Welcome to

LIGHT- REFLECTION AND

REFRACTION

Grade 10th
Content
✓ Classifying object by light
✓ Different types of optical medium
✓ Laws of Reflection
✓ Spherical Mirrors Representation of Images Formed by
Spherical Mirrors Using Ray Diagrams
✓ Mirror Formula and Magnification
✓ Lenses
✓ Lens Formula and Magnification
✓ Power of a Lens
 Classifying object by light

Objects

Luminous objects Non-luminous objects

 Different types of optical medium

• Any material that allows the light to pass through it, either completely or partially, is
called an optical medium.

Optical medium

Transparent objects Translucent objects opaque objects

 Laws of Reflection

• The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

• The incident ray, the normal at the point of incidence, and the reflected ray all lie in
the same plane.
 Spherical mirrors

Spherical mirrors

Concave mirror convex mirror

A concave mirror curves A convex mirror

inward and converges curves outward and
parallel light rays to a diverges parallel light
focal point rays
 Image formation by concave mirror

Case (i): When the object is at infinity

Characteristics of the image:

i) The image is real.
ii) The image is inverted.
iii) The image is highly diminished.
iv) The image is formed at the principal focus.
 Image formation by concave mirror

Case (ii): When the object is beyond the centre of curvature

Characteristics of the image:

i) The image is real.
ii) The image is inverted.
iii) The image is diminished.
iv) The image is formed between C and F.
 Image formation by concave mirror

Case (iii): When the object is at the centre of curvature

Characteristics of the image:

i) The image is real.
ii) The image is inverted.
iii) The image is of the same size as the object.
iv) The image is formed at the centre of curvature.
 Image formation by concave mirror

Case (iv): When the object is in between the centre of curvature and the principal focus

Characteristics of the image:

i) The image is real.
ii) The image is inverted.
iii) The image is enlarged.
iv) The image is formed beyond the centre of curvature.
 Image formation by concave mirror

Case (v): When the object is at the principal focus

Characteristics of the image:

i) The image is real.
ii) The image is inverted.
iii) The image is highly enlarged.
iv) The image is formed at infinity.
 Image formation by concave mirror

Case (vi): When the object is in between the principal focus and the pole

Characteristics of the image:

i) The image is virtual.
ii) The image is erect (or) upright.
iii) The image is magnified.
iv) The image is formed behind the concave mirror.
 Image formation by convex mirrors

Case (i): When the object is at infinity

Characteristics of the image:

i) The image is virtual.
ii) The image is erect.
iii) The image is highly diminished.
iv) The image is formed at the principal focus.
 Image formation by convex mirrors

Case (ii): When the object is anywhere between the pole and infinity

Characteristics of the image:

i) The image is virtual.
ii) The image is erect.
iii) The image is diminished.
iv) The image is formed between the pole and the principal focus.
 Mirror formula

The relation between the object distance (u), image distance (v) and the focal
length (f) of the mirror is given by the mirror formula, expressed as

1 1 1
+ =
v u f

Where, u = object distance,

v = image distance,
f = focal length of the mirror
 Magnification
Magnification is expressed as the ratio of the height of the image to the height of
the object.
m = h'/h
Where, h' = height of the image
h = height of the object.

a. If m is positive, then the image is virtual and erect.

b. If m is negative, then the image is real and inverted.

h′ v
Magnification (m) = =−
h u
 Refraction

Refraction is the bending of light waves as they pass from one transparent medium to
another, having different optical density.
 Laws of refraction
• The incident ray, the refracted ray
and the normal at the point of
incidence lie in the same plane.
• Snell's law: It states that the ratio
between the sine of the angle of
incidence and the sine of the angle
of refraction for two given optical
media is a constant.
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒊
= 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒓
 Refraction through glass slab

• In a glass slab, the emergent ray is

parallel to the direction of the incident
ray.
• The perpendicular distance between the
original path of the incident ray and the
emergent ray coming out of the glass slab
is called lateral displacement of the
emergent ray of light.
 Refractive index

