CTE 232 COMPUTER WORKSHOP PRACTICE I LECTURE NOTE

WEEK 1-4

Computer Workshop Practice I: Hardware Fundamentals

This lecture note provides an in-depth overview of essential computer hardware components,
focusing on their functions, types, and characteristics.

1.1 Peripheral Devices: System Unit, Monitor, Mouse, Scanner, Printer, Plotter
 System Unit:
o The system unit is the main enclosure that houses the core components of a computer,
including the motherboard, CPU, memory, storage drives, and expansion cards. 1

o It serves as the central processing hub and provides a protective case for these components.

Figure 1: Image of a typical desktop system unit, with labels pointing to major external ports
and the case.
 Monitor:
o A monitor is a display device that presents visual information from the computer to the user. 3

o Types include LCD (Liquid Crystal Display), LED (Light-Emitting Diode), and OLED
(Organic Light-Emitting Diode).

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o Figure 2: Images of various monitor types, showcasing different sizes and technologies.
 Mouse:
o A mouse is an input device that allows users to interact with the computer's graphical user
interface (GUI) by controlling an on-screen cursor.4

o Types include optical, laser, and wireless mice.

Figure 3: Images of different mouse types.

 Scanner:

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o A scanner is an input device that digitizes physical documents or images, converting them
into electronic files. 5

o Types include flatbed, sheet-fed, and handheld scanners.

Figure 4: Image of a flatbed scanner in operation.)

 Printer:
o A printer is an output device that produces hard copies of electronic documents or images. 6

o Types include inkjet, laser, and dot-matrix printers.

o Figure 5: Images of inkjet and laser printers.)

 Plotter:

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o A plotter is an output device used for printing large-format graphics, such as architectural
drawings or engineering designs. 7

o Types include pen plotters and inkjet plotters.

o Figure 6: Image of a large-format plotter printing a technical drawing.)

1.2 Components of the System Unit
 Motherboard:
o The motherboard is the main circuit board within the system unit, providing the foundation
for all other components. 9

o It contains the CPU socket, memory slots, expansion slots, and various controllers.

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o Figure 7: Image of a motherboard with labeled components.)

 CPU (Central Processing Unit):
o The CPU is the "brain" of the computer, responsible for executing instructions and
performing calculations. 1011

o It consists of the control unit, arithmetic logic unit (ALU), and registers.

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o Figure 8: Image of a CPU chip.
 CPU Overdrive:
o CPU overdrive refers to the practice of increasing the clock speed of a CPU beyond its rated
specifications to enhance performance. 12

o This technique is known as overclocking.

 Controller Card:
o Controller cards are expansion cards that provide interfaces for connecting peripherals to the
motherboard, such as hard drives, USB ports, and network adapters. 13

o Figure 9: Images of various controller cards.)

 VGA Card (Video Graphics Array):
o A VGA card, also known as a graphics card or video card, is an expansion card that processes
and outputs video signals to the monitor. 14

o Modern graphics cards have dedicated GPUs (Graphics Processing Units) for accelerated
graphics processing. 15

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o Figure 10: Image of a modern graphics card.

 Expansion Slots (8, 16, 32, 64 bits):
o Expansion slots are connectors on the motherboard that allow for the installation of
expansion cards. 16

o The bit designation (8, 16, 32, 64) refers to the width of the data bus, which affects the data
transfer rate.

Figure 10: Diagram of a motherboard showing expansion slots with different bit widths.
1.3 Hard Disk Types: EIDE, IDE, SCSI
 IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics)/EIDE (Enhanced IDE):

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o IDE/EIDE is a standard interface for connecting hard drives and optical drives to the
motherboard.

o EIDE offers faster data transfer rates and supports larger drive capacities than the original
IDE standard. 17

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 Figure 11: Image of an IDE/EIDE hard drive and cable.)
 SCSI (Small Computer System Interface):
SCSI is a high-performance interface used for connecting various peripherals, including hard
drives, scanners, and tape drives. SCSI offers faster data transfer rates and supports a larger
number of devices than IDE/EIDE.

