Course Title :: Techniques and Management of E-waste

Course Code :: ID6101

recycling
Learning Objectives Learning Outcomes

• Understanding the design, analysis, and emerging problem (India)

• Economic and Environmental Perspectives
• Apply and develop the model for recycling
• Processing the waste metals/ nonmetals recovery
• Assess the overall sustainability of e-waste
• Save and Conserves natural resources
• e-factor concepts

• Introduction and general concepts to e-waste and e-waste management; Principle and standards for the disposal; Life cycle and Performance
assessment and Understanding (5L, 1T)

• Health Effects of E-waste Pollution; Global Trends of E-waste Pollution and Its Impact on Environment (5L, 1T)

• E-waste: Global Scenario, Constituents, and Biological Strategies for Remediation (5L, 1T)

• Materials Recycling Considerations (3L, 1T); Processing Techniques (4L, 1T); Emerging Technologies Bioremediation Approaches (6L, 1T)
L – 42
T – 12 • e-factor concept in green chemistry (3L, 1T); Case studies: implementation of e-waste recycling (4L, 4T)

• Recycling Processes and Plastic in e-waste is an emerging problem for India: Implications for Future Prospect (7L, 1T)

• Tutorial will include research paper analysis and discussion

1. Hugo Marcelo Veit and Andréa Moura Bernardes, “ Electronic Waste: Recycling Techniques” Springer 2015.Mohammad Alhawari, Baker Mohammad,
Hani Saleh, Mohammed Ismail, "Energy Harvesting for Self-Powered Wearable Devices", Springer 2018

2. Muhammad Zaffar Hashmi and Ajit Varma, “Electronic Waste Pollution: Environmental Occurrence And Treatment Technologies”, Springer 2019
Mo 9 – 10 am We 10 – 11 am Fr 11 – 12 am Mode – Physical (H25)
 Tentative Course Evaluation

Course Title :: Techniques and Management of E-waste recycling

Course Code :: ID6101

1. MID SEM -> 20 marks

2. Assignment/ Activities/ Daily/ Random Quiz -> 10 marks

3. Course Project Hardware Module -> 30 marks

4. End Semester – 40 marks

The proportion of e-waste processed rose from 22
per cent in 2019-20 to 43 per cent in 2023-24.
Despite this progress, approximately 57 per cent of
e-waste— equivalent to 990,000 metric tonnes —
remains unprocessed in the country.
 State Pollution Control Board (SPCB), the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), and the Ministry of Environment,
Forests, and Climate Change (MoEF), MINISTRY OF HOUSING AND URBAN AFFAIRS the Government of India.
PM (Particulate Matter)
PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons)
BFRs (Brominated Flame Retardants)
PFASs (Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances)
PCDFs (Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans)
PCDDs (Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins)
 Electronic Waste (India)
- Dr. S. Chatterjee Scientist-E

• E-waste is one of the fastest growing waste streams

• It is growing in India at the rate of 30%

• Growth of Information and Communication Technology sector has enhanced the usage of the electronic equipment exponentially

• Major recycling of e-waste is carried out in the non-formal sector using primitive and hazardous methods.

• Adequate legislative measures and cost-effective, environmentally friendly, technological solution would be needed to address the issue.

• Hazardous and toxic substances found in e-waste include lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in printed circuit boards (PCBs)

• Lead is primarily found in all electronic products/ assembly, cathode ray tubes (CRT) etc

• Cadmium is found in monitor/ CRTs while there may be mercury in switches and flat screen monitors

• Mercury is also found in Compact Fluorescent Lam (CFL), relays and some other specific products

Source: Meity and Central pollution control board

Source: Meity and Central pollution control board waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)
Source: Meity, Central pollution control board and world bank group
Source: Meity and Central pollution control board
 Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Government of India

Source: Meity and Central pollution control board

Source: Meity and Central pollution control board
Source: Meity and Central pollution control board
 TYPES OF E-WASTE

