Course: EEE363/362

Electronic Circuit for Communication System

Lecture-1b: Radio Communications
Ref. Books:

1. Television Fundamentals – Fowler and Liport

2. Basic TV-B.Grob
3. Radio & TV engineering-A.G Mihal
4. Digital Television Systems –Marcelo S. Alencer
5. Radio Receiver Design- K.R Sturlen
6. Telecommunication switching systems and networks-ThiagarajanViswanathan

Course Teacher--
Dr. Mohammad Asaduzzaman KHAN,
Room # 305.
Department of ETE, BSMRSTU,
[email protected].
 Content
EEE363/362 Electronic Circuit for Communication System
2 Credits, 2 hours/week
Radio communications:
Properties and propagation of radio waves.
Radio Receivers: Receiver types, TRF and super heterodyne receivers, AM & FM Receiver.
Television:
Introduction, principle of operation, transmitter and receiver and their circuits. Receiving
and transmitting antenna. Camera tube, Picture tube, Electron beam scanning, T-lines,
balum, duplexer, vestigial side-band filters and their circuits.
Introduction to color TV, VCD, DVD, CCTV, CATV, MATV, TV Booster.
Radar:
Introduction, radar-equation, Pulse and MTI Radar, CW and FM Radar: Delay lines and
cancellers, range getting.
Introduction to Telephony system.
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Radio
Types Receivers:
of radio propagation:
• In radio communications, a radio receiver, also known as a receiver,
a wireless or simply a radio, is an electronic device that receives radio
waves and converts the information carried by them to a usable form.
• It is used with an antenna. The antenna intercepts radio waves
(electromagnetic waves) and converts them to tiny alternating
currents which are applied to the receiver, and the receiver extracts
the desired information.

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Radio
Types Receivers:
of radio propagation:
Main functions

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 Radio
Types Receivers:
of radio propagation:
Main functions of Receiver
• Practical radio receivers perform three basic functions on the signal from the antenna: filtering, amplification,
and demodulation:
Bandpass filtering: To separate out the desired radio signal, the bandpass filter allows the frequency of the
desired radio transmission to pass through, and blocks signals at all other frequencies.

Symbol for a bandpass filter The ability of the receiver to reject unwanted radio stations near in frequency
Bandwidth and selectivity: to the desired station is an important parameter called selectivity determined
by the filter
Tuning: To select a particular station the radio is "tuned" to the frequency of the desired transmitter.

Amplification: The power intercepted by the receiver's antenna is very small,

perhaps as low as picowatts or femtowatts.

Symbol for an amplifier

Demodulation: After the radio signal is filtered and amplified, the receiver
must extract the information-bearing modulation signal from
the modulated radio frequency carrier wave.
How the bandpass filter selects a single
Symbol for a demodulator radio signal S1 from all the radio5 signals
received by the antenna.
Radio
Types Receivers:
of radio propagation:
Types

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Radio receiver types: some examples
• Many of the different radio receiver types have been around for
many years.
• The component technology, and in particular semiconductor technology has surged forwards
enabling much higher levels of performance to be achieved in a much smaller space.
• Tuned radio frequency, TRF : This type of radio receiver was one of the first that
was used. The very first radio receivers of this type simply consisted of a tuned circuit
and a detector. Crystal sets were early forms of TRF radios.
• Regenerative receiver: The regenerative radio receiver significantly improved the
levels of gain and selectivity obtainable. It used positive feedback and ran at the
point just before oscillation occurred.
• Super regenerative receiver: The super regenerative radio receiver takes the
concept of regeneration a stage further. Using a second lower frequency oscillation
within the same stage, this second oscillation quenches or interrupts the oscillation
of the main regeneration – typically at frequencies of around 25 kHz or so above the
audio range. In this way the main regeneration can be run so that the stage is
effectively in oscillation where it provides very much higher levels of gain.

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Radio receiver types: some examples
• Superheterodyne receiver: The superheterodyne form of radio receiver was developed
to provide additional levels of selectivity. It uses the heterodyne or mixing process to
convert signals done to a fixed intermediate frequency. Changing the frequency of the
local oscillator effectively tunes the radio.
• Direct conversion receiver: This type of radio format converts the signal directly down
to the baseband frequency. Initially it was used for AM, Morse (CW) and SSB
transmissions, but now it is widely used for digital communications where IQ
demodulators are used to take advantage of the variety of phase shift keying, PSK, and
quadrature amplitude modulation, QAM signals.
• Shortwave receiver - This is a broadcast radio that also receives the shortwave bands. It
is used for shortwave listening.
• AV receivers are a common component in a high-fidelity or home-theatre system; in
addition to receiving radio programming, the receiver will also contain switching and
amplifying functions to interconnect and control the other components of the system.
• Software-defined radio (SDR) is a radio communication system where components,
that have been traditionally implemented in hardware
(e.g. mixers, filters, amplifiers, modulators/demodulators, detectors, etc.) are instead
implemented by means of software on a personal computer or embedded system.
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Radio receiver : How receivers work!!