Absolute refractive index

It is defined as the ratio of the speed of light in air (c) to that of the speed of light in a
given medium (v).
∴ μ = c/v
Relative refractive index
When light passes from one medium to the other, the refractive index of
medium 2 relative to 1 is written as 1 μ2 and is defined as
μ2 c/v2 v1
1 μ2 = = =
μ1 c/v1 v2
1
1 μ2 = [Principle of Reversibility of light]
2 μ1
 Image formation by convex lens

When object is at infinity

Characteristics of image are

1. The image is real, inverted and highly diminished.
2. The image is formed at F2

When object is beyond 2F1

Characteristics of image are
1. The image is real, inverted and diminished.
2. The image is formed between F2 and 2F2
 Image formation by convex lens
When object is at 2F1

Characteristics of image are

1. The image is real, inverted and has same size as object.
2. The image is formed at 2F2

When object is between F1 and 2F1

Characteristics of image are

1. The image is real, inverted and magnified.
2. The image is formed beyond 2F2
 Image formation by convex lens

When object is at F1
Characteristics of image are
1. The image is real, inverted and magnified.
2. The image is formed at infinity

When object is between O and F1

Characteristics of image are
1.The image is virtual, erect and magnified.
2. The image is formed on the same side of the
lens as the object.
 Image formation by concave lens

When object is at infinity

Characteristics of image
1. The image is virtual, erect, highly diminished.
2. The image is formed at F1

When object is between infinity and O

Characteristics of image
1. The image is virtual, erect, highly diminished.
2. The image is formed between F1 and O
 Lens and Lens maker’s formulas

Lens formula Lens maker’s formula

The relation between the object
1 μ2 1 1
distance (u), image distance (v) = −1 −
f μ1 R1 R 2
and the focal length (f) of the lens
Where, μ2 is the refractive index of the lens
is given by the lens formula,
medium, μ1 is the refractive index of the
expressed as
1 1 1 surrounding medium, and R1 and R 2 are the
− =
v u f radii of curvature of the surfaces.
When the lens is used in air μ1 = 1, μ2 = μ
Where, u = object distance,
v = image distance, 1 1 1
= (μ − 1) −
f = focal length of the lens f R1 R 2
 Magnification

It is the ratio of the size of the image to the size of the object.

size of the image image distance v

Magnification = = =
size of the object object distance u

• If ' m ' is positive, then the image is virtual and erect.

• If ' m ' is negative, then the image is real and inverted.
 Power of lens

The reciprocal of the focal length (expressed in metres) of a lens is called its
power.
Power, P = 1/f(in metres)

(or) P = 100/f(in cm)

• Unit of power is dioptre (D).

• The power of a converging lens is positive.

• The power of a diverging lens is negative.

 Where an object should be placed in front of a convex lens to get a real
image of same size of the object?

At the principal focus of the lens At twice the focal length

Between the optical centre of the lens

A convex lens of focal length 5 cm
and its principal focus
 Which of the following lenses would you prefer to use while reading small
letters found in a dictionary?

A convex lens of focal length 50 cm A concave lens of focal length 50 cm

A convex lens of focal length 5 cm A concave lens of focal length 5 cm

A concave lens of focal length 15 cm forms a image 10 cm from the lens.
How far is the object placed from the lens?

30 cm -30 cm

15 cm -15 cm
 Find the power of a concave lens of focal length 2m.

2D -2 D

0.5 D -0.5 D
An object of size 7.0 cm is place at 27 cm infront of a concave mirror of
focal length 18cm. At what distance from the mirror should a screen be
placed, so that a sharp focused image can be obtained?

54 cm 56 cm

58 cm 50 cm
 Summary
Lens formula
1 1 1 Magnification
− =
v u f It is the ratio of the size of the image to the
Where, u = object distance, size of the object.
v = image distance,
size of the image
f = focal length of the lens Magnification =
size of the object
Lens maker's formula
image distance v
= =
object distance u
Power
The reciprocal of the focal length (in metres)
Where, f = focal length of lens
of a lens is called the power of a lens.
R = radius of curvature of lens
u = refractive index
Power, P = 1/f (m)
Thank You