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MATHEMATICS FOR DATA SCIENCE II

QUIZ 1 - Revision Session 1

Week 1 topics

 Vectors
 Vector addition
 Scalar Multiplication

 Matrices
 Rows
 Columns
 Size
 Matrix operations – addition, scalar multiplication, multiplication,
transpose
 Matrix types – rectangular, square, diagonal, scalar, zero (null), identity,
triangular
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Exercise 1
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 System of Linear equations

 Matrix representation
 Solutions – Unique, Infinitely many, no solution
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Exercise 2: Match the systems of linear equations in Column A with their number
of solutions in column B and their geometric representation in Column C and
answer the following question.
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DETERMINANTS

Every square matrix A has an associated number, called its determinant and
denoted by det(A) or |A|.

Determinant of Identity matrix

Determinant of AT

Determinant of product of matrices

Determinant of inverse of a matrix:

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Question: Find the determinant of

(i) An

(ii) ATA

(iii) P-1AP

Determinant of triangular matrices

Determinant of matrix with a zero row or column:

Row operations:The row operations consist of the following

1. Switch two rows

2. Multiply a row by a nonzero number
3. Replace a row by a multiple of another row added to itself

Properties of determinants:

1) Switching two rows or columns changes the sign

2) Scalar multiplication of a row by a constant � multiplies the determinant by �
3) Multiples of rows and columns can be added together without changing the
determinant’s value
Observation: If A is an n × n matrix and B=αA for some constant α, then det (B) =
αndet(A)

Exercise 3: Let A be a 3 × 3 matrix with non-zero determinant. If det(3A) = k det(A),

then what will be the value of k?
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Exercise 4: Let A be a 3 × 3 matrix with non-zero determinant.

a) If B is the matrix obtained from A by multiplying 1st row by t (tϵR), then det(B) =

b) If C is a matrix obtained from B by interchanging 1st row with third row, then
det(C) =

Note: (i) If a matrix A contains a row which is a multiple of another row, then 푑�� � is
equal to 0.

(ii) If a matrix A contains a row which is a linear combination of other rows, then 푑�� �
is equal to 0.
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Exercise 5

Exercise 6: Choose the set of correct options

⃝ Option 1: If the sum of all the elements of each row of a matrix A is 0, then

A is not invertible.

⃝ Option 2: If E is a matrix of order 3 × 3 obtained from the identity matrix

by a finite number of elementary row operations then E is invertible.

⃝ Option 3: Any system of linear equations has at least one solution.

⃝ Option 4: If A is a matrix of order 3 × 3 and det(A) = 3 then det(Adj(A)) = 3.

⃝ Option 5: If A is a matrix of order 3×3 and det(A) = 3 then det(Adj(A)) = 9.

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Exercise 7: The three different types of elementary row operations that can be
performed on a matrix are:

• Type 1: Interchanging two rows.

• Type 2: Multiplying a row by some constant.

• Type 3: Adding a scalar multiple of a row to another row.

Let A and B be square matrices of order 3. Consider the three equations below.

• Equation 1: det(A) = −det(B)

• Equation 2: det(A) = −c det(B), c ∈ R

• Equation 3: det(A) = det(B)

Choose the set of correct options.

⃝ Option 1: If matrix B is obtained from matrix A by an elementary row operation

of type 1, then equation 1 is satisfied.

⃝ Option 2: If matrix B is obtained from matrix A by an elementary row operation

of type 1 followed by an elementary operation of type 2, then equation 2 is satisfied
for some c.

⃝ Option 3: If matrix B is obtained from A by an elementary row operation of type

2, then equation 3 is satisfied.

⃝ Option 4: If matrix B is obtained from A by an elementary row operation of type

3, then equation 3 is satisfied.
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Exercise 8: Let A be a 3 × 3 real matrix whose sum of entries of each column is 5

and sum of first two elements of each column is 3. Which of the following
statements is (are) true? [Hint: Row operation: adding one row to other row.]

⃝ Option 1: The determinant of matrix A is a multiple of 5.

⃝ Option 2: The determinant of matrix A is a multiple of 3.

⃝ Option 3: The determinant of matrix A is a multiple of 15

. ⃝ Option 4: The determinant of matrix A is a multiple of 2.

⃝ Option 5: The determinant of matrix A is a multiple of 8.

Determinant in terms of minors and cofactors

If A is a square matrix, then the minor of the entry in the i-th row and j-th column
(also called the (i, j) minor, or a first minor) is the determinant of the submatrix
formed by deleting the i-th row and j-th column. This number is often denoted 푀� .
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Exercise 9: Let A be a square matrix of order 3 and B be a matrix that is obtained

by adding l times the first row of A to the third row of A and adding m times the
second row of A to the first row of A. If det(A) = n, then find out the value of
det(kA2B−1).

Exercise 10

Choose the set of correct options.

⃝ Option 1: det(B) = det(A).

⃝ Option 2: det(A) = −det(B).

⃝ Option 3: det(C)= −2det(B).

⃝ Option 4: det(C) = −2det(A).

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Exercise 11: Let A be a 2 × 2 real matrix and let trace(A) denote the sum of the
elements in the diagonal of A. Which of the following are true?

