SYLLABUS

CEC355 SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO LABORATORY

1. Study of SDR hardware kit

2. Design and Implementation of digital modulation schemes using SDR
3. Implementation of synchronization techniques using SDR
4. Channel Coding Techniques using SDR
5. Study of channel estimation techniques using SDR
6. Study of MIMO concepts using SDR

PRACTICAL EXERCISES: 30 PERIODS

1
List of Experiments:

1. Study of SDR hardware kit

2. Design and Implementation of digital modulation schemes using SDR
a. AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING
b. PULSE CODE MODULATION
c. AMPLITUDE MODULATION
d. FREQUENCY MODULATION
e. PULSE SHIFT KEYING MODULATION
f. DIFFERENTIAL PULSE SHIFT KEYING MODULATION
g. 16-BIT QUADRATURE AMPLITUDE MODULATION
3. Implementation of synchronization techniques using SDR
4. Channel Coding Techniques using SDR
5. Study of channel estimation techniques using SDR
6. Study of MIMO concepts using SDR

2
Ex.No. : 1 Study of SDR hardware kit
Date:

Introduction:

Software Defined Radio (SDR) is a generic term which refers to systems in which almost all of the
functionality associated with the Physical Layer is implemented in software using Digital Signal
Processing (DSP) algorithms. An ideal SDR receiver would have a very small hardware front-end; only
an antenna and a high speed GHz sampler that was capable of capturing and digitizing a wide band of
radio frequencies. Any demodulation, synchronization, decoding required to recover information
contained in the received information would be performed on software that is executed on a superfast,
dedicated processing device.

The input to the transmitter and output of the receiver originate from or are fed into a digital source
and digital sink is shown in Figure 1. As seen from the figure 1 that for a SDR-based implementation,
those components indicated as programmable can be realized in either programmable logic or software.

Modern SDR receivers employ an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) followed by some form of
digital signal processing hardware such as a microprocessor, FPGA, or general purpose computer. SDRs
typically keep information bearing signals in the digital domain as long as possible, thus allowing for
software implementations of most of the radio functionality. Further, digital signal processing techniques
make possible functionality that is otherwise difficult or impossible using analog techniques.

In both the SDR receiver and transmitter, flexible RF hardware provides an interface between the
ADC/DAC and the antenna is shown in Figure 2. This RF hardware is typically software controllable.
Many current receiver architectures use a digital down-conversion (DDC) stage (e.g., from an
intermediate frequency to baseband) prior to the baseband processor. Similarly, SDR transmitters include
a digital signal processor, digital up- conversion (DUC), and a digital-to-analog converter (DAC). The
digital signal processor is fully programmable and therefore can be programmed to implement tasks such
as signalfiltering, modulation and demodulation, encoding and decoding, and equalization.

3
Figure 1. The important components that constitute a modern digital communication System

4
 Figure 2. Block diagram of Software Defined Radio
The hardware used in this laboratory is capable of wireless communication using radio waves. Such
communication is ubiquitous in today’s world - cell phones, WiFi, Bluetooth, high-definition television
broadcasts, and even personal transmitters such as remote key fobs (i.e., to open your car doors or
garage door) use wireless communication. Here we describe, model, and implement the underlying
principles used by these systems during our laboratory, thus giving a foundational understanding of how
such systems work. In this laboratory we will observe and analyze real-world communication signals
that are surrounding us.

Definitions:
Baseband Signal:
A baseband signal is also called as message information required to be transmitted. This signal can
be represented by signal energy interms of frequency which is very close to 0Hz. That is, the signal
energy is contained in the range 0Hz to fm. The quantity fm is then typically referred to as the signal
bandwidth. Few real time examples include human voice (20Hz to 5kHz), audio/music (20Hz to
20kHz), and digital logic signals used within an embedded computer system (frequency is hardware
dependent).
Passband Signal:
A passband signal is a one in which the signal energy is contained in a band of frequencies centered
about some Centre frequency, fc, i.e. the signal energy is contained in the range fc - fm to fc + fm,
where fc >> fm. The signal bandwidth is 2fm.
Carrier Signal:
A carrier signal is a waveform that its characteristics are modified in accordance to a message
signal. Carrier signals are typically much higher frequency than message signals. We will consider
sinusoidal carrier waveforms, represented by frequency fc.
Modulation:
Modulation is the process by which a message signal is imparted on some characteristic of the carrier
wave. The information-bearing message signal is referred to as the modulating signal and the result of