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 Figure 12: Image of a SCSI hard drive and cable.)
 SATA (Serial ATA):
SATA is the current standard for connecting hard drives and SSD's. It has replaced
IDE/EIDE.

Figure 13: Image of a SATA hard drive and cable.)

1.4 Memory Types on the Board/Card: Cache, VRAM, SRAM, DRAM
 Cache Memory:
Cache memory is a small, high-speed memory that stores frequently accessed data and
instructions, reducing the time it takes the CPU to retrieve information.

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 

Figure 14: Diagram illustrating the hierarchy of memory, showing cache memory between
the CPU and main memory.)
 VRAM (Video RAM):
VRAM is a type of RAM specifically used by graphics cards to store image data. It allows for
faster processing and display of graphics.
 SRAM (Static RAM):
SRAM is a type of RAM that retains data as long as power is supplied, without requiring
periodic refreshing. It is faster and more expensive than DRAM and is commonly used for
cache memory.
 DRAM (Dynamic RAM):

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 DRAM is a type of RAM that requires periodic refreshing to maintain data. It is slower and
less expensive than SRAM and is commonly used for main memory.

Figure 15: Table comparing the characteristics of SRAM and DRAM.)

1.5 Floppy Disk Drives: 3½" / 5¼" Disk Drives

 5¼" Floppy Disk Drives:

Older floppy disk drives that used flexible magnetic disks with a diameter of 5¼ inches. They
had limited storage capacity and were gradually replaced by 3½" drives.

Figure 16: Image of a 5¼" floppy disk drive and disk.)

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 3½" Floppy Disk Drives:

More compact and durable floppy disk drives that used rigid plastic cases with a diameter of
3½ inches. They offered higher storage capacity and improved reliability compared to 5¼"
drives.

Figure 17: Image of a 3½" floppy disk drive and disk.)

Table: Memory Type Comparison

Memory Type Characteristics Common Usage

SRAM Fast, expensive, no refresh required Cache memory

DRAM Slower, less expensive, refresh required Main memory

VRAM Specifically for video data Graphics cards

Cache High speed, stores frequently used data CPU cache

This comprehensive overview provides a foundation for understanding the core hardware
components of a computer system. Practical experience in a workshop setting will further
solidify this knowledge.

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 WEEK 5-8

Computer Workshop Practice I: Installation and Maintenance

This lecture note focuses on practical aspects of computer installation and maintenance,
covering essential procedures and best practices.

2.1 Interpreting Installation/Maintenance Manuals

Installation and maintenance manuals are crucial resources for understanding and working
with computer hardware. They provide detailed instructions, specifications, and
troubleshooting information. 1

 Key Elements of Manuals:

 Specifications: Detailed technical information about the hardware, including power
requirements, dimensions, and compatibility. 2

 Installation Procedures: Step-by-step instructions for setting up the hardware.

 Maintenance Procedures: Guidelines for cleaning, troubleshooting, and repairing
the hardware.
 Safety Precautions: Warnings and instructions to prevent damage or injury. 3

 Troubleshooting Guides: Information on common problems and solutions. 4

 Diagrams and Illustrations: Visual aids to clarify complex procedures.

 Reading and Understanding Manuals:
 Thoroughly review the manual before starting any installation or maintenance
task.
 Pay close attention to safety precautions.
 Understand the terminology and specifications.
 Follow the instructions step-by-step.
 Use diagrams and illustrations to clarify procedures.
 Keep manuals in a safe and accessible location.
 When online manuals are used, ensure that they are from the original
manufacturer’s webpage.

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2.2 Procedures to Carry Out RAM Upgrade

Upgrading RAM can significantly improve computer performance. Follow these steps:
5

1. Determine Compatibility:

Check the motherboard's specifications for compatible RAM types (DDR3, DDR4, etc.),
speeds, and capacities. Use a compatibility checker tool on the RAM manufacturer's website.

