means
of electromagnetic waves

13. Define fouling and discuss its effect on the performance of heat
exchangers.

Ans: Fouling refers to the accumulation of unwanted materials, like scale,

suspended solids, or biological organisms, on the surface of a heat exchanger,
which creates a layer that hinders heat transfer, leading to reduced efficiency
and increased pressure drop within the system

14. Define efficiency for a fin. Write the mathematical equation for the
efficiency of an infinitely long fin.

Ans: The efficiency of a fin is the ratio of the actual heat transfer to the
maximum possible heat transfer that could occur through the fin.
Efficiency of an infinitely long fin, η = 1/mL; where

15. Draw Temperature profile of Parallel Flow and Counter Flow Heat
exchanger
 Section C

Seven Questions of 10 Marks each of which any 05 questions to be

answered

16. a) Derive the heat diffusion equation in Cartesian co-ordinates (7)

Ans: Consider an infinitesimal rectangular parallelepiped of sides dx,dy,dz

parallel respectively to the three axes(x,y,z) in a medium in which temperature
(T) is varying with location and time(𝜏)
∴ i. T=f (x, y, z, 𝜏)
Qg
ii. Uniform internal heat generation, ∴ q g=
V
iii. Material is non-homogeneous and non-isotropic ∴ Kx ≠ Ky ≠ Kz

According to energy balance equation,

Heat input in all direction + Heat generated in an element = Change in internal
energy ----------------------------(1)
Heat input in all direction= Heat input in x-dir + Heat input in y-dir + Heat input
in Z-dir----------------------------(2)
∴ Heat input in x-dir = Q x −Q x+ dx
For Q x+dx ,
According to Tailor’s series,
∂ Qx
Q x+dx =¿ Q x + dx
∂x
∂Q x
∴ Heat input in x-dir= - dx
∂x
Now, according to Fourier law,
∂T
Q x =−Kx( dy . dz )
∂x
∂ ∂T
∴ Heat input in x-dir= dx . dy . dz ( Kx )
∂x ∂x

∂ ∂T
Simillarly Heat input in y-dir= dx . dy . dz ( Ky ) &
∂x ∂y
∂ ∂T
Heat input in z-dir= dx . dy . dz ( Kz )
∂x ∂z

∴ From equation (2),

∂ ∂T ∂ ∂T ∂ ∂T
Heat input in all direction=dx . dy . dz [ Kx + Ky +¿ Kz ]----------
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂z
(3)
Now,
Heat generated in an element(Q g) = q g . dx . dy . dz -------------(4)
Now,
∂T ∂T
Change in internal energy = m.C. = ρ dx . dy . dz C. --------------(5)
∂τ ∂τ

By adding 3,4 & 5

∂ ∂T ∂ ∂T ∂ ∂T ∂T
Kx + Ky + Kz + q g=¿ = ρ C. ----------Required equation
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂ y ∂x ∂z ∂τ

b) The inner surface of a plane brick wall is at 60 0C and the outer

surface is at 350C. Calculate the rate of heat transfer per m2 of surface
area of the wall, which is 220mm thick. The thermal conductivity of the
brick is 0.51 W/m0C. (3)

Ans: The rate of heat transfer in plane wall is,

 KA(T 1−T 2)
Q=
L
Q K (T 1−T 2) 0.51(60−35)
∴ = = =57.95 W/m2
A L 0.22

17. Draw the TEMA standard heat exchanger with channel and removable
cover, one object pass, and outside packed floating head (AEP) and
mention the various parts. (10)