• Large household appliances (refrigerators/freezers, washing machines, dishwashers)

• Small household appliances (toasters, coffee makers, irons, hairdryers)
• Information technology (IT) and telecommunications equipment (personal computers, telephones,
mobile phones, laptops, printers, scanners, photocopiers)
• Consumer equipment (televisions, stereo equipment, electric toothbrushes)
• Lighting equipment (fluorescent lamps)
• Electrical and electronic tools (handheld drills, saws, screwdrivers)
• Toys, leisure and sports equipment
• Medical equipment systems (with the exception of all implanted and infected products)
• Monitoring and control instruments
• Automatic dispensers.

Source: Meity and Central pollution control board

E-WASTE MANAGEMENT RULES
• e-waste
• Extended producer responsibility
• Act • Extended Producer Responsibility - Authorisation
• Authorization – recycling, dismantling, disposal • Extended Producer Responsibility Plan
• Bulk consumer • Facility
• Central pollution control board • Form
• Collection centre • Historical e-waste
• Component • Manufacturer
• Consumables • Orphaned products
• Consumer • Part
• Channelization • Producer
• Dealer • Producer Responsibility Organization
• Deposit refund scheme • Recycler
• Dismantler • Refurbishment
• Disposal – not recycling, recovery, reuse • Refurbished
• And-of-life • Schedule
• Environmentally sound management of e-waste • State Pollution Control Board
• Electrical and electronic equipment • Target
• e-retailer • Transporter
• State Government in relation to an Union territory

Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate change on 23rd March, 2016

 (a) 'Act' means the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986);
(b) 'Authorisation' means permission for generation, handling, collection, reception, storage, transportation,
refurbishing, dismantling, recycling, treatment and disposal of e-waste, granted to manufacturer, dismantler,
refurbisher and recycler;
(c) 'Bulk consumer' means bulk users of electrical and electronic equipment such as Central Government or State
Government Departments, public sector undertakings, banks, educational institutions, multinational organisations,
international agencies, partnership and public or private companies that are registered under the Factories Act, 1948
(63 of 1948) and the Companies Act, 2013 (18 of 2013) and health care facilities which have turnover of more than
one crore or have more than twenty employees;
(d) 'Central Pollution Control Board' means the Central Pollution Control Board constituted under sub-section (1) of
section 3 of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (6 of 1974);
(e) 'Collection centre' means a centre or a collection point or both established by producer individually or as association
jointly to collect e-waste for channelising the e-waste to recycler and play such role as indicated in the authorisation
for Extended Producer Responsibility granted to the producer and having facilities as per the guidelines of Central
Pollution Control Board, including the collection centre established by the dismantler or refurbisher or recycler which
should be a part of their authorisation issued by the State Pollution Control Board where the facility exists;
(f) ‘Component’ means one of the parts of a sub-assembly or assembly of which a manufactured product is made up
and into which it may be resolved and includes an accessory or attachment to another component;
(g) ‘Consumables’ means an item, which participates in or is required for a manufacturing process or for functioning of
the electrical and electronic equipment and may or may not form part of end-product. Items, which are substantially
or totally consumed during a manufacturing process, shall be deemed to be consumables;

Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate change on 23rd March, 2016