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2. Prepare the System:

Power off the computer and disconnect the power cord. Ground yourself to prevent
electrostatic discharge (ESD) by touching a grounded metal object. Open the system unit
case.

3. Locate RAM Slots:

Identify the RAM slots on the motherboard. Refer to the motherboard manual for their
location and orientation.

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4. Remove Existing RAM (if necessary):

Gently release the retaining clips at each end of the RAM module. Carefully remove the
module from the slot.

5. Install New RAM:

Align the notch on the RAM module with the key in the RAM slot. Insert the module firmly
into the slot, applying even pressure. Push down on the module until the retaining clips snap
into place.

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6. Verify Installation:

Close the system unit case. Reconnect the power cord and power on the computer. Check the
system's BIOS or operating system to confirm that the new RAM is recognized. Run a
memory diagnostic tool to test the RAM.

2.3 Site Preparation Method

Proper site preparation is essential for reliable computer operation.

 Electrical Considerations:

Ensure adequate power outlets and surge protection. Use a dedicated circuit for computer
equipment. Consider a UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) for backup power. 7

 Environmental Considerations:

Maintain a clean and dust-free environment. Control temperature and humidity levels. Avoid
direct sunlight and excessive vibrations.

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 Ergonomic Considerations:

Provide comfortable and adjustable workstations. Use ergonomic keyboards and mice.
Ensure proper lighting and monitor placement.

 Network Considerations:

Plan for network cabling and connectivity. Ensure adequate network bandwidth. Consider
wireless network options.

2.4 Need for Equipment Inventory

Maintaining an accurate equipment inventory is crucial for asset management and
maintenance.

 Benefits of Equipment Inventory:

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  Asset tracking and management.
 Maintenance planning and scheduling.
 Warranty tracking.
 Theft prevention.
 Budgeting and procurement.

 Inventory Information:

 Equipment type and model.

 Serial number and asset tag.
 Purchase date and cost.
 Location and user.
 Warranty information.
 Maintenance history.

 Inventory Methods:

o Spreadsheets or databases.

o Asset management software.

o Barcode scanning.

 2.5 Pre-Installation Checks and Simple Computer Installation

Pre-installation checks are essential to ensure a smooth and successful installation.

 Pre-Installation Checks:
o Electrical Checks:

 Verify power outlet voltage and grounding.

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 Check for surge protection.

o Mechanical Checks:

 Inspect the equipment for physical damage.

 Ensure that all cables and connectors are intact.

o Environmental Checks:

 Verify temperature and humidity levels.

 Check for dust and debris.

o Software Checks:

 Verify that the Operating System is the correct version, and that all needed drivers are
available.

 Simple Computer Installation:

1. Unpack and inspect the computer and peripherals.
2. Place the system unit in a well-ventilated location.
3. Connect the monitor, keyboard, and mouse.
4. Connect the power cord and network cable (if applicable).
5. Power on the computer and follow the on-screen instructions.
6. Install any necessary software and drivers.

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 Verify that all components are working correctly. (Visual Suggestion:

7. By following these procedures and guidelines, you can ensure successful computer
installations and maintain a reliable computing environment.

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 WEEK 9-11

Computer Workshop Practice I: Preventive Maintenance and System

Disks
This lecture note focuses on the importance and practical application of preventive
maintenance for computer hardware and software, as well as the creation of system disks for
troubleshooting and recovery.

3.1 Importance of Preventive Maintenance of Hardware

Preventive maintenance is the systematic process of performing routine checks and tasks to
ensure the longevity, reliability, and optimal performance of computer hardware. 1

 Benefits of Preventive Maintenance:

 Increased Lifespan: Regular cleaning and maintenance prevent premature hardware
failures, extending the life of components. 2

 Improved Performance: Clean components and optimized software lead to faster

and more efficient operation. 3

 Reduced Downtime: Proactive maintenance minimizes the risk of unexpected

breakdowns and costly repairs. 4

 Data Protection: Regular backups and disk maintenance safeguard valuable data
from loss. 5

