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CORNEA
cornea
Fourth Edition

Mark J. Mannis MD FACS

Natalie Fosse Endowed Chair in Vision Science Research
Professor and Chair
Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science
University of California Davis Eye Center
Sacramento, CA, USA

Edward J. Holland MD
Director of Cornea
Cincinnati Eye Institute
Professor of Ophthalmology
University of Cincinnati
Cincinnati, OH, USA

Edinburgh London New York Oxford Philadelphia St Louis Sydney Toronto 2017
© 2017, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
First edition 1997
Second edition 2005
Third edition 2011

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek
permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our
arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright
Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.

This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by
the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).

Csaba L Mártonyi and Mark Maio retain copyright for their original illustrations in Chapter 7.

Michael E. Snyder retains copyright for his original figures and video clips in Chapter 145.

Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and
experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or
medical treatment may become necessary.

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein.
In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the
safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.

With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check
the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer
of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method
and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners,
relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to
determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all
appropriate safety precautions.

To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors,
assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of
products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods,
products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

ISBN:
Print: 978-0-323-35757-9
E-book: 978-0-323-35758-6
Inkling: 978-0-323-35759-3

Printed in China

Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

The
publisher’s
policy is to use
paper manufactured
from sustainable forests

Content Strategist: Russell Gabbedy

Content Development Specialist: Sharon Nash
Content Coordinator: Joshua Mearns
Project Manager: Joanna Souch
Design: Christian Bilbow
Illustration Manager: Emily Costantino
Marketing Manager: Melissa Fogarty
 Video Table of Contents

Clip Clip title Video contributor/s

50.1 The Application of Cryopreserved Amniotic Membrane in the Treatment Darren G. Gregory
of Acute Stevens–Johnson Syndrome: Part 1
50.2 The Application of Cryopreserved Amniotic Membrane in the Treatment Darren G. Gregory
of Acute Stevens–Johnson Syndrome: Part 2
50.3 The Application of Cryopreserved Amniotic Membrane in the Treatment Darren G. Gregory
of Acute Stevens–Johnson Syndrome: Part 3
110.1 Penetrating Keratoplasty Using the Barron Trephine and Interrupted Mauricio A. Perez, David S. Rootman
Sutures
110.2 Penetrating Keratoplasty Using the Hanna Trephine and Interrupted Mauricio A. Perez, David S. Rootman
Sutures
110.3 Penetrating Keratoplasty Using the Slipknot Technique for Suturing Clara C. Chan, Mauricio A. Perez
110.4 Penetrating Keratoplasty Using a Running Suture Mauricio A. Perez, Allan R. Slomovic
111.1 An Intraoperative Suprachoroidal Hemorrhage During Penetrating Michael C. Chen, Mark J. Mannis
Keratoplasty, which was Successfully Managed with the Assistance of a
Cobo Temporary Keratoprosthesis
112.1 Donor Preparation Marjan Farid, Roger F. Steinert, Sumit Garg,
Matthew Wade
112.2 Dissection and Suturing Marjan Farid, Roger F. Steinert, Sumit Garg,
Matthew Wade
112.3 Laser Incision Marjan Farid, Roger F. Steinert, Sumit Garg,
Matthew Wade
112.4 Femto DALK Marjan Farid, Roger F. Steinert, Sumit Garg,
Matthew Wade
117.1 Big Bubble DALK: A Video Presentation Mohammad Anwar
118.1 Techniques of Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty: Stromal Delamination Luigi Fontana
118.2 Techniques of Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty: ALTK 1 Luigi Fontana
118.3 Techniques of Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty: ALTK 2 Luigi Fontana
118.4 Techniques of Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty: Big Bubble Luigi Fontana
118.5 Techniques of Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty: Big Bubble Using Luigi Fontana
a Cannula
118.6 Techniques of Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty: Donor Preparation Luigi Fontana
119.1 Rupture of DM in a Keratoconus Patient Shigeto Shimmura
120.1 Cannula Big-Bubble Technique, Bubble Test, and the New Opening of Vincenzo Sarnicola, Enrica Sarnicola,
the Bubble Caterina Sarnicola
120.2 Air-Viscobubble Technique (AVB) Vincenzo Sarnicola, Enrica Sarnicola,
Caterina Sarnicola
120.3 Layer-by-Layer Manual Dissection Vincenzo Sarnicola, Enrica Sarnicola,
Caterina Sarnicola
120.4 dDALK Rupture Management Vincenzo Sarnicola, Enrica Sarnicola,
Caterina Sarnicola
120.5 Subtotal Full Thickness Circular Cut of the Recipient Bed Vincenzo Sarnicola, Enrica Sarnicola,
Caterina Sarnicola

