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Booster 1 - Writing (1.5.22)

The document is a comprehensive guide for IELTS Writing Task 1 and Task 2, detailing various modules, exercises, and practice tests to enhance writing skills. It covers understanding task types, focusing on format, introduction and overview writing, and language focus including paraphrasing and cohesive devices. The content is structured to provide practice opportunities and tips for effective essay writing in the IELTS exam.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

16 views127 pages

Booster 1 - Writing (1.5.22)

Uploaded by

anh.nvt189

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Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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IELTS FOCUS

BOOSTER 1 – WRITING

1
Contents
TASK 1 ........................................................................................................................................................... 3
Task 1 Module 1: Understanding Task 1 ....................................................................................................... 4
Task 1 Module 2: Timeline graphs (1) ......................................................................................................... 16
Task 1 Module 3: Timeline graphs (2) ......................................................................................................... 22
Practice 1..................................................................................................................................................... 30
Task 1 Module 4: Comparison Charts ......................................................................................................... 33
Practice 2..................................................................................................................................................... 40
Practice 3..................................................................................................................................................... 43
Task 1 Module 5: Diagrams (1): Process ..................................................................................................... 46
Practice 4..................................................................................................................................................... 52
Task 1 Module 6: Diagrams (2) Maps ......................................................................................................... 55
Practice 5..................................................................................................................................................... 60
TASK 2 ......................................................................................................................................................... 63
Task 2 Module 1 Paraphrasing skills ........................................................................................................ 64
Task 2 Module 2: State your Position - Brainstorming ............................................................................... 74
Task 2 Module 3: Understanding Task 2 ..................................................................................................... 84
Task 2 Module 4 Pros and Cons .................................................................................................................. 95
Task 2 Module 5 Causes-Problems-Solutions ........................................................................................... 100
Task 2 Module 6 Discuss both view essays ............................................................................................... 106
Task 2 Module 7 Agree-disagree essays (one-sided approach) ........................................................... 111
Topical Writing 1 ..................................................................................................................................... 116
Topical Writing 2: ...................................................................................................................................... 119
Topical Writing 3 ....................................................................................................................................... 122
Practice Test 1 ........................................................................................................................................... 126
Practice Test 2 ........................................................................................................................................... 127

2
TASK 1

3
Task 1 Module 1: Understanding Task 1
Focus on task types
Exercise 1

Label the following graphs with its appropriate names.

bar chart – line graph – pie chart – map – process – pie charts – table

Facts and tips:

 You are supposed to spend 20 minutes for

task 1.
 Writing Task 1 cost fewer points than
Writing Task 2.
 You should write at least 150 words.
However, you can always write more than
that; no harm done!

4
We can further classify the charts and graphs into 2 major groups, each of which can be
further divided into sub-groups:

Writing Task
1

Graphs Diagrams

Pair Group Sequencing Description

Timeline
Comparison Comparison (Process) (Map)

5
Focus on Format

Exercise 2: Read the following sample essay and answer the following questions.

The graph below shows Internet users in three different countries from
1999 to 2009.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features,
and make comparisons where relevant.

Sample Focus

The line graph compares the percentage of people in three countries who used the Internet between 1999 and
2009.

It is clear that the proportion of the population who used the Internet increased in each country over the period
shown. Overall, a much larger percentage of Canadians and Americans had access to the Internet in comparison
with Mexicans, and Canada experienced the fastest growth in Internet usage.

In 1999, the proportion of people using the Internet in the USA was about 20%. The figures for Canada and Mexico
were lower, at about 10% and 5% respectively. In 2005, Internet usage in both the USA and Canada rose to around
70% of the population, while the figure for Mexico reached just over 25%.

By 2009, the percentage of Internet users was highest in Canada. Almost 100% of Canadians used the Internet,
compared to about 80% of Americans and only 40% of Mexicans.

(152 words, written by IELTS Simon)

6
1. What is this graph about?
.........................................................................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

2. What are the special features of the graph?

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

3. What are the tense(s) used in the sample?

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

4. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.

Questions True/False

1. Around 20% people used the Internet in the US in 1999.

2. The number of Mexican internet users was the lowest in

1999.

3. In 2005, while Internet usage in the US and Canada

increased, that in Mexico decreased.

4. In 2005, the figure for Canada reached around 25%.

5. In 2009, the figure for America was 40%.

7
Focus on Introduction

Task Focus

Introduction

The introduction shows general information of a Task 1 report. A descriptive verb is often used to
introduce the data (what), where the data are collected (where), and the period during which they are
collected (when). It is often the paraphrased version of the task question.

Task question: The graph below gives information about car ownership in the UK from 1971 to
2007.
Introduction: The line graph describes (descriptive verb) changes in the number of cars
owned (what) in the UK (where) during a period of 36 years, from 1971 to 2007 (when).

Focus on Writing
Exercise 3
Identify descriptive verbs, what, where, and when in the following introductions. Underline the
corresponding parts and mark DV (descriptive verb), what, where and when.

DV what where when

0. The graph describes changes in the number of cars owned in the UK during a period of
36 years, from 1971 to 2007.

1. The line graph compares the percentage of unemployed people in France from 1990 to
2000.
2. The charts show how much water was used for agriculture, industry and homes around
the world, and water use in Brazil and the Democratic Republic of Congo.
3. The bar chart illustrates how much money was spent on six consumer goods in four
European countries.
4. The bar chart compares how many students had part-time jobs in Canada over the 10-
year course from 1990 to 2000.
5. The three bar charts show average years of schooling, numbers of scientists and
technicians, and research and development in developing and developed countries.
Figures are given for 1980 and 1990.

8
Exercise 4
The following sentences are the task questions of the introductions in Exercise 3. Identify the
paraphrased versions and complete the following table.

0. The graph below gives information about car ownership in the UK from 1971 to 2007.

1. The graph below shows the proportion of people who were unemployed in France from
1990 to 2000.

2. The graph and table below give information about water use worldwide and water
consumption in two different countries.

3. The graph below gives information about the amount of money spent on six different
items in Germany, Italy, France and Britain.

4. The bar chart gives information about the number of students who had part-time jobs in
Canada from 1990 to 2000.

5. The charts below show the levels of participation in education and science in developing
and industrialised countries in 1980 and 1990.

No. Features Task question Introduction

0 DV gives information about describes changes

What car ownership the number of cars owned

Where in the UK in the UK

When from 1971 to 2007 during a period of 36 years, from 1971 to 2007

1 DV
What
Where
When
2 DV
What
Where
When
3 DV

9
What
Where
When
4 DV
What
Where
When
5 DV
What
Where
When

Language Focus

Common Paraphrases
The number of ↔ How many
The amount of ↔ How much
The percentage of ↔ The proportion of

Exercise 5
Write introductions for the following task questions.
1. The table below shows the percentage of cars owned in a European country from 1990
to 2010.

................................................................................................................................................................................

2. The bar graph shows the number of tourists who came to Korea from 1970 to 2010 and
projections to 2050.

................................................................................................................................................................................

3. The bar graph below compares the amount of time people of different ages spent
watching television and being online in 2000 and 2010.

................................................................................................................................................................................

4. The two pie charts compare levels of education reached by men and women in the USA
in the years 1960 and 2010.

................................................................................................................................................................................

11
Focus on Overview

Task Focus

Overview
The overview shows the ‘big picture’, or the key features of a graph. It can be placed after the
introduction, or at the end of the report. It is often started by the word ‘overall’. To identify key
features, answer the following questions:
• Which showed upward trends? Which showed downward trends?
• Which was higher/lower? [often seen in Pair Comparison]
• Which was the highest/the most prevalent/the most dominant/the most common/the most
popular?

Exercise 6
Read the following sample. Underline the overview, and the two key features.

The table below gives information about the values of exports of kiwi fruit from New
Zealand to five countries between 2010 and 2012.

Values (NZ$) of exports of kiwi from New Zealand, 2010 – 2012

Country 2010 2011 2012

Japan 271,000,000 287,400,000 325,300,000
China 74,900,000 84,800,000 94,000,000
Mexico 1,200,000 2,400,000 3,300,000
Russia 968,000 1,585,000 2,404,000
Saudi Arabia 290,000 106,000 82,000

12
Sample Focus

The given table shows earnings from Kiwi exportation from New Zealand to five different nations. Units are
measured in NZ$, and the data were collected in three consecutive years 2010, 2011 and 2012.

Overall, New Zealand earned the highest revenues from exporting Kiwi to Japan. It is also clear that export values
attained from Japan, China, Mexico, and Russia enjoyed upswings, with Russia and Mexico undergoing the highest
growths, whilst exports to Saudi Arabia showed an opposite pattern.

In 2010, earnings from exporting Kiwi to Japan ranked first, far tripling the China’s export values (74.9 million),
and vastly outnumbering Mexico (1.2 million), Russia (968,000) and Saudi Arabia (290,000). Thereafter export
values thrived in most countries, reaching 287,400,000 for Japan, 84,800,000 for China, 2,400,000 for Mexico and
1,585,000 for Russia.

