Booklet: Role of Science and technology,Industrialization,

Economic Activities, and International Trade

1. Economic Activities Related to Industrialization

Industrialization means using machines, factories, and technology to produce goods

faster and in larger amounts. It changes how people work and how businesses operate.

Economic Activities Related to Industrialization:

- Manufacturing: Making cars, clothes, furniture, and electronics.

- Mining: Digging for coal, oil, and minerals used by factories.

- Construction: Building factories, roads, bridges, and cities.

- Transportation: Moving goods using trucks, trains, ships, and planes.

- Services: Banking, shipping, machine repair, and marketing.

As industrialization grows, fewer people work on farms, and more people work in

factories and service industries. This leads to economic growth and better living

standards.

2. Role of Science and Development in Economic Growth

Science and development are very important for a country's success. New inventions,

medicines, and technologies make industries stronger and more efficient.

How Science and Development Help:

New Inventions: Machines and tools that help factories produce more goods. - Better
Farming Tools: Help farmers grow more food with less work.

- Health Improvements: New medicines and hospitals keep

workers healthy. - Energy Discoveries: Solar, wind, and

hydroelectric power supply factories.

When a region invests in science and development, it creates more jobs, more
businesses, and a
stronger economy.

3. Technological Advancement and Regional Progress

Technological advancement means making and using new tools, machines, and

systems to improve life and work. It is a major driver of progress for any country.

How Technology Leads to Progress:

- Faster Production: Machines produce goods quickly and efficiently.

- Better Communication: Phones, the internet, and satellites connect

people worldwide. - Improved Transportation: Planes, ships, and trains

move goods and people faster. - More Education: Technology offers online

learning and better schools.

Countries that use technology well become stronger, richer, and

more advanced. 4. Economic Impact of Industrialization

Industrialization changes a country's economy in many ways. Most of the changes are

positive, but there are also challenges to solve.

Positive Economic Impacts:

- More Jobs: Factories and businesses hire more workers.

- Growth of Cities: People move from villages to towns and cities for work.

- More Trade: Countries make and sell more goods to others.

- Higher Incomes: Workers can earn more money to support their families.

However, industrialization can also cause pollution and overcrowded cities, so it is

important to plan carefully for growth.

5. Industrialization in Pakistan
Since gaining independence in 1947, Pakistan has focused on building industries to

strengthen its economy.

Major Industries in Pakistan:

- Textile Industry: Making clothes, towels, and fabrics from cotton.

- Cement Industry: Producing cement for construction projects.

- Agricultural Machinery: Making tools and machines for farming.

- Energy Projects: Building dams and power plants to supply electricity.

Industrialization has helped Pakistan grow economically by creating jobs and building

stronger cities. However, the country still faces challenges like energy shortages and

needs to keep improving.

6. Benefits of Exports

Exports are goods or services a country sells to other countries. They are very
important for a country's economy.

Why Exports Are Important:

- Earn Revenue: Money earned from exports builds hospitals,

schools, and roads. - Create Jobs: More goods made means more
jobs for workers.
- Global Connections: Exporting goods builds friendships
between countries. - Economic Growth: Selling goods abroad
helps the economy grow faster.

Without strong exports, countries would struggle to pay for improvements and
new projects.

7. Major Exports of Pakistan

Pakistan exports many products to countries around the world, earning valuable
revenue.
Major Exports Include:

- Textiles and Clothing: Shirts, jeans, towels, and fabrics.

- Rice: Especially Basmati rice, known worldwide.

- Leather Goods: Shoes, jackets, and bags made from leather.

- Sports Goods: Soccer balls and cricket gear.

- Surgical Instruments: Tools used in hospitals across the globe.

- Fruits: Mangoes, oranges, and other fresh fruits.

These exports support thousands of jobs and help Pakistan build a

stronger economy.

The Role of Science and Technology in Climate

Change and Agriculture
🌍 What is Climate Change?
Climate change is the long-term shift in global temperatures and weather patterns.
While it can happen naturally, today it is mostly caused by human activities—especially
the release of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas.

🔬 How Science and Technology Help Address Climate Change

1.​ Monitoring and Research​

○​ Scientists use satellites, climate models, and weather stations to

track global temperature changes, rising sea levels, and extreme
weather events.​

○​ Research helps us understand how climate change affects people,

animals, and ecosystems.​

2.​ Clean Energy Solutions​

○​ Technology helps reduce pollution by using renewable energy

sources such as:​

■​ Solar energy​

■​ Wind energy​

■​ Hydropower​

○​ Electric cars and public transportation powered by clean energy help

reduce emissions.​

3.​ Innovations in Daily Life​

○​ Energy-efficient appliances, LED lights, and smart thermostats help

reduce electricity use.​

○​ Recycling systems and biodegradable products reduce waste and

pollution.​
🌾 The Role of Science and Technology in Agriculture
1.​ Improved Crop Production
2.​ Scientists develop genetically modified (GM) or improved seeds that:
a.​ Resist drought, pests, and diseases​

b.​ Grow faster and produce more food​

These innovations help feed more people, especially in places with difficult
climates.​
Smart Farming Technologies
●​ Drones monitor crops from above.​

●​ Sensors in soil measure moisture, so farmers water only when needed.​

●​ GPS tractors help plant and harvest with high accuracy.​

Climate-Smart Agriculture
●​ Farming methods that reduce greenhouse gases and protect the
environment.​

●​ Examples: crop rotation, organic farming, and using natural fertilizers.​

Urban and Indoor Farming​

●​ Hydroponics and vertical farming grow food in cities without soil.​

●​ These methods save space and water while producing fresh food.

