Lesson 1: Historical Development of ginseng, cinnamon bark, and

Pharmaceutical Practice rhubarb.

Pharmacy Ancient Egyptians ( 1500 BC)

- Has been defined as a profession - Known as pharmaceutical records is
with art and science of preparing the Papyrus ebers which is a
drugs. collection of 800 prescriptions and
- Treatment and prevention of disease mentioned 700 drugs.
for both humans and animals.
- The Greek word “pharmakon” Theophrastus (300 BC)
means drug and medicine. - Father of Botany
- Greek philosopher who made
Pharmacist observations and writings about the
- Is the expert on drugs and use of herbs.
considered as the medication expert.
- They are the ones who are Mithridates VI (100 BC)
responsible to handle drugs and to - King of Pontus
know all about those drugs. - Royal toxicologist who used himself
as “guinea pigs” on which to test
Drugs poisons and antidotes.
- A drug is any chemical compound
that may be used on or administered Dioscorides
to human or animals as an aid in the - First century AD
diagnosis, treatment, or prevention - Recorded the rules for collection of
of diseases or other abnormal drugs, their storage, and use.
conditions, to relieve pain or
suffering or to control or improve any Galen (130-200 AD)
physiologic or pathologic condition. - Practiced and taught pharmacy and
medicine in rome.
History of Pharmacy - Galenicals, which is a class of
Apothecary pharmaceuticals compounded by
- Modern Pharmacist. mechanical means, was derived
- The earliest known record of the art from his name.
of apothecary is in “Babylon”, now
Iran. Asklepios (7th Century BC)
- Practitioners that treat pharmacists - Believed to be the greatest of the
and physicians. healing gods.
- His staff entwined by a serpent
Ancient China believed to heal the sick.
- Also contributed to the early practice - Official symbol of medicine.
of pharmacy.
- They investigated the medicinal use Hygiea
of hundreds of herbs including - Daughter of Asklepios
 - Her arm entwined by serpent and
holding a bowl, believed to contain The First United States Pharmacopoeia
healing potion. (1820)
- Her bowl entwined with the sacred - First book of drug standards made
serpent. by medical professionals to have
- Official symbol of Pharmacy, the attained a nation’s approval.
Bowl of Hygiea.
Parke, Davis & Company
Late 8th Century - Introduced standardized “Liquor
- Arabs separated the arts of Ergotae Purificatus” in 1879.
apothecary and physician. - Parke-Davis also initiated the
- First privately owned drug stores. development of pharmacologic and
physiologic standards for
First Official Pharmacopoeia pharmaceuticals.
- Originated in Florence, Italy.
- It became the legal standard of Carl Willhelm Scheele
pharmacy in the city-state in 1498. - Discovered oxygen, chlorine, and
other organic compounds.
Christopher Marshall - He also isolated the citric acid in
- Developed a pharmaceutical lemon.
business known as Marshall
Apothecary in Philadelphia. Sertuner
- Later, his shop was managed by his - Alkaloid chemist
granddaughter, Elizabeth. - Isolated morphine, a narcotic, from
opium.
Elizabeth
- Considered to be one of America’s Pelletier and Caventou
First Female Pharmacists. - Isolated emetine from ipecacuanha
(1817).
Jonathan Roberts - Strychnine and brucine from nux
- First hospital pharmacy began in vomica (1818).
1572 at Philadelphia where - Quinine and cinchonine from
Jonathan Robert worked. cinchona barks (1820).
- The first hospital pharmacist.
Stanislas Limousin
William Procter Jr. - French retail pharmacists
- Father of American Pharmacy - Invented medicine dropper ang
glass ampoules.
Dr. Albert Prescott
- Initiated major changes in pharmacy Vaccine
education such as pharmacy - Vaccine against Diphtheria, a
laboratory, a definite curriculum that respiratory disease, became
included basic science among available in 1895. Other biological
others. products were discovered including
 poliomyelitis vaccine which became Lesson 2: Specialties in Pharmacy
available in 1955. Practice and Employment Opportunities

Ernest Francois Auguste Fourneau Community Pharmacy Practice

(1872-1949) - Community Pharmacists are the
- French pharmacists most accessible healthcare
- Piloted other scientists to study professionals.
chemotherapy. - They provide safe, quality, effective,
- Chemotherapy are drugs used to and affordable medicines to the
treat cancer even to this present patients as well as drug knowledge.
day. Ex:
● Mercury Drug
● Antipyrine was the discovery in 1883 ● Rose Pharmacy
that gave the drive and motivation ● Watsons
for pharmacy research. ● Generika

Fleming Hospital Pharmacy Practice

- Was the first to studied “Penicillin” - They are responsible for providing
- His discovery was medications for the inpatient and
underdevelopment. outpatient to some extent.

