







∈: //

∉ ⏊
∞
⟹ |𝑎| 𝑎

⟺ 𝑎
<
≤
˄ ≮
˅ >
∀ ≥
∃ ≯
∴ ⊆

=
⊈
≠
⊃
≈
∩
≅
∪
 𝐼𝐼𝐼

500

772

𝐼𝑋

1202

𝑋𝐼𝐼𝐼

𝑋𝑉
𝑋𝑉𝐼

𝑋𝑉𝐼𝐼

1777
1799

𝑖 𝑖 = −1
𝑋𝑉𝐼 𝑋𝐼𝑋

1799
 (ℝ)

(ℚ)

(ℕ)
(ℤ)
(𝐹)

(𝐼)

ℚ 𝐼

Racionales no Enteros o Racionales

Enteros Enteros
Decimales Decimales Cero
positivos Negativos
Exactos Períodicos 𝟎
ℕ𝑜ℤ ℤ
 ℕ: {1,2,3, ⋯ } {𝑥/𝑥 ∈ ℕ}

(ℤ : {⋯ , −4, −3, −2, −1}) {0}

ℤ = 𝑍 ∪ {0} ∪ ℤ
/

ℚ
𝑝
𝑞 𝑞≠0

1
2 √2
 √2
4
√3, √7, −√10, 𝜋.
4

ℝ
𝐼

−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
 𝑄 𝐼

√2 ∈ −2∈ 1,434343 … ∈ 0,123456 . . . ∈

1,1415 ∈ ∈ − ∈ 132 ∈

1,89 ∈ −2,565758. . . ∈ √7 ∈ √81 ∈

4 1
−3 ; 2,5 ; ; − ; 𝜋
3 2
 𝑎, 𝑏 𝑐

𝑎+𝑏 =𝑏+𝑎 2+3=3+2

𝑎∙𝑏 =𝑏∙𝑎 5 ∙ (−3) = (−3) ∙ 5 = −15

(𝑎 + 𝑏) + 𝑐 = 𝑎 + (𝑏 + 𝑐) (2 + 3) + 5 = 2 + (3 + 5)

(𝑎 ∙ 𝑏) ∙ 𝑐 = 𝑎 ∙ (𝑏 ∙ 𝑐) (3 ∙ 4) ∙ 5 = 3 ∙ (4 ∙ 5)

𝑎+0=𝑎 0+𝑎 =𝑎 3+0 =𝑎 0+3=3

𝑎∙0 = 0 0∙𝑎 =0 2∙0 = 0 0∙2=0

𝑎∙1 = 𝑎 1∙𝑎=𝑎 5∙1 = 5 1∙5=5

𝑎 + (−𝑎) = (−𝑎) + 𝑎 = 0 4 + (−4) = (−4) + 4 = 0

𝑎∙ =1 ∙𝑎=1 𝑎≠0 7∙ =1 ∙7 = 1

𝑎 ∙ (𝑏 + 𝑐) = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 + 𝑎 ∙ 𝑐 2 ∙ (3 + 4) = 2 ∙ 3 + 2 ∙ 4

𝑎 ∙ (𝑏 − 𝑐) = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 − 𝑎 ∙ 𝑐 5 ∙ (2 − 4) = 5 ∙ 2 − 5 ∙ 4
 ∀𝑎, 𝑏 𝑦 𝑐 ∈ ℝ: (𝑎 + 𝑏) + 𝑐 = 𝑎 + (𝑏 + 𝑐) (𝑎. 𝑏). 𝑐 = 𝑎. (𝑏. 𝑐)

