Single Variable Calculus Formula Sheet

1 Limits
Continuity
lim f (x) = lim+ f (x) = f (a)
x→a− x→a
Vertical Asymptotes
lim f (x) = ±∞
x→a+
or
lim f (x) = ±∞
x→a−
Trigonometric Limits
sin(θ)
lim =1
θ→0 θ
1 − cos(θ)
lim =0
θ→0 θ
Approximations
θ → 0, sin(θ) ≈ θ
θ → 0, cos(θ) ≈ 1
θ → 0, tan(θ) ≈ θ

2 Derivatives
2.1 Basics of Differentiation
Average Rate of Change
∆y y−yo
m= ∆x = x−xo

Derivative

f (x + ∆x) − f (x) ∆f f (x + h) − f (x)

f ′ (x) = lim = lim = lim
∆x→0 ∆x ∆x→0 ∆x h→0 h
Derivative at a Point
f (x) − f (a) f (a + ∆x) − f (a) f (a + h) − f (a)
f ′ (a) = lim = lim = lim
x→a x−a ∆x→0 ∆x h→0 h

1
 Basic Derivative Rules
• d
dx (c) = 0, c = constant.

• Power Rule: d n
dx x = nxn−1 , n = constant.

• d
dx sin(x) = cos(x)

• d
dx cos(x) = − sin(x)

• d
dx tan(x) = sec2 (x)

• d
dx sec(x) = sec(x) tan(x)

• d
dx csc(x) = − csc(x) cot(x)
• (u + v)′ = u′ + v ′
• (uv)′ = u′ v + uv ′
u′ v−uv ′
• ( uv )′ = v2

Tangent Line
y = yo + f ′ (xo )(x − xo )
Motion
ds d2 s
s(t) = Position Function, dt = velocity. dt2 = acceleration

2.2 Advanced Differentiation

Inverse Derivatives
d −1 1
dx f (x) = f ′ (f −1 (x))

• d
dx ln |x| = 1
x

• d
dx tan−1 (x) = 1
1+x2

• d
dx sin−1 (x) = √ 1
1−x2

• d
dx sec−1 (x) = √1
|x| x2 −1

Newton’s Method
f (xn )
xn+1 = xn - f ′ (xn )

Indeterminate Forms:
• 1∞
• 00

2
 • ∞0
• ∞−∞
• 0(∞)
• ∞
∞

• 0
0

L’ Hospital
f (x) 0 ∞
If g(x) → 0 or → ∞ as x → a,

f (x) f ′ (x)
lim = lim ′
x→a g(x) x→a g (x)

Mean Value Theorem

Given differentiable on (a,b) and continuous on [a,b] then there is at least one
c where
∆f
f ′ (c) = ∆x

3 Integrals
3.1 Basics of Integration
Integration Rules
Rb Rc Rc
• a f (x)dx + b f (x)dx = a f (x)dx
Rb Ra
• a f (x)dx = − b f (x)dx
Rb R g(b)
• a
f (g(x))g ′ (x)dx = g(a)
f (y)dy, y = g(x)

Area Z b Z d
f (x) − g(x)dx = f (y) − g(y)dy
a c
Average Value
Rb
a
f (x)dx
b−a
Fundamental Theorem(s) of Calculus
Z b
f (x)dx = F (b) − F (a), f (x) = F ′ (x)
a
Z h(x)
( f (t)dt)′ = f (h(x))h′ (x)
0

3
3.2 Techniques and Applications of Integration
Integration By Parts Z Z
udv = uv − vdu

Volumes Z
V = Adx
Z b Z d
V =π R2 − r2 dx = π R2 − r2 dy
a c
Z b Z d
V = 2π rhdx = 2π rhdy
a c
Arc Length
Z b p
L= 1 + (f ′ (x))2 dx
a

Z b p
L= (x′ (t))2 + (y ′ (t))2 dt
a
Z b p
L= (f (θ))2 + (f ′ (θ))2 dθ
a

4 Series
∞
X f (k) (a)(x − a)k
Pn (x) =
k!
k=0

f n+1 (y)|x − a|n+1

|f (x) − P(n) (x)| ≤
(n + 1)!
∞
X (−1)n x2n+1
sin(x) =
(2n + 1)!
k=0
∞
1 X
= xn
1−x
k=0
∞
X xn
ex =
n!
k=0
∞  
X a n a
(1 + x) = x
x
k=0

4
5 Important Trigonometric Identities

(sin(x))2 + (cos(x))2 = 1

sin(2x) = 2 sin(x) cos(x)

1 + cos(2x)
cos2 (x) =
2
1 − cos(2x)
sin2 (x) =
2
cos(2x) = cos2 (x) − sin2 (x)