By 2012, the figures for Japan, China, Mexico, and Russia had added up to 325,300,000, 94,000,000, 3,300,000 and
2,404,000 respectively. Export values to Russia, in the meantime, was the only one witnessing a downturn,
dropping to a low of only 82,000 in 2012.

Exercise 7
Write overviews for the following graphs.
1. The bar chart shows the rate of overweight males and females in Australia from 1980 to
2010.

13
2.

14
.........................................................................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

15
Task 1 Module 2: Timeline graphs (1)

Starting Task Question

The graph below gives information about Dubai gold sales in 2002.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features,
and make comparisons where relevant.

Focus on Introduction and Overview

Exercise 1
Which of the following is a good overview?
A. Dubai gold sales increased to 225 million Dirhams in Jan.
B. Earnings from gold was 200 in August.
C. The graph shows how much money was earned from selling gold in Dubai in 2002.
D. Overall, Dubai gold sales were at its peak in March and at its bottom in July and
September.

16
Exercise 2
Write the introduction and overview for the Starting Task Question.
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
Focus on Body
Exercise 3
Complete the table. Then, write the past simple form of the following verbs.

Infinitive form Past simple form

1. rise

2. in______________

3. cl______________

4. go______________

5. fall

6. de______________

7. go______________

8. dr______________

17
Language Focus

Adverbs of manner

 Adverbs of manner describe how things happen. In many cases, those

adverbs end with -ly.
significantly, marginally
 Adverbs of manner are usually placed after verbs.
Burger consumption in Restaurant A increased significantly to 60%.

Exercise 4:
Complete the following table.

significantly – slightly – steadily – gradually – considerably – marginally

Big change Small Change Gradual change

Exercise 5
Complete the sentences using the adverbs from exercise 2 and following the prompts in the
brackets.
1. Home ownership has decreased ____________________________ (big) over the last five years.
2. Property prices have increased ____________________________ (small) over the last six months.
3. The property market is growing ____________________________ (gradual) in this area.
4. Interest rates have increased ____________________________ (big) recently.

18
Language Focus

Figures can be introduced in different ways:

 at the beginning of a sentence
90 students took the IELTS last year.
 at the end of the sentence
The figure for students taking the IELTS last year was 90.
 after there + be
There were 90 students taking the IELTS last year.

Exercise 6
Rewrite the following sentences.
1. The proportion of mangos sold reached 30% in 2010.
30% ...............................................................................................................................................................................
2. There were only 27% cars registered in Australia in 2000.
The proportion ..........................................................................................................................................................
3. 45% Chinese people were employed in the field of marketing.
There were..................................................................................................................................................................
4. The unemployment rate in this area was only 0.2%.
0.2% ..............................................................................................................................................................................
5. Both the Irish and Turks spent around 30% of their national expenditure on these
products.
The national ...............................................................................................................................................................

19
Language Focus

Cohesive devices indicating time

 S+V. After that S+V

The number of cars increased to 20,000 in 1990. After that, it decreased to 10,000 in
2000.
 S+V, after which S+V
The number of cars increased to 20,000 in 1990, after which it decreased to 10,000 in
2000.
 S+V, before V-ing
The number of cars increased to 20,000 in 1990, before decreasing to 10,000 in 2000.
 S+V, but later V
The number of cars increased to 20,000 in 1990, but later decreased to 10,000 in 2000.

Exercise 7
Describe the following trends.

1. ................................................................................... 3. ...................................................................................

Tourists coming to Tourists visiting natural

Someland features in Someland
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010

2. ................................................................................. 4. .................................................................................

Money spent in Tourists visiting malls in

Someland Someland
8 6
6 4
4
2
2
0 0
1980 1990 2000 2010 1980 1990 2000 2010

20
Exercise 8
Complete the following paragraph, which was the body of the Starting Task Question.

after that – slightly – considerably – after which – but later

In the first month of 2002, Dubai gold sales stood at 200 million dirhams and rose
1____________ to reach about 225 million in February. 2____________, it continued increasing
significantly in March, reaching a high of 350 million. However, the upward trend was
suddenly broken and sales dropped 3____________ over the next 4 months to reach a little
over 100 million dirhams in July. August sales rose significantly back to January levels as
figures nearly doubled, 4____________dropped again in September to the same level as they
were in July. There were 100 million dirhams earned in October, 5____________the figure
remained unchanged over the last two months of 2002.

21
Focus on Writing
Exercise 9

The graph below gives information about the number of books rented in
Malton Town Library in 2009.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features,
and make comparisons where relevant.

22
Task 1 Module 3: Timeline graphs (2)

Starting Task Question

The graph below gives information about the percentage of Australian

exports to 4 countries from 1990 to 2012.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features,
and make comparisons where relevant.

Focus on Introduction and Overview

Exercise 1
Write the introduction and overview for the Starting Task Question.
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................

23
Focus on Body
Exercise 2
Complete the table. Then, write the past simple form of the following verbs.
Infinitive form Past simple form

1. remain st______________

2. remain un______________

3. pl______________

4. fl______________

5. hit a h_____________
6. reach a p_____________

7. hit a l____________
8. reach a b____________

24
Exercise 3

Match pairs 1-10 with the verbs from a-j.

1. A-B a. dropped significantly
2. B-C b. hit a low
3. G c. rose gradually
4. D-F d. decreased, but later increased
5. F e. remained stable
6. F-H f. hit a high
7. I-J g. fluctuated
8. J-K h. fell, and then remained unchanged
9. L-M i. rose dramatically

Language Focus

Adjectives and Nouns

 Adjectives come before nouns in most cases.

a marginal rise, a dramatic drop

 In Writing Task 1, ‘adjective + noun’ is a good alternative to ‘verb + adverb’

The number of students rose significantly to 50. (Verb + Adverb)
The number of students experienced a significant rise to 50. (Adjective + Noun)

25
Exercise 4:
Rewrite the following sentences.
1. The development of new products fell gradually over the period from 1990 to 2000.

................................................................................................................................................

2. Funding for Research and Development increased midly to 30% in 2005.

................................................................................................................................................

3. The sales of mango dropped sharply to 30 in 2006.

................................................................................................................................................

4. The quality of food in supermarkets has increased sharply.

................................................................................................................................................

Language Focus

Cohesive devices indicating similarity, contrast, and at the same time

 Similarity: Similarly/Likewise
The number of students in School A increased to 5. Similarly, the number of students in
School B also rose to 15.

 Contrast (1): Conversely/In contrast

The number of students in School A increased to 5. In contrast, the number of students in
School B decreased to 1.

 Contrast (2): While/Whereas

The number of students in School A increased to 5, whereas the number of students in
School B decreased to 1.
 At the same time: Meanwhile/In the meantime.
The number of students in School A increased to 5. In the meantime, the number of
students in School B remained unchanged.

26
Exercise 5:
Complete the following sentences.
1. Salt consumption of Country A underwent a noticeable drop. _____________, that of
Country B went up.
2. Earnings in Company A rose sharply from 30 in 1995 to 40 in 1998. _____________, during
the same period, Company B’s revenues also experienced a significant increase from 1
to 100.
3. The USA produces large amounts of natural gas. _____________, South Korea produces
none.
4. _____________ 50,000 tourists went to Country A every year, only 3,500 chose country B.

Exercise 6.
Complete the following paragraphs, which are the bodies of the Starting Task Question.

after that meanwhile but later

high but later after which

In 1990, Australian exports to Japan stood at approximately 26%. 1___________, his figure
underwent a sharp drop to 20 in 1990, 2___________dropped to 18% over the next 17 years.
The figure for China, despite starting at a relatively low position of only 3%, experienced a
steady rise to 5% over the next 5 years and eventually reached an all-time 3___________ of
28% in 2012.

4___________, exports to the US fluctuated between 8% and 10% in the first 15 years of the
period, 5___________ the figure went down to 5% in 2010 and recovered a little bit to 6% in
2012. Exports to India were a near zero in the first 10 years, 6___________ rose gradually to
7% 201

27
Exercise 7
Do the following task question.

The graph below gives information about car ownership in the UKs.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features,
and make comparisons where relevant.

28
Exercise 8
Do the following task question.

The graph below gives information about oil production and

consumption in China between 1982 and 2006.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features,
and make comparisons where relevant.

29
Practice 1
Task Question 1

The graph below gives information about the percentage of Australian

people who were overweight.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features,
and make comparisons where relevant.

30
Task Question 2

The graph below gives information about cocoa bean production in six
regions between 1992 and 1998.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features,
and make comparisons where relevant.

