OBAFEMI AWOLOWO UNIVERSITY, ILE-IFE, NIGERIA

Department of Mathematics

RAIN SEMESTER 2023/2024 Session 1

Ogundare, B. S. MATHEMATICS FOR BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES II - CALCULUS CONTD. / 20
MTH 106 - MATHEMATICS FOR BIOLOGICAL
SCIENCES II.
COURSE UNITS: 4
COURSE LECTURER: Ogundare, B. S.
(MBB 014, Yellow House Building)

RAIN SEMESTER 2023/2024 Session 2

Ogundare, B. S. MATHEMATICS FOR BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES II - CALCULUS CONTD. / 20
Application of Differentiation, Definite integrals and
their Applications
Course Outlines

Application of Differentiation: Gradient/Tangent of curves,

Maxima and Minima of functions, Physical quantities.
Definite Integrals and their Applications to Areas and
Volumes.

RAIN SEMESTER 2023/2024 Session 3

Ogundare, B. S. MATHEMATICS FOR BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES II - CALCULUS CONTD. / 20
 Lecture Timetable

Tuesdays 11:00 - 12:00 1000 SLT 5:00 - 6:00 Alex Duduyemi LT

Wednesdays 12:00 - 1:00 HSLT C 4:00 - 5:00 CHEM ENG LT
Thursdays 11:00 - 12:00 AUD 1 4:00 - 5:00 AUD II
Fridays 8:00 - 9:00 ETF/TETFUND LT 11:00 - 12:00 ICAN LT

RAIN SEMESTER 2023/2024 Session 4

Ogundare, B. S. MATHEMATICS FOR BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES II - CALCULUS CONTD. / 20
Recall: Given
y = f (x),
the derivative of the function with respect to the
independent variable x is defined as
dy f (x + δx) − f (x)
= lim
dx δx→0 δx
provided the limit exists.
This could be expressed notationally as y 0 or f 0 (x).

RAIN SEMESTER 2023/2024 Session 5

Ogundare, B. S. MATHEMATICS FOR BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES II - CALCULUS CONTD. / 20
Before now, we have considered various functions and
process/methods of obtaining their derivatives.
Techniques of differentiations and rules or laws governing
differentiation have also be revealed to us in the previous
course.
In this class, we want to focus on the application of
differentiation.

RAIN SEMESTER 2023/2024 Session 6

Ogundare, B. S. MATHEMATICS FOR BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES II - CALCULUS CONTD. / 20
Differential Calculus has the following as some of its
application viz
1 Rate Measurer - Rate of Change of a Quantity
2 Approximation or Finding Approximate Value
3 Kinematics
4 Gradient/Tangent and Normal To a Curve
5 Maxima and Minima of functions
6 Point of Inflection
7 Curve sketching

RAIN SEMESTER 2023/2024 Session 7

Ogundare, B. S. MATHEMATICS FOR BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES II - CALCULUS CONTD. / 20
We are going to consider the following applications Rate
of Change, Approximation, Gradient/Tangent of a curve,
maxima and minima of a function and kinematics.
dy
Rate of Change of Quantity: The term simply
dx
expresses the rate of change of the dependent variable y
with respect to the independent variablee x. Generally,
this concepts is found useful and relevant to express or
obtain the rate of change of one quantity with respect to
another. For example to check the rate of change of the
volume of a cube with respect to its decreasing/increasing
sides.

RAIN SEMESTER 2023/2024 Session 8

Ogundare, B. S. MATHEMATICS FOR BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES II - CALCULUS CONTD. / 20
Volume of a cube is related to the length of its sides; i.e.

V = `3

The rate of change of the volume to its sides/length is

given as
dV
= 3`2
d`
if in addition the side changes with respect to time, then
it will be easy to find the rate at which the volume
changes with time by invoking the chain rule of
differentiation as thus
dV dV dt
= ×
d` dt d`
RAIN SEMESTER 2023/2024 Session 9
Ogundare, B. S. MATHEMATICS FOR BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES II - CALCULUS CONTD. / 20
so the rate of change of the volume with respect to time
can be found to be
dV dV d`
= ×
dt d` dt
.
Example 1: At what rate is the area of a circle changing
with respect to its radius when radius is 1cm?

