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Practical Partial Discharge
Measurement on Electrical Equipment
 IEEE Press
445 Hoes Lane
Piscataway, NJ 08854

IEEE Press Editorial Board

Sarah Spurgeon, Editor in Chief

Jón Atli Benediktsson Behzad Razavi Jeffrey Reed

Anjan Bose Jim Lyke Diomidis Spinellis
James Duncan Hai Li Adam Drobot
Amin Moeness Brian Johnson Tom Robertazzi
Desineni Subbaram Naidu Ahmet Murat Tekalp
Practical Partial Discharge Measurement
on Electrical Equipment

Greg C. Stone
Stone Dielectrics
Toronto, Canada

Andrea Cavallini
University of Bologna
Bologna, Italy

Glenn Behrmann
Consultant
Zurich, Switzerland

Claudio Angelo Serafino

Terna S.p.A.
Torino, Italy

IEEE Press Series on Power and Energy Systems

Ganesh Kumar Venayagamoorthy, Series Editor
Copyright © 2023 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

Published simultaneously in Canada.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by
any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under
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Library of Congress Cataloging-­in-­Publication Data

Names: Stone, Greg C., author. | Cavallini, Andrea, 1963– author. |
Behrmann, Glenn, author. | Serafino, Claudio Angelo, author.
Title: Practical partial discharge measurement on electrical equipment /
Greg Stone, Andrea Cavallini, Glenn Behrmann, Claudio Serafino.
Description: Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley, [2023] | Includes index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2023012162 (print) | LCCN 2023012163 (ebook) | ISBN
9781119833314 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119833321 (adobe pdf) | ISBN
9781119833338 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Electric discharges–Measurement. | Electric power systems.
Classification: LCC QC701.S76 2023 (print) | LCC QC701 (ebook) | DDC
537.5/2–dc23/eng/20230606
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023012162
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023012163

Cover Design: Wiley

Cover image provided by Andrea Cavallini

Set in 9.5/12.5pt STIXTwoText by Straive, Pondicherry, India

This book is dedicated to the engineers and scientists who took a scientific curiosity of the 1890s and
built a measurement technology that is now an essential tool for factory quality control tests on new
high-­voltage electrical equipment, as well as a widely used technology to help determine when
maintenance is needed on such equipment.
Although thousands have worked in this field, we would like to acknowledge the seminal
contributions of some of its leading engineers and scientists who are no longer with us:
Ray Bartnikas (Canada)
Steve Boggs (Canada/USA)
Frederik Kreuger (The Netherlands)
Bernd Fruth (Germany)
Jitka Fuhr (Switzerland)
George Mole (UK)
Lutz Niemeyer (Germany)
Some of us have had the privilege of working with and being guided by them over the years; they are
sorely missed. This book is dedicated to them, especially their willingness to share their knowledge
and inspire us.
 vii

Contents

About the Authors xvii

Preface xix
Acknowledgments xx
Acronyms xxi

1 Introduction 1
1.1 ­Why Perform Partial Discharge Measurements? 1
1.2 ­Partial Discharge and Corona 2
1.3 ­Categories of PD Tests 3
1.3.1 Factory PD Testing 3
1.3.2 Onsite/Off­line PD Tests 5
1.3.3 Online PD Testing and Continuous Monitoring 5
1.4 ­PD Test Standards 6
1.5 ­History of PD Measurement 7
1.5.1 RIV Test – The First Era 7
1.5.2 Analog PD Detection Using Oscilloscopes – The Second Era 9
1.5.3 Digitizing, Ultrahigh Frequency, and Post-­Processing – The Third Era 11
1.5.3.1 Transition to Digital Instruments 11
1.5.3.2 VHF and UHF PD Detection 12
1.5.3.3 Post-­Processing of Signals 14
1.6 ­The Future 15
1.7 ­Roadmap for the Book 16
­ References 17

2 Electric Fields and Electrical Breakdown 21

2.1 ­ lectric Fields in High-­Voltage Equipment 21
E
2.1.1 Impact of Electric Field on Partial Discharges 21
2.1.2 Basic Quantities and Equations 21
2.1.3 Simple Electrode Configurations 22
2.1.3.1 Parallel Plates Capacitor 24
2.1.3.2 Coaxial Cylindrical Electrodes 24
2.1.3.3 Concentric Spheres 25
2.1.3.4 Point/Plane Electrodes 25
2.1.4 Multi-­Dielectric Systems 25
2.1.4.1 Cavities (Voids) 26
2.1.4.2 Interfaces 28
2.1.4.3 Triple Point (Triple Junction) 29
2.1.5 Floating Metal Objects 30
2.2 ­Electrical Breakdown 30
2.3 ­Breakdown in Gases 31
viii Contents

2.3.1 Breakdown in Uniform Fields 31

2.3.2 Breakdown in Divergent Fields 36
2.3.3 Breakdown Under Impulse Voltages – the V-­t Characteristic 37
2.4 ­Breakdown in Solids 38
2.4.1 Electrical Treeing 40
2.5 ­Breakdown in Liquids 41
2.6 ­Dielectric Strength 43
­References 45

3 Physics of Partial Discharge 47

3.1 I­ ntroduction 47
3.2 ­Classification of Partial Discharges 47
3.3 ­PD Current Pulse Characteristics 48
3.4 ­Effects of PD 53
3.5 ­Corona Due to Non-­Uniform Electric Fields Around Conductors 55
3.5.1 PD and Corona Polarity 56
3.5.2 Corona AC Phase Position 57
3.5.3 Corona Current Pulse Characteristics 57
3.6 ­Partial Discharge in Voids 59
3.6.1 PD Inception 59
3.6.1.1 Inception Delay 61
3.6.2 Modified Field Due to Space Charge 62
3.7 ­PD on Insulation Surfaces 66
3.7.1 Triple Point Junction 66
3.7.2 Electrical Tracking 66
3.8 ­Effect of Ambient Conditions and Conditioning 67
3.8.1 Conditioning 67
3.8.2 Ambient/Operating Conditions 68
3.9 ­Summary of Measured PD Quantities 68
3.9.1 Magnitude 69
3.9.2 Pulse Count Rate 69
3.9.3 Phase Position 70
3.10 ­Understanding the PD Pattern with Respect to the AC Cycle 71
3.10.1 Polarity Analysis 71
3.10.2 Physical Basis for PRPD Patterns 71
3.10.3 PD Packets 80
­ References 82

4 Other Discharge Phenomena 85

4.1 I­ ntroduction 85
4.2 ­PD as Interference 86
4.3 ­Circuit Breaker Arcing 87
4.4 ­Contact Arcing and Intermittent Connections 87
4.5 ­Metal Oxide Layer Breakdown 89
4.6 ­Dry Band Arcing 89
4.7 ­Glow (or Pulseless) Discharge 89
­ References 90

5 PD Measurement Overview 93
5.1 I­ ntroduction 93
5.2 ­Charge-­Based and Electromagnetic Measurement Methods 93
5.3 ­Optical PD Detection 95
 Contents ix

5.4 ­ coustic Detection of PD 97

A
5.4.1 Acoustic Detection of PD Through the Air 98
5.4.2 Acoustic PD Detection Within Enclosed HV Apparatus 102
5.4.2.1 Power Transformers 102
5.4.2.2 Gas-­Insulated Switchgear and Isolated Phase Bus 104
5.5 ­Chemical Detection 105
5.5.1 Ozone in Air 105
5.5.2 Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) 106
5.5.3 SF6 Decomposition Products in GIS 107
­ References 107