5
 the modulation process is referred to as the modulated signal. Modulation, typically performed at the
transmitter, usually results in a passband signal.
Demodulation:
Demodulation is the process by which the message signal is extracted from a modulated signal.
Demodulation, typically performed at the receiver, will ideally result in the original baseband message
signal.
Pluto SDR hardware and installation:

The PLUTO (PlutoSDR) shown in Figure 3 provides a high-performance software-radio

transceiver that was designed specifically for students. It allows simultaneous transmit and receive
operations. The PlutoSDR communicates with a host PC through a USB 2.0 interface. It utilizes the
libiio drivers, which are supported on Windows and Linux operating systems.
 Frequency range :70MHz to 6GHz
 Bandwidth : up to 20MHz

Procedure for Installation in MATLAB/Simulink

Support for the PlutoSDR is provided in MATLAB 2018. To install:

1. Navigate to the Home tab on the MATLAB Toolstrip, then to Add-Ons -> Get Hardware
Support Packages.
2. Search for “Pluto” and choose the Communications System Toolbox Support Package for
Analog Devices ADALM-Pluto Radio option.
3. Click the option to “Install”
4. Create a account in Mathworks account in order to proceed if necessary.
You will be prompted to agree to various licensing agreements. Continue with the installation.
When the installation is complete, you should receive notification that “Your Hardware Support
Package requires configuration." If you have access to a PlutoSDR, choose “Setup Now" and
continue with the installation. Otherwise you can resume configuration at a later time by typing
target updater at the MATLAB command prompt
Procedure to verify the PlutoSDR Installation: -

Connect a PlutoSDR device to your laptop. It may take Windows a few minutes to recognize
the hardware and configure the necessary drivers.

To verify the MATLAB configuration and communication with the Pluto SDR, type find Pluto
Radio at the MATLAB prompt. After a few moments, you should see a message beginning with
RADIOID: ‘USB:0’ , Serial Numm: 100000235523730900160013090216107 d’Where the
SerialNumm entry will vary depending on your specific PlutoSDR.

6
7
Ex.No. : 2.a Design and Implementation of digital modulation schemes using SDR
Date: AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING
AIM:

To Simulate Amplitude Shift Keying Modulation techniques Using GNU Radio and Visualize the
Modulated Signal.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 GNU Radio – Open Source Software

 PLUTO SDR
THEORY:
Amplitude Shift Keying is a digital modulation technique where the amplitude of a carrier signal is
varied to represent binary data, typically 0 and 1, for transmission. The presence or absence of carrier
amplitude changes and encodes the digital information.

Generation of ASK signal

The entire setup consists of a signal generator that can produce a high-frequency sinusoidal
waveform, a bandpass filter, and a digital input signal. When the bit is 1, the voltage is high and the
switch is closed. This allows the carrier wave to get transmitted. However, when the bit is 0 i.e. the
voltage level is low, then the switch is open thus restricting the carrier wave. That is why the output
signal appears only at higher voltage levels. The band limiting filter is used to reshape the pulse in
accordance with the characteristics of the filter.

Coherent ASK Detection

In this process, the carrier signal at the receiver end is in the same phase and frequency as the replica
carrier signal. The signal received at the receiver stage is passed through a low pass filter to eliminate
any kind of distortion and noise. The attenuation can be recovered. After that, the signal is transmitted to
the circuit where it is converted to digital form. Then, at each level, we compare the digital signal
voltage with the reference voltage and in this way, we can reconstruct the original
signal.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

OUTPUT:

RESULT:
Thus Simulation Of Amplitude Shift Keying Modulation techniques Using GNU Radio has been
simulated.
Ex.No. : 2.b Design and Implementation of digital modulation schemes using SDR
Date: BINARY PHASE SHIFT KEYING
AIM:

To Simulate binary phase shift keying Modulation techniques Using GNU Radio and Visualize the
Modulated Signal.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 GNU Radio – Open Source Software

 PLUTO SDR

THEORY:
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) is a modulation technique employed in communication systems
to transmit information via a communication channel. In BPSK the carrier signal is modified by
altering its phase by 180 degrees, for each symbol. A phase shift of 180 degrees denotes a binary 0
while no phase shift represents a binary 1.
Importance of BPSK
BPSK holds significance in communication systems like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and satellite
communication. Its simplicity and robustness make it an excellent choice for applications where the
quality of the communication channel isn’t optimal. Using a basic phase shift to convey symbols
BPSK can reliably transmit data, over channels guaranteeing dependable communication.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
OUTPUT:

RESULT:
Thus binary phase shift keying Modulation techniques Using GNU Radio and the Modulated
Signal has been simulated.
Ex.No. : 2.c Design and Implementation of digital modulation schemes using SDR
Date: QUADRATURE PHASE SHIFT KEYING
AIM:

To Simulate Quadrature phase shift keying Modulation techniques Using GNU Radio and
Visualize the Modulated Signal.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 GNU Radio – Open Source Software

 PLUTO SDR

THEORY:
The Quadrature Phase Shift Keying QPSK is a variation of BPSK, and it is also a Double Side
Band Suppressed Carrier DSBSC modulation scheme, which sends two bits of digital information at a
time, called as bigits.
Instead of the conversion of digital bits into a series of digital stream, it converts them into bit pairs.
This decreases the data bit rate to half, which allows space for the other users.
QPSK Modulator
The QPSK Modulator uses a bit-splitter, two multipliers with local oscillator, a 2-bit serial to parallel
converter.
 At the modulator’s input, the message signal’s even bits (i.e., 2nd bit, 4th bit, 6th bit, etc.) and odd bits
(i.e., 1st bit, 3rd bit, 5th bit, etc.) are separated by the bits splitter and are multiplied with the same carrier
to generate odd BPSK (called as PSKI) and even BPSK (called as PSKQ). The PSKQ signal is anyhow
phase shifted by 90° before being modulated.
The QPSK waveform for two-bits input is as follows, which shows the modulated result for different
instances of binary inputs.

QPSK Demodulator:
The QPSK Demodulator uses two product demodulator circuits with local oscillator, two band pass
filters, two integrator circuits, and a 2-bit parallel to serial converter. Following is the diagram for the
same.

The two product detectors at the input of demodulator simultaneously demodulate the two BPSK
signals. The pair of bits is recovered here from the original data. These signals after processing are
passed to the parallel to serial converter.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

OUTPUT:

RESULT:
Thus Quadrature phase shift keying Modulation techniques Using GNU Radio and the Modulated
Signal has been simulated.
Ex.No. : 2.d Design and Implementation of digital modulation schemes using SDR
Date: FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING
AIM:

To Simulate frequency shift keying Modulation techniques Using GNU Radio and Visualize the
Modulated Signal.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 GNU Radio – Open Source Software

 PLUTO SDR

THEORY:
Frequency Shift Keying FSK is the digital modulation technique in which the frequency of the
carrier signal varies according to the digital signal changes. FSK is a scheme of frequency modulation.
The output of a FSK modulated wave is high in frequency for a binary High input and is low in
frequency for a binary Low input. The binary 1s and 0s are called Mark and Space frequencies.
FSK Modulator
The FSK modulator block diagram comprises of two oscillators with a clock and the input binary
sequence.

The two oscillators, producing a higher and a lower frequency signals, are connected to a switch
along with an internal clock. To avoid the abrupt phase discontinuities of the output waveform
during the transmission of the message, a clock is applied to both the oscillators, internally. The
binary input sequence is applied to the transmitter so as to choose the frequencies according to the
binary input.
FSK Demodulator
There are different methods for demodulating a FSK wave. The main methods of FSK detection
are asynchronous detector and synchronous detector. The synchronous detector is a coherent one,
while asynchronous detector is a non-coherent one.
The FSK signal is passed through the two Band Pass Filters BPFs, tuned. To SPACE and MARK
frequencies the output from these two BPFs look like ASK signal, which is given to the envelope
detector. The signal in each envelope detector is modulated asynchronously.
The decision circuit chooses which output is more likely and selects it from any one of the envelope
detectors. It also re-shapes the waveform to a rectangular one.
Synchronous FSK Detector
The block diagram of Synchronous FSK detector consists of two mixers with local oscillator circuits,
two band pass filters and a decision circuit. Following is the diagrammatic representation.

The FSK signal input is given to the two mixers with local oscillator circuits. These two are
connected to two band pass filters. These combinations act as demodulators and the decision circuit
chooses which output is more likely and selects it from any one of the detectors. The two signals have a
minimum frequency separation.
For both of the demodulators, the bandwidth of each of them depends on their bit rate. This synchronous
demodulator is a bit complex than asynchronous type demodulators.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

OUTPUT:
 OUTPUT :

RESULT :

Thus frequency shift keying Modulation techniques Using GNU Radio and the Modulated Signal
has been simulated.
Ex. No. : 3 Implementation of synchronization techniques using SDR
Date:
AIM:

To Simulate synchronization techniques Using GNU Radio.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SL.NO ITEM QUANTITY

