PHYSICAL SCIENCES

GRADE 11
(Energy
and
Chemical Change)

LESSON 1&2

Tue 13 July 2021

Wed 14 July 2021
 Putting Lessons into Perspectives

WINTER HOLIDAYS PROGRAM:

Physical Sciences P2
Monday: 12th July
Saturday & Sunday
Quantitative
BREAK- NO SESSIONS Aspects of CC 6 &
1HR Assessement
Friday: 16th July
Acid –Base Reactions Tuesday: 13th July
1HR Assessement Energy&
(Energy & Change and Acid-Base Chemical Change
Reactions)

Thursday 15th July

Wednesday: 14th July
Acid-Base
Energy & Chemical Change
Reactions

2
 TOPIC OVERVIEW: ENERGY AND CHEMICAL CHANGE – GR 11

• Define heat of reaction (ΔH).

• Define an exothermic reaction.
• Define and endothermic reaction.
• Classify, with reason, reactions as exothermic or endothermic.
• State the sign of ΔH for exothermic and endothermic reactions.
• Define activation energy.
• Define an activated complex.
• Draw or interpret fully labelled sketch graphs (potential energy
versus course of reaction graphs) of catalysed and uncatalysed
endothermic and exothermic
3 reactions.
 INTRODUCTION:
THE MECHANISM OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
 THE MECHANISM OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Key Concepts:

From Grade 11 – Chemical Change:

Energy and Chemical Change

• Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions
• Activation Energy
 What learners must Know: ( In accordance with CAPS)

Energy and Change

Energy changes in reactions
related to bond energy
Classify (with reason) changes Define heat of reaction
reactions as exothermic (ΔH) as the energy
or endothermic. absorbed or released in a
chemical reaction.

Define endothermic Define exothermic

reactions as reactions reactions as reactions that
that absorb energy. release energy.
 What learners must Know: ( In accordance with CAPS)

Exothermic
and
Endothermic
reactions
State that ΔH > 0 for
State that ΔH < 0 for endothermic reactions,
exothermic reactions, i.e. reactions in which
i.e. reactions in which energy is absorbed.
energy is released.

Define exothermic Define endothermic

reactions as reactions reactions as reactions
that release energy. that absorb energy.
 What learners must Know: ( In accordance with CAPS)

Activation energy

Draw or interpret fully labelled Define activation energy as

sketch graphs (potential energy the minimum energy
vs. course of reaction) of needed for a reaction to
take place.
catalysed and uncatalysed
endothermic and exothermic
reactions

Define an activated complex

as the unstable transition
state from reactants to
products.
 PART 1: THE MECHANISM OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

The steps that atoms go through

On the microscopic level a
as their arrangement change
number of steps are essential
from reactants to products are
before a reaction will occur.
known as the MECHANISM of
the reaction.

The model used to explain

reaction mechanism is THE
COLLISION THEORY
(To be discussed further in
Grade 12).
 THE MECHANISM OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Consider the arrangement of symbols which represents a chemical

reaction, with AB and CD the reactants (reagents) and AC and BD
the products of the reaction.

AB + CD → AC + BD

reagents products

There are several steps to this chemical reaction ….

1. Energy is required to break all the bonds within the reactant particles
2. The separated particles form an activated complex
3. Energy is released as new bonds are formed
 Reacting particles must have enough energy

• Any chemical reaction occurs with bond

breaking (energy needed) and bond
formation (energy released).
•
If particles with energy lower than
the activation energy collide, no • Activation energy is involved with the
reaction will take place. initial breaking of bonds.
Only collisions with energies equal
to or greater than the activation
energy will lead to a reaction.
Chemical Change Process
• The process of chemical change involves breaking and forming of
bonds.
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g)
Chemical Change
Mole in chemical change
Energy
Endothermic and Exothermic Processes
Exothermic reactions are reactions that release energy in the
form of heat. E,g combustion reaction.
Endothermic reactions are the opposite of exothermic reactions.
They absorb heat energy from their surroundings. E.g
 Endothermic and Exothermic Processes
Endothermic Process Exothermic Process

Absorbs heat energy Releases Heat Energy

Mole
Endothermic and Exothermic Processes
 Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions

The HEAT OF REACTION (ΔH) is the change in the energy of the

system as a result of the reaction, the difference between the
energy required to break the bonds, that the energy released in the
formation of new bonds.