1992 1994 1996 1998

North and Central America 46,000 25,000 39,000 46,000
Africa 29,000 43,000 11,900 25,000
Asia 119,000 124,000 234,000 436,000
Oceania 40,000 45,000 65,000 76,890
South America 143,000 140,000 112,700 389,000
England 56,000 67,000 43,000 49,000

31
Task Question 3

The graph below gives information about sugar production and

consumption in India from 2001 to 2011.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features,
and make comparisons where relevant.

32
Task 1 Module 4: Comparison Charts

Starting Task Question

The graph below gives information about the percentage of tourists

visiting different countries in 2010.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features,
and make comparisons where relevant.

100
90
80
70
60
50 Male
40 Female
30
20
10
0
Singapore Vietnam Italy UK

Focus on Introduction and Overview

33
Focus on Body

Language Focus

Different ways of comparing/analyzing data

 Comparatives
The number of people who liked Restaurant A was 20, which was higher than the
number of people who preferred Restaurant B (4).

 While/Whereas
The number of people who liked Restaurant A was 20, whereas only 4 people chose
Restaurant B.

 As opposed to/Compared to
The number of people who liked Restaurant A was 20, as opposed to only 4 for
Restaurant B.

 Respectively
The number of people who liked Restaurant A and B were 20 and 4 respectively.

 Superlatives
The number of people who liked Restaurant A was 20, which made it the most
popular restaurant.

 Rank first/second/last
The number of people who liked Restaurant A was 20, ranking first among the 5
restaurants surveyed.

34
Exercise 2
Read the following Task Question and some sentences describing it. Fill in each blank with
ONE word.

The graph below gives information about age distribution of an unnamed

town.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features,
and make comparisons where relevant.

1. Around 35 people aged 0 to 18 are male, _____________ 25 of them are female.

2. The number of females aged between 19 to 34 is around 40, which is a little bit
_____________ than that of males.
3. The number of people aged 35 and 49 is the _____________. There are nearly 90
women in this age group, _____________ to around 80 men.
4. _____________ the figure for males aged between 65 and 79 amounts to 40 people, that
for females is _____________, at around 45 people.
5. Regarding the oldest age group, the number of men and women are 20 and 25
_____________.

35
Exercise 3
Fill in each blank with ONE word.

The graph below gives information about the number and types of books
bought by men and women and four different age groups in the UK.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features,
and make comparisons where relevant.

The charts give information about the types of books that British men and women and
different age groups buy. The initial impression from the charts is that women tend to buy
1_______________ books than men overall, although they buy slightly 2_______________ non-
fiction books. The people that buy the 3_______________ books are in the 45+ age group.

Nearly 60% of women buy fiction, which is almost two times 4_______________ than the
number of men who choose this type of book. Nevertheless, most age groups buy
5_______________ fiction books than non-fiction ones showing that non-fiction is generally
6_______________ popular than fiction.

The number of people buying fiction increases steadily from ages 16 to 45 with the
7_______________ number of books, at just over 40% of the age group, bought by 16-to-24-
year-olds and the 8_______________number, at just over 50% bought by the over 45s.

However, the pattern is different for non-fiction. The number of books bought by 25-to-44-
year-olds is 9_______________ lower than the number bought by 16-to-24-year-olds and those

36
over 45. Just over 40% of 16-to-24-year-olds buy non-fiction, but this number is not as high
as the number of people aged 45 and over buying non-fiction, at nearly 60%. Only 31% of
35 to 44 years old buy non-fiction, and the number of 25 to 34 years old is as lower at 28%.

(Grammar for IELTS, Pauline Cullen)

Exercise 4
Write 8 sentences comparing/analysing figures in the following charts.

a.
What is your favorite types of book?
50
40
30
20
10
0
Romance Sci-fi Action Adventure Comic Horror History

Types of book

1. Romance vs Action
...........................................................................................................................................................................
2. Sci-fi vs Adventure
...........................................................................................................................................................................
3. Adventure vs Comic
...........................................................................................................................................................................
4. Horror vs History
...........................................................................................................................................................................
5. Adventure vs the others
...........................................................................................................................................................................

37
Exercise 5
Write the bodies for the Starting Task Question.
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
Exercise 6
Do the following Task Question.

The chart below shows the average hours worked per day by married
men and women in paid employment
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features,
and make comparisons where relevant.

38
Exercise 7
Do the following Task Question.

The graph below gives information about expectations of young people in

Europe about the future (the next 20 years).
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features,
and make comparisons where relevant.

39
Practice 2
Task Question 1

The graph below gives information about the proportion of students

participating in different activities in Australia in 2013.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features,
and make comparisons where relevant.

40
Task Question 2

The graph below gives information about five sports that caused the most
injuries among teenagers in a country in 2003.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features,
and make comparisons where relevant.

Sport Number of injuries Admitted to hospital

Soccer 11,100 7.5%
Rugby 3,900 11%
Basketball 3,200 4%
Netball 3,000 2.5%
Martial Arts 850 6%

41
Task Question 3

The graph below gives information about the results of a questionnaire

regarding whether workers in a particular company think that the new
evaluation system makes them more competitive.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features,
and make comparisons where relevant.

42
Practice 3
Task Question 1

The graph and table give information about water use worldwide and
water consumption in two different countries.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features,
and make comparisons where relevant.

Water consumption in Brazil and Congo in 2000

Water consumption per
Country Population Irrigated land
person
Brazil 176 million 26,500 km2 359m3
Democratic
Republic 52 million 100 km2 8m3
of Conggo

43
Task Question 2

The graph below gives information about the levels of participation in

education and science in developing and industrialised countries in 1980
and 1990.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features,
and make comparisons where relevant.

44
Task Question 3

The graph below gives information about the percentage of people

working in different sectors in town A and town B in 1960, 2010.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features,
and make comparisons where relevant.

45
Task 1 Module 5: Diagrams (1): Process

Starting Task Question

The graph below shows the process of making stringhoppers.

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features,
and make comparisons where relevant.

1. put the rice into the grinder and grind into flour
2. add water to the flour
3. mix well to form a dough
4. push through the stringhopper press onto the stringhopper mats
5. cook in a steamer
6. serve with spicy curries
Focus on Introduction and Overview
Exercise 1
Which of the following is the introduction? Which is the overview?
a. There are six stages in the process of making stringhoppers, beginning with grinding the
rice and making a dough and ending with using a steamer to cook the stringhoppers.
b. The diagram demonstrates the process of preparing stringhoppers, a kind of noodle fish.

46
Exercise 2
Write the introduction and overview for the Starting Task Question.
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
Focus on Body

Language Focus

The passive – Present Simple

 In processes, it is a good idea to write sentences in the passive voice of present simple.
People handpick cherries.
Cherries are handpicked.

Exercise 3
Fill in each blank with the correct form of the given words.

1. Tea leaves ____________ (pick) by hand.

2. Only the best leaves ____________ (use).

3. A lot of water ____________ (need) to grow tea plants successfully.

4. A lot of tea ____________ (grow) in China and India.

47
Exercise 4

The graph below gives information about the process of making cherry
jam.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features,
and make comparisons where relevant.

Complete the sentences with a verb from the box in the correct form.

add spread cook wash

shake collect take remove
check stick put transport

1. A sheet is ____________ on the ground and the tree is ____________ to get the cherries.
2. The cherries are ____________ and are ____________ to the processing plant.
3. The leaves and stems are ____________.
4. The cherries are ____________.
5. The stone is ____________ out of the middle of the cherry.
6. The cherries are ____________ and extra ingredients are ____________.

48
7. The quality of the jam is ____________.
8. The jam is ____________ into jars.
9. A label is ____________ on the jars.

Language Focus

Cohesive devices of sequencing

 The process starts/continues/ends when…
The process starts when limestone and clay are crushed.
 After that/Then/Next S+V
The process starts when limestone and clay are crushed. After that, they are mixed by
the use of a mixer.
 First/Second/…Finally, S+V
First, limestone and clay are crushed. Second, they are mixed in a mixer.

Exercise 5
Complete the paragraph below, which is the body of the Starting Task Question.
Finally Next continues
First After that

1___________, the rice is put through a grinder. 2___________, water is added to the flour, and
then it is mixed and made into a dough. The process 3___________when people push the
dough through the stringhopper press. 4___________, the stringhoppers are placed in a
steamer. 5___________, they are served with spicy curries.

49
Focus on Writing
Exercise 6

The diagrams below show the stages and equipment used in the cement-making
process, and cement is used to produce concrete for building purposes.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and
make comparisons where relevant.

50
Exercise 7

The diagram below shows the process by which bricks are manufactured
for the building industry.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features,
and make comparisons where relevant.

51
Practice 4
Task Question 1

The diagram below shows how orange juice is produced.

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features,
and make comparisons where relevant.

52
Task Question 2

The diagram below shows the production of olive oil.

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features,
and make comparisons where relevant.

53
Task Question 3

The diagram shows the process of growing bananas for selling in

supermarkets.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features,
and make comparisons where relevant.