 (h)'Consumer' means any person using electrical and electronic equipment excluding the bulk consumers;
(i) ‘Channelisation’ means to direct the path for movement of e-wastes from collection onwards to authorised
dismantler or recycler. In case of fluorescent and other mercury containing lamps, where recyclers are not available,
this means path for movement from collection centre to Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility;
(j) 'Dealer' means any individual or firm that buys or receives electrical and electronic equipment as listed in Schedule I
of these rules and their components or consumables or parts or spares from producers for sale;
(k) ‘Deposit refund scheme’ means a scheme whereby the producer charges an additional amount as a deposit at the
time of sale of the electrical and electronic equipment and returns it to the consumer along with interest when the end-
of-life electrical and electronic equipment is returned;
(l) 'Dismantler' means any person or organisation engaged in dismantling of used electrical and electronic equipment
into their components and having facilities as per the guidelines of Central Pollution Control Board and having
authorisation from concerned State Pollution Control Board;
(m) 'Disposal' means any operation which does not lead to recycling, recovery or reuse and includes physico-chemical or
biological treatment, incineration and deposition in secured landfill;
(n) ‘And-of-life’ of the product means the time when the product is intended to be discarded by the user;
(o) 'Environmentally sound management of e-waste' means taking all steps required to ensure that e-waste is managed
in a manner which shall protect health and environment against any adverse effects, which may result from such e-
waste;
(p) 'Electrical and electronic equipment' means equipment which are dependent on electric current or electro-magnetic
field in order to become functional;

Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate change on 23rd March, 2016

 (q) ‘e-retailer’ means an individual or company or business entity that uses an electronic network such as internet,
telephone, to sell its goods;
(r) 'e-waste' means electrical and electronic equipment, whole or in part discarded as waste by the consumer or bulk
consumer as well as rejects from manufacturing, refurbishment and repair processes;
(s) ‘e-waste exchange’ means an independent market instrument offering assistance or independent electronic systems
offering services for sale and purchase of e-waste generated from end-of-life electrical and electronic equipment
between agencies or organisations authorised under these rules;
(t) ‘Extended Producer Responsibility’ means responsibility of any producer of electrical or electronic equipment, for
channelisation of e-waste to ensure environmentally sound management of such waste. Extended Producer
Responsibility may comprise of implementing take back system or setting up of collection centres or both and having
agreed arrangements with authorized dismantler or recycler either individually or collectively through a Producer
Responsibility Organisation recognised by producer or producers in their Extended Producer Responsibility -
Authorisation;
(u) ‘Extended Producer Responsibility - Authorisation’ means a permission given by Central Pollution Control Board to a
producer, for managing Extended Producer Responsibility with implementation plans and targets outlined in such
authorisation including detail of Producer Responsibility Organisation and e-waste exchange, if applicable;
(v) ‘Extended Producer Responsibility Plan’ means a plan submitted by a producer to Central Pollution Control Board, at
the time of applying for Extended Producer Responsibility - Authorisation in which a producer shall provide details of e-
waste channelisation system for targeted collection including detail of Producer Responsibility Organisation and e-waste
exchange, if applicable;
(w)'Facility' means any location wherein the process incidental to the collection, reception, storage, segregation,
refurbishing, dismantling, recycling, treatment and disposal of e-waste are carried out; (x) 'Form' means a form
appended to these rules;
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate change on 23rd March, 2016
 (x) 'Form' means a form appended to these rules;
(y) ‘Historical e-waste’ means e-waste generated from electrical and electronic equipment as specified in Schedule I,
which was available on the date from which these rules come into force;
(z) ‘Manufacturer’ means a person or an entity or a company as defined in the Companies Act, 2013 (18 of 2013) or a
factory as defined in the Factories Act, 1948 (63 of 1948) or Small and Medium Enterprises as defined in Micro, Small
and Medium Enterprises Development Act, 2006 (27 of 2006), which has facilities for manufacture of electrical and
electronic equipment;
(aa) ‘Orphaned products’ means non-branded or assembled electrical and electronic equipment as specified in Schedule
I or those produced by a company, which has closed its operations;
(bb) ‘Part’ means an element of a sub-assembly or assembly not normally useful by itself, and not amenable to further
disassembly for maintenance purposes. A part may be a component, spare or an accessory;
(cc) ‘Producer’ means any person who, irrespective of the selling technique used such as dealer, retailer, e-retailer, etc.;
(i) Manufactures and offers to sell electrical and electronic equipment and their components or consumables or parts or spares under its
own brand; or
(ii) Offers to sell under its own brand, assembled electrical and electronic equipment and their components or consumables or parts or
spares produced by other manufacturers or suppliers; or
(iii) Offers to sell imported electrical and electronic equipment and their components or consumables or parts or spares;
(dd) ‘Producer Responsibility Organisation’ means a professional organization authorised or financed collectively or
individually by producers, which can take the responsibility for collection and channelisation of e-waste generated from
the ‘end-of-life’ of their products to ensure environmentally sound management of such e-waste;

Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate change on 23rd March, 2016

 (ee) ‘Recycler’ - means any person who is engaged in recycling and reprocessing of waste electrical and electronic
equipment or assemblies or their components and having facilities as elaborated in the guidelines of Central Pollution
Control Board;
(ff) 'Refurbishment' means repairing of used electrical and electronic equipment as listed in Schedule I for extending its
working life for its originally intended use and selling the same in the market or returning to owner;
(gg) 'Refurbisher' for the purpose of these rules, means any company or undertaking registered under the Factories Act,
1948 or the Companies Act, 1956 or both or district industries centre engaged in refurbishment of used electrical and
electronic equipment;
(hh) 'Schedule' means the Schedule appended to these rules;
(ii) "spares” means a part or a sub-assembly or assembly for substitution which is ready to replace an identical or similar
part or sub-assembly or assembly including a component or an accessory;
(jj) 'State Government in relation to an Union territory means, the Administrator thereof appointed under article 239 of
the Constitution;
(kk) 'State Pollution Control Board' means the concerned State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control
Committee of the Union Territories constituted under sub-section (1) of section 4 of the Water (Prevention and Control
of Pollution) Act, 1974 (6 of 1974); (ll) ‘Target’ means the quantity of e-waste to be collected by the producer in
fulfilment of Extended Producer Responsibility; (mm) ‘Transporter’ means a person or company or entity engaged in the
off-site transportation of e-waste by air, rail, road or water carrying a manifest system issued by the person or company
or entity who has handed over the e-waste to the transporter, giving the origin, destination and quantity of the e-waste
being transported.

Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate change on 23rd March, 2016

 Tackling the e-waste problem

Level 1 Waste reduction (such as extending product durability)

Level 2 Waste re-use (such as remanufacturing products for a second life)

Level 3 Waste recovery (such as raw material recycling)

Level 4 Waste landfill (as the last resort).

Source: Meity and Central pollution control board

 Effects of E-Waste constituent on health

Source: Meity and Central pollution control board

Source: Meity and Central pollution control board
Source: Intech
Source: Intech
Solvent casting and leaching technique
C. violaceum
Mechanical Processing

• Comminution
• Size classification
• Gravity separation
• Magnetic separation
• Electrostatic separation
Comminution

• Size reduction
• Grinding
• Breaking of materials
• Degree of liberation
 Size separation

• Sieving

The main factors concerning the material are:

• Density
• Particle Size Distribution
• Particle Shapes
• Particle Surfaces

The key factors concerning the equipment are:

• Sieve area
• Percentage of perforated area
• Hole diameter
• Hole shapes
• Sieve thickness
Density Separation

• Gravimetric separation
• Physical Process – Rate of Sedimentation/ Terminal velocity of particles

The main processes known for density separation are: dense medium separation,
suspensions, jigs, air and flowing film concentrators.

Separation by Dense Medium (liquid) Separation via Suspensions

 Jigs

• Hydraulic separation process

• Fluid stream
• Pulse freq. 50 to 300 cycles per minute

Flowing Film Concentrators

Magnetic Separation

• Separation and/or concentration of materials. Both in the production of minerals and in the recycling of waste
from electrical and electronic equipment and others types of scrap.
• Two factors
• Particles behavior of different materials – exposed to the same magnetic field and forces acting on them
• The responses of different particles to the applied field result in the attraction or repulsion of the same
field.