6 Charge-­Based PD Detection 109

6.1 I­ ntroduction 109
6.2 ­Basic Electrical Detection Circuits Using Coupling Capacitors 109
6.2.1 Direct Circuit 110
6.2.2 Indirect Circuit 111
6.3 ­Measuring Impedances 111
6.3.1 Resistors and Quadripoles 111
6.3.2 AC Synchronization and Quadripoles 113
6.3.3 High-­Frequency Current Transformers 113
6.4 ­Electrical PD Detection Models 115
6.4.1 ABC Model 115
6.4.1.1 Equivalent Circuit 117
6.4.1.2 Equivalent PD Current Generator 117
6.4.1.3 Coupling Capacitor 117
6.4.1.4 Under Estimation of Charge 118
6.4.2 Dipole Model 118
6.4.3 Comparing the ABC Model with the Dipole Model 120
6.4.4 Pulse Polarity 120
6.5 ­Quasi-­integration in Charge-­Based Measuring Systems 121
6.5.1 Quasi-­integration Explained 121
6.5.2 Frequency Range of Charge-­Based PD Detectors 122
6.5.2.1 Pros and Cons of the Narrowband vs Wideband Systems 123
6.6 ­Calibration into Apparent Charge 125
6.6.1 Capacitive Test Objects 125
6.6.2 Distributed Test Objects 126
6.6.2.1 PD Pulse Splitting and Reflections 127
6.6.2.2 Attenuation and Dispersion 129
6.6.3 Inductive-­Capacitive Test Objects 132
6.6.4 Practical Calibrators 134
­ References 135

7 Electromagnetic (RF) PD Detection 137

7.1 ­ hy Measure Electromagnetic Signals from PD 137
W
7.2 ­Terminology 139
7.3 ­Basic Electrical Detection Circuits 141
7.3.1 Transmission Path 141
7.3.2 Sensors 144
7.3.3 Time and Frequency Domain Measurement 145
7.4 ­Types of RF Sensors 148
7.4.1 Ferrite Antennas 148
7.4.2 Magnetic Loops 148
x Contents

7.4.3 Transient Earth Voltage (TEV) Sensors 148

7.4.4 Internal or Tank-­Mounted UHF Sensors 149
7.4.5 Antennas 150
7.4.5.1 Monopole 150
7.4.5.2 Patch (Microstrip) Antenna 151
7.4.5.3 Horn Antenna 152
7.4.5.4 Stator Slot Couplers 152
7.5 ­Measuring Instruments 153
7.6 ­Performance and Sensitivity Check 153
7.7 ­PD Source Location 155
­ References 156

8 PD Measurement System Instrumentation and Software 159

8.1 I­ ntroduction 159
8.2 ­Frequency Range Selection 160
8.3 ­PD Detector Hardware Configurations 160
8.3.1 Minimum Threshold and Processing Time 162
8.3.2 AC Voltage Measurement and Synchronization 163
8.3.3 Combined Analog–Digital Systems 164
8.3.4 Digital System to Measure Pulse Magnitude and Selected Pulse Characteristics 165
8.3.5 Systems to Facilitate Waveform Post-­Processing 165
8.4 ­Hardware-­Based Interference Suppression and PD Source Identification 166
8.4.1 Hardware-­Based Gating 166
8.4.2 Time-­of-­Flight (or Time of Arrival) Method 167
8.4.3 Pulse Shape Analysis 169
8.5 ­PD Calibrator Hardware 170
8.6 ­Special Hardware Requirements for Continuous Monitors 171
8.6.1 Sensor Reliability 172
8.6.2 Instrument Robustness 173
8.6.3 Cybersecurity 173
8.7 ­PD System Output Charts 174
8.7.1 Pulse Magnitude Analysis (PMA) Plot 174
8.7.2 Phase-­Magnitude-­Number (Ø-­q-­n) Plot 175
8.7.3 Phase-­Resolved PD (PRPD) Plot 176
8.7.4 Trend Plot 176
8.7.5 PDIV/PDEV Plot 178
8.7.6 Scatter Plot 179
8.8 ­PD Activity Indicators 179
8.8.1 Quasi-­Peak PD Magnitude (QIEC) 180
8.8.2 Peak PD Magnitude (Qm) 181
8.8.3 Integrated PD Indicators 181
8.9 ­Post-­Processing Software for Interference Suppression and PD Analysis 183
8.9.1 Statistical Post-­Processing 183
8.9.2 Time-­Frequency Maps 184
8.9.3 Three-­Phase Synchronous Pattern Analysis 186
8.9.4 Software-­Based Censoring 187
8.9.5 Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Expert Systems 188
­ References 190

9 Suppression of External Electrical Interference 193

9.1 I­ mpact of External Electrical Interference 193
9.1.1 Factory Testing 193
9.1.2 Condition Assessment Testing 194
 Contents xi

9.2 ­Typical Sources of Noise and External Electrical Interference 194

9.2.1 Electrical/Electronic Noise 194
9.2.2 External Electrical Interference (“Disturbances”) 195
9.2.2.1 PD and Corona from Connected Equipment 195
9.2.2.2 Arcing from Poorly Bonded Metal and Connections 196
9.2.2.3 Electronic Switching 196
9.2.2.4 Slip Ring/Brush Arcing 197
9.2.2.5 Lighting 197
9.3 ­Interference Suppression for Off­line PD Testing 198
9.3.1 Electromagnetic Shielded Rooms 198
9.3.2 Good Practice for Test Set-­Up 198
9.3.3 Power Supply Filtering 199
9.3.4 Signal Filtering 199
9.3.5 PD Measurement Bridges 200
9.3.6 Time-­of-­Flight 201
9.3.7 PRPD Pattern Recognition 202
9.3.8 Time-­Frequency Map 202
9.3.9 Gating 202
9.4 ­Online Interference Suppression 203
­ References 203

10 Performing PD Tests and Basic Interpretation 205

10.1 I­ ntroduction 205
10.2 ­PDIV/PDEV Measurement 206
10.2.1 Test Procedure 206
10.2.2 Sensitivity 207
10.2.3 Interpretation 207
10.3 ­PD Magnitude and PRPD Test Procedure 208
10.3.1 Off­line Testing 208
10.3.2 On­line Testing 209
10.3.3 Differences Between Offline and On­line Tests 210
10.3.4 Conditioning in Offline Tests 212
10.4 ­Interpretation of PD Magnitude 212
10.4.1 Trend Over Time 213
10.4.2 High PD Level 214
10.4.3 PD Polarity Effect 215
10.4.4 Other PD Activity Indicators 216
10.5 ­PRPD Pattern Interpretation 216
10.5.1 Phase-­to-­Ground Patterns 217
10.5.2 Generalized Phase-­to-­Ground PRPD Patterns 218
10.5.3 “Rabbit-­Ear” Pattern 219
10.5.4 Phase-­to-­Phase PD in On­line Tests 219
10.5.5 Cross-­Coupled Signals Between Phases in On­line Tests 221
10.5.6 Simultaneous Occurrence of Multiple Aging processes 223
10.6 ­PD Root Cause Identification Using Changes in Ambient and Operating Conditions 224
­ References 225

11 PD Testing of Lumped Capacitive Test Objects 227

11.1 ­ umped Capacitive Objects 227
L
11.2 ­Test Procedures 228
11.3 ­Measures to Suppress Electrical Interference 230
11.4 ­Sensitivity Check 231
­ References 233
xii Contents

12 PD in Power Cables 235

12.1 I­ ntroduction 235
12.2 ­Cable System Structure 235
12.2.1 Cable Insulation 236
12.2.2 Accessories 238
12.3 ­Cable System Failure Mechanisms 240
12.3.1 Extruded Cable Manufacturing Defects 241
12.3.2 Aging of Polymeric Cables in Service 242
12.3.3 Water Trees 242
12.3.4 Aging of Mass-­Impregnated Cable 244
12.3.5 Joint and Termination Problems 244
12.4 ­Cable PD Test Standards 246
12.5 ­PD Test Sensors 247
12.5.1 Capacitive Couplers 247
12.5.2 HFCTs on Neutral Grounding Leads 247
12.5.3 Imbedded Capacitive Coupler 250
12.5.4 Other Sensors 250
12.6 ­PD Pulse Propagation and Detector Bandwidth 253
12.7 ­Factory Quality Assurance (QA) Testing of Power Cable 255
12.8 ­Energizing Cables in Off­line/On­site PD Tests 256
12.8.1 Resonant Test Set 256
12.8.2 Very Low Frequency (VLF) Systems 257
12.8.3 Oscillating Waves Test Set 258
12.9 ­Off­line/On­site Testing 259
12.9.1 PD Detection 259
12.9.2 Calibration vs Sensitivity Check 259
12.9.3 Test Performance 260
12.10 ­Pros and Cons of Off­line Versus On­line PD Measurements for Condition Assessment 261
12.11 ­On­line Monitoring 262
12.12 ­Interference Separation 264
12.13 ­PRPD Patterns 270
12.14 ­PD Source Localization 271
12.14.1 Time-­Domain Reflectometry 273
12.14.2 Time of Arrival 275
12.14.3 Amplitude–Frequency (AF) Mapping 275
­ References 279