54
Task 1 Module 6: Diagrams (2) Maps

Starting Task Question

The diagrams below show Sunnyhills University campus in 1995 and

today.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features,
and make comparisons where relevant.

Focus on Introduction and Overview

Exercise 1
Which of the following is the introduction? Which of the following is the overview?
a. The diagrams depict Sunnyhills University in 1995 and the present day.
b. Overall, the campus underwent complete transformations with the addition,
replacement and relocation of various facilities.
Exercise 2
Write the introduction and overview of the Starting Task Question.
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................

55
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
Focus on Body
Exercise 3
Which of the facilities do you expect to find on a university campus?
bank bus stop car park halls of residence
gym library laboratories lecture theatres
cafes post office tennis courts recreation area

Exercise 4
Complete the sentences about the 1995 campus map using the prepositions in the box.
between next to of opposite
in of on to

1. The tennis courts were ______________ the football pitch.

2. The Founder’s Building was in the middle ______________ the campus.
3. The Scott Library was ______________ the halls of residence and the football pitch.
4. The café was ______________ the football pitch.
5. There were two car parks ______________ the campus.
6. The gym was ______________ the bottom right-hand corner of the campus.
7. The Watson Building was ______________ the left of the Founder’s Building.
8. The main reception was part ______________ the Waston Building.

56
Exercise 5
Complete the sentences about the 1995 campus map using the prepositions in the box.

between on the left opposite

next to in the top right-hand
corner
in front of

1. The halls of residence _______________.

2. The laboratories _______________.
3. The bus stop _______________.
4. The recreation area _______________.
5. The table tennis tables _______________.
6. The Students’ Union _______________.

Exercise 6
Match 1-6 with a-f.
1. build a. convert into
2. turn into b. substitute
3. replace c. construct
4. renovate d. repair and improve
5. demolish e. to make bigger
6. expand f. destroy sth (to build sth new)

Language Focus

The passive – Past Simple

 In maps that show past renovations (i.e. two maps in the past), it is a good idea
to write them in past simple – passive voice.
People built a new house.
A new house was built.

57
Exercise 7
Change these sentences from active to passive.
1. The university expanded the campus.
2. They planted trees in the recreation area.
3. The authorities moved the bus stop.
4. They built a new main reception.
Focus on Writing
Exercise 8

The diagrams below show the changes experienced by the town of Wetherby at
the beginning of the 21st Century.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and
make comparisons where relevant.

58
Exercise 9

The diagram below shows the changes in the ground floor plan of an
office between 2010 and 2016.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features,
and make comparisons where relevant.

59
Practice 5
Task Question 1

The diagram below shows the changes of a park from 1960 to the present
day.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features,
and make comparisons where relevant.

60
Task Question 2

The diagram below shows the town of Poulton in 1900 and in 1935.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features,
and make comparisons where relevant.

61
Task Question 3

The diagram shows a city in 1950 and the present day.

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features,
and make comparisons where relevant.

62
TASK 2

63
Task 2 Module 1 Paraphrasing skills
Language Focus

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing a sentence means to rewrite that sentence in a different way,

without any change in its meaning. There are 3 common ways to paraphrase a

sentence: Active – Passive, Word Forms and Dummy Subjects. Sometimes, we

can also use Synonyms if we know some.

Example: Governments should support local businesses.

 Active-Passive: Local businesses should be supported.

 Word Form: Governments should offer support to local businesses.

 Dummy Subject: It is necessary that governments support local businesses.

 Synonym: Policymakers should support local businesses.

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1. Passive-active

 Grammar review: The passive voice

Language Focus

The Passive Voice

Subject + Verb + Object Subject + Be + V3/ ED
(Active) Somebody built the house in 1961.
(Passive) The house was built in 1961.
1. Present Simple
Somebody cleans this room every day.
This room is cleaned every day.
2. Past Simple
Somebody cleaned this room yesterday.
This room was cleaned yesterday.
3. Present Perfect
Somebody has cleaned the room.
The room has been cleaned.
4. Past Perfect
Somebody had cleaned the room.
The room had been cleaned.
5. Present Continuous
Somebody is cleaning the room at the moment.
The room is being cleaned at the moment.
6. Past Continuous
Somebody was cleaning the room when I arrived.
The room was being cleaned when I arrived.
7. Infinitive (to) do/clean/see => (to) be done/cleaned/seen
Something must be done before it’s too late.

65
Exercise 1: Rewrite the following sentences into passive voice.

1. People speak English in many parts of the world.

English.........................................................................................................................................

2. Tolkien wrote The Lord of the Rings in the 1950s.

The Lord of the Rings .................................................................................................................

3. They have translated Harry Potter book into Latin.

Harry Potter .................................................................................................................................

4. We must obey the traffic rules.

The traffic rules ...........................................................................................................................

Exercise 2
a. Governments could introduce laws to limit emissions from factories.
b. Some artworks represent culture, heritage and history.
c. Governments could impose “green taxes” on drivers, airline companies and other polluters.
Change the given sentence into a passive sentence:
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................

66
2. Word forms

Language Focus

Word Forms
One of the useful ways of paraphrasing is to use a different from of the word
given.
 Verb Noun
decide  (make) a decision
 Verb -ing + Noun  Noun Noun
Exploring space  Space exploration

Exercise 3: Complete the following table.

Verb Verb + Noun
Advise give/receive ………….
Support give/receive ………….
Harm cause ………….
Damage cause ………….
contribute make ………….
Decide make ………….
Progress make ………….
influence/affect have ………….

Exercise 4: Rewrite the following sentences

1. The principal decided to invest more in facilities.
................................................................................................................................................
2. The government should support local businesses.
................................................................................................................................................
3. Junk food may harm your health.
................................................................................................................................................
4. He contributed a lot to the food industry.

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................................................................................................................................................
5. Pollution greatly damaged the environment.
................................................................................................................................................
6. We are progressing steadily towards a peaceful settlement.
................................................................................................................................................
7. Pollution has greatly affected people’s lives.
................................................................................................................................................

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3. Dummy-subjects

 Grammar review: 2 common Dummy-subjects: it, there

Language Focus

Dummy - Subjects
Should
 It is important/ necessary that SVO
 It is important/ necessary for SB to do sth
 There is/ There are/ There should be …
Government should create more job opportunities for young people.
 It is important that the government creates more job opportunities for
young workers.
 It is important for the government to create more job opportunities for
young workers.
 There is a need for the government to create more job opportunities for
young workers.
 There should be more job opportunities offered by the government for
young workers.

Exercise 5:
1. We should use public transport or bicycles to protect our environment.
2. Businesses should do more for society than simply make money.
3. We should do everything we can to protect wild animals.
4. Schools should focus on teaching national literature and history.
5. All future parents should take a parenthood preparation course.
Rewrite the given sentences by using “it” or “there”.
......................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................

69
Exercise 6
Rewrite the following sentences
1. The government spends too much money on developing space exploration technology.
 (Active-Passive) .........................................................................................................................
 (Word forms) ..............................................................................................................................
2. Children should obey the rules their parents and teachers set.
 (synonyms) .................................................................................................................................
 (Dummy-Subjects) ......................................................................................................................
3. Governments need to solve global problems by international collaboration.
 (Active-Passive) .........................................................................................................................
 (Dummy-Subjects) ......................................................................................................................
4. Governments should spend money on measures to save languages that are used by few
speakers.
 (Active-Passive) .........................................................................................................................
 (Dummy-subjects) ......................................................................................................................
5. Television has had a significant influence on the culture of many societies.
 (Word forms) ..............................................................................................................................
 (Active-Passive) .........................................................................................................................
6. Programs with violent content should be limited.
 (Active-Passive) .........................................................................................................................
 (Dummy-Subjects) ......................................................................................................................
 (Dummy-Subjects & Word forms)..............................................................................................

70
Homework
1. Doctors and teachers should be paid more than sport and entertainment stars because of
their great contribution.
 .........................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
 .........................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
2. The environment is being seriously damaged by human activities.
 .........................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
 .........................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
3. The government should carry out new regulations to protect endangered animals.
 .........................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
 .........................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
4. Companies should pay their staff based on how they perform.
 .........................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
 .........................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
5. Going abroad to study has become popular among young Vietnamese students.
 .........................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
 .........................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................

Focus on Writing
Extra Exercise

1. University students should study subjects that will be useful in the future.

 .........................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
 .........................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................

71
2. Salary should be the most important consideration when choosing a job.

3. Foreign visitors should pay more than local visitors for cultural and historical attractions.

4. The government should ensure that global companies pay their taxes in Vietnam.

5. People should learn a profession and find a secure job for life.

6. If children gain effective communication skills, they will be more likely to be successful
in their future careers.

7. The elderly should do exercise on a regular basis.

72
 .........................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................