xi
Video Table of Contents

Clip Clip title Video contributor/s

120.6 Total Full Thickness Circular Cut of the Recipient Bed Vincenzo Sarnicola, Enrica Sarnicola,
Caterina Sarnicola
120.7 Excessive Trephination and Perforation Vincenzo Sarnicola, Enrica Sarnicola,
Caterina Sarnicola
120.8 Traumatic Postoperative DM Disinsertion Vincenzo Sarnicola, Enrica Sarnicola,
Caterina Sarnicola
126.1 Eye Bank Preparation of DMEK Graft Tissue Using a Modified Mark A. Greiner, Gregory A. Schmidt,
SCUBA Technique Kenneth M. Goins
130.1 Ultrathin DSAEK Massimo Busin, Vincenzo Scorcia
131.1 DMEK Injectors Michael D. Straiko
131.2 Peripheral Iridotomy Kevin J. Shah, Michael D. Straiko,
Mark A. Greiner
132.1 Torn Donor Graft During DMEK Graft Preparation Using Dagny Zhu, Neda Shamie
SCUBA Technique
134.1 DSEK Under Top Hat PKP with Laplace Phenomenon Matthew T. Feng, Francis W. Price, Jr.,
Marianne O. Price
134.2 Suture Pull Through and Fixation Matthew T. Feng, Francis W. Price, Jr.,
Marianne O. Price
136.1 RHCIII Implantation Surgery May Griffith, Oleksiy Buznyk, Per Fagerholm
141.1 Primary Pterygium Excision and Conjunctival Autograft with Fibrin Glue Donald T.H. Tan, Elaine W. Chong
141.2 Recurrent Pterygium Excision and Extensive Tenon’s Excision with Donald T.H. Tan, Elaine W. Chong
Conjunctival Autograft Using Fibrin Glue
143.1 How to Know the Orientation of the Amniotic Membrane Jose L. Güell, Oscar Gris, Daniel Elies,
Felicidad Manero, Merce Morral
143.2 Surgical Videos of Several Cases where Amniotic Membrane Jose L. Güell, Oscar Gris, Daniel Elies,
Transplantation was Performed Felicidad Manero, Merce Morral
143.3 The Modified Gundersen Approach Consists of Four Main Steps Jose L. Güell, Oscar Gris, Daniel Elies,
Felicidad Manero, Merce Morral
143.4 Two-Step Approach to Treat Unilateral Total Limbal Stem Cell Jose L. Güell, Oscar Gris, Daniel Elies,
Deficiency Felicidad Manero, Merce Morral
145.1 Iris Oversew Michael E. Snyder, Jason H. Bell
145.2 Taco Down Fold of PCIOL for Insertion Behind 50-Series Iris Prostheses Michael E. Snyder, Jason H. Bell
145.3 CustomFlex Iris Device Injection and Capsular Bag Implantation Michael E. Snyder, Jason H. Bell
With Overfolding
151.1 KPro Assembly and Surgery Jose de la Cruz
155.1 Boston Keratoprosthesis Type 2 Surgical Techniques Duna Raoof, James Chodosh
156.1 Stage 1 OOKP Jean S.M. Chai, Donald T.H. Tan
156.2 Stage 2 OOKP Jean S.M. Chai, Donald T.H. Tan
158.1 LR-CLAU Edward J. Holland, Gary S. Schwartz,
Sheraz M. Daya, Ali R. Djalilian, Clara C. Chan
158.2 KLAL Edward J. Holland, Gary S. Schwartz,
Sheraz M. Daya, Ali R. Djalilian, Clara C. Chan
158.3 CLAU-KLAL Modified Cincinnati Procedure Edward J. Holland, Gary S. Schwartz,
Sheraz M. Daya, Ali R. Djalilian, Clara C. Chan
160.1 Combined LR-CLAL/KLAL (Cincinnati Procedure) Followed by Kevin J. Shah, Edward J. Holland,
Penetrating Keratoplasty Mark J. Mannis
165.1 LASEK Azar Flap Technique Dimitri T. Azar, Ramon C. Ghanem
166.1 Technique for Custom Femtosecond LASIK Louis E. Probst
167.1 Femtosecond LASIK Patricia B. Sierra, David R. Hardten

xii
 Video Table of Contents

Clip Clip title Video contributor/s

169.1 Anterior Chamber Gas Bubbles Blocking the Tracking of the Pupil Louis E. Probst, Clara C. Chan,
Mario J. Saldanha
171.1 Small Incision Lenticule Extraction Jodhbir Mehta
172.1 Post LASIK Ectasia – Intrastromal CXL and Ring Adimara da Candelaria Renesto,
Mauro Campos
173.1 Femtosecond Laser Astigmatic Keratotomy Zaina Al-Mohtaseb, Leela V. Raju, Li Wang,
Mitchell P. Weikert, Douglas D. Koch
174.1 Implantation of an Artisan Lens Thomas Kohnen, Mehdi Shajari, Jose L. Güell,
Daniel Kook, Rudy M.M.A. Nuijts
174.2 Implantation of a Toric Artisan Lens Thomas Kohnen, Mehdi Shajari, Jose L. Güell,
Daniel Kook, Rudy M.M.A. Nuijts
174.3 Implantation of an Artiflex Lens Thomas Kohnen, Mehdi Shajari, Jose L. Güell,
Daniel Kook, Rudy M.M.A. Nuijts
174.4 Implantation of an ICL Thomas Kohnen, Mehdi Shajari, Jose L. Güell,
Daniel Kook, Rudy M.M.A. Nuijts
174.5 Performing LASIK in a Patient with an Iris-Fixated Lens Thomas Kohnen, Mehdi Shajari, Jose L. Güell,
Daniel Kook, Rudy M.M.A. Nuijts
175.1 Implanting the Kamra Small-Aperture Inlay Richard L. Lindstrom, Jay S. Pepose,
John A. Vukich

Total video running time: 2 hours 41 minutes

xiii
 Preface

The subspecialty of cornea and external disease has under- new surgical videos in order to keep pace with the dramatic
gone significant transformation since the last edition of innovation in our field. The editors and authors have strived
Cornea. New diagnostic technology has vastly improved our to provide the most current material available for residents,
ability to detect disease. New medications and other thera- fellows, clinicians, and researchers to help in the manage-
peutic options have changed the treatment paradigm for ment of patients with cornea and external disease. We hope
many disorders. And new surgical techniques have had a this edition will benefit patients for years to come.
remarkable impact on surgical outcomes. Not only do these
new procedures provide better outcomes but, in addition, Mark J. Mannis
we can now offer surgical options earlier in the disease
process. Edward J. Holland
This edition of Cornea consists of numerous new chapters
and extensive revisions of existing chapters, as well as many

xiv
 Acknowledgements

This fourth edition of Cornea is the result of an extraordinary, highest quality medical textbook possible both in print and
coordinated effort by many talented individuals. We cannot electronic format. Special thanks to Sharon Nash and Russell
thank our contributing authors and co-authors enough. We Gabbedy at Elsevier, who have motivated and guided us
appreciate their excellent contributions of the most current along this journey.
information on the diagnosis and management of cornea Finally, we would like to thank our families, who continue
and external disease. In addition, we thank these authors for to provide support and the considerable time needed to
adhering to the tight editorial requirements in order to keep produce what we hope is an outstanding textbook.
this textbook current and on time.
We have enjoyed our continued relationship with our
publisher, Elsevier, who shares our goal: to provide the

xv
We dedicate this book to patients suffering from corneal blindness that we cannot
help at this time but hope to be able to help in the future.