13 Gas-Insulated Switchgear (GIS) 283

13.1 I­ ntroduction 283
13.2 ­Relevant Standards and Technical Guidance 283
13.3 ­The GIS Insulation System 286
13.3.1 Insulation System Components 286
13.3.2 PD Suppression Coatings 288
13.3.3 Insulating Gas (SF6 and Alternative Gases) 288
13.4 ­Typical PD Sources in GIS and their Failure Modes 289
13.4.1 Mobile Particles 290
13.4.2 Floating Potential Discharge 292
13.4.3 Protrusions (Inner Conductor or Enclosure) 293
13.4.4 Partial Discharges on Insulator Surfaces 294
13.4.5 Voids, Cracks, Delamination of Solid Insulators 295
13.5 ­Detection of PD in GIS 297
13.6 ­Charge-­Based PD Measurement in GIS 298
 Contents xiii

13.6.1 Charge Calibration 301

13.7 ­ pplication of Acoustic Techniques for PD Measurement on GIS 302
A
13.8 ­Radio-­Frequency PD Measurement on GIS: The UHF Method 305
13.8.1 UHF Sensors 306
13.8.2 The RF Signal Propagation Environment in GIS 310
13.8.3 The CIGRE Sensitivity Verification 313
13.8.4 UHF PD Signal Acquisition: Narrowband vs Wide Band 318
13.8.5 Narrowband UHF PD Detection with RF Spectrum Analyzers 319
13.8.6 Broadband UHF PD Detection and Measurement 324
13.9 ­GIS Routine Factory Test 325
13.10 ­Onsite PD Measurement of GIS 327
13.10.1 High-­Voltage Resonant Test-­Set for Onsite/Offline Testing 328
13.10.2 Problems with Applying IEC 60270 PD Method Onsite 329
13.10.3 Applying the UHF Method for Onsite/Offline PD Measurement 330
13.10.4 Interference Encountered During Onsite UHF PD Measurement 331
13.10.5 UHF PD Source Location: The Time-­of-­Flight (TOF) Technique 332
13.11 ­Online Continuous PD Monitoring (PDM) of GIS 335
13.11.1 Typical GIS PDM System Components 336
13.11.2 GIS PDM System Alarm Triggering 336
13.11.3 The GIS PDM System False Alarm Problem 338
13.11.4 Real-­World Application of GIS PDM Systems 340
13.11.5 Do I Really Need a PDM System? 341
13.12 ­GIS PD Signal Examples and PRPD Patterns 342
13.12.1 Moving Particles 342
13.12.2 Floating Potential Discharges 343
13.12.3 Protrusions 347
13.12.4 Surface Discharges 348
13.12.5 Voids, Delamination 349
13.12.6 External Interference (EMI, RFI) 351
13.13 ­HVDC GIS: Special Considerations 352
13.13.1 PD Defect Characteristics Under HVDC 356
­ References 358

14 Air-­Insulated Switchgear and Isolated Phase Bus 365

14.1 ­Introduction 365
14.2 ­AIS Insulation Systems 366
14.3 ­Insulation Failure Processes 368
14.3.1 Surface Electrical Tracking 368
14.3.2 Air Gap PD 368
14.3.3 PD in Cast Epoxy Components 369
14.3.4 PD in Cable Accessories 369
14.4 ­PD Sensors 369
14.4.1 TEV Sensor 369
14.4.2 Capacitive and HFCT Sensors 370
14.4.3 RF Antenna 371
14.4.4 Ultrasonic Sensors 371
14.5 ­Commissioning and Off­line/On­site Testing 371
14.6 ­On­line PD Monitoring 372
14.6.1 Systems with Sensors Within the Switchgear 373
14.6.2 Systems with Sensors Mounted Outside the Switchgear 374
14.7 ­PD Interpretation for AIS 375
14.8 ­PD Measurement in Isolated Phase Bus 376
xiv Contents

14.8.1 IPB Deterioration Processes 377

14.8.2 Off­line PD Tests 378
14.8.3 On­line PD Monitoring 378
14.8.4 Interpretation 379
­ References 379

15 Power Transformers 381

15.1 ­Introduction 381
15.2 ­Transformer Insulation Systems 382
15.2.1 Dry-­Type Transformer 382
15.2.2 Materials Used in Liquid-­Filled Paper-­Insulated Power Transformers 384
15.2.2.1 Mineral Insulating Oil 384
15.2.2.2 Natural and Synthetic Ester Liquids for Transformers 387
15.2.2.3 Solid Insulation Materials – Paper and Pressboard 387
15.2.3 Typical Construction Arrangement in Oil-­Filled Transformers 391
15.3 ­Typical Causes of PD in Dry-­Type (Cast Resin) Transformers 395
15.4 ­Typical Causes of PD in Oil-­Filled Transformers 395
15.4.1 Defects in Solid Insulating Materials 395
15.4.2 Defects in the Core Structure 396
15.4.3 Defects Arising During Factory Assembly 396
15.4.4 Defects Arising During On­site Assembly 399
15.4.5 PD Caused by Aging During Operation 400
15.4.6 Partial Discharges Due to a Poor Electrical Design 402
15.5 ­Relevant Standards 405
15.5.1 IEC 60270 405
15.5.2 IEC 62478 405
15.5.3 IEC 60076-­3 405
15.5.4 IEC 60076-­11 406
15.5.5 IEEE C57.12.90 406
15.5.6 IEEE C57.113 and C57.124 407
15.5.7 IEEE C57.127 407
15.6 ­PD Pulse Propagation and PD Detection in Transformers 407
15.6.1 PD Current Pulse Propagation Through Stray Capacitance 407
15.6.2 UHF Propagation 409
15.6.3 Acoustic Propagation 409
15.7 ­Sensors for PD Detection 410
15.7.1 Impedance Connected to Bushing Tap 410
15.7.2 Coupling Capacitors 411
15.7.3 HFCTs 412
15.7.4 VHF/UHF Sensors 413
15.7.5 Acoustic Sensor 416
15.7.6 Nonelectric Sensors: Laboratory DGA and On­line DGA 417
15.8 ­AC Supply for Off­line Testing 418
15.8.1 Motor-­Generator Test Sets 418
15.8.2 Electronic Variable AC Supplies 420
15.9 ­Precautions Against Background Noise and Interference in Electrical PD Testing 420
15.9.1 Test Site Arrangement 421
15.9.2 AC Supply Interference 422
15.9.3 Measurement System Arrangement 422
15.9.4 Instrument-­Based Noise and Interference Separation 423
15.10 ­Factory Acceptance Testing of Transformers 425
15.10.1 Conventional IEC 60270 Charge-­Based Measurement 425
15.10.2 Test Procedure 426
15.10.3 Factory Test Pass/Fail Criteria 427
 Contents xv

15.11 ­On­site Off­line Testing 429

15.11.1 When On­site Tests Would Be Helpful 429
15.11.2 Scope and Aim of an On­site/Off­line Test 430
15.11.3 HV Supply Systems 431
15.11.4 Typical On­site Test Procedures 434
15.11.5 Acoustic Investigations 435
15.12 ­On­line PD Monitoring 439
15.12.1 When On­line PD Monitoring Would Be Helpful 440
15.12.2 Interactions with Other On­line Monitoring Systems 440
15.12.3 Features of an On­line PD Monitoring System 441
15.12.4 Suppressing Interferences 443
15.12.5 PDM Implementation 444
15.12.6 Basic Interpretation of PDM Results 444
15.13 ­Typical PRPD Patterns 447
15.13.1 PRPD Pattern Related to Defects in Solid Insulating Materials 447
15.13.2 PRPD Pattern Related to Defects in the Core Structure 447
15.13.3 Floating Discharge Due to Unbonded Bushing 449
15.13.4 PRPD Pattern Due to Trapped Air Within the Transformer After Oil Filling 450
15.13.5 PRPD Related to Probable Humidity in Paper Tapes 451
15.13.6 PRPD Related to Turn-­to-­Turn PD 451
­ References 452