8. Children should start school when they reach five years of age.

9. The government should spend more money on building cheap houses.

10. Governments should introduce a maximum wage.

73
Task 2 Module 2: State your Position -
Brainstorming

State your Opinion

Exercise 1
Do the following survey. ‘1’ indicates ‘strongly disagree’ and ‘5’ indicates ‘strongly agree’.
1 2 3 4 5
All schoolchildren must wear
uniforms.
Universities should be free to
everyone.
Teachers are more important than
parents in educating children.
Fossil fuels are better than
alternative energy (i.e. power from
the sun, wind etc.)
We should all go vegan.

74
Language Focus

Stating your position – say you ‘agree’ or ‘disagree’

 I completely agree/disagree with the statement.
 I think [X] and [Y] are equally important.
 While [X] can be justified for some reasons, I would argue that [Y] is a
better option/a wiser choice/is of greater significance/etc.

Exercise 2
State your positions for the statements in Exercise 1.
1. All schoolchildren must wear uniforms.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
2. Universities should be free to everyone.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
3. Teachers are more important than parents in educating children.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
4. Fossil fuels are better than alternative energy (i.e. power from the sun, wind etc.)
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
5. We should all go vegan.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................

75
Exercise 3
Consider the following issues. Put a tick on the ‘pros’ box if you think the issue has more
advantages. Put a tick on the ‘cons’ box if you think it has more disadvantages. Put a tick on
the ‘equal’ box if you think the issue has both pros and cons in equal measure.
pros cons equal
Young people prefer living alone.
Young people decide to have one gap year
before they go to universities.
Online news has become a very important part
in our lives.
Some languages are disappearing because
English has become more popular.
Alternative energy has become more popular
nowadays.

Language Focus

Stating your position – ‘pros and cons’

 I think this is a positive/negative development/trend.

 I think the advantages/disadvantages are eclipsed/overshadowed by the

disadvantages.

 I think [X] has both positive and negative consequences in equal measure.

Exercise 4
State your positions for the statements in Exercise 3.
1 Young people prefer living alone.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
2 Young people decide to have one gap year before they go to universities.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................

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3 Online news has become a very important part in our lives.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
4 Some languages are disappearing because English has become more popular.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
5 Alternative energy has become more popular nowadays.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
Exercise 5
State your positions by answering the following questions.
1. Some people think that the best way to improve road safety is to increase the minimum
legal age for driving vehicles. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
2. Some people claim that public museums and art galleries will no longer be necessary
because people can see historical objects and works of art online. To what extent do you
agree or disagree?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
3. Some people think that local history is more important for students and world history.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
4. More people want to buy clothes, cars and other products from well-known brands. Is it
a positive or negative development?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
5. In the future, it is expected that there will be a higher proportion of older people in
some countries. Is this a positive or negative development?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................................................................

6. More people like travelling to remote areas in the world. Do the advantages outweigh
disadvantages?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................

78
Brainstorming

Skill Focus

Brainstorming
One good strategy of brainstorming ideas is to decide whether the issue will have
positive or negative consequences on five different aspects (MESLH).
 Money
 Environment
 Safety
 Lifestyle
 Health

Exercise 6:
Think about the positive and negative consequences of the following issue using the MESLH
model.
0. Banning cars in city centers
MESLH Positive consequences Negative consequences
Money these areas being more attractive cause a great cost to society to
-> more tourists -> improve build more subways/bypass roads
economy

Environment reduce pollution -> help avoid [NOTHING]

global warming

Safety reduce number of cars accidents - more accidents occurring outside

> lower hospital costs city centres

Lifestyle these areas being more attractive great inconvenience as too much
-> drawing more tourists pressure I put on public transport

Health reduce pollution levels -> better

health

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1. having a gap year before going to universities
MESLH Positive consequences Negative consequences
Money

Environment

Safety

Lifestyle

Health

2. Replacing fossil fuels with alternative energy

MESLH Positive consequences Negative consequences
Money

Environment

Safety

Lifestyle

Health

3. Using English as the only language

MESLH Positive consequences Negative consequences
Money

Environment

Safety

Lifestyle

Health

Homework

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Exercise 7
State your position for the following task questions.
1 Nowadays it is easy to apply for and be given a credit card. However, some people
experience problems when they are not be able to pay their debts back. In your opinion, do
the advantages of credit cards outweigh the disadvantages?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
2 Extreme sports such as sky diving and skiing are very dangerous and should be banned.
To what extent do you agree or disagree with this view?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
3 Some people think that instead of preventing climate change, we need to find a way to
live with it. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
4 Some universities now offer their courses on the Internet so that people can study online.
Is this a positive or negative development?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
5 Nowadays because of digital technology it is possible for not only studios but also
individuals to produce their own films. Do you think this is a positive or negative
development?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................

81
Exercise 8
Think about the positive and negative consequences of the following issue using the MESLH
model.
1. Using credit cards
MESLH Positive consequences Negative consequences
Money

Environment

Safety

Lifestyle

Health

2. Playing extreme sports

MESLH Positive consequences Negative consequences
Money

Environment

Safety

Lifestyle

Health

3. Living with climate change

MESLH Positive consequences Negative consequences
Money

Environment

Safety

Lifestyle

Health

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4. Online learning
MESLH Positive consequences Negative consequences
Money

Environment

Safety

Lifestyle

Health

5. Everyone can produce films

MESLH Positive consequences Negative consequences
Money

Environment

Safety

Lifestyle

Health

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Task 2 Module 3: Understanding Task 2
UNDERSTANDING THE TASK

IELTS Writing task 2 normally requires you to write a discursive essay. The task questions can be
further classified into two groups:

1. Idea Questions: The task proposes an idea. You will consider the extent to which you agree
or disagree with that idea.
2. Issue Questions: The task provides you with an issue. You will assess the pros and cons, or
the causes, effects and solutions that are related to the issue.

1) Idea

 Some people think high school students must wear uniform. To what extent do you agree or
disagree?
 Some people think that children should learn to compete to become good individuals.
However, some others think that it is better for them to learn how to cooperate. Discuss
both views and give your opinions.
2) Issue

 More people prefer living alone nowadays. Do the advantages of this outweigh the
disadvantages?
 Some universities now offer their courses on the Internet so that people can study online. Is
this a positive or negative development?
 Each year, the crime rate increases. What are the causes of crime and what could be done to
prevent this rise in criminal activity?
 Natural resources have been running out at an alarming rate. What are the causes of this?
what problems does this have individuals and the society?

84
Writing Task 2

Idea Issue

causes -
agree/disagree discussion pros and cons problems -
solutions

85
STRUCTURE OF A TASK 2 ESSAY

Exercise 1: Read the following sample essay and answer the following questions.

Some people think that extreme sports such as sky diving and skiing are very dangerous and
should be banned. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this view?

Some people are of the opinion that governments should prohibit extreme sports since they
are very dangerous. I completely disagree with the idea that these sports are too dangerous, and I
therefore believe that they should not be banned.

In my opinion, so-called extreme sports are not as dangerous as many people think. All
sports involve some element of risk, and there should always be clear regulations and safety
procedures to reduce the possibility of accidents.
People who take part in extreme sports are usually
required to undergo appropriate training so that the
dangers are minimised. For example, anyone who
wants to try skydiving will need to sign up for
lessons with a registered club, and beginners are
not allowed to dive solo; they must be accompanied
by an experienced professional. Finally, the
protective equipment and technology used in sports
from motor racing to mountain climbing is
constantly improving safety.

While I support regulations and safety measures, I believe that it would be wrong, and
almost impossible, to ban extreme sports. In the first place, we should all be free to decide how we
spend our leisure time; as long as we understand the risks, I do not believe that politicians should
stop us from enjoying ourselves. However, an even stronger argument against such a ban would be
the difficulty of enforcing it. Many of the most risky sports, like base jumping or big wave surfing,
are practised far away from the reach of any authorities. I cannot imagine the police being called to
stop people from parachuting off a mountain face or surfing on an isolated beach.

In conclusion, I would argue that people should be free to enjoy extreme sports as long as
they understand the risks and take the appropriate precautions.

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5. How many paragraphs are there in this essay?
.........................................................................................................................................................................................................

6. What are the purposes of each paragraph?

7. What are tense(s) used in the essay?

8. What is the position of the author?

9. What are some reasons the author give to support his claim?
.........................................................................................................................................................................................................

87
FOCUS ON INTRODUCTION

Exercise 2: Idea or Issue?

Read the following questions and decide whether they are Idea questions (ID) or Issue questions (IS).

1. Nowadays it is easy to apply for and be given a credit card. Do the advantages of
credit cards outweigh the disadvantages?
2. Some people believe that studying at university or college is the best route to a
successful career, while others believe that it is better to get a job straight after
school. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
3. Some people think that governments should give financial support to creative artists
such as painters and musicians. Others believe that creative artists should be funded
by alternative sources. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
4. In the developed world, average life expectancy is increasing. What problems will
this cause for individuals and society? Suggest some measures that could be taken to
reduce the impact of ageing populations.
5. At the present time, the population of some countries includes a relatively large
number of young adults, compared with the number of older people. Do the
advantage of this situation outweigh the disadvantages?