Mark J. Mannis
Edward J. Holland
 Acknowledgement to
the Founding Editors

Jay H. Krachmer MD
Mark J. Mannis MD FACS
Edward J. Holland MD

First published in 1997 Cornea established itself as the ebook, and video formats. We acknowledge the founding
market-leading comprehensive title covering fundamentals, editorial team who brought this project to fruition through
diagnosis, medical and surgical treatment of cornea and their tireless efforts, expertise, and devotion that started out
related external disorders. Continually used by practitioners over 20 years ago.
and trainees throughout the world, what started out as a
three volume book-set has now evolved into a complete Elsevier
multimedia resource delivering content in print, online,

xvii
 List of Contributors

Richard L Abbott MD M Camille Almond MD Mohammad Anwar FRCSEd, FRCOphth

Thomas W. Boyden Endowed Chair in Comprehensive Ophthalmology, Cornea, Senior Consultant Ophthalmic
Ophthalmology Refractive and Ocular Surface Disease Surgeon
Health Sciences Professor Partner Cornea and External Diseases
Cornea and External Diseases BayCare Eye Specialists Magrabi Eye Hospital
UCSF Department of Ophthalmology Green Bay, WI, USA Dubai, UAE
Research Associate Chapter 103 Chapter 117
Francis I. Proctor Foundation
San Francisco, CA, USA Shomoukh Al-Shamekh MD Penny A Asbell MD, FACS, MBA
Chapter 115 Research Fellow Professor of Ophthalmology
Department of Ophthalmology Director of Cornea and Refractive Services
Nisha R Acharya MD King Saud University Director of the Cornea Fellowship Program
Professor of Ophthalmology Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Department of Ophthalmology
Director, Uveitis Service Chapter 58 Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
F.I. Proctor Foundation New York, NY, USA
University of California, San Francisco Lênio Souza Alvarenga MD, PhD Chapter 98
San Francisco, CA, USA Country Medical Director-Brazil
Chapter 101 Roche Pharmaceuticals Dimitri T Azar MD
São Paulo, Brazil B.A. Field Chair of Ophthalmologic
Anthony J Aldave MD Chapter 42 Research
Walton Li Chair in Cornea and Uveitis Professor and Head
Chief, Cornea and Uveitis Division Wallace LM Alward MD Department of Ophthalmology and
Director, Cornea and Refractive Surgery Professor Visual Science
Fellowship Frederick C. Blodi Chair in Ophthalmology Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary
The Jules Stein Eye Institute Department of Ophthalmology and Chicago, IL, USA
Los Angeles, CA, USA Visual Sciences Chapters 164; 165
Chapter 70 University of Iowa
Carver College of Medicine Irit Bahar MD, MHA
Eduardo C Alfonso MD Iowa City, IA, USA Associate Professor
Medical Director, Ocular Microbiology Chapter 56 Ophthalmology Department
Laboratory Rabin Medical Center
Professor, Edward W D Norton Chair in Renato Ambrósio Jr MD, PhD Tel Aviv University
Ophthalmology Associate Professor of Post Graduation Tel Aviv, Israel
Bascom Palmer Eye Institute in Ophthalmology Chapter 52
University of Miami Universidade Federal de São Paulo &
Miami, FL, USA Pontific Catholic University of Rio de Annie K Baik MD
Chapter 80 Janeiro Associate Professor
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Department of Ophthalmology
Richard C Allen MD, PhD, FACS Chapters 13; 168 University of California, Davis
Professor Sacramento, CA, USA
Section of Ophthalmology Andrea Y Ang MBBS, MPH, FRANZCO Chapter 116
Department of Head and Neck Surgery Consultant Ophthalmologist
University of Texas MD Anderson Lions Eye Insitute Neal P Barney MD
Cancer Center Royal Perth Hospital Professor
Houston, TX, USA Perth, Australia Department of Ophthalmology and
Chapter 28 Chapter 54 Visual Sciences
University of Wisconsin
Zaina Al-Mohtaseb MD Marcus Ang MBBS, MMED, MCI, FAMS, School of Medicine and Public Health
Assistant Professor; Associate Residency FRCSEd Madison, WI, USA
Program Director Consultant Chapter 47
Department of Ophthalmology Corneal and External Eye Disease Service
Baylor College of Medicine Singapore National Eye Centre
Houston, TX, USA Singapore
Chapter 173 Chapter 127