Florey and Chain Clinical Pharmacy

- Studied penicillin in 1940. - Can be found in a hospital setting.
- Antibiotics - It is a patient-oriented pharmacy
practice in patient care until setting
Don Leon Ma. Guerrero in the hospital.
- First Filipino to study Pharmacy in
UST. Clinical Pharmacist
- Father of Philippine Pharmacy. - Are responsible not only for safe and
appropriate use of drugs on patients
Botica Boie but also for the rational selection,
- First drugstore in the Philippines monitoring, dosing, and control of
located at the old Escolta. patients’ overall drug therapy
- Founded by a young program.
physician-pharmacist named Dr.
Lorenzo Negrao. Pharmacist in the Industry
- Are required by law in different
Manuel Zamora establishments such as
- A pharmacist graduated from UST, pharmaceutical manufacturer, trader,
also became the first dean of CEU distributor, exporter, and importer.
Manila, College of Pharmacy.
- Formulated the Tiki-Tiki. Pharmacists in industry hold positions in
the following:
● Sales
 ● Marketing 3. Selecting drug product source of
● Research and Development apply.
● Production 4. Determining the dose and dosage
● Quality Control schedule.
● Administration and Management 5. Preparing the drug product for
● Product Registration patient’s use.
6. Dispensing the drug with proper
Ex: instruction.
● Unilab 7. Providing drug information to the
● Pfizer patient.
● Gsk Sanofi 8. Monitoring the patients to maximize
● Pascual compliance.
● Novartis 9. Monitoring the patient to detect
adverse drug reactions and
Pharmacists in the Government interactions.
- Government service offers 10. Monitoring the patient to enhance
opportunities to pharmacists in the outcomes of drug therapy.
various capacities. 11. Counseling patients on the
appropriate utilization of medication.
Pharmacist in Academe
- Pharmaceutical education offers 2. Technical Functions
excellent opportunities for - Essential to practice which may not
pharmacists with advanced degrees be restricted to pharmacists include
in any of the professional specialties. a large variety of manipulative or
- Expanding enrollment in College mechanical tasks that must be
carried out during the course of
Pharmaceutical Journalism practice. These are some examples:
- Offers rewarding experiences to a
limited number of pharmacists with ● Functions indirectly related to
writing and editing talent. dispensing: stocking shelves,
cleaning.
Lesson 3: Functions of a Pharmacist ● Functions carried out as a
prerequisite to dispensing:
1. Professional Functions repacking and labelling.
- Are among others ensuring the safe ● Functions directly involved
and effective use of drugs by with dispensing:
patients. reconstituting drug power.
Functions of Professional Pharmacy
Practice: 3. Administrative, Supervisory, and
Managerial functions
1. Participating in the practice of drug - Employed pharmacists, even with no
use decisions. managerial responsibility, have
2. Selecting the drug product dosage administrative duties related to the
form.
 practice of pharmacy. Here are
some examples:

● Record Keeping
● Pricing Procedures
● Inventory Control
● Purchase Request
● Personnel Scheduling
● Payroll

4. Entrepreneurial Functions
- Backed up by four-year education in
pharmacy, experience acquired
during a shirt stint with chain
pharmacy, they embark on putting
up their own values and activities is
very high.

Functions of other Pharmacists

- Some pharmacists are not
engaged in providing
pharmaceutical services
directly to patients.
- They are, however, engaged
in important functions related
indirectly to the practice.
These include:
1. Research and Development
2. Production
3. Quality Control
4. Sales and Marketing
5. Teaching and Research Institutions
6. Legal and Regulatory Functions
7. Pharmaceutical Journalism

Module 2
Lesson 1: Dosage Forms

Types of Solid Dosage Forms

Powders and Granules