Better Seeds and Crops​

●​ Scientists create seeds that grow faster and survive bad weather.​
 ●​ Some seeds need less water or resist pests.

Review Questions
1. List three types of economic activities related to

industrialization.

2. How does science help improve a country's economy? Give two examples.

3. What is one way technology can help a region progress?

4. Name two positive economic impacts of industrialization.

5. What are some major industries that developed in Pakistan after

independence? -2 6. Explain why exports are important for a
country's economy.

7.Do you think science can solve all problems related to climate
change and agriculture? Why or why not?

8. What are two challenges that can happen because of

industrialization?​

1. List three types of economic activities related to industrialization.

Manufacturing – Making goods in factories (like cars, clothes, or

machinery).

Mining – Extracting natural resources like coal, copper, or oil for

industrial use.

Transportation – Moving raw materials to factories and finished

products to markets.

2. How does science help improve a country's economy? Give two

examples.

Example 1: Scientific research in agriculture (like better seeds or

fertilizers) increases crop production, helping farmers earn more.

Example 2: Science in medicine reduces disease, which keeps people

healthy and productive at work.

3. What is one way technology can help a region progress?

Technology improves communication and access to information, which

helps businesses grow and education spread faster.

4. Name two positive economic impacts of industrialization.

Job Creation – Factories and industries offer employment to many

people.

Increased Exports – Countries can produce more goods to sell to

other countries.

5. What are some major industries that developed in Pakistan after

independence?

Textile industry (cotton cloth, garments)

Cement and steel industry

Fertilizer and chemical production

6. Explain why exports are important for a country's economy.

Exports bring foreign money (currency) into the country, increase

national income, and help local businesses grow by reaching global

markets.

7. Do you think science can solve all problems related to climate

change and agriculture? Why or why not?

No, science can help a lot (like with renewable energy or better

farming methods), but not all problems. Human behavior, government

policies, and global cooperation are also needed to solve these big

issues.

8. What are two challenges that can happen because of

industrialization?

Pollution – Factories release harmful smoke and waste into the air and

water.

Overcrowding in cities – People move to cities for jobs, causing traffic,

housing shortages, and pressure on services. ​

What is coal?​

Coal is a fossil fuel used to produce electricity in power plants. It is

non-renewable and made from ancient plant matter.​

1.​ How is it used?​

Coal is burned in power stations to produce steam, which turns turbines to

generate electricity.​

2.​ What environmental problems does burning coal cause?​

○​ It releases carbon dioxide (CO₂), a greenhouse gas that contributes to

climate change.​

○​ It causes air pollution, including sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides,

which lead to acid rain.​

○​ It creates toxic ash that can pollute land and water.​

○​ Mining coal can destroy landscapes and harm ecosystems.​

Absolutely! Here's a clear and simple study note on Industrialization—just like I

explained coal earlier—so you can understand and revise easily:

🌍 Industrialization – Notes for Grade 7

🔹 What is Industrialization?
Industrialization is the process where a country changes from mostly farming

(agriculture) to using machines in factories to make goods.

🔹 Key Features of Industrialization:

●​ Use of machines instead of hand tools.​

●​ Growth of factories and industries.​

●​ Movement of people from villages to cities (urbanization).​

●​ Increased production of goods and services.​

🔹 Types of Economic Activities Related to Industrialization:

1.​ Manufacturing – Making goods in factories.​

2.​ Mining – Getting raw materials like coal, iron, copper.​

 3.​ Transportation – Moving goods and workers around.​

🔹 Positive Impacts:
1.​ More jobs – Factories and industries create employment.​

2.​ Higher production – More goods are made quickly and cheaply.​

3.​ Export growth – Countries sell more goods to others.​

4.​ Improved technology – Science and machines develop faster.​

🔹 Negative Impacts:
1.​ Pollution – Factories release smoke and chemicals.​

2.​ Crowded cities – Too many people move to urban areas.​

3.​ Resource use – Natural resources may run out quickly.​

🔹 Major Industries in Pakistan after Independence:
●​ Textiles – Cotton cloth, garments.​

●​ Cement and steel – Used for construction.​

●​ Fertilizers and chemicals – For farming and industry.​

🔹 Role of Science and Technology in Industrialization:

●​ Science helps develop better machines and healthcare.​

●​ Technology improves communication, transport, and efficiency.​

🔹 Challenges of Industrialization:
●​ Environmental damage – Air, water, and land pollution.​

Social problems – Poor living conditions in crowded cities.​

 Climate impact – Industrial gases cause global warming.

🔹 Exports and Economy:

●​ Exports bring in money (foreign exchange).​

●​ Help businesses grow and increase national income.​