xviii
 List of Contributors

Brendan C Barry BA Joseph M Biber MD Oleksiy Buznyk MD, PhD

Clinical Research Coordinator Cornea, Cataract, and Refractive Specialist Cornea and Oculoplastic Surgeon
Ophthalmology Partner Department of Eye Burns, Ophthalmic
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Horizon Eye Care Reconstructive Surgery, Keratoplasty and
New York, NY, USA Charlotte, NC, USA Keratoprosthesis
Chapter 98 Chapters 76; 100 Filatov Institute of Eye Diseases & Tissue
Therapy of the NAMS of Ukraine
Allon Barsam MD, MA, FRCOphth Andrea D Birnbaum MD, PhD Odessa, Ukraine
Director Cornea and Refractive Surgery Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology Chapter 136
Department of Ophthalmology Northwestern University
Luton and Dunstable University Hospital Feinberg School of Medicine J Douglas Cameron MD, MBA
UCL Partners Chicago, IL, USA Professor
UK Chapters 101; 106 Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual
Chapter 147 Neuroscience and Laboratory Medicine
Kelley J Bohm BS and Pathology
Rebecca M Bartow MD Cornea Clinical Research Fellow University of Minnesota School of Medicine
Department of Ophthalmology Department of Ophthalmology Minneapolis, MN, USA
Marshfield Clinic Weill Cornell Medical College Chapters 2; 38
Marshfield, WI, USA New York City, NY, USA
Chapter 62 Chapter 33 Mauro Campos MD
Professor
Jules Baum MD Charles S Bouchard MD, MA Department of Ophthalmology and
Research Professor John P. Mulcahy Professor and Chairman Visual Sciences
Department of Ophthalmology Department of Ophthalmology Federal University of São Paulo
Tufts University School of Medicine Loyola University Health System São Paulo, Brazil
Boston, MA, USA Maywood, IL, USA Chapter 172
Chapter 41 Chapter 5
Emmett F Carpel MD
Michael W Belin MD Jay C Bradley MD Adjunct Professor
Professor of Ophthalmology and West Texas Eye Associates Department of Ophthalmology
Vision Science Cornea, External Disease, & Refractive University of Minnesota
University of Arizona Surgery Minneapolis, MN, USA
Tucson, AZ, USA Lubbock, TX, USA Chief, Division of Ophthalmology
Chapters 13; 154; 163 Chapter 113 Minneapolis VA Health Care System
Minneapolis, MN, USA
Medical Director and Chief of Staff
Jason H Bell MD James D Brandt MD Phillips Eye Institute
Senior Resident Professor & Vice-Chair of International
Minneapolis, MN, USA
University of Cincinnati Programs and New Technology
Chapter 73
University of Cincinnati Medical Center Director, Glaucoma Service
Cincinnati, OH, USA Department of Ophthalmology &
Chapter 145 Vision Science H Dwight Cavanagh MD, PhD, FACS
University of California, Davis Professor and Vice Chair Emeritus of
Ophthalmology
Beth Ann Benetz CRA, FOPS Sacramento, CA, USA
Medical Director, Transplant Services Center
Professor Chapter 116
at UT Southwestern Medical Center
Case Western Reserve University
Dallas, TX, USA
University Hospitals Case Medical Center Cat N Burkat MD, FACS Chapter 15
Cleveland, OH, USA Associate Professor
Chapter 14 Oculoplastic, Orbital, & Facial
Cosmetic Surgery Jean SM Chai MBBS, FAMS, FRCSEd
Consultant
Roger W Beuerman PhD Department of Ophthalmology and
Corneal and External Eye Disease Service
Senior Scientific Director and Professor Visual Sciences
University of Wisconsin-Madison Singapore National Eye Centre
Singapore Eye Research Institute and
Madison, WI, USA Singapore
Duke-NUS SRP Neuroscience and
Chapter 27 Chapter 156
Behavioral Disorders
Singapore
Chapter 3 Massimo Busin MD Winston Chamberlain MD, PhD
Professor of Ophthalmology Associate Professor
“Villa Igea” Private Hospital Department of Ophthalmology
Forli, Italy Casey Eye Institute
Chapter 130 Oregon Health and Science University
Portland, OR, USA
Chapter 17

xix
List of Contributors

Clara C Chan MD, FRCSC, FACS Mazen Y Choulakian MD, FRCSC Paulo Elias C Dantas MD, PhD
Assistant Professor Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology Professor of Ophthalmology
Department of Ophthalmology and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Department of Ophthalmology, Corneal
Vision Sciences Université de Sherbrooke and External Disease Service
University of Toronto Sherbrooke, QC, Canada Santa Casa of São Paulo
Toronto, ON, Canada Chapters 42; 61 São Paulo, Brazil
Chapters 110; 153; 158; 169 Chapter 84
Gary Chung MD
Bernard H Chang MD Private Practice Mahshad Darvish-Zargar MDCM, MBA,
Private Practice Evergreen Eye Centers FRCSC
Cornea Consultants of Nashville Federal Way, WA, USA Assistant Professor
Nashville, TN, USA Chapter 91 Department of Ophthalmology
Chapter 87 McGill University
Joseph B Ciolino MD Montreal, QC, Canada
Edwin S Chen MD Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology Chapters 59; 62
Cornea and Anterior Segment Department of Ophthalmology
Scripps Memorial Hospital, La Jolla Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary Richard S Davidson MD
La Jolla, CA, USA Boston, MA, USA Professor of Ophthalmology and Vice Chair
Chapter 129 Chapter 154 for Quality and Clinical Affairs
Cataract, Cornea, and Refractive Surgery
Michael C Chen MD Jessica Ciralsky MD University of Colorado Eye Center
Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology Assistant Professor University of Colorado School of Medicine
Penn State Eye Center Department of Ophthalmology Aurora, CO, USA
Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Weill Cornell Medical College Chapter 85
Center New York, NY, USA
Hershey, PA, USA Chapter 5 Sheraz M Daya MD, FACP, FACS, FRCS(Ed),
Chapter 111 FRCOphth
Maria Soledad Cortina MD Medical Director
Neil Chen BSc Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology Centre for Sight
Clinical Intern University of Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary London, UK
Comite MD Department of Ophthalmology and Chapters 153; 158
New York, NY, USA Visual Sciences
Chapter 98 Chicago, IL, USA Ali R Djalilian MD
Chapters 90; 165 Associate Professor of Ophthalmology
Kenneth C Chern MD, MBA Department of Ophthalmology and
Managing Partner, Peninsula Alexandra Z Crawford BA, MBChB Visual Sciences
Ophthalmology Group Ophthalmology Registrar University of Illinois at Chicago
Associate Clinical Professor Department of Ophthalmology Chicago, IL, USA
Department of Ophthalmology and University of Auckland Chapters 33; 124; 153; 158; 159
Visual Sciences Auckland, New Zealand
University of California, San Francisco and Chapter 94 Eric D Donnenfeld MD, FACS
the Francis I. Proctor Foundation Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology
San Francisco, CA, USA Jose de la Cruz MD New York University Medical Center
Chapter 79 Assistant Professor Ophthalmology
Department of Ophthalmology New York, NY, USA
James Chodosh MD, MPH University of Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary Chapters 138; 147
DG Cogan Professor of Ophthalmology Chicago, IL, USA
Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary Chapter 151 Steven P Dunn MD
Harvard Medical School Professor
Boston, MA, USA Mausam R Damani MD Department of Ophthalmology
Chapters 150; 155 Cornea Fellow Oakland University William Beaumont
Department of Ophthalmology & School of Medical
Elaine W Chong MBBS, MEpi, PhD, Vision Science Rochester, MI, USA
FRANZCO UC Davis Eye Center Chapter 48
Consultant Ophthalmologist Sacramento, CA, USA
Royal Victorian Eye & Ear Hospital Chapter 108 Ralph C Eagle Jr MD
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Director, Department of Pathology
Chapter 141 Wills Eye Hospital
Philadelphia, PA, USA
Chapter 18