Task Focus

Introduction

A good introduction should include…

1) background information of the issue

2) your position
3) main ideas of your essay (optional)
Question: Some people think that high school students must wear uniform. To what extent do you
agree or disagree?
Some people are of the opinion that students should be required to wear uniform (1). I completely agree
with this idea (2), since uniform is very convenient, and wearing it is one way of eradicating inequality
(3).

88
Exercise 3:

Write the introductions for the following questions.

1. Many people believe that children should be required to do unpaid work in their free time to help
the local community. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Exercise 4:

Write the introductions for the following questions.

1. Nowadays, many people prefer buying goods from famous brands. Is it a positive or negative
development?

FOCUS ON BODY

Exercise 5:
Put each of the linking words in bold into the correct box in the table below

To some people, technology is controlling their lives. However, I feel it is a mixture of positive and
negative effects, because technology like smartphones has brought enormous improvements.
Take, for example, the impact of technology on communication. Smartphones have revolutionised
the way items such as personal and commercial messages are sent with the electronic

89
transmission of messages. Moreover, very large files such as reports that were once sent by post
can now be transmitted electronically in order to save time and money. As a result, people and
the economic benefit.

Example Reason Result Additional Purpose Contrast

Information
Adverb

Conjunction

Other

Exercise 6:
Complete the table with the words you know.
Exercise 7:
Rewrite the paragraph in exercise 6 by doing at least two of the following:

 changing all the examples

 changing the linking words
 changing some of the nouns and verbs
 changing the adjectives

90
FOCUS ON CONCLUSION

Task Focus

Conclusion

A good conclusion should include…

1) your position (most important)

2) main ideas of your essay (advisable)
3) final thoughts (optional)
Question: Some people think that high school students must wear uniform. To what extent do you agree
or disagree?
In conclusion, my firm conviction is that obliging students to wear uniforms is a good idea, as it is both
convenient and fair. Indeed, it is not an overstatement to say that wearing uniform is a first step
towards a more egalitarian society.

Exercise 8:

Write the conclusions for the following questions.

1. Many people believe that children should be required to do unpaid work in their free time to help
the local community. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
2. Although more and more people read news on the Internet, newspaper will remain the most
important source of news. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................................................

91
Exercise 9:

Write the introductions for the following questions.

1. Nowadays, many people prefer buying goods from famous brands. Is it a positive or negative
development?

2. It is becoming increasingly popular to have a year off between finishing school and going to
university. Do the advantages of this outweigh the disadvantages?

Homework
Exercise 10:
Write introductions and conclusions for the following questions.
1. Although more and more people read news on the Internet, newspaper will remain the most
important source of news. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

92
2. It is becoming increasingly popular to have a year off between finishing school and going to
university. Do the advantages of this outweigh the disadvantages?

93
Exercise 11:

Complete the following bodies with correct linking words.

………………………, I believe that newspapers will continue to be a vital source of information,
even in the Internet age. Firstly, newspapers are the most traditional means of
communicating the news, and not everyone wants to or is able to use the Internet instead.
………………………, old people or those in rural areas might not have the ability of opportunity
to get online, while many of us simply prefer newspapers even if we do have Internet
access. ………………………, newspapers can be trusted as reliable sources of news because
they employ professional journalists and editors. ………………………, many people like the
experience of holding and reading a paper rather than looking at a computer screen.

Exercise 12:
Rewrite the paragraph in exercise 6 by doing at least two of the following:
 changing all the examples
 changing the linking words
 changing some of the nouns and verbs
 changing the adjectives

94
Task 2 Module 4 Pros and Cons
Starting Task Question

Nowadays, advertisements are a very important part in our life. Do the

advantages of advertisements outweigh the disadvantages?

FOCUS ON LANGUAGE

Exercise 1: Look up the following words in the dictionary.

1. commercial (n) .....................................................................................................................................................
2. pop-up ads (n-pl) .................................................................................................................................................
3. billboard (n) ...........................................................................................................................................................
4. clickbait (n) ............................................................................................................................................................
5. flyer (n) ....................................................................................................................................................................
6. make a purchase (verb phrase) .....................................................................................................................
7. tempt (v)..................................................................................................................................................................
8. alluring (adj) ..........................................................................................................................................................
Advertising may tempt people into making unnecessary purchases by using alluring images.

9. informative (adj) ..................................................................................................................................................

10. misleading (adj) ...................................................................................................................................................
11. moving (adj)...........................................................................................................................................................
12. irritating (adj) .......................................................................................................................................................
Whereas some commercials are very informative and even moving, some others are misleading and
irritating.

95
FOCUS ON IDEAS

Exercise 2: Complete the following MESLH Chart.

MESLH Positive consequences of Ads Negative consequences of Ads
Money

Environment

Safety

Lifestyle

Health

FOCUS ON INTRODUCTION
Exercise 3
Look at the following sample introductions. Write the introduction for the Starting Task
Questions.
Sample introduction 1: In recent years, some people are more inclined towards living alone.
In my opinion, it is both advantageous and detrimental in equal measure.

Sample introduction 2: Online learning has enjoyed increasing popularity in recent years. I
believe this is more likely to have negative consequences on individuals and the society.

.........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................

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FOCUS ON BODY

Task Focus

Basic Structure of the Advantage Paragraph

 Topic Sentence
 [Advantage 1] (1 sentence)
 Supporting Sentences for [Advantage 1] (1-3 sentences)
 [Advantage 2] (1 sentence)
 Supporting Sentences [Advantage 2] (1-3 sentences)
Using the Internet is advantageous to students of all ages. Firstly, Internet could be seen as a
great source of entertainment. For example, teenagers now can have access to numerous
online games and music websites. Therefore, they can enjoy themselves after hard-working
hours and perform better at school. Another benefit of the Internet is that it is a great learning
source for students of all ages. Whereas in classroom contexts, students may find it difficult or
even awkward to raise questions to their teacher, their questions can be easily answered by just
a click or two. For example, a student who wishes to find more about maths at home can search
for additional lessons on maths sites such as Cliff’s Notes or Education World. It is not an
overstatement to say that without the Internet, students’ learning process would be very
limited.

Exercise 3: Write the Advantage Paragraph for the Starting Task Question.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
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Task Focus
Basic Structure of the Disadvantage Paragraph

 Topic Sentence
 [Disadvantage 1] (1 sentence)
 Supporting Sentences for [Advantage 1] (1-3 sentences)
 [Disadvantage 2] (1 sentence)
 Supporting Sentences [Advantage 2] (1-3 sentences)
However, the Internet can also be detrimental in many ways. One disadvantage is that people
who spend too much time sitting in the front of computer can easily get ill. Radiation emitted by
computer’s screen is harmful to eyes, and people who spend too much time at their homes are
getting physically weaker as they lack proper exercise. Additionally, the Internet make us
become less confident and more inhibited. Being too immersed into the virtual world, some
people may find themselves unable to talk to their real friends comfortably.

Exercise 4: Write the Advantage Paragraph for the Starting Task Question.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
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98
FOCUS ON CONCLUSION
Exercise 5:
Look at the following sample conclusion. Write the conclusion for the Starting Task Questions.
Sample conclusion: In conclusion, the increase in one-person households will have both
beneficial and detrimental effects on individuals and on the economy.
.............................................................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................................................................

EXAMPLE TEMPLATE

Pros and Cons Essay

Introduction 1. Paraphrase the rubric
2. Answer the question
 In my opinion, the advantages/disadvantages are eclipsed
by the advantages/disadvantages.
 In my opinion, this trend has both positive and negative
effects in equal measure.
Advantage [Rubric] is (greatly) advantageous to [People].
Body Firstly, S + V. (2-3 Supporting Sentences).
Secondly, S + V. (2-3 Supporting Sentences).
Disadvantage However, its drawbacks should not be overlooked.
Body The first drawback is that S + V. (2-3 Supporting Sentences).
Another drawback is that S + V (2-3 Supporting Sentences).
Conclusion In conclusion,
 I think this trend can be either advantageous or
disadvantageous, depending on how people view it.
 the advantages/disadvantages of this trend overshadow its
the advantages/disadvantages.

99
Task 2 Module 5 Causes-Problems-Solutions
Starting Task Question

The number of people who are fat and overweight are much higher than previous
generations. What are the reasons? What can be done to solve those problems?

FOCUS ON LANGUAGE

Exercise 1: Look up the following words in the dictionary.

Word list Definition Examples
1. fitness (n) She needs to improve her fitness.