• When more energy is released in bond formation than required

to break reactant bonds, it is called an exothermic reaction (a
reaction that releases energy in the form of heat or light) with
ΔH < 0.

• When less energy is released than required, it is an

endothermic reaction (a reaction that absorbs energy in the
form of heat or light), with ΔH > 0
Endothermic Exothermic reactions
• To determine if a reaction is exothermic or endothermic.
• Measure the temperature change of the system
• Measure the temperature of a reaction before and after it is completed.
Endothermic Exothermic Reactions
There are different ways of writing an equation to show whether it
is exothermic or endothermic:
 Polling Time 1
Consider the following chemical reactions:

I C(s) + H2O(g) → H2(g) + CO(g) ∆H = + 131 kJ∙mol-1

II 2HI(g) + 40 kJ → H2(g) + I2(g)
III CO(g) + NO2(g) → CO2(g) + NO(g) ∆H = - 226 kJ∙mol-1
IV H2(g) + F2(g) → 2HF(g) + 536 kJ
V Na(s) + H2O(ℓ) → NaOH(s) + H2(g) ∆H = - 300 kJ∙mol-1

Which of the reactions are exothermic?

A. only I
B. only IV
C. III, IV and V
D. I and IV

21
Work Area: White-Board
 Polling Time 1
Consider the following chemical reactions:

I C(s) + H2O(g) → H2(g) + CO(g) ∆H = + 131 kJ∙mol-1

II 2HI(g) + 40 kJ → H2(g) + I2(g)
III CO(g) + NO2(g) → CO2(g) + NO(g) ∆H = - 226 kJ∙mol-1
IV H2(g) + F2(g) → 2HF(g) + 536 kJ
V Na(s) + H2O(ℓ) → NaOH(s) + H2(g) ∆H = - 300 kJ∙mol-1

Which of the reactions are exothermic?

A. only I
B. only IV
C. III, IV and V
D. I and IV

23
 Activity 1

Choose an item from COLUMN B that matches a description in COLUMN A.

Write only the letter (A – H) next to the question number.

COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O ΔH < 0 A. Endothermic reaction
2. Lowers the activation energy of a
B. Catalyst
reaction
3. Positive ∆H value C. Exothermic reaction
4. Particular arrangement of atoms that
D. Activation energy
has the maximum energy
5. The energy which is required to E. Enthalpy
break a bond . F. Bond formation
G. Activated complex
H. Bond dissociation energy

24
Work Area: White-Board
 Class Activity 1

Choose an item from COLUMN B that matches a description in COLUMN A.

Write only the letter (A – H) next to the question number.

COLUMN A COLUMN B Answers:

1. 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O A. Endothermic reaction 1. C
2. Lowers the activation energy of a 2. B
B. Catalyst 3. A
reaction
4. G
3. Positive ∆H value C. Exothermic reaction
5. H
4. particular arrangement of atoms that
D. Activation energy
has the maximum energy
5. the energy which is required to E. Enthalpy
break a bond . F. Bond formation
G. Activated complex
H. Bond dissociation energy

26
Application of Exothermic and Endothermic processes
Exothermic

• Combustion: burning of fuels – exothermic + Energy

• Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
• Neutralisation: acid + base → salt + water + energy
• Hydration: Reaction of some anhydrous salts with water to form hydrated
salts, e.g. CuSO4(s) + 5 H2O(ℓ) → CuSO4·5H2O(s) + energy.

Endothermic
• Photosynthesis: 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(ℓ) + light energy → C6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(g)
• Electrolysis
• Ice packs used for sports injuries
 PHYSICAL SCIENCES
GRADE 11
14 July 2021

Potential Energy Diagrams

Mole
Concepts
• Endothermic & Exothermic (continued)
• Activation energy
• Activated complex
• Energy Profiles
• ∆H calculations
• Catalyst
Mole
Topic Overview
Learners Should be able to;
1. Classify chemical reactions into endothermic/exothermic.
2. Define activation energy & activated complex.
3. Identify and describe the energy profile of an exothermic
reaction.
4. Identify and describe the energy profile of an endothermic
reaction.
5. Identify and describe the energy profile of a reaction with a
catalyst.
6. Calculate ∆H of reaction from energy diagrams.
 THE MECHANISM OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS – KEY CONCEPTS

• All reactions, even so-called spontaneous reactions, require

energy to get started.
• This is the ACTIVATION ENERGY, properly defined as the
minimum energy needed for a reaction to take place.