xx
 List of Contributors

Allen O Eghrari MD Blake V Fausett MD, PhD Denise de Freitas MD

Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology Oculoplastics Fellow Professor
Wilmer Eye Institute Cincinnati Eye Institute Department of Ophthalmology and
Johns Hopkins University University of Cincinnati Visual Sciences
School of Medicine College of Medicine Paulista School of Medicine, São Paulo
Baltimore, MD, USA Department of Ophthalmology Hospital, Federal University of São Paulo
Chapter 11 Cincinnati, OH, USA (UNIFESP)
Chapter 28 São Paulo, Brazil
Richard A Eiferman MD, FACS Chapters 32; 123
Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology Robert S Feder MD, MBA
University of Louisville Professor of Ophthalmology Anat Galor MD, MSPH
Louisville, KY, USA Chief Cornea/External Disease Staff Physician, Associate Professor of
Chapter 138 Northwestern University Clinical Ophthalmology
Feinberg School of Medicine Bascom Palmer Eye Institute
Joseph A Eliason MD Chicago, IL, USA University of Miami
Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology Chapter 72 Miami, FL, USA
Department of Ophthalmology Chapter 80
Stanford University Vahid Feiz MD
School of Medicine Private Practice Prashant Garg MD
Palo Alto, CA, USA California Eye Clinic Consultant Ophthalmologist, Tej Kohli
Chapter 30 Walnut Creek, CA, USA Cornea Institute
Chapter 21 Senior Ophthalmologist, Tej Kohli Cornea
Daniel Elies MD Institute, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus
Cornea and Refractive Surgery Unit Sergio Felberg MD L V Prasad Eye Institute
Instituto de Microcirugía Ocular (IMO) Professor of Ophthalmology Hyderabad, India
Barcelona, Spain Department of Ophthalmology, Corneal Chapters 82; 92
Chapter 143 and External Disease Service
Santa Casa of São Paulo Sumit Garg MD
Per Fagerholm MD, PhD São Paulo, Brazil Assistant Professor
Professor Emeritus Chapter 84 Vice Chair of Clinical Ophthalmology
Department of Clinical and Experimental Gavin Herbert Eye Institute
Medicine – Ophthalmology Matthew T Feng MD University of California, Irvine
Faculty of Health Private Practice Irvine, CA, USA
University of Linköping Price Vision Group Chapters 112; 170
Linköping, Sweden Indianapolis, IN, USA
Chapter 136 Co-Medical Director William G Gensheimer MD, Maj, USAF
Indiana Lions Eye & Tissue Transplant Bank Chief of Cornea Service
Marjan Farid MD Indianapolis, IN, USA Warfighter Eye Center
Associate Professor of Ophthalmology Chapter 134 Malcolm Grow Medical Clinics and Surgery
Director of Cornea, Cataract, and Center (MGMCSC)
Refractive Surgery Luigi Fontana MD, PhD Joint Base Andrews, MD, USA
Gavin Herbert Eye Institute Director Chapter 85
University of California, Irvine Ophthalmic Unit
Irvine, CA, USA Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova – IRCCS Elham Ghahari MD
Chapters 112; 170 Reggio Emilia, Italy Cornea Research Fellow
Chapter 118 Department of Ophthalmology and
Asim V Farooq MD Visual Sciences
Fellow in Cornea and External Disease Gary N Foulks MD University of Illinois at Chicago
Department of Ophthalmology and Emeritus Professor Chicago, IL, USA
Visual Sciences Department of Ophthalmology and Chapter 159
Washington University in St. Louis Vision Science
St. Louis, MO, USA University of Louisville David B Glasser MD
Chapter 124 Louisville, KY, USA Assistant Professor
Chapters 31; 114 Department of Ophthalmology
William J Faulkner MD Johns Hopkins University
Director School of Medicine
Urgents Clinic Baltimore, MD, USA
Cincinnati Eye Institute Chapter 26
Cincinnati, OH, USA
Chapter 9

