07/05/2025, 19:14 How to handle Noise in Machine learning?

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How to handle Noise in Machine learning?

Last Updated : 13 Feb, 2024

Random or irrelevant data that intervene in learning's is termed as

noise.

What is noise?
In Machine Learning, random or irrelevant data can result in
unpredictable situations that are different from what we expected,
which is known as noise.

It results from inaccurate measurements, inaccurate data collection, or

irrelevant information. Similar to how background noise can mask
speech, noise can also mask relationships and patterns in data.
Handling noise is essential to precise modeling and forecasting. Its
effects are lessened by methods including feature selection, data
cleansing, and strong algorithms. In the end, noise reduction improves
machine learning models' efficacy.

Causes of Noise
Errors in data collection, such as malfunctioning sensors or human
error during data entry, can introduce noise into machine learning.
Noise can also be introduced by measurement mistakes, such as
inaccurate instruments or environmental conditions.
Another form of noise in data is inherent variability resulting from
either natural fluctuations or unforeseen events.
If data pretreatment operations like normalization or transformation
are not done appropriately, they may unintentionally add noise.
Inaccurate data point labeling or annotation can introduce noise and
affect the learning process.
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Noise is not always bad/worse since it represents unpredictability in the

real world scenarios. On the other hand, too much noise might confuse
important patterns and reduce model performance. Noise can
sometimes add diversity, which improves the robustness and
generalization of the model. In order to handle noise properly, one must
weigh its effects against the requirement for model accuracy. Noise
impacts can be made better with the use of proper , implementation of
strategies like regularization. For the purpose of maximizing model
performance in practical scenarios, it is imperative to comprehend the
nature and origin of noise.

Types of Noise in Machine Learning

Following are the types of noises in machine learning-

1. Feature Noise: It refers to superfluous or irrelevant features present

in the dataset that might cause confusion and impede the process of
learning.
2. Systematic Noise: Recurring biases or mistakes in measuring or data
collection procedures that cause data to be biased or incorrect.
3. Random Noise: Unpredictable fluctuations in data brought on by
variables such as measurement errors or ambient circumstances.
4. Background noise: It is the information in the data that is
unnecessary or irrelevant and could distract the model from the
learning job.

Ways to Handle Noises

Noise consists of measuring errors, anomalies, or discrepancies in the
information gathered. Handling noise is important because it might
result in models that are unreliable and forecasts that are not correct.

1. Data preprocessing: It consists of methods to improve the quality of

the data and lessen noise from errors or inconsistencies, such as data
cleaning, normalization, and outlier elimination.
2. Fourier Transform:
The to
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acknowledge that you have read and understood our Cookie
transform signals from the time or spatial domain to the Policy & Privacy Policyfrequency

domain. In the context of noise removal, it can help identify and

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07/05/2025, 19:14 How to handle Noise in Machine learning? | GeeksforGeeks

filter out noise by representing the signal as a combination of

different frequencies. Relevant frequencies can be retained while
noise frequencies can be filtered out.
3. Constructive Learning:
Constructive learning involves training a machine learning model
to distinguish between clean and noisy data instances. This
approach typically requires labeled data where the noise level is
known. The model learns to classify instances as either clean or
noisy, allowing for the removal of noisy data points from the
dataset.

4. Autoencoders:
Autoencoders are neural network architectures that consist of an
encoder and a decoder. The encoder compresses the input data
into a lower-dimensional representation, while the decoder
reconstructs the original data from this representation.
Autoencoders can be trained to reconstruct clean signals while
effectively filtering out noise during the reconstruction process.

5. Principal Component Analysis (PCA):

PCA is a dimensionality reduction technique that identifies the
principal components of a dataset, which are orthogonal vectors
that capture the maximum variance in the data. By projecting the
data onto a reduced set of principal components, PCA can help
reduce noise by focusing on the most informative dimensions of
the data while discarding noise-related dimensions.

Compensation techniques
Dealing with noisy data are crucial in machine learning to improve
model robustness and generalization performance. Two common
approaches for compensating for noisy data are cross-validation and
ensemble models.

1. Cross-validation: Cross-validation is a resampling technique used to

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dataset. It involves partitioning the dataset into complementary

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subsets, performing training on one subset (training set) and

validation on the other (validation set). This process is repeated
multiple times with different partitions of the data. Common cross-
validation methods include k-fold cross-validation and leave-one-out
cross-validation. By training on different subsets of data, cross-
validation helps in reducing the impact of noise in the data. It also
aids in avoiding overfitting by providing a more accurate estimate of
the model's performance.
2. Ensemble Models: Ensemble learning involves combining multiple
individual models to improve predictive performance compared to
any single model alone. Ensemble models work by aggregating the
predictions of multiple base models, such as decision trees, neural
networks, or other machine learning algorithms. Popular ensemble
techniques include bagging (Bootstrap Aggregating), boosting, and
stacking. By combining models trained on different subsets of the
data or using different algorithms, ensemble models can mitigate the
impact of noise in the data. Ensemble methods are particularly
effective when individual models may be sensitive to noise or may
overfit the data. They help in improving robustness and
generalization performance by reducing the variance of the
predictions.

Conclusion
In conclusion, noise in machine learning must be addressed if models
are to be reliable and accurate. Noise on model performance can be
reduced by using strategies like data cleaning, feature engineering,
algorithm selection, and validation. Furthermore, the model's
robustness is further improved by utilizing ensemble methods and data
augmentation, which guarantees accurate predictions in practical
situations. In general, creating efficient machine learning models
requires a thorough strategy to controlling noise.

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