16 Rotating Machine Stator Windings 457

16.1 ­Introduction 457
16.2 ­Relevant Standards 458
16.3 ­Stator Winding Insulation Systems 458
16.3.1 Insulation System Components 459
16.3.2 PD Suppression Coatings 461
16.3.3 Stator Winding Construction 462
16.4 ­Stator Winding Insulation Failure Processes 463
16.4.1 Poor Epoxy Impregnation 464
16.4.2 Inadequate PD Suppression Coatings 464
16.4.3 Loose Coils in the Stator Slots 465
16.4.4 Inadequate Separation of Coils and Bars in the Endwinding 465
16.4.5 Thermal Aging 466
16.4.6 Thermo-­Mechanical Aging 466
16.4.7 Winding Contamination 466
16.4.8 Metallic Debris 467
16.5 ­PD Pulse Propagation in Stator Windings 467
16.5.1 Propagation Models 467
16.5.2 Experimental Findings 469
16.5.3 Impact of Coil Voltage on PD Signal 471
16.6 ­PD Sensors 472
16.6.1 Sensors for Off­line Testing 472
16.6.2 Sensors for Online Testing 473
16.7 ­Factory Acceptance Testing 473
16.7.1 LF Charge-­Based Test Procedures 474
16.7.2 HF and VHF Methods 476
16.8 ­On­site Off­line Tests 477
16.9 ­Online Testing and Monitoring 478
16.9.1 Sources of Interference 479
16.9.2 Periodic Testing vs Continuous Monitoring 479
16.9.3 Common Testing/Monitoring Systems 481
16.9.3.1 VHF Methods 482
xvi Contents

16.9.3.2 HF Methods 483

16.9.3.3 UHF Methods 485
16.10 ­Differences Between Online and Off­line Tests 486
16.11 ­Interpretation 487
16.11.1 Trend Over Time 487
16.11.2 Comparison to Similar Machines 489
16.11.3 Prediction of Remaining Winding Life 491
16.12 ­Root Cause Identification 491
16.12.1 PRPD Pattern Analysis 492
16.12.2 Effect of Operating Conditions on PD 493
16.12.3 Interpretation Overview for Online PD Tests 497
16.13 ­Locating PD Sites 498
16.13.1 Corona/Sniffer Probes 499
­ References 501

17 PD Detection in DC Equipment 505

17.1 ­Why Is HVDC So Popular Now? 505
17.2 ­Insulation System Design in DC 506
17.3 ­The Reasons for PD Testing Using DC 507
17.4 ­Off­line PD Testing with DC Excitation 510
17.5 ­Interpretation of PD Measurements Under DC Excitation 511
17.5.1 Time Series Interpretation 512
17.5.2 Magnitude Dispersion 513
17.5.3 Effect of Operating Conditions on PD 514
17.6 ­Perspective 517
­ References 517

18 PD Detection Under Impulse Voltage 519

18.1 ­Introduction 519
18.2 ­Insulation Failure Due to Short Risetime Impulse Voltages 520
18.2.1 High Peak Voltage 520
18.2.2 Short Risetime Causing High Turn Voltages in Windings 521
18.2.3 Overheating of the Stress Relief Coatings 521
18.3 ­Electrical PD Detection 521
18.3.1 Directional Electromagnetic Couplers 521
18.3.2 VHF and UHF Antennas 522
18.3.3 Capacitive Couplers 523
18.3.4 HFCT PD Sensors 524
18.4 ­Nonelectrical Sensors 524
18.5 ­PD Display and Quantities Measured 524
18.5.1 PD Synchronized to the Voltage Impulse 524
18.5.2 PD Synchronized to the Fundamental Frequency AC (PRPD) 525
18.5.3 PD Magnitude 526
18.5.4 RPDIV and RPDEV 526
18.6 ­Sensitivity and Interference Check 526
18.7 ­Test Procedures 527
18.7.1 Off­line Tests 527
18.7.2 Online Tests 528
18.8 ­Interpretation 528
18.8.1 Type I (PD-­Free) Insulation Systems 528
18.8.2 Type II Insulation Systems 529
References 531

Index 533
 xvii

About the Authors

Greg C. Stone was one of the developers of a widely used online partial discharge test method to
evaluate the condition of the high-­voltage insulation in stator windings. Except for a one-­year period
at Canada Wire and Cable, from 1975 to 1990, he was a Dielectrics Engineer with Ontario Hydro, a
large Canadian power generation company. From 1990 to 2021 he was employed at Iris Power L.P. in
Toronto Canada, a motor and generator winding condition monitoring company he helped form,
and one of the largest manufacturers of partial discharge measurement equipment in the world. He
has published two books on motor and generator winding maintenance, contributed the machine
insulation chapters to three technical encyclopedias/handbooks, and authored >200 papers con-
cerned with partial discharge measurement and rotating machine condition assessment. Since 1980
he has also been active in creating and updating many IEEE and IEC standards. Dr. Stone has been
and continues to be active in the IEEE Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Society for his entire
career, serving as its president in 1989 and 1990. He has been chosen for the IEEE Kaufmann, Dakin
and Forster Awards; the CIGRE Technical Committee Award; the IEC 1906 Award; and the US-­
based EPRI Principal Investigator Award. Greg Stone has BASc, MASc, and PhD degrees in electri-
cal engineering from the University of Waterloo, is a fellow of the IEEE, a fellow of the Engineering
Institute of Canada, and a licensed professional engineer in Ontario, Canada.

Andrea Cavallini is a professor at the University of Bologna. In 2000, he invented the TF map, a
revolutionary method to process partial discharge signals allowing noise rejection and the indi-
vidual analysis of multiple partial discharge sources simultaneously active in the same equipment.
From 1999 to 2012, he cofounded and collaborated with Techimp Srl, now a part of the Altanova
group. During this time, he was actively involved in testing all types of apparatus used in power
systems: cables, generators, transformers, and motors. He has worked on electrical as well as ultra-
high frequency detection of partial discharges; in particular, he was among the first to use ultra-
high frequency detection of partial discharges on inverter-­fed machines, a technique that later
became the state of the art. He has published more than 250 papers, most of them in the IEEE. He
is member of the IEC TC 2 Rotating Machinery MT 10 concerned with the qualification, testing
and diagnostics of winding insulation systems. He is active in CIGRE where he has convened
D1 working groups. He has BASc, MASc, and PhD degrees in electrical engineering from the
University of Bologna in Italy and is a fellow of the IEEE.

Glenn Behrmann began work in radio-­frequency design and signal processing for military appli-
cations at MIT Lincoln Laboratory, the MITRE Corporation, and Signatron. After working in EMC,
he began his work in PD in 1992 at ABB Corporate Research (Baden) under Bernd Fruth and Lutz
Niemeyer, first in the insulation materials lab, later on site, on transformers, HV cable accessories,
xviii About the Authors

and GIS, playing a key role on the first large-­scale UHF PD monitoring systems for 400 kV GIS in
Singapore. During a two-­year stint at the Paul Scherer Institute, he worked on RF beam-­diagnostics
for the European Free Electron Laser (X-­FEL, Hamburg). In 2008, he returned to PD diagnostics of
rotating machine insulation and online monitoring systems at Alstom (GE). In 2011, he rejoined
ABB, focusing on all aspects of PD detection and monitoring in GIS using both conventional and
UHF techniques. This included sensor development, detailed investigations of RF signal behavior,
lots of on­site PD diagnostics, and a key role in PXIPD (pulsed X-­ray-­induced partial discharge) for
detecting voids. He has authored many papers and holds patents in the field. He is an active mem-
ber of CIGRE (presently secretary of D1.66, Requirements of UHF PDM systems for GIS) and IEC
TC42 (including the latest revision of IEC 60270) and is chair of the IEEE PES/SA group revising
IEEE 454 on PD measurement. Glenn received a BSEE from Union College (Schenectady) in 1979.
Although just retired, he remains active doing on­site PD assessments and consulting.