Ans:
18. Briefly discuss the (a) velocity boundary layer and (b) thermal
boundary layer.
(5 +5)
Ans:
(a) Consider the fluid to consist of adjacent layers piled on top of each other.
The velocity of the particles in the first fluid layer adjacent to the plate becomes
zero because of the no-slip condition. This fluid layer then slows down the
molecules of the next layer, and so on. Thus, the presence of the plate is felt up
to some normal distance δ from the plate beyond which the free-stream velocity
remains essentially unchanged. The region of the flow above the plate bounded
by δ in which the effects of the viscous shearing forces caused by fluid viscosity
are felt is called the velocity boundary layer. The boundary layer thickness, δ, is
typically defined as the distance y from the surface at which u = 0.99V.
(b) Consider the flow of a fluid at a uniform temperature of T ∞ over an
isothermal
flat plate at temperature Ts. The fluid particles in the layer adjacent to the
surface reach thermal equilibrium with the plate and assume the surface
temperature Ts. These fluid particles then exchange energy with the particles in
the adjoining-fluid layer, and so on. As a result, a temperature profile develops
in the flow field that ranges from T s at the surface to T ∞ sufficiently far from the
surface. The flow region over the surface in which the temperature variation in
the direction normal to the surface is significant is the thermal boundary layer.
The thickness of the thermal boundary layer δ t at any location along the surface
is defined as the distance from the surface at which the temperature difference T
- Ts equals 0.99 (T∞ - Ts).
 19. a) Calculate the heat transfer from a
60W incandescent bulb at 1150C to ambient air at 250C. Assume the bulb
as a sphere of 50mm diameter. Also find percentage of power lost by
free convection.
1
The correlation is given as : Nu=0.60(Gr . Pr ) 4
Thermophysical properties of air at 70 0C are ---k=2.964×10−2 W/m0C;
ν=20.02×10−6m2/s ; Pr=0.694 (6)

Sol: Given data: ts=1150C , t ∞=250C ,D=0.050m, Q=?,% power lost=?

ts+ t ∞
∴t f = = 700C
2
1
β= =2.915×10−3 ----------------------(1mark)
t f +273
For Q,
Q= ħ A ( ts - t ∞) = ħ π D2( ts - t ∞)
For ħ,
ħ L ħD 1
Nu= = =0.60(Gr . Pr ) 4 ------(1)
k k
3
g β L (ts−t ∞ )
Now, for Gr = 2
=8.026×105
ν
∴ From (1), ħ = 9.72 W/m2 0C ------------------(2marks)

∴ Q= 6.87Watt ---------------------(1mark) and

6.87
% power lost= × 100 =11.45%------------------(2marks)
60

b) Assuming the Sun to be a black body emitting radiation with

maximum intensity at λ = 0.49 μm , Calculate the following :
i) The surface temperature of the sun
ii) The heat flux at the surface of the sun (4marks)

Sol. I) The surface temperature of the sun,

According to Wein’s displacement law,

λ maxT =2898
∴ T=5914 K
II) The heat flux at the surface of the sun,

(E)sun= σT 4 =5.67 ×10−8 T 4 =6.936×10 7 W/m2

20. In a counter-flow double pipe heat exchanger, water is heated from

25oC to 65oC by an oil with a specific heat of 1.45 kJ/kg K and mass flow
rate of 0.9 kg/s. The oil is cooled from 230 oC to 160oC. If the overall
heal transfer coefficient is 420 W/m2oC, calculate the following:

a) The rate of heat transfer,

b) The mass flow rate of water,
c) The surface area of the heat exchanger. And
d) Effectiveness

Sol:

∘ ∘ kJ
t c1 =25 C ,t c 2=65 C , c ph =1.45 , ṁ =0.9 kg /s
kgK h
∘ ∘ 2∘
t h 1=230 C ;t h 2=160 C , U=420 W /m C .

(a) The rate of heat transfer, Q :

Q=ṁh × c ph × ( t h 1−t h 2 )
(2 marks)
Q=0.9× ( 1.45 ) × ( 230−160 )=91 .35 kJ / s

(b) The mass flow rate of water, ṁ c :

Heat lost by oil (hot fluid) ¿ Heat gained by water (cold fluid)

ṁh × c ph × ( t h 1−t h 2 ) ¿ ṁc × c pc × ( t c 2−t c1 )

91.35 ¿ ṁc × 4.187(65−25)
91.35 (2 marks)
∴ ṁc ¿ =0.545 kg /s
4.187 ×(65−25)
¿ ¿
(c ) surface area of Heat exchanger

θ 1−θ2
θm ¿
ln ⁡( θ1 /θ2 )
¿ ¿
 165−135
θm = =149.5∘ C
ln ⁡[(165 /135)]

Q=UA θ m
3
Q 91.35 ×10 2
A= = =1.45 m (3
U θm 420× 149.5
Marks)