In the Direct conversion receiver, the signals from the antenna

are only tuned by a single tuned circuit before entering
a mixer where they are mixed with a signal from a local
oscillator which is tuned to the carrier wave frequency of the
transmitted signal.

Practically all modern receivers are of the

superheterodyne design. The RF signal from the
antenna may have one stage of amplification to
improve the receiver's noise figure, although at
lower frequencies this is typically omitted. The RF
signal enters a mixer, along with the output of
the local oscillator, in order to produce a so-
called intermediate frequency (IF) signal.
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 Radio Receiver: TRF
• A tuned radio frequency receiver (or TRF receiver) is a type of radio receiver that is composed of
one or more tuned radio frequency (RF) amplifier stages followed by a detector (demodulator) circuit
to extract the audio signal and usually an audio frequency amplifier. This type of receiver was
popular in the 1920s.

How it works?
The classic TRF receivers of the 1920s and 30s usually consisted of three sections:
•one or more tuned RF amplifier stages. These amplify the signal of the desired station to a level sufficient
to drive the detector, while rejecting all other signals picked up by the antenna.
•a detector, which extracts the audio (modulation) signal from the radio carrier signal by rectifying it.
•optionally, but almost always included, one or more audio amplifier stages which increase the power of the
audio signal. 10
 Radio Receiver: Modern TRF

Adv. & Disadv.

Adv. : it did not radiate interference.

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Radio
Radio Receiver:
Communication:
Analytical

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Radio
Radio Receiver:
Communication:
SuperHeterodyne

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_wave 13
Radio
Radio Receiver:
Communication:
SuperHeterodyne

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Radio
Radio Receiver:
Communication:
SuperHeterodyne

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Radio
Radio Receiver:
Communication:
SuperHeterodyne Receiver

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Radio
Radio Receiver:
Communication:
SuperHeterodyne VS TRF

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Radio
Radio Receiver:
Communication:
SuperHeterodyne—RF amp.

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Radio
Radio Receiver:
Communication:
SuperHeterodyne—Mixer Section

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Radio
Radio Receiver:
Communication:
SuperHeterodyne—Mixer Section

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Radio
Radio Receiver:
Communication:
SuperHeterodyne—Mixer Section

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Radio
Radio Receiver:
Communication:
SuperHeterodyne—Mixer Section

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Radio
Radio Receiver:
Communication:
SuperHeterodyne—Mixer Section-Ex

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Radio
Radio Receiver:
Communication:
SuperHeterodyne—Mixer Section

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Radio
Radio Receiver:
Communication:
SuperHeterodyne—Mixer Section

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 Radio
Radio Receiver:
Communication:
SuperHeterodyne—Mixer Section
Example—1—Solve by yourself

Example--2

Example--3

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Radio
Radio Receiver:
Communication:
SuperHeterodyne—Mixer Section

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Radio
Radio Receiver:
Communication:
SuperHeterodyne—IF section

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Radio
Radio Receiver:
Communication:
SuperHeterodyne—IF section

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_wave 29
Radio
Radio Receiver:
Communication:
SuperHeterodyne—IF section

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Radio
Radio Receiver:
Communication:
SuperHeterodyne—IF section

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Radio
Radio Receiver:
Communication:
SuperHeterodyne—IF section

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Radio
Radio Receiver:
Communication:
SuperHeterodyne

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 Radio
Radio Receiver:
Communication:
SuperHeterodyne-Adv.
• Good adjacent channel selectivity: One of the major advantages of the superheterodyne receiver is
the close in or adjacent channel selectivity it offers. Using fixed frequency filters it is able to provide
excellent adjacent channel rejection.

• Able to receive multiple modes: In view of its topology this the superheterodyne radio is able to incorporate a
variety of different types of demodulator which can be easily selected according to the requirements.

• Able to receive very high frequency signals: The fact that the superheterodyne receiver uses mixing technology
means that the majority of the receiver processing is done at lower frequencies lending itself to the possible
reception of exceedingly high frequency signals.

• Good sensitivity: When compared to some other forms of radio receiver, the superheterodyne format enabled
good levels of sensitivity to be achieved. Although these days, other formats provide equivalent levels of
sensitivity, in the early days of wireless communications, the superhet was way ahead of others like the TRF, etc

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Radio
Radio Receiver:
Communication:
FM receiver
• FM broadcasting is a method of radio
broadcasting using frequency modulation (FM).
• Invented in 1933 by American engineer Edwin
Armstrong, wide-band FM is used worldwide to
provide high fidelity sound over broadcast radio.
• FM broadcasting is capable of higher fidelity—that
is, more accurate reproduction of the original
program sound—than other broadcasting
technologies, such as AM broadcasting.
• Therefore, FM is used for most broadcasts
of music or general audio (in the audio spectrum).
FM radio stations use the very high
frequency range of radio frequencies. Usually 87.5
to 108.0 MHz is used.
• Radio waves in this band travel by line-of-sight so FM
reception is limited by the visual horizon to about 30–
40 mi (48–64 km), and can be blocked by hills.
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FM radio station
Radio
Radio Receiver:
Communication:
FM receiver

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Radio
Radio Receiver:
Communication:
FM receiver

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Radio
Radio Receiver:
Communication:
FM receiver

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Radio
Radio Receiver:
Communication:
FM receiver

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Radio
Radio Receiver:
Communication:
FM receiver

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Radio
Radio Receiver:
Communication:
AM vs FM receiver
AM FM
1. In AM modulation, amplitude of the signal is varied, and 1. In FM modulation, frequency of the signal is varied, and
frequency and phase are kept constant. amplitude and phase are kept constant.