1 SDR Hardware kit 1 No
2 USB Cable 1 No
3 Antenna 02 Nos
4 Monitor 1 No
5 USB Keyboard & Mouse Each 1 No
6 GNU Radio Software Open Source

THEORY:
SYNCHRONIZATION:
Synchronization is the process by which a receiver node determines the correct instants of time at
which to sample the incoming signal. Carrier synchronization is the process by which a receiver adapts
the frequency and phase of its local carrier oscillator with those of the received signal.
EQUALIZATION:
Equalization is the reversal of distortion incurred by a signal transmitted through a channel.
Equalizers are used to render the frequency response—for instance of a telephone line— flat from end-
to-end. When a channel has been equalized the frequency domain attributes of the signal at the input are
faithfully reproduced at the output. Telephones, DSL lines and television cables use equalizers to
prepare data signals for transmission.
Equalizers are critical to the successful operation of electronic systems such as analog broad cast
television. In this application the actual waveform of the transmitted signal must be preserved, not just
its frequency content.
Equalizing filters must cancel out any group delay and phase delay between different frequency
components.
Procedure:

 Click User Name: Pi into Others(using select tab)

 User Name: silicon
 Password: silicon123
 Open Terminal window
 Type iio_info –s// (**iio_info (space)-s**)
 Find your USB Port
 Ex: [usb:1.5.5] note this USB value
 Open GNU Radio software
 File→new→QT GUI/WX GUI
 Design your project and enter the parameter
 Click run→Execute F6,
 Open top block (Result) in your project
 PARAMETER :

BLOCK &
S.No RANGE
PARAMETER
Variable
1 ID Samp_rate
Value 32k
Variable
2 ID Excexx_bw
Value 350m

Variable
3 ID Taps
Value 1
Variable
4 ID Sps
Value 4
Variable
5 ID Nfilts
Value 32
Variable
6 ID Rrc_taps
Value Firdes.root_raised_cosine(nfilts,nfilts,1.0/float(sps),0.35,45*nfilts
Qt GUI Range
ID Time_loop_bw
Label Timing loop bw
Type Float
Default value 0.0628
7 Start 0
Stop 0.2
Step 0.01
Widjet Counter+Slider
Minimum length 200
Gui Hint 2,2
 Qt GUI Range
ID Time_offset
Label Channel Time offset
Type Float
Default value 1
8
Start 0.999
Stop 01.001
Step 0.0001
Widjet Counter+Slider
Minimum length 200
Gui Hint 2,1
Qt GUI Range
ID Noise_volt
Label Channel Noise volt
Type Float
Default value 0.0001
9 Start 0
Stop 1
Step 0.01
Widjet Counter+Slider
Minimum length 200
Gui Hint 1,2
Qt GUI Range
ID Frequency_offset
Label Channel frequency offset
Type Float
Default value 0
10 Start 0
Stop 0.01
Step 0.001
Widjet Counter+Slider
Minimum length 200
Gui Hint 1,1
 Random Source
Output type Byte
11 Minimum 0
Maximum 256
Num Samples 1000
Repeat Yes
Qt GUI Range
ID Eq_gain
Label Equalizer gain
Type Float
Default value 0
12 Start 0
Stop 0.1
Step 0.001
Widjet Counter+Slider
Minimum length 200
Gui Hint 1,3
Constellation Modulator
Constellation Qpsk
Differential encoding Yes
13 Samples/symbol 4
Excess bw 0.35
Verbose Off
Log Off
Throttle
Type Complex
14 Sample Rate Samp_rate
Vec Length 1
Ignore rx_rate tag True
Channel Model
Noise Voltage Noise_volt
15
Frequency Offset Freq_offset
Epsilon Time_offset
 Taps 1.0
Seed 0
Block tag propagation No
Throttle
Type Complex
16 Sample Rate Samp_rate
Vec Length 1
Ignore rx_rate tag True
Polyphase Clock Sync
Type Complex->complex(real taps)
Samples/symbol 4.004
Loop Bandwidth Time_loop_bw
Taps Rrc_taps
Filter Size 32
Initial phase 16
Maximum rate deviator 1.5
Output sps 1
CMA EQUALIZER
NUM.TAPS 11
18 MODULS 1
Gain Eq_gain
Samples per symbol 2
Constellation Rect.object
ID Qpsk
Symbol Map [0,1,2,3]
Constellation points [-1-1j,-1+1j,1+1j,1-1j]
Rotational symmetry 4
12 Real sectors 2
Imaginary sectors 2
Width real sectors 1
Width imaginary sectors 1
Soft bits precision 8
Soft decisions lut None
 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