Claudio Angelo Serafino has more than 40 years of experience in measurements and tests on
high voltage equipment. He carries out commissioning and routine tests on high-­voltage equip-
ment, including circuit breakers, disconnectors, surge arresters, gas-­insulated systems, current
transformers, and voltage transformers. He also has experience in commissioning and routine tests
on protection systems for high-­voltage plants, large power generators, and transformers. He is an
expert in PD measurements on large power and high-­voltage transformers, performed both in the
manufacturers’ test labs and on­site, with the aim to investigate faults. He gained his experience
working in two companies. From 1982 until 2000, he worked at ENEL, the integrated Italian elec-
trical utility. Since 2000 he is working in the Italian TSO Terna as an expert in medium and large
power transformer tests and technical specifications.
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 The Project Gutenberg eBook, Marjorie Dean, Post-Graduate, by
Pauline Lester

MARJORIE DEAN POST-GRADUATE

By PAULINE LESTER

Author of
“The Marjorie Dean High School Series,”
“The Marjorie Dean College Series,”
“The Marjorie Dean Post-Graduate Series,” etc.

A. L. BURT COMPANY
Publishers New York
Printed in U. S. A.

THE MARJORIE DEAN POST-GRADUATE SERIES

A SERIES FOR GIRLS 12 TO 18 YEARS OF AGE
By PAULINE LESTER
MARJORIE DEAN, POST-GRADUATE
MARJORIE DEAN, MARVELOUS MANAGER
MARJORIE DEAN AT HAMILTON ARMS
MARJORIE DEAN’S ROMANCE
 Copyright, 1925
By A. L. BURT COMPANY
MARJORIE DEAN, POST-GRADUATE
Made in “U. S. A.”
 CHAPTER I.—ON THE SANDS

“It’s too perfect a night to stay on shore, girls and boys. Let’s go for
a moonlight cruise in the Oriole!” Hal Macy sprang up from the white
sands where he had been devotedly lounging at Marjorie Dean’s feet
and held out his hands to her.
“Oh, glorious!” Marjorie gaily accepted the proffered hands. She
laughed, with the sheer pleasure of youth, as Hal swung her to her
feet. “My, what a strong person you are, Hal Macy!” she lightly
commented as she freed her hands from Hal’s lingering clasp.
“Glad you think so,” emphasized Hal. He could not help wishing
Marjorie were not quite so matter-of-fact.
“I don’t think so,” promptly disagreed Danny Seabrooke. “Macy is
a weakling; a mere muscleless infant compared to me.”
“Oh, see here, Danny Seabrooke, you’ll have to eat that. Think I’ll
stand for any such talk? Eat it now, or else prove it,” challenged Hal.
“I can prove it,” Danny waved confidently. “Just watch me lift
Geraldine from the shifting sands.”
“Yes, just watch him,” drawled Lawrence Armitage. He took up a
guitar, temporarily idle on the sands, and began to strum it lightly.
His deep blue eyes rested mirthfully on Danny and Jerry.
“Wait a second,” Danny elaborately braced his feet in the sand.
“Now, ready! Heave, heave, ho!”
Jerry suddenly let go of his hands and dropped back on the
beach. “No, thank you.” She pretended displeasure. “I don’t care for
your wonderful assistance.” She directed a scornful glance at her
would-be helper.
“You did that on purpose,” accused Danny. “You are a cruel, cruel
girl. Suppose I had lost my balance and dug my nose into the sand?”
“Sorry you didn’t,” was the unfeeling reply.
“Squabbling again,” Laurie reached out a helping hand to Jerry
and drew her to her feet. Danny looked sadly on.
 “Please forgive me and continue to regard me as your friend.
That’s all I ask of you,” he pleaded with stony Jerry.
“You talk like a popular song,” she criticized. She broke into smiles
when he knelt on the sand before her and contritely offered her his
hand.
“Was that a compliment?” Danny grinned hopefully.
“Why should I throw bouquets at you? Can you think of a
reason?” Jerry asked him. “I can’t think of one.”
“Neither can I,” Danny agreed, and the squabblers burst into
laughter.
“Isn’t the moon wonderful tonight?” Standing beside Hal on the
wide strip of gleaming beach Marjorie worshipped the white night.
“Leila recites an old Irish poem about moonlight that must have
been written for this night. It goes like this:
“The magic of yon sailing moon
Lures my poor heartstrings out of me;
God’s moonshine whitens the lagoon;
The earth’s a silver mystery.”
Hal listened. His mind was centered on Marjorie rather than on
the quaint bit of verse she was reciting. In her white lingerie frock,
her vividly beautiful face raised toward the pale glory of the drifting
moon, her loveliness filled Hal’s boyish heart with worship.
He would have liked to tell her that he thought her far more
wonderful than either the silvery moon or the most exquisite bit of
Irish verse that had ever been composed. Long friendship with
Marjorie warned him against such an avowal. She was so different
from most girls about compliments. She did not like to be told that
she had done well, while she positively loathed being told she was
beautiful. She had a clever way of politely ignoring a compliment,
then immediately changing a subject from personal to impersonal
which Hal considered maddening.
Since the first week in July when the Deans had arrived at Severn
Beach, there to spend a part of the summer, Hal had been trying to
decide whether or not he should allow another summer to pass
without telling Marjorie of his love for her. On that memorable
autumn evening of last year when Constance and Laurie had
announced their early approaching marriage Hal had been dejectedly
certain that Marjorie had nothing to give him save friendship. He had
resolved then never to ask her to marry him unless he should come
to believe that she had experienced a change of heart toward him.
Lately, since Marjorie had come to stay at Severn Beach, where
the Macys usually spent the summers, Hal had been sorely tempted
to break his proud resolution. Constance and Laurie had returned
from their winter in Europe and were visiting Hal and Jerry at Cliff
House, the apartment hotel in which the Macy family lived. Their
perfect happiness made Hal wonder wistfully why it was that
Marjorie could not love him even half so fondly as Constance loved
Laurie. He had been Marjorie’s faithful cavalier for the same number
of years that Laurie had been Constance’s. Now Laurie had won
Connie for his wife, while he and Marjorie were still, as she had
often said, “just good friends.”
This disheartening thought now flashed through his brain for
perhaps the hundredth time that week. The calm friendly glance he
forced himself to bend on Marjorie as she finished quoting the verse
bore no sign of his disquieting reflections.
“Bully for the Irish!” he exclaimed with deceiving heartiness.
“You’re not a bit under the magic spell of the white moonshine,”
she rebuked with a laughing, upward glance at Hal.
“How do you know I’m not?” His tones were teasing, but into his
eyes had leaped a sudden purposeful gleam which told a different