2. physically fit (n) To keep physically fit, for years

Sting ran five miles (8 km) a day
and performed aerobics.
3. strong-willed (adj) She's very strong-willed and if
she's decided to drop out of
school, nothing will stop her.
4. overindulgence (n) Overindulgence in food and
drink is a big danger for those
who live alone.
5. sedentary lifestyle (n) My doctor says I should start
playing sport because my
lifestyle is too sedentary.
6. manoeuvre (n) Reversing round a corner is one
of the manoeuvres you are
required to perform in a driving
test.
7. intake (n) It says on the packet that four
slices of this bread contains one
half of your recommended daily
intake of fibre.
8. stamina (n) The triathlon is a great test of
stamina.

9. agility (n) The acrobats display

jawdropping feats of strength,
agility, and control.
10. demonstrate (v) the ability At least some singing species
to demonstrate the ability to learn
their songs, to improvise and
even to compose new melodies.

100
11. eating pattern (n) An eating pattern represents the
totality of all foods and
beverages consumed.
12. obese (ad) If these lives are sedentary then
we risk becoming unfit and
obese.
13. malnourished (adj) During the 1930s a large
proportion of Britain's urban
population was malnourished.

FOCUS ON IDEAS

Exercise 2: Complete the following MESLH Chart.

MESLH Causes of people becoming Solutions to people becoming

fatter fatter
Money

Environment

Safety

Lifestyle

Health

FOCUS ON INTRODUCTION
Exercise 3
Look at the following sample introductions. Write the introduction for the Starting Task
Questions.
Sample introduction 1: The crime rate has increased on an unprecedented scale. There are
several reasons associated with this, several measures could be taken to solve this problem.
Sample introduction 2: The world’s natural resources have been depleting on an
unprecedented scale. This essay will outline some reasons and problems associated with
this issue.

101
.........................................................................................................................................................................................

FOCUS ON BODY

Task Focus
Basic Structure of the Cause Paragraph

 Topic Sentence
 [Cause 1] (1 sentence)
 Supporting Sentences for [Cause 1] (1-3 sentences)
 [Cause 2] (1 sentence)
 Supporting Sentences [Cause 2] (1-3 sentences)
The fact that fewer people want to become teachers stem from several reasons. One of the main
causes of the problem is that teachers’ salaries are lower than many other jobs. Teachers’ pay
has not kept pace with that of other professions, such as law or medicine. Another reason is that
teachers often have too much work to do. Most teachers are snowed under with marking and
paperwork, which means that they have to stay late at school and work at home in the evening.
As a result, many teachers are tired and stressed, and their job has a negative effect on their
private life.

Exercise 3: Write the Cause Paragraph for the Starting Task Question.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
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102
Task Focus

Basic Structure of the Solution Paragraph

 Topic Sentence
 [Solution 1] (1 sentence)
 Supporting Sentences for [Solution 1] (1-3 sentences)
 [Solution 2] (1 sentence)
 Supporting Sentences [Solution 2] (1-3 sentences)
Several measures could be taken to alleviate the problem. One solution is that the government
should raise teachers’ pay. Teachers are more willing to work if they are able to support their
lives and their family. Another solution would be to reduce teachers’ workload. This could be
done by cutting down on teachers’ working hours, and to take on more teaching assistants,
which would make teaching an easier job.

Exercise 4: Write the Solution Paragraph for the Starting Task Question.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................................................................
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103
FOCUS ON CONCLUSION
Exercise 5:
Look at the following sample conclusion. Write the conclusion for the Starting Task Questions.
Sample conclusion: In conclusion, teaching has become a much less popular job in many
countries due to reasons such as the salary, and the working hours. Solutions to this
problem involve raising teachers’ wage rates and reducing their heavy workload.

.............................................................................................................................................................................................

104
EXAMPLE TEMPLATE

B. Causes & Effects & Solutions Essay

Introduction 1. Paraphrase the rubric
2. Answer the question
 This essay will attempt to analyse some causes and propose
some solutions to this problem/issue.
Cause Body [Rubric] stems from/is caused by several factors.
Firstly, S + V. (2-3 Supporting Sentences).
Secondly, S + V. (2-3 Supporting Sentences).
Effect Body Such a problem may cause several problems to [the society/individuals
etc.].
The first problem is that S + V. (2-3 Supporting Sentences).
Another problem is that S + V. (2-3 Supporting Sentences).
Solution Body Several measures could be taken to alleviate this problem.
The first measure is that S + V. (2-3 Supporting Sentences).
Another measure is that S + V. (2-3 Supporting Sentences).
Conclusion In conclusion,
 The causes behind [rubric] are [cause 1] and [cause 2], and
several solutions can be adopted to tackle this problem,
including [solution 1] and [solution 2].

105
Task 2 Module 6 Discuss both view essays
Starting Task Question

Some people work for one organization all their working life. Some
others, however, think that it’s better to work for different
organisations. Discuss both views and give our opinion.

FOCUS ON LANGUAGE

Exercise 1: Look up the following words in the dictionary.

FOCUS ON LANGUAGE
1. job satisfaction (n) ..............................................................................................................................................
2. workforce (n) ........................................................................................................................................................
The majority of factories in this region have a workforce of 50 to 100 people.
3. workload (n) ..........................................................................................................................................................
Teachers are always complaining about their heavy workloads.
4. profession (n) ........................................................................................................................................................
Many illnesses in these temporary refugee camps are the results of inadequate sanitation.
5. labour (n) ................................................................................................................................................................
A plentiful supply of cheap labour
6. pension (n) .............................................................................................................................................................
7. perks (n-plural) (n).............................................................................................................................................
Free trips to Thailand are one of the perks of this job.
8. fringe benefit (n) ..................................................................................................................................................
9. incentive (n)...........................................................................................................................................................
Employers offer vacations or parties as incentives if the team hits its sales target.
10. career prospects (n) ...........................................................................................................................................
11. career progression (n).......................................................................................................................................
There were limited opportunities for career progression in my job.
12. job hopping (n) .....................................................................................................................................................
Many graduates view job-hopping as a quick way to develop their careers at the start.
13. blue-collar (adj) ....................................................................................................................................................
14. white-collar (adj) .................................................................................................................................................
15. rewarding (adj) ....................................................................................................................................................
One may find their job rewarding if they are offered high salary.

106
FOCUS ON IDEAS

Exercise 2: Complete the following MESLH Chart.

MESLH Why we should work for one Why we should work for
company different companies
Money

Environment

Safety

Lifestyle

Health

FOCUS ON INTRODUCTION
Exercise 3
Look at the following sample introductions. Write the introduction for the Starting Task
Questions.
Sample introduction: Some people are of the opinion that university students should study
whatever they want to. However, some others are opposed to this idea, saying that it is
better for them to only focus on useful subjects. While the latter view can be justified for
some reasons, I am more inclined towards the former.

107
FOCUS ON BODY

Task Focus

Basic Structure of the less-favoured Body. (Body 1)

 Topic Sentence (less-favoured)

 Supporting ideas (4-8 sentences)
I can understand why people believe that universities should only offer subjects that will be
useful in the future. They may assert that university courses like medicine, engineering and
information technology are more likely to be beneficial than certain art degrees. From a
personal perspective, it can be argued that these courses provide more job opportunities, career
progression, better salaries, and therefore an improved quality of life for students who take
them. On the societal level, by forcing people to choose particular university subjects,
governments can ensure that any knowledge and skill gaps in the economy are covered. Finally,
a focus on technology in higher education could lead to new inventions, economic growth, and
greater future prosperity.

Exercise 4: Write the less-favoured body for the Starting Task Question.
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Task Focus

Basic Structure of the favoured body (Body 2)

 Topic Sentence
 Supporting ideas (4-8 sentences)
In spite of these arguments, I believe that university students should be free to choose their
preferred areas of study. In my opinion, society will benefit more if our students are passionate
about what they are learning. Besides, nobody can really predict which areas of knowledge will
be most useful to society in the future, and it may be that employers begin to value creative
thinking skills above practical or technical skills. If this were the case, perhaps we would need
more students of art, history and philosophy than of science or technology.

Exercise 5: Write the favoured body for the Starting Task Question.
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109
FOCUS ON CONCLUSION
Exercise 6:
Look at the following sample conclusion. Write the conclusion for the Starting Task Question.
Sample conclusion: In conclusion, although it might seem sensible for universities to focus
only on the most useful subjects, my firm conviction is that the current system in which
people have the right to study whatever they like is a better option.

.............................................................................................................................................................................................

EXAMPLE TEMPLATE

C. Discuss both views essay

Introduction 1. Paraphrase the rubric
2. Answer the question
 While the former/latter view can be justified for some reasons, I am
more inclined towards the former/latter.
Body 1 I can understand why it might be beneficial for … to…
Firstly, S + V. (2-3 Supporting Sentences).
Secondly, S + V. (2-3 Supporting Sentences).
Body 2 In spite of these arguments, I believe that S+V
One reason to support my standpoint is that S+V (2-3 Supporting Sentences)
Another reason is that S+V (2-3 Supporting Sentences)
Conclusion In conclusion,
 My firm conviction is that + [restate position].