⃝ det(A − cI) is a polynomial in c of degree 1.

⃝ det(A − cI) is a polynomial in c of degree 2.

⃝ det(A − cI) = c2 − trace(A)c + det(A)

⃝ det(A − cI) = c2 + trace(A)c − det(A)

⃝ det(A − cI) = trace(A)c − det(A)

⃝ det(A − cI) = −trace(A)c + det(A)

Exercise 12: Let A be a 2 × 2 real matrix such that A is skew symmetric. Then
det(A-cI) =
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Week 2 : Solutions to system of linear equations

If a system of linear equation has a solution (it does not matter it has a unique
solution or infinitely many solutions) then that system of linear equations is called
consistent.

If a system of linear equation has no solution then that system of linear equations is
called inconsistent.

Homogeneous system: Ax = 0. This system is always _________ and __ is always a

solution.

Case (i) A is square

 If det (A)≠0, then the system has ___________

 If det(A) = 0, then the system has ____________

Case (ii) A is rectangular, i.e. A is an mxn matrix where m is the number of

_________ and n is the number of _______

Question: If m>n, then the maximum value of rank(A) is _____

 If m>n and rank(A) = n, then the system has ________________

 If m>n and rank(A) < n, then the system has ________________

 If m<n, then the system has _______________

Cramer’s rule for invertible coefficient matrix

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INVERSE OF A MATRIX
Let A be an n×n matrix. Then the inverse of A, represented by A-1, is the
unique matrix which satisfies the condition
AA-1 = AA-1 = I.

where 푎푑 (�) = transpose of cofactor matrix.

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Solutions of a system of linear equations with an invertible coefficient matrix

Consider a system of linear equations � = � where � is an invertible matrix.
Then solution of the system of linear equations can be obtain as follows: � = �.
Pre- multiplication of A−1 both sides, we get,

Steps to find the solution of above system of linear equations using inverse of the
coefficient matrix:
Consider a system of linear equations

matrix representation of the above system of linear equation is � = �, where

Step-1: Find the inverse of the matrix A.

Step-2: Find the matrix multiplication of A−1 with b, i.e. A −1b
Step-3: Compare with the column matrix x and find the value of x1, x2, . . .,xn
Exercise 13: Consider the following system of equations
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Gauss elimination method

We have learned some method to solve a system of linear equations when a
system of linear equations has a unique solution (i.e., when the coefficient matrix of
the system of linear equations is a square matrix and has determinant non zero).

But what will be the case when a system of linear equations has following things?

1. when the coefficient matrix of the system of linear equations is an square matrix
and has determinant zero.
2. A system of linear equations consists of m equations and n variables i.e. a
system of linear equations whose coefficient matrix is an rectangular matrix.

To solve such kind of system of linear equations there is a method called "Gauss
elimination method”

Row echelon form:

Reduced row echelon form:

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Solution of Ax = b when A is in reduced row echelon form

Unique solutions
A is square and invertible: � =
1 0

0 1

1 0
 A is mxn with m>n and rank(A)=n:� = 0 1
0 0

Infinitely many solutions

1 0
 A is mxn with m>n and rank(A)<n:� = 0 0
0 0

A is mxn with m<n: � =

1 2 0

0 0 1

Dependent variable and independent variable

Let Ax = b be a system of linear equations, where A is in reduced row echelon form.
Assume that for each zero row of A, the corresponding entry of b also 0 ( i.e., the
system of linear equations has a solution)
• If the i-th column has the leading entry of some row, we call xi a dependent
variable.
• If the i-th column does not have the leading entry of any row, we call xi an
independent variable.

Question: Is there any relationship between the number of dependent variables and
rank of a matrix?
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Exercise 14 : Consider a system of linear equations

Which of the variables are dependent and independent variables?

Steps to find the solution of a system of linear equations using Gauss

elimination method Consider a system of linear equations Ax = b.
Step-1: From the augmented matrix of the system [A|b].
Step-2: Perform the same elementary row operations on the matrix [A|b] that were
used to bring the matrix A into into reduced row echelon form.
Step-3: After obtaining the reduced row echelon form the matrix [A|b], let R be the
submatrix of the obtained matrix of the first n columns and c be the submatrix of
the obtained matrix consisting of the last column. We can write reduced row
echelon form of [A|b] to [R|c].
Step-4: Form the corresponding the system of linear equations Rx = c.
Step-5: Find all the solutions of Rx = c, those solution will be the solution of Ax = b.

Note:
 Consistent System: If the RREF shows no row of the form [0 0…∣d ](where
d≠0), the system is consistent. If there are independent variables, the solution
will have infinitely many solutions.

 Inconsistent System: If there is a row of the form [0 0…∣d](where d≠0), then

the system has no solutions.

Questions:

1) Can a system Ax=b have a unique solution if there are independent variables?
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2) Can a system Ax=b with no independent variables always have a unique solution?

Exercise 15: Suppose A is 3x3 matrix with rank 2 and Ax=b is consistent. If Rx
�1
= �2 is the system after obtaining the RREF, what can you say about c3?
�3

Exercise 16:
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