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 List of Contributors

Kenneth M Goins MD Steven A Greenstein MD Frederico P Guerra MD

Professor of Clinical Ophthalmology Cornea Fellow Medical Director of Centro Oftalmológico
Corneal and External Diseases Cornea and Laser Eye Institute – Hersh Jardim Icaraí
University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Vision Group Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Iowa City, IA, USA Teaneck, NJ, USA Director of the Cornea Department of the
Chapters 9; 126 Department Ophthalmology Federal Hospital of Ipanema
Harvard Medical School Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Kimberly K Gokoffski MD, PhD Boston, MA, USA Chapter 168
Resident Physician Chapter 148
Department of Ophthalmology & Preeya K Gupta MD
Vision Science Darren G Gregory MD Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology
Univerisity of California, Davis Associate Professor Cornea and Refractive Surgery
School of Medicine Department of Ophthalmology Duke University Eye Center
Sacramento, CA, USA University of Colorado Durham, NC, USA
Chapters 4; 35 School of Medicine Chapters 55; 114
Denver, CO, USA
Debra A Goldstein MD, FRCSC Chapter 50 M Bowes Hamill MD
Professor Professor of Ophthalmology
Director, Uveitis Service Mark A Greiner MD Cullen Eye Institute
Director, Uveitis Fellowship Assistant Professor Baylor College of Medicine
Department of Ophthalmology Cornea and External Diseases Department of Ophthalmology
Northwestern University Department of Ophthalmology and Houston, TX, USA
Feinberg School of Medicine Visual Sciences Chapters 93; 146
Chicago, IL, USA University of Iowa
Chapter 106 Carver College of Medicine Kristin M Hammersmith MD
Iowa City, IA, USA Assistant Surgeon
Jeffrey R Golen MD Chapters 9; 126; 131 Cornea Service
Assistant Professor in Cornea, External Wills Eye Hospital
Disease, and Refractive Surgery May Griffith PhD Instructor, Thomas Jefferson Medical
University of Virginia Professor of Regenerative Medicine College
Department of Ophthalmology Department of Clinical and Philadelphia, PA, USA
Charlottesville, VA, USA Experimental Medicine Chapter 18
Chapter 79 Linköping University
Linköping, Sweden Pedram Hamrah MD, FACS
Jose Gomes MD, PhD Chapter 136 Director, Center for Translational Ocular
Associate Professor & Director Immunology
Anterior Segment & Ocular Surface Oscar Gris MD Director, Anterior Segment Imaging, Boston
Advanced Center Cornea and Refractive Surgery Unit Image Reading Center
Department of Ophthalmology Instituto de Microcirugía Ocular (IMO) Cornea Service, New England Eye Center
Federal University of Sao Paulo Barcelona, Spain Tufts Medical Center
(UNIFESP/EPM) Chapter 143 Associate Professor, Department of
Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil Ophthalmology
Chapter 157 Erich B Groos Jr MD Tufts University School of Medicine
Partner Boston, MA, USA
John A Gonzales MD Cornea Consultants of Nashville Chapter 124
Assistant Professor Nashville, TN, USA
Department of Ophthalmology Chapter 87 Sadeer B Hannush MD
F.I. Proctor Foundation Attending Surgeon
University of California, San Francisco William D Gruzensky MD Cornea Service, Wills Eye Hospital
San Francisco, CA, USA Pacific Cataract and Laser Institute Department of Ophthalmology
Chapter 101 Olympia, WA, USA Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas
Chapter 45 Jefferson University
John D Gottsch MD Medical Director
Lions Eye Bank of Delaware Valley
Professor of Ophthalmology Jose L Güell MD Philadelphia, PA, USA
Wilmer Eye Institute Director of Cornea and Refractive
Johns Hopkins University Chapters 109; 152
Surgery Unit
School of Medicine IMO. Instituto Microcirugia Ocular of
Baltimore, MD, USA Barcelona
Chapter 11 Associate Professor of Ophthalmology
UAB. Autònoma University of Barcelona
Barcelona, Spain
Chapters 143; 174

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 List of Contributors

David R Hardten MD Stephen Holland MD David Huang MD, PhD

Minnesota Eye Consultants Resident Peterson Professor of Ophthalmology
Director of Research, Cornea, Refractive Department of Ophthalmology Department of Ophthalmology
Surgery Loyola University Chicago Stritch School Casey Eye Institute
Department of Ophthalmology of Medicine Oregon Health and Science University
University of Minnesota & Minnesota Eye Maywood, IL, USA Portland, OR, USA
Consultants Chapter 103 Chapter 17
Minnetonka, MN, USA
Chapter 167 Augustine R Hong MD Jennifer I Hui MD, FACS
Assistant Professor Founder The Eyelid Institute
David G Heidemann MD Department of Ophthalmology (Palm Desert, CA)
Department of Ophthalmology Washington University Assistant Professor
William Beaumont Hospital St. Louis, MO, USA Department of Ophthalmology
Royal Oak, MI, USA Chapter 75 Loma Linda University School of Medicine
Chapter 48 Loma Linda, CA, USA
Marc A Honig MD Chapter 29
Peter S Hersh MD Clinical Instructor
Clinical Professor Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Alfonso Iovieno MD, PhD
Director, Cornea and Refractive Surgery University School of Medicine Cornea and Ocular Surface Unit
Department of Ophthalmology Clinical Assistant Professor Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova – IRCCS
Rutgers Medical School Department of Ophthalmology and Reggio Emilia, Italy
Newark, NJ, USA Visual Sciences Chapter 118
Chapter 148 University of Maryland School of Medicine
Baltimore, MD, USA Joseph D Iuorno MD
Darren C Hill MD Chapter 137 Commonwealth Eye Care Associates
Resident Physician, PGY1 Richmond, VA, USA
Penn State College of Medicine Christopher T Hood MD Chapter 91
Hershey, PA, USA Clinical Assistant Professor
Chapter 138 Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences W Bruce Jackson MD, FRCSC
W.K. Kellogg Eye Center Professor
Ana Luisa Hofling-Lima MD University of Michigan Medical School Department of Ophthalmology
Head Professor at Ophthalmology Ann Arbor, MI, USA University of Ottawa Eye Institute
Department Escola Paulista de Medicina Chapter 65 Ottawa, ON, Canada
UNIFESP/EPM Chapter 164
São Paulo, Brazil Eliza N Hoskins MD
Chapter 149 Cornea Consultant Deborah S Jacobs MD
The Permanente Medical Group Medical Director
Edward J Holland MD Walnut Creek, CA, USA Boston Foundation for Sight
Director, Cornea Services Chapter 115 Needham, MA, USA
Cincinnati Eye Institute Associate Professor of Ophthalmology
Professor of Clinical Ophthalmology Joshua H Hou MD Harvard Medical School
University of Cincinnati Assistant Professor Boston, MA, USA
Cincinnati, OH, USA Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Chapter 97
Chapters 50; 53; 77; 108; 153; 157; 158; Neurosciences
159; 160 University of Minnesota Frederick A Jakobiec MD, DSc
Minneapolis, MN, USA Henry Willard Williams Professor Emeritus
Gary N Holland MD Chapter 2 of Ophthalmology and Pathology
Professor of Ophthalmology Former Chief and Chairman
Jack H. Skirball Chair in Ocular Kimberly Hsu MD Department of Ophthalmology
Inflammatory Diseases Clinical Fellow Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and
Cornea-External Ocular Disease Division / Department of Ophthalmology Harvard Medical School
Uveitis Service University of Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary Director, David Glendenning Cogan
Department of Ophthalmology Chicago, IL, USA Laboratory of Ophthalmic Pathology
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Chapter 151 Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary
UCLA Stein Eye Institute Boston, MA, USA
Los Angeles, CA, USA Andrew JW Huang MD, MPH Chapters 36; 39
Chapter 65 Professor of Ophthalmology
Department of Ophthalmology and
Visual Sciences
Washington University
St. Louis, MO, USA
Chapter 75