OUTPUT OF EQUALIZATION AND SYNCHRONIZATION:

RESULT :
Thus synchronization techniques Using GNU Radio has been simulated.
Ex.No. : 4 Implementation of Channel Estimation techniques using SDR
Date:
AIM:

To Simulate Channel Estimation techniques Using GNU Radio.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SL.NO ITEM QUANTITY

1 SDR Hardware kit 1 No
2 USB Cable 1 No
3 Antenna 02 Nos
4 Monitor 1 No
5 USB Keyboard & Mouse Each 1 No
6 GNU Radio Software Open Source

Theory:

CHANNEL ESTIMATION:
In digital wireless communication systems, information is transmitted through a radio channel. For
conventional, coherent receivers, the effect of the channel on the transmitted signal must be estimated to
recover the transmitted information. For example, with binary phase shift keying (BPSK), binary
information is represented as +1 and −1 symbol values. The radio channel can apply a phase shift to the
transmitted symbols, possibly inverting the symbol values. As long as the receiver can estimate what the
channel did to the transmitted signal, it can accurately recover the information sent.
Channel estimation is a challenging problem in wireless communications. Transmitted signals are
typically reflected and scattered, arriving at the receiver along multiple paths. When these paths have
similar delays, they add either constructively or destructively, giving rise to fading. When these paths
have very different delays, they appear as signal echoes. Due to the mobility of the transmitter, the
receiver, or the scattering objects, the channel changes over time.
Parameter:

BLOCK &
S.No RANGE
PARAMETER
Variable
1 ID Samp_rate
Value 32k
Variable
2 ID Excexx_bw
Value 350m

Variable
3 ID Taps
Value 1

Variable
4
ID Sps
Value 4
Variable
5
ID Nfilts
 Value 32
Variable
6 ID Rrc_taps
Value Firdes.root_raised_cosine(nfilts,nfilts,1.0/float(sps),0.35,45*nfilts
Qt GUI Range
ID Time_loop_bw
Label Timing loop bw
Type Float
Default value 0.0628
7 Start 0
Stop 0.2
Step 0.01
Widjet Counter+Slider
Minimum length 200
Gui Hint 2,2
Qt GUI Range
ID Time_offset
Label Channel Time offset
Type Float
Default value 1
8 Start 0.999
Stop 01.001
Step 0.0001
Widjet Counter+Slider
Minimum length 200
Gui Hint 2,1
Qt GUI Range

9 ID Noise_volt
Label Channel Noise volt
Type Float
Default value 0.0001
 Start 0
Stop 1
Step 0.01
Widjet Counter+Slider
Minimum length 200
Gui Hint 1,2
Qt GUI Range
ID Frequency_offset
Label Channel frequency offset
Type Float
Default value 0
10 Start 0
Stop 0.01
Step 0.001
Widjet Counter+Slider
Minimum length 200
Gui Hint 1,1
Random Source
Output type Byte
Minimum 0
11
Maximum 256
Num Samples 1000
Repeat Yes
Qt GUI Range
ID Eq_gain
Label Equalizer gain
Type Float
Default value 0
12

Start 0
Stop 0.1
Step 0.001
Widjet Counter+Slider
 Minimum length 200
Gui Hint 1,3
Constellation Modulator
Constellation Qpsk
Differential encoding Yes
13 Samples/symbol 4
Excess bw 0.35
Verbose Off
Log Off
Throttle
Type Complex
Sample Rate Samp_rate
14
Vec Length 1
True
Ignore rx_rate tag

Channel Model
Noise Voltage Noise_volt
Frequency Offset Freq_offset
15 Epsilon Time_offset
Taps 1.0
Seed 0
Block tag propagation No
Throttle
Type Complex
16 Sample Rate Samp_rate
Vec Length 1
Ignore rx_rate tag True
Polyphase Clock Sync
Type Complex->complex(real taps)

Samples/symbol 4.004
Loop Bandwidth Time_loop_bw
Taps Rrc_taps
 Filter Size 32
Initial phase 16
Maximum rate deviator 1.5
Output sps 1
CMA EQUALIZER
NUM.TAPS 11
18 MODULS 1
Gain Eq_gain
Samples per symbol 2
Constellation Rect.object
ID Qpsk
Symbol Map [0,1,2,3]
Constellation points [-1-1j,-1+1j,1+1j,1-1j]
Rotational symmetry 4
12 Real sectors 2
Imaginary sectors 2
Width real sectors 1
Width imaginary sectors 1
Soft bits precision 8
Soft decisions lut None
OUTPUT:

RESULT :
Thus Channel Estimation techniques Using GNU Radio has been simulated.
Ex. No: 5 OFDM
Date:

AIM:
To analyse the OFDM transmitter and receiver by using SDR hardware with GNU Radio Software.