story. “Moonlight affects different persons in different ways. Wait till
we take to the launch. Then I’ll turn moony and sing sentimental
songs. I’ll give you a fine imitation of a moonstruck nut. I wouldn’t
dare try it on shore. I might be run in for disturbing the peace.”
“Run in for disturbing the peace?” inquired a horrified voice at
Marjorie’s elbow. Danny Seabrooke peered apprehensively around
Marjorie at Hal. “Ah, I understand.” He grew apologetic. “You
weren’t speaking of me. You meant your—well—er—” Danny drew
down his freckled face very sorrowfully. “When did it happen, Macy?”
“It hasn’t happened yet, but it will soon,” Hal promised with cool
significance.
 “I shan’t be here to see it. I’m going to take a walk up the beach
with Geraldine.” Danny hastily fell behind a few steps and took Jerry
by a plump arm. “Come along,” he urged. “It’s not safe around
here.”
“It’s safe enough for me.” Jerry briskly shook off Danny’s
detaining hand. “I’m going out in the Oriole. Hurry up, you
sentimental strollers,” she called over one shoulder to Constance and
Laurie. They had paused for a moment, hand in hand, and were
raptly gazing out to sea. “Come out of lovers’ lane and join the
crowd.”
“Have a little more regard for our married dignity, Jeremiah,”
Laurie reminded. “Kindly remember that Connie and I came down to
the beach this evening solely to look after you four children.”
“Much obliged, but Dan-yell is the only one who needs a guardian
of this illustrious bunch.” Jerry bowed ironical thanks.
“All right for you, Jurry-miar Macy. I tried to be pleasant with you.
I respectfully called you Geraldine. But no more!” Danny shook a
displeased finger at Jerry. “I’m going to walk beside Constance.”
“Poor Connie,” groaned Jerry.
“Fortunate Connie, you mean,” corrected Danny with a vast smile.
“Do talk to me, Constance. Forget your husband for five seconds.
You look so sympathetic. But you’re not.” Danny fixed an accusing
glance on laughing Constance. “You’re laughing at me.”
“Why shouldn’t I laugh at you, Danny Seabrooke? You’re so funny
and foolish.”
“Funny and foolish.” Danny cocked his head on one side and
considered. “Nope, that’s not sympathy. I’ll have to try again. Let me
see. Marjorie might appreciate me.”
With a forward dive he caught Marjorie by one arm and began
walking her rapidly up the beach and away from Hal. “Good-night,
Mr. Macy,” he flung back over one shoulder.
“Not yet,” Hal cleared the widening space between him and
Danny almost at a leap. “Now Dan-yell!” He grabbed Danny by the
shoulders; spun him round until he faced down the beach. A
vigorous push from Hal’s avenging arms sent Danny careering down
the beach at a mad gallop.
 “Never touched me!” he sent back defiantly to Hal. He gave an
agile sideways bounce, barely managing to dodge Jerry, Laurie and
Constance in his headlong flight. “Good-bye. I’m never coming
back!” he yelled at the trio.
Within the next three minutes Danny had changed his mind. “Fine
night for a run,” was his bland venture as he caught up with the
three strollers. “Only I’d rather know beforehand that I was going to
take a run. Macy is what I should call dangerous. He ought to be
caged.”
“Neither Jerry nor Danny will ever grow up,” was Marjorie’s
amused remark as Hal returned to her side.
“I don’t think you’ve grown up much, Marjorie,” Hal burst forth
with sudden eager wistfulness. “You look just as you did the first
time I ever saw you; only you are even prettier than you were then.”
Hal’s stubborn restraint gave way before the uncontrollable
impulse to speak his mind to Marjorie. “You were coming out the
gate of Sanford High, and I wondered who you were,” Hal went on
boyishly. “I described you to Jerry afterward, and asked all about
you. She didn’t know you very well then. I made her promise and
double promise that she’d never tell you I quizzed her about you.”
“And she never did,” Marjorie gaily assured. “I never even
suspected you two of having had a secret understanding about just
me. Jerry is a good secret keeper. I’m glad college hasn’t made me
staid and serious. I’ve loved the good times I’ve had at Hamilton as
much as I’ve loved the work. Now I’m ready to put my whole heart
into work there so as to try to make Hamilton mean as much to
other students as it has meant to me.”
Marjorie had purposely hurried away from Hal’s very personal
admission. He now brought her back to it with an earnest
abruptness which raised a brighter color in her face.
“I wish you’d stay in Sanford and make the old town seem as
much to me as it used to,” he said. “I have a standing grudge
against Hamilton College. Can’t help having one, even though you
and Jerry do think it’s the only place on the map.”
“It’s the only place on the map for us until our work is done, Hal,”
she defended. “Once I thought I couldn’t leave General and Captain
to go back to Hamilton next fall. I found I was hard-hearted enough
to do even that for the sake of my work there. I’m having a
gorgeous time at the beach! Still I’m almost impatient for next week
to come and bring with it my mid-summer trip to Hamilton. You can
understand, I’m sure, Hal, how I feel about the building of the
dormitory.”
“Work can’t fill your life, Marjorie,” Hal answered with a tender,
unconscious deepening of tone. “See how happy Connie and Laurie
are! They love each other. That’s the real meaning of life. Not even
music could come between them and love. Could anything be more
perfect than their romance? I’ve wished always that it would be so
with you and me. I’ve wanted to tell you this for a long time, but I
——”
“I hate to complain of your sister, Macy, but it’s necessary.” Danny
Seabrooke bounced into the midst of Hal’s declaration of love.
“I’ll disown you as my brother if you listen to what he says,” Jerry
appeared at Danny’s elbow.
“Oh, go away off the beach, both of you!” Hal waved the
contesting pair away from him. He wished both Danny and Jerry
anywhere but close at hand.
“Shan’t go a step,” defied Jerry. “Never think, Hal Macy, that you
can chase me into the Atlantic Ocean. You may walk with Dan-yell,
I’ve had enough of him. Go ahead and untie the Oriole. I’m going to
monopolize Marvelous Marjorie for a while.” Jerry tucked an arm in
one of Marjorie’s.
“Only for about five minutes,” stipulated Hal. He cast a half
smiling, half challenging glance at Marjorie. “I want to talk to her
myself. Come along, old Seabean,” he motioned Danny.
The two young men ran ahead to untie the motor boat belonging
to Hal which was tied up at the Cliff House pier. Marjorie drew a soft
little breath of relief. Hal’s significant rush of words had taken her
unawares. Until now she had never failed to steer him away from
anything approaching sentiment. Tonight, however, she had sensed
a certain determined quality in his voice which was not to be denied.
Hal did not intend to be kept from saying his say much longer.
 CHAPTER II.—MUSIC AND MOONLIGHT