 Enhanced System Stability: Consistent maintenance reduces the likelihood of

system crashes and errors. 6

 Cost Savings: Preventing major repairs through routine maintenance is more cost-
effective in the long run.
3.2 Routine Cleaning and Defragmentation of Disk Drives, Motherboards, etc.
 Cleaning Procedures:
a. External Cleaning:
i. Use a soft, lint-free cloth to wipe down the monitor, keyboard, and
system unit.
ii. Use compressed air to remove dust from keyboards, ports, and vents. 8

b. Internal Cleaning:
i. Power off the computer and disconnect the power cord.
ii. Ground yourself to prevent ESD.

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 iii. Use compressed air to remove dust from fans, heat sinks, and
motherboard components. 9

iv. Use a soft brush to gently remove stubborn dust.

 Disk Defragmentation:
a. Defragmentation reorganizes fragmented files on a hard drive, improving read/write speeds. 10

b. Use the built-in disk defragmentation tool in the operating system. 11

c. Regular defragmentation is recommended, especially for traditional hard drives. 12

3.3 Prevention Procedures, e.g., Routine Checks

a. Routine Checks:
i. Visual Inspection: Regularly inspect cables, connectors, and components for
damage.
ii. Fan Check: Ensure that all fans are running smoothly and free of obstructions. 13

iii. Temperature Monitoring: Monitor CPU and system temperatures to prevent

overheating. 14

iv. Disk Space Check: Regularly check for sufficient free disk space.
v. Software Updates: Keep the operating system and applications up to date with the
latest security patches and updates. 15

vi. Virus and Malware Scans: Perform regular scans with antivirus and anti-malware
software.
vii. Backup Procedures: Implement a regular backup schedule to protect important data.
viii. Event Logs: Check system event logs for errors or warnings. 16

3.4 Application of Dust Prevention Procedures for Computer Systems, Carpets, etc.
 Dust Prevention:
 Regular Cleaning: Regularly clean the computer system and surrounding
environment.
 Air Filters: Use air filters on intake fans to prevent dust from entering the system
unit.
 Dust Covers: Use dust covers for unused ports and peripherals.
 Cable Management: Proper cable management reduces dust accumulation.
 Carpet Maintenance: Regularly vacuum carpets and avoid placing computers
directly on carpeted surfaces.
Environment Control: Maintain a clean and dust-free environment in the computer room. 17

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 3.5 How to Make System Disks with Utilities
System disks, also known as recovery disks or boot disks, are essential for troubleshooting
and recovering a computer system in case of errors or failures. 18

 Types of System Disks:

i. Operating System Recovery Disks: Created by the operating system, containing
tools for system repair and restoration.
ii. Bootable USB Drives: USB drives configured to boot the computer, containing
diagnostic tools or operating system installers. 19

iii. Third-Party Utility Disks: Created using third-party software, containing a range of
diagnostic and recovery tools.
 Creating System Disks:
a. Windows Recovery Drive:
b. Use the "Create a recovery drive" tool in Windows.
c. Follow the on-screen instructions to create a recovery drive on a USB flash
drive.

Bootable USB with Media Creation Tool:

a) Download the Microsoft Media Creation Tool.

b) Use the tool to create a bootable USB containing a clean installation of windows.

Third-Party Tools:
 Use software like Rufus, or other bootable image creation tools. 20

 Download ISO images of desired operating systems or utilities.

 Use the software to write the ISO to a USB drive.

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 

Figure: Screenshots of the Windows recovery drive creation process and a third-party tool
like Rufus.)
Importance of System Disks:
 System Repair: Repair corrupted system files or boot sectors. 21

 Data Recovery: Recover lost or deleted data. 22

 Operating System Reinstallation: Reinstall the operating system in case of severe

errors. 23

 Diagnostic Tools: Run diagnostic tests to identify hardware or software problems. 24

By implementing preventive maintenance procedures and creating system disks, you can
ensure the long-term health and reliability of your computer systems.

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