2. AM has two sidebands 2. FM has infinite number of sidebands

3. The carrier of AM comprises of most of the transmitted 3. All transmitted power in FM is useful, and there is no
power, which contains no information. wastage of power unlike AM.

4. Modulation index in AM varies from 0 to 1. 4. Modulation index in FM is always greater than one.
5. AM is more noisy since the AM receivers do not have 5. Noise in FM can be reduced by employing amplitude
amplitude limiters. limiters to remove the amplitude variations caused by noise.

6. AM has narrow channel bandwidth which is 2fmfm. 6. The bandwidth in FM is much higher, up to 10 times as that
of AM.
7. In AM if two or more signals received at same frequency, 7. In FM if two or more signal received at same frequency, the
then both will be demodulated, this can lead to interference. receiver will capture the stronger signal and eliminate the
weaker signal.
8. AM broadcast operates in the medium frequency (MF) and 8. FM broadcast operates in the upper VHF and UHF range,
high frequency (HF). where noise effects are minimal.
9. The design of AM transmitter and receiver is not complex 9. The design of FM transmitter and receiver is relatively
for the modulation and demodulation purpose. complex for the modulation and demodulation purpose.

10. AM transmission and reception equipments are not that 10. FM transmission and reception equipment is expensive as
expensive since the circuitry is relatively simple. the circuitry is complex. 41
 Radio
Radio Receiver:
Communication:
DAB receiver
•Digital audio broadcasting (DAB) debuted in some countries in 1998.
• It transmits audio as a digital signal rather than an analog signal as AM and FM do.
•DAB has the potential to provide higher quality sound than FM (although many stations do not choose to
transmit at such high quality), has greater immunity to radio noise and interference, makes better use of
scarce radio spectrum bandwidth, and provides advanced user features such as electronic program
guides.
•Its disadvantage is that it is incompatible with previous radios so that a new DAB receiver must be
purchased. Most countries plan an eventual switchover from FM to DAB. The United States and Canada
have chosen not to implement DAB.
•A single DAB station transmits a 1,500 kHz bandwidth signal that carries from 9 to 12 channels of digital
audio modulated by OFDM from which the listener can choose.
•Broadcasters can transmit a channel at a range of different bit rates, so different channels can have
different audio quality.
•In different countries DAB stations broadcast in either Band III (174–240 MHz) or L band (1.452–
1.492 GHz) in the UHF range, so like FM reception is limited by the visual horizon to about 40 miles
(64 km).
Benefits of DAB: Improved features for users, Disadvantages of DAB: Signal delay, More Power requirements.
More stations, Variable bandwidth,

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Radio
Radio Receiver:
Communication:
SDR receiver
• Software-defined radio (SDR) is a radio communication system where components that have
been traditionally implemented in hardware
(e.g. mixers, filters, amplifiers, modulators/demodulators, detectors, etc.) are instead implemented
by means of software on a personal computer or embedded system.

• While the concept of SDR is not new, the rapidly evolving capabilities of digital electronics render
practical many processes which were once only theoretically possible.

• A basic SDR system may consist of a personal computer equipped with a sound card, or
other analog-to-digital converter, preceded by some form of RF front end.

• Software radios have significant utility for the military and cell phone services, both of which must
serve a wide variety of changing radio protocols in real time.

• SDRs, along with software defined antennas are the enablers of the cognitive radio.
• A software-defined radio can be flexible enough to avoid the "limited spectrum“-- in one or more ways
including:
• Spread spectrum and ultrawideband techniques
• Software defined antennas adaptively
• Cognitive radio techniques:
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• Dynamic transmitter power adjustment,
Radio
Radio Receiver:
Communication:
SDR receiver Operating principles

• Superheterodyne receivers use

a variable-frequency oscillator, mixer,
and filter to tune the desired signal to a
common intermediate
frequency or baseband.
• Typically SDR, this signal is then
sampled by the analog-to-digital
converter.
• However, in some applications it is not
necessary to tune the signal to an
intermediate frequency and the radio
frequency signal is directly sampled by
the analog-to-digital converter (after
amplification).
• Recently he has analyzed Chirp
Transmitter signals using the coupled system
of receivers.
• Examples: Aaronia SPECTRAN V6,
Software defined radio concept
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Radio Communication:END

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