• The reacting atoms must pass over an “energy hill” to change from
reactants to products.
• The transition state that atoms must pass through is called the
ACTIVATED COMPLEX.

The activated complex is an unstable structure where bonds are

forming and breaking at the same time.
Energy profile Diagrams
Activation Energy
Activation energy, is the minimum energy required for a reaction
to take place. Ea
Activated complex: is an intermediate product reactants and
products. (Unstable, High energy)
Energy Profile diagrams Exothermic
 EXOTHERMIC REACTIONS
• Exothermic reactions are reactions in which the energy needed
during bond breaking is lower than energy released during bond
formation.
• Exothermic reactions release more energy than is absorbed, therefore
the energy of the products is less than the energy of the reactants.

NOTE: Because this energy is released into the surrounding

area, the container in which the reaction takes place gets hot.
Therefore, the temperature of the reaction mixture
increases.
Energy Profile Endothermic
Energy profile for an exothermic reaction

Ea

Potential energy (kJ) Reactants

H

Products

Course of reaction

Heat of the reaction: ∆H = Hproducts - Hreactants

For an exothermic reaction ∆H is negative 37
 SUMMARY: EXOTHERMIC AND ENDOTHERMIC REACTIONS

ΔH = Energy products – Energy reactants

ΔH - is the change in enthalpy. ΔH - is measured in kJ/mol

ΔH - is the amount of energy KNOW THESE

ΔH > 0 for endothermic
absorbed or released during a CONCEPTS reactions
chemical reaction

HEAT OF REACTION (ΔH) - ΔH < 0 for exothermic

difference in energy between reactions
reactants and products.
Energy Profile with a catalyst
 Alternative Pathway
Illustrated graphically … Note:
❖ a catalyst does not affect
Activation energy the initial / final energy of
activation energy the reactants / products –
potential energy
with catalyst ΔH remains constant.
EA
❖ a catalyst cannot initiate a
reaction – it only lowers
the activation energy
reactants required
❖ in essence, a catalyst
products provides an alternative
reaction path

• When a catalyst is added to the reactants, it

provides an alternative, lower energy path for the
reaction to take place.

• The catalyst increases the rate of reaction

without itself undergoing any permanent change.
2. Polling Time 2
Consider the following potential energy diagram for a chemical reaction:

Ep
(kJ.mol-1)

Progress of the reaction

Course of reaction

Which of the following represents the correct activation energies in kJ∙mol -1?
Forward catalysed reaction Forward uncatalysed reaction

A. 40 140
B. 80 40
C. 100 80
D. 40 100
41
2. Polling Time 2
Consider the following potential energy diagram for a chemical reaction:

Ep
(kJ.mol-1)

Progress of the reaction

Course of reaction

Which of the following represents the correct activation energies in kJ∙mol -1?
Forward catalysed reaction Forward uncatalysed reaction

A. 40 140
B. 80 40
C. 100 80
D. 40 100
42
Activity ∆H of Reaction
∆H
ΔH = E products – E reactants

Calculate the ΔH for this reaction.

Polling Activity 2
Polling Activity 3
Polling Activity 4
Activities 2
Activity 3
Activity 3
Activity 3 Cont.
Activity 4
 Concluding Remarks

Following our today lesson, I Repeat this procedure until you are
want you to do the following: confident.

Read through what the learner need to

Do not forget: Practice makes
understand and master in your learner
perfect!
material.

Complete all prescribed

activities/exercises

Work through as many of the associated exercises as possible on your own

from the Text-Book and the Past Exam Papers.

53
 Putting Lessons into Perspectives

WINTER HOLIDAYS PROGRAM:

Physical Sciences P2
Monday: 12th July
Saturday & Sunday
Quantitative
BREAK- NO SESSIONS Aspects of CC 6 &
1HR Assessement
Friday: 16th July
Acid –Base Reactions Tuesday: 13th July
1HR Assessement Energy&
(Energy & Change and Acid-Base Chemical Change
Reactions)

Thursday 15th July

Wednesday: 14th July
Acid-Base
Energy & Chemical Change
Reactions

54
Thank you