Apparatus Required:

SL.NO ITEM QUANTITY

1 SDR Hardware kit 1 No
2 USB Cable 1 No
3 Antenna 02 Nos
4 Monitor 1 No
5 USB Keyboard & Mouse Each 1 No
6 GNU Radio Software Open Source

Theory:
OFDM is a form multicarrier modulation. An OFDM signal consists of a number of closely
spaced modulated carriers. When modulation of any form voice, data, etc. Is applied to a carrier, then
sidebands spread out either side. It is necessary demodulate the data. As a result when signals are
transmitted close to one another they must be a guard band between them. This is not the case with
OFDM. Although the sidebands from each carrier overlap, they can still be received without the
interference that might be expected because they are orthogonal to each another. This is achieved by
having the carrier spacing equal to the reciprocal of the symbol period.

OFDM Signals
 Traditional view of Receiving Signals Carrying Modulation

To See how OFDM works, it is necessary to look at the receiver. This acts as a bank of demodulators,
translating each carrier down to DC. The resulting signal is integrated over the symbol period to
regenerate the data from that carrier. The same demodulator also demodulates the other carriers. As the
carrier spacing equal to the reciprocal of the symbol period means that they will have a whole number of
cycles in the symbol period and their contribution will sum to zero-in other words there is no
interference contribution.
OFDM Spectrum

One requirement of the OFDM transmitting and receiving systems is that they must be linear. Any
non-linearity will cause interference between the carriers as a result of inter-modulation distortion. This

will introduce unwanted signals that would cause interference and impair the orthogonality of the
transmission.

In terms of the equipment to be used the high peak to average ratio of multi-carrier systems such as
OFDM requires the RF final amplifier on the output of the transmitter to be able to handle the peaks
whilst the average power is much lower and this leads to inefficiency. In some systems the peaks are
 limited. Although this introduces distortion that results in a higher level of data errors, the system can
rely on the error correction to remove them.

Procedure:

 Click User Name: Pi into Others(using select tab)

 User Name: silicon
 Password: silicon123
 Open Terminal window
 Type iio_info –s// (**iio_info (space)-s**)
 Find your USB Port
Ex: [usb:1.5.5] note this USB value
 Open GNU Radio software
 File→new→QT GUI/WX GUI
 Design your project and enter the parameter
 Click run→Execute F6,
 Open top block (Result) in your project.
 Parameters:
S.No BLOCK & PARAMETER RANGE
Variable
1 ID Samp_rate
Value 1M
Short_to_float
2 Vec Length 1
Scale 1
Random Source
Output Type Short
Minimum 0
3
Maximum 2
Num Samples 1000
Repeat Yes
Throttle
Type Complex
4 Sample Rate Samp_rate
Vec length 1
Ignore rx_rate tag True
OFDM Modulation
Input Type Float
Modulation BPSK
FFT Length 512
5
Occupied tones 200
Cyclic prefix length 128
Pad for USRP Yes
Payload Length 0
Rational resampler (transmitter)
Type Complex->complex (complex taps)
6 Interpolation 5
Decimation 1
Fractional Bw 0
 OFDM De Modulation
Output Type Complex
7 Modulation BPSK
FFT Length 512
Occupied tones 200
Cyclic prefix length 128
Snr 20
Rational resampler(receiver)
Type Complex->complex (complex taps)
8 Interpolation 1
Decimation 5
Fractional Bw 0
Throttle(receiver)
Type Complex
9 Sample Rate Samp_rate
Vec length 1
Ignore rx_rate tag True
Pluto SDR Sink
Lio context URI USB:1.4.5****(change your id)
Lo Frequency 400M
Sample Rate 2.084M
RF Bandwidth 20M
10
Buffer size 33.768k(0x8000)
Cyclic False
Attenuation(db) 10
Filter
Filter auto True
 Pluto SDR Source
Device URI USB:1.4.5****(change your id)
Lo Frequency 400M
Sample Rate 2.084M
RF Bandwidth 20M
Buffer size 32.678k(0x8000)
11 Quadrature True
RF DC True
BB Dc True
Gain model Manual
Manual Gain(db) 64
Filter
Filter auto True
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

RESULT:
Thus the OFDM transmitter and receiver by using SDR hardware with GNU Radio Software has
been analysed.
Ex.No. : 6 Design and Implementation of Analog modulation schemes using Matlab

Date: Simulink (PULSE CODE MODULATION)

AIM:

To Simulate Pulse Code Modulation Using Simulink and Visualize the Modulated Signal.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 MATLAB with Simulink Software

 PC

THEORY:
Pulse Code Modulation is a method for digitally representing analog signals by discretely
sampling them at regular intervals and quantizing each sample to fixed number of bits, enabling accurate
transmission and storage of analog data in a digital format.