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 List of Contributors

Bennie H Jeng MD, MS Robert C Kersten MD, FACS Shigeru Kinoshita MD, PhD
Professor and Chair Professor of Clinical Ophthalmology Professor and Chair
Department of Ophthalmology and University of California, San Francisco Department of Frontier Medical Science
Visual Sciences San Francisco, CA, USA and Technology for Ophthalmology
University of Maryland Chapter 27 Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
School of Medicine Kyoto, Japan
Baltimore, MD, USA Stephen S Khachikian MD Chapter 135
Chapters 65; 115 Cornea Fellow
Department of Ophthalmology Colin M Kirkness
James V Jester PhD Albany Medical College Formerly Tennent Professor of
Professor of Ophthalmology Albany, NY, USA Ophthalmology
Gavin Herbert Eye Institute Chapter 163 Department of Ophthalmology
University of California, Irvine Faculty of Medicine
Orange, CA, USA Rohit C Khanna MD University of Glasgow
Chapter 15 Director Gullapalli Pratibha Rao Glasgow, UK
International Centre for Advancement of Chapter 60
Madhura G Joag MD Rural Eye Care
Research Scholar Consultant Ophthalmologist, Tej Kohli Stephen D Klyce PhD, FARVO
Cornea Cornea Institute Adjunct Professor of Ophthalmology
Bascom Palmer Eye Institute L V Prasad Eye Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
Miami, FL, USA Hyderabad, India New York, NY, USA
Chapter 20 Chapter 82 Chapter 12

David R Jordan MD, FRCSC Timothy T Khater MD, PhD Douglas D Koch MD
Professor of Ophthalmology Cornea, External Disease, Cataract, & Professor and Allen Mosbacher, and Law
University of Ottawa Eye Institute Refractive Surgery Specialist Chair in Ophthalmology
Ottawa, ON, Canada West Texas Eye Associates Cullen Eye Institute, Department of
Chapter 34 Lubbock, TX, USA Ophthalmology
Chapter 113 Baylor College of Medicine
Raageen Kanjee MD Houston, TX, USA
Ophthalmology Resident Eric J Kim BS Chapter 173
Department of Ophthalmology Research Fellow in Cataract and Refractive
University of Manitoba Surgery Thomas Kohnen MD, PhD, FEBO
Winnipeg, MB, Canada Department of Ophthalmology Professor and Chair
Chapter 106 Baylor College of Medicine Department of Ophthalmology
Houston, TX, USA Goethe University
Carol L Karp MD Chapter 12 Frankfurt, Germany
Professor of Ophthalmology Visiting Professor
Bascom Palmer Eye Institute Michelle J Kim MD Cullen Eye Institute
University of Miami Resident Physician Baylor College of Medicine
Miami, FL, USA Department of Ophthalmology Houston, TX, USA
Chapters 17; 20; 37 Duke Eye Center Chapter 174
Durham, NC, USA
Stephen C Kaufman MD, PhD Chapter 55 Noriko Koizumi MD, PhD
Professor and Vice-Chairman of Professor
Ophthalmology Stella K Kim MD Department of Biomedical Engineering
Director of Cornea and Refractive Surgery Joe M. Green Jr. Professor of Clinical Doshisha University
State University of New York – Downstate Ophthalmology Kyotanabe, Japan
Brooklyn and Manhattan, NY, USA Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Chapter 135
Chapter 19 Visual Science
University of Texas Health, Medical School Daniel Kook MD, PhD
Jeremy D Keenan MD, MPH Houston, TX, USA Smile Eyes Eye Clinic
Associate Professor of Ophthalmology Chapter 66 Munich Airport, Germany
Francis I. Proctor Foundation and Chapter 174
Department of Ophthalmology Terry Kim MD
University of California, San Francisco Professor of Ophthalmology Regis P Kowalski MS, M(ASCP)
San Francisco, CA, USA Duke University School of Medicine Professor
Chapter 43 Chief, Cornea and External Disease Service Department of Ophthalmology
Director, Refractive Surgery Service School of Medicine
Duke University Eye Center University of Pittsburgh
Durham, NC, USA Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Chapter 55 Chapter 10