 2 + 3 + 4 = (2 + 3) + 4 = 2 + (3 + 4) = 9

 10 . 3 . = 10 . 3 . = (10 . 3) . = 15

(16 ∶ 4): 2 = 4: 2 = 2 ≠ 16 ∶ (4 ∶ 2) = 16: 2 = 8

(10 – 5)– 3 = 5 − 3 = 2 ≠ 10 – (5 – 3) = 10 − 2 = 8

∀𝑎, 𝑏 𝑦 𝑐 ∈ ℝ: 𝑎. (𝑏 + 𝑐) = 𝑎. 𝑏 + 𝑎. 𝑐 (𝑏 + 𝑐). 𝑎 = 𝑏. 𝑎 + 𝑐. 𝑎

𝑎. (𝑏 − 𝑐) = 𝑎. 𝑏 − 𝑎. 𝑐 (𝑏 − 𝑐). 𝑎 = 𝑏. 𝑎 − 𝑐. 𝑎
  2 ( 3 + 5) = 2 . 3 + 2 . 5 = 6 + 10 = 16

 2 . 8 = 16

 . (32 − 12 + 4) = − + = 8−3+1= 6 𝟏
𝟒

 . (24) = =6

2 + (3.5)

𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 𝑑
 𝑎 − (−𝑏) = 𝑎 + 𝑏 2 − (−3) = 2 + 3 = 5
(−1) ∙ 𝑎 = −𝑎 (−1) ∙ 4 = −4

−(𝑎 + 𝑏) = −𝑎 − 𝑏 −(2 + 5) = −2 − 5 = −7
−(𝑎 − 𝑏) = −𝑎 + 𝑏 −(3 − 4) = −3 + 4 = 1
−(−𝑎) = 𝑎 −(−9) = 9
(−𝑎) ∙ 𝑏 = −𝑎𝑏 (−8) ∙ 6 = −8.6
(−𝑎) ∙ (−𝑏) = 𝑎𝑏 (−2) ∙ (−4) = 2.4 = 8
1 −𝑎 𝑎 1 −3 3
−𝑎 ∙ = =− −3 ∙ = =−
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 4 4 4
𝑎 −𝑎 𝑎 2 −2 2
= =− = =−
−𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 −3 3 3

0 0
= 0 con 𝑎 ≠ 0 =0
𝑎 3

𝑏 5
𝑎 =𝑏 4 =5
𝑎 4
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎. 𝑐 2 3 2.3
∙ = ∙ =
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏. 𝑑 5 4 5.4
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎. 𝑐 𝑎 2 3 2.3 2
∙ = = ∙ = =
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏. 𝑐 𝑏 5 3 5.3 5
 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎±𝑏 2 3 2±3 0
± = ± =
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 4 4 4

𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑 ± 𝑐𝑏 2 3 2∙5±3∙4
± = ± =
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏𝑑 4 5 4∙5
𝟎
𝑎 2 𝟎
𝑏 =𝑎÷𝑐 =𝑎∙𝑑 =𝑎∙𝑑 3 = 2÷4 = 2∙5 = 2∙5
𝑐 𝑏 𝑑 𝑏 𝑐 𝑏∙𝑐 4 3 5 3 4 3∙4
𝑑 5
 (+) ∙ (+) = + (+) ∶ (+) = +

(−) ∙ (−) = + (−) ∶ (−) = +

(+) ∙ (−) = − (+) ∶ (−) = −

(−) ∙ (+) = − (−) ∶ (+) = −

𝑎≠0

 3 . 50 . (−2). 0 . − =0

 0∶3= =0

 −

 ( ) .(
. . (
).
)
 4
.
 ∙ =
.
= =
3

1
5 4 4
∙ =
3 15 3
 3
 ∶ =
.
.
= =
2

1 2
2 4 1. 3
∶ =
3 9 1. 2
1 3
=

3
 = =
2

2
1 4
+
2 5
1
 + =

(10 ∶ 2) . 1 = 5 (10 ∶ 5) . 4 = 8

1 4 5 + 8 13
+ = =
2 5 10 10

5. 8 5 8
≠ .
10 10 10
40 40
≠
10 100

3 3 3 3 15 + 6 21
= ≠ + = =
2+5 7 2 5 10 10
 2
+9=
𝟐 .𝟑 = 𝟔

.9 − − =

4. (−2 + 5) =

2 2 3

2 = 2 .2 .2 =8
 𝑥 = 𝑥 ∙ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑥 ∙ …∙ 𝑥 2 = 2∙2∙2∙2∙2