(d) Effectiveness

C h=ṁh × c ph=0.9∗1.45=1.305 KW /sec ¿ C min

C c =ṁc × c pc=0.545∗4.18=2.29 KW /sec ¿ C max

( T h1−T h 2 ) ( 230−160 )
ε = T −T = ( 230−25 ) =0.34 (3)
( h1 c 1 )

21.a) A plate of length 750mm and width 250mm has been placed
longitudinally in a stream of crude oil which flows with a velocity of
5m/s. If the oil has a specific gravity 0.8 and kinematic viscosity of 1
stoke, Calculate
i) Boundary layer thickness at the middle of the plate (3)
ii) Shear stress at the middle of the plate (2)

Sol. Given data:-L=0.75m,B=0.25m,U=5m/s, Sp.Gr=0.8 ∴ ρ=¿800kg/m3,

−4 2
ν=1 stoke=1× 10 m /s,
1. For δ x,
UL
Rex =
ν
Here L=L/2=0.375m
∴ Rex =18750 < 5×10 5 ∴ Flow is laminar

5x
∴δ x , = =0.01369m =13.69mm
√ R ex
2. For τ x ,

τx
C fx =
0.5 ρU 2
0.664
∴C fx = =4.849×10−3
√ Rex
∴ τ x = 48.49 N/m2

b) Prove that the temperature distribution in a plane wall is linear. (5)

Sol. Consider a plane wall of homogeneous material through which heat is

flowing only in x-direction.

Fig.Heat conduction through plane wall

General heat conduction equation in Cartesian co-ordinates is--

∂ T ∂ T ∂ T qg
2 2 2
1 ∂T
+ + + =¿ = ------(1)
∂x ∂ y ∂ z k
2 2 2
α ∂τ
Assumptions are-
2 2
∂T ∂T
i.1-D heat flow along x-direction ∴ 2= 2 = 0
∂y ∂z
ii. No internal heat generation∴ q g=0

∂T
iii. Steady state heat conduction ∴
∂ τ =0
2 2
∂T d T
Equation (1) 2
=0 i.e. =0
∂x d x2
By integrating above equation 2 times, we get

T=C 1 x +C 2--------------(2)

Where C 1 and C 2 are arbitrary constants. For finding the values of C 1 and C 2

Consider the boundary conditions,

At x=0 ,T=T 1
x=L ,T=T 2

Now from (2), at x=0 we get,

C 2 ¿ T 1and at x=L,

T 2−T 1
C1 =
L
Now put the values of C 1 and C 2 in equation (2), we get
T 2−T 1
T= { }x + T 1
L
From above equation it is clear that the temperature distribution in
plane wall is linear as the power of x is unity.

22) A steam main 80mm inside diameter and 90mm outside diameter is
lagged with two successive layers of insulation. The layer in contact
with the pipe is 40mm asbestos and the asbestos layer is covered with
25mm thick magnesia insulation. The surface coefficients for inside and
outside surfaces are 227 W/m 2K and 6.8 W/m2K respectively. If the
steam temperature is 4000C and the ambient temperature is 30 0C,
Calculate the steady state loss of heat from steam for 60m length of
pipe. Also, workout the overall heat transfer coefficient based on inside
and outside surfaces of lagged steam main.

Thermal conductivities value of the pipe material, asbestos and

magnesia insulation are 45 W/mK, 0.14 W/mK & 0.07 W/mK
respectively. (10)

Sol: Given data:

r1=0.040m; r2=0.045m; r3=0.085m; r4=0.110m;hhf =227W/m2K h cf =6.8 W/m2K ;
T hf =4000C ; T cf =300C ; l=60m ; K A =45W/mK ; K B=0.14W/mK; K c =0.07W/mK,
Q=?,Ui=?,Uo=? ---------(1mark)
 2 πl(T hf −T cf )
r2 r3 r4
Q= ln ln ln =14417.53W=14.418KW----(3)
1 r1 r2 r3 1
+ + + +
T hf .r 1 K A KB K c T cf .r 4
Q=UA(T hf −T cf ) =U.2 πrl( T hf −T cf )
For Ui,
Q= Ui.2 πr 1 l(T hf −T cf )
∴ Ui=2.592 W/m2K----(3)
For Uo,
Q= Uo .2 πr 4 l (T hf −T cf )
∴ Uo=0.9396 W/m2K----(3)