A = πr 2
therefore
dA
= 2πr
dr
when r = 1cm then
dA
= 2πcm
dr RAIN SEMESTER 2023/2024 Session 10
Ogundare, B. S. MATHEMATICS FOR BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES II - CALCULUS CONTD. / 20
Example 2: The radius of a sphere is increasing at the
rate of 0.1cm/sec, when r = 5cm find the rates at which
the surfacee area and the volume are increasing.
The first thing to do is to establish the relationship
between the surface area, radius and time as well as voule,
radius and time.
Recall that for Sphere the surface Area and Volume are
4
respectively A = 4πr 2 and V = πr 3 ,
3

RAIN SEMESTER 2023/2024 Session 11

Ogundare, B. S. MATHEMATICS FOR BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES II - CALCULUS CONTD. / 20
thus
dA dA dt
= ×
dr dt dr
and
dV dV dt
= ×
dr dt dr
dr
from the question is given and the value of r . From
dt
the relations connecting the surface area with the radius
dA dV
and volume with radius, and can be obtained and
dr dr
evaluated at the given value of r . Thus wee have
dA
= 0.8πr = 4πcm/sec
dt
and
dV
= 0.4πr 2 = 10πcm/sec
Ogundare, B. S. dt MATHEMATICS FOR BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
RAIN SEMESTER 2023/2024 Session
II - CALCULUS CONTD. / 20
12
Exercise: A gas expands according to the law

pv = constant

where p is the pressure and v is the volume of the gas.

Initially v = 1000m3 and p = 40N/m2 . If the pressure is
decreased at the rate of 5N/m2 min−1 , find the rate at
which the gas is expanding when its volume is 2000m3

RAIN SEMESTER 2023/2024 Session 13

Ogundare, B. S. MATHEMATICS FOR BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES II - CALCULUS CONTD. / 20
Approximation: Recall the definition of derivative
δy dy f (x + δx) − f (x)
≈ = lim
δx dx δx→0 δx
from where the approximate corresponding increase or
decrease in the independent variable will produce on the
dpendent variable. This is estimated to be
dy
δy ≈ × δx
dx

RAIN SEMESTER 2023/2024 Session 14

Ogundare, B. S. MATHEMATICS FOR BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES II - CALCULUS CONTD. / 20
Example 3: Given y = 3x 3 − 4x 2 + x, determine the
approximate change in y if x changes from 1 to 1.01
dy
Since y = 3x 3 − 4x 2 + x, then = 9x 2 − 8x + 1.The
dx
required approximate change in y is

δy ≈ (9x 2 − 8x + 1) × δx

δy ≈ (9 − 8 + 1) × 0.01 = 0.02cm.
Comparing this with straight forward calculation

y (1.01) − y (1) = 0.020503 − 0 = 0.020503

RAIN SEMESTER 2023/2024 Session 15

Ogundare, B. S. MATHEMATICS FOR BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES II - CALCULUS CONTD. / 20
Example 4: A circular template has a radius of
10cm(±0.02). Determine the possible error in calculating
the area of the template. Find also the percentage error.
The area of the circular template is

A = πr 2 ,

hence
dA
= 2πr .
dr
The approximate change in the area is
dA
δA ≈ × δr = 2πr × δr
dr

RAIN SEMESTER 2023/2024 Session 16

Ogundare, B. S. MATHEMATICS FOR BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES II - CALCULUS CONTD. / 20
When r = 10cm and δr = 0.02cm we have

δA ≈ 0.04πcm2
So the possible error in calculating the area of the
template is 1.25663cm2 .
The required % error is
0.4π
%error ≈ × 100% = 0.40%
π × 102

RAIN SEMESTER 2023/2024 Session 17

Ogundare, B. S. MATHEMATICS FOR BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES II - CALCULUS CONTD. / 20
Exercise:
1 The radius of a circle increases from 2cm to 2.03cm.
Find the approximate increase in its area. Find the
actual increase.
2 The volume of water in a hemispherical bowl of radius
12cm is given by
1
v = (36x 2 − x 3 )
3
where xcm is the greatest depth of the water. Find
the approximate volume of water neccessary to raise
the depth from 2cm to 2.1cm. If water is poured in at
the constant rate of 3cm/sec, at what rate is the level
rising when the depth is 3cm?
RAIN SEMESTER 2023/2024 Session 18
Ogundare, B. S. MATHEMATICS FOR BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES II - CALCULUS CONTD. / 20
In our next class, we will be considering the application of
derivatives to gradient/tangent of a curve, maxima and
minima of functions.

RAIN SEMESTER 2023/2024 Session 19

Ogundare, B. S. MATHEMATICS FOR BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES II - CALCULUS CONTD. / 20
 Thank you

RAIN SEMESTER 2023/2024 Session 20

Ogundare, B. S. MATHEMATICS FOR BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES II - CALCULUS CONTD. / 20