110
Task 2 Module 7 Agree-disagree essays (one-
sided approach)
Starting Task Question

Some people think that teenagers should be required to do unpaid work

to help the community. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

FOCUS ON LANGUAGE

Exercise 1: Look up the following words in the dictionary.

1. volunteerism (n) .....................................................................................................................................................
2. on a voluntary basis (adverb phrase) ............................................................................................................
E.g.: They work ………………….. in this area every summer.
3. rewarding (adj) .......................................................................................................................................................
E.g: Some people find volunteer work very …………………...
4. oblige (v) ....................................................................................................................................................................
E.g.: The law…………………..companies to pay decent wages to their employees.
5. charitable (adj) ........................................................................................................................................................
E.g.: Many celebrities do ………………….. work to improve their public profile.
6. NGOs (n) .....................................................................................................................................................................
7. wellbeing (n) ............................................................................................................................................................
E.g.: There is now broad agreement about the positive contribution volunteering can have for people's
…………………...
8. hands-on experience (n)......................................................................................................................................
E.g. The training programs give students practical …………………...
9. community service (n) .........................................................................................................................................
10. mandatory (adj) ...................................................................................................................................................
11. optional (adj) .........................................................................................................................................................

111
FOCUS ON IDEAS

Exercise 2: Complete the following MESLH Chart.

MESLH Why unpaid work should be Why unpaid work should not be
made compulsory made compulsory
Money

Environment

Safety

Lifestyle

Health

FOCUS ON INTRODUCTION
Exercise 3
Look at the following sample introductions. Write the introduction for the Starting Task
Questions.
Sample introduction: Many are of the opinion that it is more important to learn about the
literature from one’s own country, rather than other countries. I am in complete agreement
with this viewpoint because of how literature can contribute to both national
understanding and individual identity.

112
FOCUS ON BODY

Task Focus

Basic Structure of the Reason 1 Paragraph.

 Topic Sentence (less-favoured)

 Supporting ideas (4-8 sentences)
The most fundamental reason that children should be exposed to literature from their own
country is to deepen their understanding. For example, young students in America study a
common curriculum including authors like Dr. Seuss, Shel Silverstein, and Harper Lee. The
books from Dr. Seuss and Shel Silverstein convey principles of individualism, creativity and
entrepreneurship that are key to understanding America’s history and present. To Kill a
Mockingbird by Harper Lee is a good example of a book focused on a period of racial
segregation, that can help students to better understand recent events around the Black
Lives Matter movement. Learning about racism from a classic novel set in America is more
likely to likely engage, inform and stimulate a relevant response.

Exercise 4: Write the Reason 1 Paragraph for the Starting Task Question.
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Task Focus

Basic Structure of the Reason 2 Paragraph

 Topic Sentence
 Supporting ideas (4-8 sentences)
Another reason why students need to learn their national literature well is that it will help
to shape their personal identity at an impressionable age. Children will form their identity
from a variety of sources, including the literature of other countries. This is a positive
development. But the main influence should be from their own country so that they are a
true representative of their nationality. A Japanese child growing up abroad could return to
Japan and feel like an outsider. One method of countering this is to make sure they have a
good grasp of poetry and fiction from Japan. From classical poetry they will be influenced by
Japan’s singular minimalist tradition. From the novels, they will learn about the
relationships between people and the differing levels of formality expected in Japanese
society. This will all contribute to making their identity more Japanese.

Exercise 5: Write the Reason 2 Paragraph for the Starting Task Question.
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114
FOCUS ON CONCLUSION
Exercise 6:
Look at the following sample conclusion. Write the conclusion for the Starting Task Question.
Sample conclusion: In conclusion, my firm conviction is that children will better
understand and have their identity firmly shaped by the literature of their home country.
This is becoming increasingly important in a globalized world that threatens to blur the
distinctions between nationalities into a single monoculture.

.............................................................................................................................................................................................

EXAMPLE TEMPLATE

B. Causes & Effects & Solutions Essay

Introduction 1. Paraphrase the rubric
2. Answer the question
 I am completely in agreement with this viewpoint because…
Reason 1 The first/The most fundamental reason that S+V is that S+V. (4-8
sentences)
Reason 2 Another reason why S+V is that S+V. (4-8 sentences).
Conclusion In conclusion, my firm conviction is that…

115
Topical Writing 1
 Focus on Language: Animals
 Focus on Writing: opinion essays

FOCUS ON LANGUAGE

1. endangered species (n) .................................................................................................................

2. teetering on the brink of (phrase) ............................................................................................

3.biodiversity (n)..................................................................................................................................

4. shrinking (adj) ..................................................................................................................................

5. green credentials (n) ......................................................................................................................

6. sustainable (adj) ..............................................................................................................................

7. blood sports (n)................................................................................................................................

8. poach (v) .............................................................................................................................................

9. vivisection (n) ...................................................................................................................................

10. mitigate (v)......................................................................................................................................

11. encroach on (v)..............................................................................................................................

12. pose a threat to (v) .......................................................................................................................

13. in captivity (prep. phrase).........................................................................................................

14. barbaric (adj) .................................................................................................................................

15. instrumental in (adj) ...................................................................................................................

16. abolish (v) ........................................................................................................................................

116
FOCUS ON WRITING

Wild animals have no place in the 21st century, so protecting them is a waste of
resources. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Brainstorming

FOR AGAINST
M

I. INTRODUCTION
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
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II. BODY
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III. CONCLUSION
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118
Topical Writing 2:
 Focus on Language: History
 Focus on Writing: pros-cons essays


FOCUS ON LANGUAGE
1. inextricable (adj) ....................................................................................................................................................

2. core values (n) .........................................................................................................................................................

3. sense of identity (n)...............................................................................................................................................

4. cultural identity (n) ...............................................................................................................................................

5. resemble (v)..............................................................................................................................................................

6. distinguish (v) ..........................................................................................................................................................

7. uniformity (n) ..........................................................................................................................................................

8. convey (v) ..................................................................................................................................................................

9. diversity (n) ..............................................................................................................................................................

10. aesthetic (adj) .......................................................................................................................................................

11. homogeneity (n)...................................................................................................................................................

12. ancestor (n) ............................................................................................................................................................

13. insight into (n) ......................................................................................................................................................

14. prioritize (v) ..........................................................................................................................................................

15. emphasis (n) ..........................................................................................................................................................

16. artefacts (n)............................................................................................................................................................

119
FOCUS ON WRITING

In many cities, there is little control on the design and construction of new houses.
Some people think that people can choose to build houses in their own styles instead
of building them with the same style as the old house style in local areas. Do the
advantages outweigh the disadvantages?

Brainstorming

FOR AGAINST
M

120
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III. CONCLUSION
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121
Topical Writing 3
 Focus on Language: urban problems
 Focus on Writing: cause-solution
essays

FOCUS ON LANGUAGE

words/phrases examples
1. urban sprawl The historic downtown of Woodstock is threatened by urban
sprawl and encroaching development.

2. slum She was brought up in the slums of Leeds.

3. law and order What would happen in a world without law and order?

4. well-being The Plan's stated objective was "to provide facilities and
opportunities for the rural population to improve its level of
economic and social wellbeing."

5. volume of traffic New roads are being built to cope with the increased volume of
traffic.

6. curb A range of policies have been introduced aimed at curbing inflation.

7. congestion Due to increasing traffic congestion and prevalence of accidents

along Interstate 235, the city of Des Moines is considering
implementing a speeding camera program to curb excessive
speeding

8. gridlocked The Chicago area is one of the most gridlocked metropolitan

regions in the US, according to a new traffic study.

9. metropolitan Supermarkets and shopping malls are increasingly located outside

122
metropolitan areas.

10. cosmopolitan High and assured social status helped to keep diplomats, especially
high-ranking ones, distinctly cosmopolitan in outlook.

11. deprived a deprived childhood/background/area

economically/emotionally/socially deprived

12. incessant Some people hate living in the cities because of the incessant
noises.
incessant volume of traffic

13. amenity the College is equipped with every facility and recreational
amenity for the most conducive study environment around.

14. render Hundreds of people were rendered homeless by the earthquake.

Incessant noises render city dwellers’ lives miserable.

FOCUS ON WRITING

Traffic jam is a big problem in big cities. What are the reasons? What should be done
to solve this problem?

Brainstorming

FOR AGAINST
M

I. INTRODUCTION

123
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II. BODY
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
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124
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III. CONCLUSION
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125
Practice Test 1
Task 1

Task 2
Consumer goods are becoming cheaper nowadays. Do you think this is a positive or
negative development?

126
Practice Test 2
Task 1

The diagram below shows how chewing gum is made.

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features,
and make comparisons where relevant.

Task 2

Studies have suggested that children watch much more television than
they did in the past and spend less time on active or creative things. What
are the reasons? What should be taken to reduce the time children spend
on watching TV and encourage them to spend more time on active or
creative things?

127

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