Magnetic susceptibility
• It determines the type of response of a material to an external magnetic field
• The magnitude interaction between material and external magnetic field
Diamagnetic materials

• Induced magnetic field opposes the external magnetic field

• Generating a repulsion of low intensity
• These materials are repelled by the external magnetic field
• Eg Cu. Hg,

Paramagnetic materials

• Atomic magnetic dipoles tendency to align themselves parallel to external magnetic field
• Weakly attracted to the magnets
• Eg Cr, Pa

Ferromagnetic materials

• Strong interaction between their atomic magnetic dipole

• Internal alignment in the same direction as the applied magnetic field
• The materials undergo a major influence from the external magnetic field
• Eg Co, Ni
Magnetic Separation

• High intensity Magnetic separation (HIMS)

• High gradient magnetic separation (HGMS)

• Dry Separators
• Low intensity
• High intensity
• High Gradient
• Wet Separators
• Low intensity
• High gradient
Electrostatic Separation

• Difference in electrical conductivity between component of a mixture under the electric field
• Electric field intensity to separate an electrically charged particle and particles with superficial or induced polarization
• Electrification by contact or friction
• Surface of the particles in the charging mechanism
• Transfer of electrons occurs when two particles of different materials and rubbed against each other
• Static charge

• Electrification by Ion bombardment

• Very high voltage difference between the electrode and the rotor generates a charge transfer between both
• It usually grounded rotating drum and two electrode

• Eddy current
• Conductive particles of non-ferrous materials to create a magnetic field around the particles
• It usually grounded rotating drum and two electrode
low dielectric constants (<5) and are not good solvents for charged large dielectric constants; they do not participate in hydrogen bonding
species such as anions

high dielectric constants; participate in hydrogen bonding moderately higher dielectric constants than the nonpolar solvents,
don’t participate in reactions; serve only as the medium
Leaching Processes

• Solid materials exposed to a liquid, some constituents will dissolve to a greater or lesser extent
• The degree of dissolution of individual constituents by the contacting liquid leads to a leachate/ percolate or
extract composition

Leaching Solutions and Conditions (WEEE)

• Acid and Alkaline leaching

• Particle size
• Solvent
• Temperature
• Stirring
Leaching Using Supercritical Fluids
Estimated Quantity of E-Waste
(product wise)

Item Year Obsolete Reused Stored Recycled Landfilled

Unit (Number)
2016-2017 1050000 262500 144812 798805 162907
2017-2018 1207500 301875 159862 914952 179322
Television 2018-2019 1295000 323750 174300 982590 194810
2019-2020 1347500 336875 185150 1024713 208075
2020-2021 1400000 350000 206937 1072348 232452
2016-2017 192500 21175 20831 164927 18619
2017-2018 210000 23100 22775 180049 20815
Refrigerator 2018-2019 242500 26675 25234 207432 22334
2019-2020 295000 32450 28287 251172 23017
2020-2021 325000 35750 31050 276657 25150
2016-2017 495132 148540 55800 325937 109143
2017-2018 534743 160423 61380 353687 123458
DVD players 2018-2019 577522 173257 67518 383572 138471
2019-2020 623724 187117 74270 412530 141287
2020-2021 673622 202087 80211 445756 153483
2019-2020

2018-2019

2017-2018

2016-2017

2019-2020

2018-2019

2017-2018

2016-2017

2019-2020

2018-2019

2017-2018

2016-2017

500000 1000000 1500000 2000000 2500000 3000000 3500000

Numbers of Product

Obsolete Reused Stored Recycled Landfilled

 Today's class will be the quantification of E-Waste (State wise) last ten years

1.Electronic products: Smart Phone, Television, Refrigerator, DVD players, Laptop/Notebook, Desktop, etc.,

2.Item, Year, Obsolete, Reused, Stored, Recycled, Landfilled

3.Economic assessment of E-waste

4.Top E-waste Management companies (atleast 4)

https://ewastemonitor.info/gem-2020/ https://globalewaste.org/