𝑥 ∙𝑥 = 𝑥 =𝑥
𝑥 ∙𝑥 =𝑥
2 ∙2 =2 = 2 = 256

𝑥 =1 𝑥≠0 2 =1

1 1 1 1
𝑥 = = 2 = =
𝑥 𝑥 ∙ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑥 ∙ …∙𝑥 2 8

1
1 =𝑥
=𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 1
=2
2
2
=2 = 2 = 16
𝑥 1 2
=𝑥 = 2 1
𝑥 𝑥
=2 =2 =
2 16

𝑥 2
=𝑥 =𝑥 =1 == 1
𝑥 2
(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 ∙
=𝑥
(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 ∙
(2 ) = 2 ∙
= 2 = 64

(𝑥 ∙ 𝑦) = 𝑥 𝑦 (2 ∙ 4) = 2 4

𝑥 𝑥 2 2 8
= = =
𝑦 𝑦 3 3 27
𝑥 𝑦 3 4 16
= = =
𝑦 𝑥 4 3 9
  (−8). =

(−𝟖)

𝟐
(−𝟖 𝟐

𝟒 (−𝟖)

1
(−8) . =
2

1
(−8) . =
16

−1
1
(−8) .
16
1 2
=−
2

𝟎
𝟏.

 15 = 1

 − =1

 0
 3

−3

1 =1

 = = =

 (−7) . =

2
= (−7) . (−𝟐)
3
=
1 3
= − .
7 2
𝟐
=
1 9 9
= . =
49 4 196
 2
(−7). =
3 (−𝟐)
(−𝟐)
𝟐
14 3 9
= − = − =
3 14 196

/
4

/
4 = √4 = √64 = 8
 

3 = √3
𝑥 = √𝑥 2
8 = √8 = 2

1 1 1 1 1
𝑥 = = 4 = = =
√4 2
𝑥 √𝑥 4 

√9 ∙ √2 = √9 ∙ 2 = √18
√𝑥 ∙ 𝑦= 𝑥∙𝑦
√9 ∙ √3 = √9 ∙ 3 = √27 = 3

√𝑥 𝑥 √80 80
= = = √8 = 2
𝑦 𝑦 √10 10

∙
√𝑥 = √𝑥 √2 = √2

𝑥 = √𝑥 = √𝑥 ,𝑚 ≠ 𝑛 8 = 8 = √8 =2 =4

√𝑥 =𝑥 √7 =7

 √8 = 2 2 =8

 √ 81 = 3

 √1 = 1

 =
√
√
=
 .
 =
.

1 1 1
8. . 16 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
4 =𝟐
=2 𝟖
5 1 3 1
1+4 . 6 2 .6 𝟏 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐
𝟒
= 𝟏
= 𝟏𝟔

1+ = = =

.
= = 32
.
 . + :3− .5 =

. − . + . − =

. ∶ =

(−2) . (−2) ∶ (−2) =

(−2) . (−2) . (−2) =

. −4. =

. (−12) =
 𝑥+ 3𝑥 𝑥 −4

 3𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 1
𝑥

 (𝑥 + 𝑦) − 𝑥. 𝑦
𝑥 𝑦
−3𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
−3
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

−3𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 5𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

3𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑏𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 8
  2𝑥𝑦 + 5𝑥𝑦 = 7𝑥𝑦

 (3𝑥 𝑦 − 2𝑥 + 1) + (4𝑥 𝑦 + 6𝑥 − 3) =

3𝑥 𝑦 − 2𝑥 + 1 + 4𝑥 𝑦 + 6𝑥 − 3 =

𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚
𝟐
𝟒𝒙 𝒚 −𝟐𝒙 𝟔𝒙 –𝟑

= 7𝑥 𝑦 + 4𝑥 − 2

 −2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 + 5 − (3𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦) + 𝑥 =

= −2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 + 5 − 3𝑦
− 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 =

= −3𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 + 5 + 𝑥
  (2𝑥 + 𝑦)(−𝑦 + 𝑥) =