“I hear your voice across the years of waiting;

Out of the past it softly calls to me:
True love knows neither ebbing nor abating;
How long, dear heart, must we two parted be?”
sang Constance, a lingering, old-world sadness in her pure perfect
tones. For a moment after the last note died out on the white balmy
night no one spoke. Only the steady, even purr of the Oriole’s engine
broke the potent stillness which had fallen upon the sextette of
young folks.
“That was a very sad song, Mrs. Lawrence Constance Armitage,”
complained Danny with a subdued gurgle. “It almost made we weep,
but not quite. I happened to recall in time that I wasn’t in the same
class with dear heart; that I had never been parted from dear heart,
or any other old dear. That put a smother on my weeps.”
“Glad something did.” Laurie had accompanied Constance’s song
on the guitar. He now sat playing over softly the last few plaintive
measures of the song.
“It’s a beautiful song, Connie,” Marjorie said with the true
appreciation of the music lover. “I love those last four lines, even if
they are awfully hopeless. I never heard you sing it before. What is
it called?”
“‘Sehnsucht.’ That means in German ‘longing.’ I found it last
winter in a collection of old German love songs. I liked it so much
that I tried to put the words into English. It’s the only time I ever
attempted to write verse. It turned out better than I had expected.”
There was a tiny touch of pride in the answer.
“Connie used to sing it often for an encore last winter. Then she
always had to sing it again. People never seemed to get enough of
that particular song.” Laurie’s voice expressed his own adoring pride
in Constance.
 “I don’t wonder. The music is the throbbing, I-can’t-live-without-
you kind, same as the words. It gets even me. You all know how
sentimental I am—not,” Jerry declared.
“Why, may I ask, does it get you?” briskly began Danny. “Why
——”
“You may ask, but that’s all the good it will do you,” Jerry retorted
with finality. “Let me take the wheel awhile, Hal. You may sing a
little for the gang. I may not admire some points about you, but I’ll
say you can sing, even if you are my brother.”
“Oh, let me sing,” begged Danny. “You never heard me at my
best.”
“I hope I never shall.” Jerry did not even trouble to glance at the
modest aspirant for vocal glory. “Don’t speak to me, if you can help
it. Just hearing you speak might get on my nerves and make me fall
overboard.” She rose carefully in her seat in order to change places
with Hal.
Hal had taken no part in the discussion which had followed
Constance’s song. He was leaning over the wheel, his clean-cut
features almost sternly set as he sent the Oriole speeding through a
gently rippling sea. His thoughts were moodily centered on Marjorie.
Danny’s and Jerry’s untimely interruption upon his impulsive
declaration of love was in the nature of a misfortune to him. His first
feeling of vexation in the matter had deepened into one of dejection
as he listened to Connie’s song. He could not help wondering darkly
if that was the way it would be with him. Would it become his lot to
long some day for Marjorie, and vainly, across the years? He was
sure of his love for her. He was sure it would never ebb nor abate.
What about her love for him? Hal had nothing but doubts.
Last fall he had reluctantly come to the conclusion that Marjorie
did not care in the least for him, other than in the way of friendship.
It was only since she had come to Severn Beach that he had begun
to take heart again. He had been her devoted companion, as of old,
on all of the pleasure sails, drives and jaunts which the sextette of
Sanford young folks had enjoyed. It had sometimes seemed to Hal
that Marjorie was a trifle more gracious to him than of yore. He felt
that she was fond of him in a comradely way. He could not recall an
occasion since he had known Marjorie when she had accepted the
attentions of another Sanford boy. That was one thing he might be
glad of.
The white glory of the night, the tender beauty of the girl he
adored, her avowed enthusiastic preference for work above all else
in life had crystallized Hal’s troubled resolve to ask Marjorie the
momentous question which, somehow, he had never before found
the right opportunity for asking. And Jerry and Danny had “butted
in” and spoiled it! This was his rueful reflection as he silently allowed
Jerry to replace him at the wheel.
“I won’t be stingy with the wheel,” he soberly assured his sister,
“but you’d better ask Dan-yell to sing.”
“Never. I have too much consideration for the rest of the gang,”
Jerry retorted.
“And I have myself to consider,” flung back Danny. “I wouldn’t
sing if Jerry-miar dropped to her knees on the sand and begged me
to. Understand, every one of you, I can sing, warble, carol, chant or
trill. There is no limit to my vocal powers. There was a time when I
might possibly have been persuaded to sing. That time is past.”
“Thank you, Jerry,” Laurie said very solemnly.
“You’re welcome,” chuckled Jerry. “Glad I could be so useful.”
“O, don’t be too ready to laugh. I may sing just for spite,” Danny
warned. “To sing, or not to sing? That is the question.”
“Take time to think it over, Danny,” laughed Marjorie. “While you
are thinking Connie will sing the song of Brahms I like so much.
Please, Connie, sing ‘The Summer Fields,’” she urged. “Then you’ll
sing, won’t you, Hal?” She turned coaxingly to Hal who had seated
himself beside her on one of the built-in benches of the motor boat.
“Maybe,” Hal made half reluctant promise. He was wishing he
dared take Marjorie’s slim hands, lying tranquilly in her lap, and
imprison them in his own.
Glancing frankly up at him Marjorie glimpsed in his eyes a bright
intent look which hardly pleased her. It was an expression which was
quite new to his face. She thought, or rather, feared she understood
its meaning. “He’ll go on with what he started to say to me the very
first chance he has,” was her dismayed reflection. “Oh, dear; I wish
he wouldn’t.”
Laurie had already begun a soft prelude to “The Summer Fields.”
Marjorie had immediately looked away from Hal and out on the
moonlit sea. She had the impression that Hal’s eyes were still upon
her. She felt the hot blood rise afresh to her cheeks. For a brief
instant she was visited by a flash of resentment. Why, oh, why, must
Hal spoil their long, sincere friendship by trying to turn it into a love
affair?
Again Constance’s golden tones rose and fell, adding to the
enchantment of the night. Marjorie’s instant of resentment took swift
wing as she listened to the wistful German words for which the great
composer had found such a perfect setting. She was glad she loved
music and moonlight and poetry and all the beautiful bits of life. She
did not wish life to mean the kind of romance Hal meant. Her idea of
romance meant the glory of work and the stir of noble deeds.
“Now it’s your turn, Hal. It’s not fair to make me do all the
singing. Jerry claims she can’t sing, and she won’t let Danny sing.
Laurie makes me do his share of it. Marjorie can sing, but she thinks
she can’t. That leaves only you, and you haven’t a ghost of an
excuse. Go ahead now. Be nice and sing the Boat Song.” Constance
ended coaxingly.
“All right, Connie. Instruct your husband to play a few bars of it
strictly in tune and I’ll see what I can do.” Hal straightened up
suddenly on the bench with an air of pretended importance.
“See to it that your singing’s strictly in tune,” Laurie advised. “I
can be trusted to do the rest.” Already his musician’s fingers were
finding the rhythmic introduction to Tosti’s “Boat Song.”
“The night wind sighs,
Our vessel flies,
Across the dark lagoon.”
Hal took up the swinging measures of the song in his clear, sweet
tenor and sent it ringing across the water. Tonight he came into a
new and sombre understanding of the song. Never before had he
realized the undercurrent of doubt it contained. Perhaps Tosti had
composed the song out of his own lover’s hopes and fears.
Unconsciously Hal’s weight of troubled doubt went into an
impassioned rendering.
Laurie and Constance understood perfectly his unintentional
betrayal of his feelings. Danny, razor keen of perception, also
grasped the situation. This time he had nothing to say.
“And here am I,
To live or die;
As you prove hard or kind;
Prove hard or kind.”
Jerry sat looking unduly solemn as Hal tunefully voiced the
sentimental, worshipping lines and took up the echoing refrain.
When the song ended an odd silence fell which no one of them
seemed willing to shatter. Connie and Laurie were frankly holding
hands, their young faces touched with a romance born of music and
moonlight. Danny was staring intently at Jerry as though absorbed
in her management of the wheel.
Marjorie sat bathed in moonlight, looking unutterably lovely and
trying her utmost not to appear self-conscious. She was under the
blind impression that she alone understood what lay behind Hal’s
song. In reality she understood less concerning the strength of his
love and devotion for her than did those who had been their
intimate girl and boyhood friends. She did, however, detect a certain
melancholy tinge to his singing which gave her a peculiar
conscience-stricken feeling.
“No, I don’t care to sing any more tonight,” he said, when Laurie
came out of his dream and asked him to sing an old Spanish
serenade. “I’m not in a singing humor.”
“Poor old Hal,” Jerry was thinking as she gave the wheel an
impatient turn by way of showing her disapproval. “He does love her
so! Marjorie’s the sweetest girl ever, but she’s hard, not kind, when it
comes to love. She’s a regular stony heart.”
 CHAPTER III.—“SOMETHING TO REPORT”