PROCEDURE:
 Open MATLAB Software.
 Open Simulink.
 Connect the blocks according to the PCM transmitter and receiver.
 Configure the parameters of the blocks based on your simulation requirements.
 Run the simulation and observe the signal at different stages of transmitter and receiver
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
OUTPUT:

RESULT:

Thus the simulation of the PCM modulation using Simulink was successfully verified.
Ex.No. : 7 Design and Implementation of Analog modulation schemes using Matlab
Date: Simulink (AMPLITUDE MODULATION)

AIM:

To Simulate Amplitude Modulation Using Simulink and Visualize the Modulated Signal.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 MATLAB with Simulink Software

 PC

THEORY:
Amplitude Modulation is a method of encoding information on a carrier wave by varying its
amplitude. It is commonly used in radio broadcasting to transmit audio signals.

PROCEDURE:
 Open MATLAB Software.
 Open Simulink.
 Connect the blocks according to the AM transmitter and receiver.
 Configure the parameters of the blocks based on your simulation requirements.
 Run the simulation and observe the signal at different stages of transmitter and receiver.
 BLOCK DIAGRAM :

OUTPUT:

RESULT:

Thus the simulation of the AM modulation using Simulink was successfully completed and
output is verified.
Ex.No. : 8 Design and Implementation of Analog modulation schemes using Matlab
Date: Simulink(FREQUENCY MODULATION)

AIM:

To Simulate Frequency Modulation Using Simulink and Visualize the Modulated Signal.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 MATLAB with Simulink Software

 PC

THEORY:
Frequency Modulation is a method of encoding information on a carrier wave by varying its
frequency. It is commonly used in radio communication to transmit audio or data with resistance to
amplitude variations, providing high quality signal transmissions.

PROCEDURE:
 Open MATLAB Software.
 Open Simulink.
 Connect the blocks according to the FM transmitter and receiver.
 Configure the parameters of the blocks based on your simulation requirements.
 Run the simulation and observe the signal at different stages of transmitter and receiver.
BLOCK DIAGRAM :

OUTPUT :

RESULT:

Thus, the simulation of the FM modulation using Simulink was successfully completed and
output is verified.
Ex.No. : 9 Design and Implementation of digital modulation schemes using Matlab
Date: Simulink (PHASE SHIFT KEYING)

AIM:

To Simulate Phase Shift Keying Modulation Using Simulink and Visualize the Modulated
Signal.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 MATLAB with Simulink Software

 PC

THEORY:
Phase Shift Keying is a digital modulation technique where information is conveyed by
changing the phase of a carrier wave. It is widely used in digital communication systems to represent
binary data, with variations like BPSK and QPSK encoding 1’s and 0’s based on different phase shifts.

PROCEDURE:
 Open MATLAB Software.
 Open Simulink.
 Connect the blocks according to the PSK transmitter and receiver.
 Configure the parameters of the blocks based on your simulation requirements.
 Run the simulation and observe the signal at different stages of transmitter and receiver.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

RESULT:

Thus the simulation of the PSK modulation using Simulink was verified successfully.
 Ex.No. : 10 Design and Implementation of digital modulation schemes using Matlab
Date: Simulink(DIFFERENTIAL PULSE SHIFT KEYING)

AIM:

To Simulate DifferentialPulse Shift Keying Modulation Using Simulink and Visualize the
Modulated Signal.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 MATLAB with Simulink Software

 PC

THEORY:
DifferentialPulse Shift Keying is a digital modulation technique where information is conveyed
by changing the phase of a carrier wave relative to the previous symbol.This helps mitigate phase
ambiguities in traditional PSK,making it more robust in noisy communication channels.