= 2𝑥(−𝑦) + 2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦(−𝑦) + 𝑦𝑥 =

= −2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑦𝑥 =

= −𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥 − 𝑦

 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦) =

𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑥𝑦 − 1𝑥 + 1𝑦 − 1𝑥𝑦

−𝟏

= 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 =

𝒙𝒙𝟑 = 𝒙𝟒
𝟐
𝒙𝒙𝒚 = 𝒙 𝒚

= 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑥
+𝑦
 𝑥+𝑥 = 𝑥 +𝑥 =

2𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 2𝑥 =
𝑥. 𝑥 = 𝑥 .𝑥 =
2𝑥. 2𝑥 = 2𝑥 . 2𝑥 =
(2𝑥 + 5). (−8𝑥 + 4) = 2𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 2 − (4𝑥 − 3𝑥) =

(𝑥 + 𝑎) = 𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎
(𝑥 − 𝑎) = 𝑥 − 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎
(𝑥 + 𝑎) = 𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎 (𝑥 + 𝑎) = 𝑥 + 𝑎

 (𝑥 + 𝑎) = (𝑥 + 𝑎). (𝑥 + 𝑎) = 𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎

 (𝑥 − 𝑎) = (𝑥 − 𝑎). (𝑥 − 𝑎) = 𝑥 − 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎

 (𝑥 − 5) = 𝑥 − 2 ∙ 𝑥 ∙ 5 + 5 = 𝑥 − 10𝑥 + 25

(2 − 𝑥 ) =
(2𝑥 + 1) =

(𝑥 + 𝑎). (𝑥 − 𝑎) = 𝑥 − 𝑎

(𝑥 + 𝑎). (𝑥 − 𝑎) = 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑎 + 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑎 = 𝑥 − 𝑎
  (𝑥 + 2). (𝑥 − 2) = 𝑥 − 4

𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 = 𝑎. (𝑥 + 𝑦)

𝟐𝒙
2𝑥 + 4𝑥 = 2𝑥. (𝑥 + 2)
(𝒙 + 𝟐)

(𝒙 + 𝟐)

𝟐𝒙𝟐 ÷ 𝟐𝒙 = 𝒙 𝟒𝒙 ÷ 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟐
 𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎 = (𝑥 + 𝑎)

𝑥 − 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎 = (𝑥 − 𝑎)

 4 + 4𝑧 + 𝑧 = (2 + 𝑧) 𝟐 𝒛

𝟐 . 𝟐 . 𝒛 = 𝟒𝒛

9 + 2𝑦 + 𝑦 =

𝟑 𝒚
𝟐 . 𝟑 . 𝒚 = 𝟔𝒚

𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 1 =

4𝑥 + 16𝑥 + 16 =
 𝑥 − 𝑎 = (𝑥 + 𝑎). (𝑥 − 𝑎)

 16 − 𝑥 = (4 + 𝑥). (4 − 𝑥)

(3 − 2𝑥) =

4𝑥 − 36 =

2𝑥 + 8𝑥 + 8 =

16𝑥 − 16𝑥 =

8 2 + 3𝑥
;
𝑥−1 6𝑥
 𝑃(𝑥)
𝑄(𝑥)

𝑃(𝑥) 𝑄(𝑥)


 3
3𝑥 + 9 18 3. (𝑥 + 3) 18 3 .3 9
. = . = =
6 5𝑥 + 15 6 5. (𝑥 + 3) 5 5
1

(𝒙 + 𝟑) (𝒙 + 𝟑) 𝟏𝟖 𝟔

1 1 (𝑥 − 1) + 1 𝑥
+ = = 𝑥
𝑥+1 𝑥 −1 𝑥 −1 𝑥 −1

𝒙𝟐
1
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 = (𝒙 − 𝟏). (𝒙 + 𝟏)

= − =

= . =

: = =
 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑
𝑎
𝑠𝑖 = 𝑚 𝑎 𝑐
𝑏 ⇒ = 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑖ó𝑛
𝑐 𝑏 𝑑
𝑦 =𝑚
𝑑

6
𝑠𝑖 = 1,5 6 3
4 ⇒ = 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑖ó𝑛
3 4 2
𝑦 = 1,5
2





 𝑎∙𝑐 =𝑏∙𝑐

.
𝑥=