“Tomorrow? Let me think.” Marjorie’s dark brows drew thoughtfully

together. “Why, I’m not going anywhere, Hal.” Marjorie made an
effort to be casual which was only half successful. “I’m going to be
busy packing. I shall have to take an early train for Hamilton on
Thursday morning so as not to reach there late at night. I won’t
have a minute’s spare time Thursday morning. I’ll have to be ready
as ready can be on Wednesday night.”
The boating party had left the Oriole once more tied to the pier
and had strolled back along the sands to Cliff House. To her
surprised relief, Hal had not attempted to renew the subject she
dreaded to discuss. In fact he had had very little to say. Responsive
to this new mood of his she had walked beside him almost in
silence, smiling at the animated discussion Jerry and Danny kept up
all the way to the hotel. Laurie and Connie were as mute as she and
Hal. Such understanding silences were characteristic of them,
however.
As ardently as he had courted an opportunity to tell Marjorie he
loved her Hal now upbraided himself for having been so stupid as to
blurt out his feelings “when the gang were around.” He would finish
telling her what he had begun to say when Danny and Jerry had
interrupted. He was resolved on that point. He was also determined
that she should hear him out before she left Severn Beach on her
mid-summer trip to Hamilton.
“Can’t you find time to go out in the Oriole with me tomorrow
afternoon, Marjorie?” There lurked a trace of stubborn purpose in
Hal’s question. “It will be our last sea voyage in the good ship,
Oriole, this summer, you know. I suppose you will go from Hamilton
back to Sanford.” Hal eyed her almost gloomily.
Marjorie nodded. The two had reached the main entrance of the
hotel a trifle ahead of their chums. They now stood waiting at the
foot of the wide, ornamental flight of steps which led up to the
central veranda of the enormous white stone hotel.
“I’ll try to go for a part of the afternoon, Hal,” she promised,
careful to keep reluctance out of her voice. Pinned down to answer
directly she had not the stony-heartedness with which Jerry had
ticketed her. She could not flatly refuse the invitation of her boy
friend of long standing.
“Good work! Which part?” Hal instantly brightened. “Let us settle
that point before you have time to change your mind and back out,”
he said boyishly.
“The very idea! You only say that, Hal Macy,” Marjorie retorted
with playful emphasis. “I’m not a mind changer, nor a backer-out,
either.”
“Beg your pardon, and double beg it.” Hal allowed a teasing note
to creep into the answer. Already he was feeling less dejected. He
had been half afraid that Marjorie might refuse to go for a last ride
in the Oriole.
The swift unbidden reflection that Marjorie might not be quite so
indifferent to him as he had thought brought a sudden flush to his
cheeks and an odd new sense of hope to his sore heart. She could
hardly have failed to understand the import of what he had begun to
tell her on the way to the boat. Yet she had not refused to go for a
ride with him on the morrow. She must surely have guessed the
hidden reason for his invitation to her.
“Say, what time, Marjorie,” Hal again urged. “All afternoon would
suit me best,” he added boldly.
“You can’t have all afternoon.” Marjorie lightly objected. “I’ll have
to hurry like mad in order to squeeze the ride into tomorrow’s
program. I’ll be ready to go as soon as luncheon’s over. I must be
back at my packing by not a minute later than three o’clock. You and
Jerry had better come to our table for luncheon. Is Jerry going with
us?” Marjorie made a last attempt to ward off what appeared to be
inevitable.
“No, she isn’t. I haven’t asked her,” was the pointed reply. “Thank
you, but I won’t be at the hotel until I come up for you. I’m going to
Carver’s Island early in the morning to see a crowd of fellows I know
who have a bungalow there. You usually have luncheon at one, don’t
you? I’ll meet you in the Dresden lounge at half past one. Then we
won’t lose any of your precious time,” Hal concluded almost grimly.
“All right,” Marjorie assented. She was glad Hal had used a mildly
peremptory tone. She had always admired his courteous, but
positive, manner of settling a matter.
“Why in such a hurry?” Laurie questioned indolently as he and
Constance now mounted the steps. “You two walked ahead of us as
though you were on a training hike. Is that the way to appreciate a
heavenly night like this?”
“It is when it’s after ten o’clock and one has to be up and doing
by seven tomorrow morning,” flung back Marjorie. “You forget, Mr.
Laurie Armitage, that I’m going away, day after tomorrow.” She
emphasized each word with a vigorous bob of the head.
“No; none of us have forgotten that, Marjorie,” Laurie bent a
sudden warm friendly smile on her.
“We’re going to miss you dreadfully, Lieutenant.” Constance put
an arm around Marjorie. The two stood and swayed back and forth
schoolgirl fashion.
“Not half so much as I shall,” Hal voiced frank regret. “Marjorie is
a real pal. I’m going to miss her at every turn and corner. I’m going
to annex myself to the Armitage family and become a pest after
Marjorie goes.”
“Go as far as you like, old man,” Laurie invited. “Connie and I will
do our best to amuse and cherish you.”
“Cherish! Ah-h-h!” gurgled Danny who had just come up with
Jerry. “Such a sweet word! Did anybody ever hear Jurry-miar say it
to me?” He rolled his eyes and clasped his hands. “Silence? What?
Don’t all speak at once. No? I thought not.”
“No one ever will hear me say it to you,” Jerry told him in a tired
tone.
“How ought I to receive such a remark?” Danny eyed her
dubiously. “Answer me, Jurry-miar.” He leaned far forward and stared
fixedly at Jerry.
Her stolid expression deserted her. She had to laugh at the
ludicrous set of Danny’s freckled features. “Oh, never mind,” she
conceded. “Let’s be amiable to each other for ten minutes. I’ll hold
the stop watch.”
“U-h-h-h!” Danny simulated collapse. “This is so unexpected.
Hurry up, gang. Let’s go to the palm grotto for ices. If we hustle, Jur
—I mean, Geraldine and I can sit at the same table without
snapping at each other. Come, boys,” he beckoned grandly to Hal
and Laurie. “Gentlemen will be treated to ices as well as ladies.
Think of that!” He smirked patronizingly at the two young men.
“I oughtn’t linger longer,” gaily demurred Marjorie. “Truly, Danny, I
——”
She went to the palm grotto, however, marched there between
Hal and Danny. During the enjoyable half hour the young people
spent over the ices Hal was his usual jolly, light-hearted self. Marjorie
welcomed the change in him from sombre seriousness to his old
care-free manner. When she left him with a friendly good night at
the door of the Dean’s apartment she could have almost believed
him to be the Hal of her high school days, had not the memory of
his earnest words flashed across her brain. She could still hear him
saying: “I’ve wished always that it would be so with you and me,” in
the eager, impassioned fashion which awoke no responsive echo in
her heart.
She stepped into the living room her usually bright face so pre-
occupied that it at once caught Mrs. Dean’s attention as she
smilingly glanced up from the magazine she held.
“I won’t qualify for the early bird class in the morning, I’m afraid,”
Marjorie said with the merest suspicion of a smile. “Never mind; I’m
going to get up early even if I do lose some sleep.”
“Was that what made you look so sober as you came in,
Lieutenant?” Mrs. Dean asked, amused surprise in the question.
“Did I look very sober?” Marjorie quickly countered.
“Very,” emphasized her mother.
“Well,” Marjorie paused, “I felt sober. Where’s General, Captain?”
She glanced questioningly toward the next room.
“He and Mr. Macy motored down to Logan Beach this evening to
see a game of chess between two expert players, both friends of Mr.
Macy’s. He’ll hardly be home before midnight.” Mrs. Dean continued
affectionately to watch Marjorie.
“Oh-h-h.” Marjorie dropped down on a low chair. For a moment
she sat plaiting little folds in the soft white evening scarf, now fallen
into careless disarrangement across one shoulder. “Oh,” she said
again. “Er-oh, dear! I’ve something to report, Captain. I wish I
hadn’t. I couldn’t report it to General as I can to you. It’s about Hal.
He’s going to ask me to marry him. I wish he wouldn’t.”
The vehemence with which Marjorie voiced the disquieting report
brought a shadowy flash of concern to her mother’s face. It faded
instantly into a distinctly humorous expression.
“How do you know Hal is going to ask you to marry him?” she
quizzed, her eyes twinkling. “You’ve heard the old sad tale of Miss
Betty Baxter who refused Captain Jones before he axed her.”
“Oh-h, Captain!” Marjorie made a laughing open-armed rush at
her mother. “Stop making fun of me. My case isn’t a bit like silly Miss
Betty Baxter’s. What an idiotic person she must have been! You see,
dearest,” she slid an arm about her mother’s neck. “Why—Hal——”
Her color mounted to her white forehead—“began to ask me down
on the beach tonight. Then Danny and Jerry came up to us. They
didn’t know what he was saying to me, of course. He surprised me,
too.”
Hesitatingly, Marjorie went on to tell her captain of her talk with
Hal on the beach which had led up to his impulsive declaration of
love. It was not easy to repeat, even to her mother. She had taken a
stand behind her mother’s low-backed chair, arms dropped forward.
One hand patted a light tattoo on her mother’s shoulder as she
talked. Presently her voice trailed off into silence. Her head went
down against her mother’s neck.
“Bring over the low stool, Lieutenant,” Mrs. Dean ordered in her
briskest “army” tone.
“Yes, Captain.” Quick as a flash Marjorie’s arms dropped from her
captain’s shoulders. She left a light kiss on her mother’s soft brown
hair, then marched across the room for the stool. She set it down at
her captain’s feet, saluted and stood at rigid attention.
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