PROCEDURE:
 Open MATLAB Software.
 Open Simulink.
 Connect the blocks according to the DPSK transmitter and receiver.
 Configure the parameters of the blocks based on your simulation requirements.
 Run the simulation and observe the signal at different stages of transmitter and receiver.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:
OUTPUT:

DPSK scope
DPSK SCOPE1

RESULT:

Thus, the simulation of the DPSK modulation using Simulink was verified successfully.
Ex.No. : 11 Design and Implementation of digital modulation schemes using Matlab
Date: Simulink(16-BIT QUADRATURE AMPLITUDE MODULATION)

AIM:

To Simulate 16-Bit QAM Using Simulink and Visualize The Modulated Signal.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 MATLAB with Simulink Software

 PC

THEORY:
16-Bit QAM is a digital modulation scheme that represents data by varying both the amplitude and
phase of a carrier wave using 16 different combinations. It is commonly used in digital communication
for high data rate transmission with each symbol encoding 4 bits.

Constellation Diagram
 PROCEDURE:
 Open MATLAB Software.
 Open Simulink.
 Connect the blocks according to the 16-Bit QAM transmitter and receiver.
 Configure the parameters of the blocks based on your simulation requirements.
 Run the simulation and observe the signal at different stages of transmitter and receiver.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

OUTPUT:

RESULT:

Thus, the simulation of the 16-Bit QAM modulation using Simulink was successfully completed and
output is verified.
Ex. No: 12 Fading and Doppler Effects
Date:

Aim:
To simulate the wireless channel including Fading and Doppler effects using GNU Radio.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No. ITEMS Quantity

1 SDR Hardware Kit 1

2 USB Cable 1
3 Antenna 1
4 Monitor 1
5 USB Keyboard and Mouse Each one
6 GNU Radio Software

THEORY:
Fading is used to describe the rapid fluctuations of the amplitudes, phase or multipath delays of
a radio signal over a short period of time or travel distance, so that large scale path loss effects may be
ignored.
Fading is caused by interference between two or more versions of the transmitted signal which
arrive at the receiver at slightly different times. These waves called multipath waves combine at the
receiver antenna to give resultant signal which can vary widely in amplitude and phase, depending on
the distribution of the intensity and relative propagation time of the waves and the path bandwidth of the
transmitted signal.
The three most important effects are rapid changes in signal strength over a small travel
distance or time interval 1. Random frequency modulation due to varying DOPPLER shifts on different
multipath signals time dispersion (echoes)caused by multipath propagation delays.
PROCEDURE:
1. Click User Name: Pi into Others(using select tab)
2. User Name: silicon
3. Password: silicon123
4. Open Terminal window
5. Type iio_info –s// (**iio_info (space)-s**)
6. Find your USB Port
7. Ex: [usb:1.5.5] note this USB value
8. Open GNU Radio software
9. File→new→QT GUI/WX GUI
10. Design your project and enter the parameter
11. Click run→Execute F6,
12. Open top block (Result) in your project
REAT TIME PROGRAMME FOR FADDING

PARAMETER:
S.N
BLOCK & PARAMETER RANGE
o
Variable
1 ID Samp_rate
Value 500k
Signal Source
Sample Rate 500k
Wave form Sine
2
Frequency 1000
Amplitude 1
Offset 0
Fading Model
3
Num sinusoids 8
 20u
Normalized max Doppler (10.0/samp_ra
te)
Rayleigh/NL
Los Model
OS
Seed 0
QT GUI Constellation Sink
4 Number of Points 1024k
Auto scale Yes
QT GUI TIME Sink
Number of Points 1024k
5
Sample Rate 500k
Auto scale Yes
1 Variable
ID Samp_rate
Value 30M
Signal Source
Sample Rate 30M
Wave form Saw_Tooth
2
Frequency 100
Amplitude 1
Offset 10m
VCO(Complex)
Sample Rate 30M
3 Sensitivity 15M
1
Amplitude

Pluto SDR Sink

Usb:
Iio context URI 1.4.5****(cha
nge your id)
Lo Frequency 400M
Sample Rate 2.084M
4 RF Bandwidth 20M
32.768k(0x80
Buffer Size
00)
Cyclic False
Attenuation(db) 10
Filter
Filter auto True
QT GUI Sink
FFT Size 1024k
5 Center Frequency 0
Bandwidth 30M
Update Rate 10
 Pluto SDR Source
Usb:

Device URI
1.4.5****(cha
nge your id)
LO Frequency 400M
Sample Rate 2.084M
6 RF Bandwidth 20M
32.768k(0x80
Buffer Size
00)
Quadrature True
RF DC True
BB Dc True
Gain Model Manual
Manual Gain(db) 64
Filter -
Filter auto True

RESULT:
Thus the wireless channel including Fading and Doppler effects using GNU Radio has been
simulated and verified.