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 List of Contributors

Friedrich E Kruse MD Yan Li PhD Timothy P Lindquist MD

Professor and Chair of Ophthalmology Research Assistant Professor Durrie Vision
Department of Ophthalmology Department of Ophthalmology Overland Park, KS, USA
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg Casey Eye Institute Clinical Instructor
Erlangen, Germany Oregon Health and Science University Department of Ophthalmology
Chapter 133 Portland, OR, USA University of Kansas
Chapter 17 Kansas City, KS, USA
Edward Lai MD Chapter 44
Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology Thomas M Lietman MD
Department of Ophthalmology Professor, Director of Francis I. Proctor Richard L Lindstrom MD
Weill Cornell Medical College Foundation Founder and Attending Surgeon, Minnesota
New York, NY, USA Departments of Ophthalmology and Eye Consultants
Chapter 5 Epidemiology and Biostatistics Adjunct Clinical Professor Emeritus
University of California, San Francisco University of Minnesota
Peter R Laibson MD San Francisco, CA, USA Department of Ophthalmology
Director Emeritus Chapter 43 Associate Director
Cornea Department Minnesota Lions Eye Bank
Wills Eye Hospital Michele C Lim MD Board Member
Philadelphia, PA, USA Professor of Ophthalmology University of Minnesota Foundation
Chapter 69 Vice Chair and Medical Director Visiting Professor
UC Davis Eye Center UC Irvine, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute
Irvine, CA, USA
Jonathan H Lass MD University of California, Davis
Chapter 175
Charles I Thomas Professor School of Medicine
Department of Ophthalmology and Sacramento, CA, USA
Visual Sciences Chapter 116 David Litoff MD
Case Western Reserve University Kaiser Permanente
University Hospitals Eye Institute Lily Koo Lin MD Chief of Ophthalmology
Cleveland, OH, USA Associate Professor Assistant Clinical Professor
Chapter 14 Department of Ophthalmology & Department of Ophthalmology
Vision Science University of Colorado
Lafayette, CO, USA
Samuel H Lee MD University of California, Davis
Chapter 24
Cornea and External Disease Health System
Sacramento Eye Consultants Sacramento, CA, USA
Sacramento, CA, USA Chapters 4; 35 Yu-Chi Liu MD, MCI
Chapter 64 Clinician
T Peter Lindquist MD Cornea and External Eye Disease Service
Singapore National Eye Centre
W Barry Lee MD, FACS Associate Medical Director, Georgia
Singapore
Medical Director, Georgia Eye Bank Eye Bank
SouthEast Eye Specialists Chapter 171
Cornea and Refractive Surgery Service
Eye Consultants of Atlanta/Piedmont Cornea, External Disease and Refractive
Hospital Surgery Eitan Livny MD
Atlanta, GA, USA Chattanooga, TN, USA Anterior Segment, Cornea and Cataract
Chapters 78; 128 Chapters 40; 128 Specialist
Department of Ophthalmology
Michael A Lemp MD Thomas D Lindquist MD, PhD Rabin Medical Center
Formerly Director, Cornea and External Petach Tiqva, Israel
Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology
Disease Service Chapter 52
Georgetown University and George
Washington University Department of Ophthalmology
Washington, DC, USA Group Health Cooperative Lorena LoVerde MD
Chapters 3; 8; 31 Bellevue, WA, USA Associate Professor
Clinical Professor Department of Ophthalmology
Department of Ophthalmology University of Cincinnati
Jennifer Y Li MD University of Washington Cincinnati, OH, USA
Associate Professor
School of Medicine Chapter 157
Department of Ophthalmology &
Seattle, WA, USA
Vision Science
University of California, Davis
Medical Director, SightLife Careen Y Lowder MD, PhD
Seattle, WA, USA Staff, Cole Eye Institute
Sacramento, CA, USA
Chapters 40; 44 Cleveland Clinic Foundation
Chapters 23; 89; 125
Cleveland, OH, USA
Chapter 65

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 List of Contributors

Allan Luz MD, PhD Tova Mannis MD Woodford S Van Meter MD

Corneal Director of Hospital de Olhos Clinical Fellow Professor
de Sergipe F.I. Proctor Foundation Department of Ophthalmology
Department of Ophthalmology and University of California, San Francisco University of Kentucky School of Medicine
Visual Science San Francisco, CA, USA Lexington, KY, USA
Federal University of São Paulo Chapter 60 Chapter 110
São Paulo, Brazil
Chapter 13 Carlos E Martinez MD, MS Jay J Meyer MD, MPH
Chairman of Ophthalmology Cornea and Anterior Segment Fellow
Marian S Macsai MD Long Beach Memorial Hospital Department of Ophthalmology
Chief, Division of Ophthalmology Long Beach, CA, USA New Zealand National Eye Centre
NorthShore University HealthSystem Chapter 12 University of Auckland
Professor, University of Chicago Pritzker Auckland, New Zealand
School of Medicine Csaba L Mártonyi FOPS Chapter 94
Glenview, IL, USA Emeritus Associate Professor
Chapters 139; 144 Department of Ophthalmology and Shahzad I Mian MD
Visual Sciences Terry J. Bergstrom Professor
Mark Maio FOPS University of Michigan Medical School Associate Chair, Education
President Ann Arbor, MI, USA Residency Program Director
InVision, Inc Chapter 7 Associate Professor
Alpharetta, GA, USA University of Michigan
Chapter 7 Maite Sainz de la Maza MD, PhD Department of Ophthalmology
Associate Professor Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Jackie V Malling RN, CEBT Department of Ophthalmology Chapter 95
Chief Strategy Officer Hospital Clinic of Barcelona
Saving Sight Barcelona, Spain Darlene Miller DHSc, MPH, CIC
Kansas City, KS, USA Chapter 100 Research Associate Professor
Chapter 25 Department of Ophthalmology
Hall T McGee MD, MS Bascom Palmer Eye Institute
Amanda C Maltry MD Cornea & External Disease Specialist University of Miami
Assistant Professor Everett & Hurite Ophthalmic Association Miller School of Medicine
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Pittsburgh, PA, USA Miami, FL, USA
Neuroscience Chapter 6 Chapter 80
University of Minnesota School of Medicine
Minneapolis, MN, USA Charles NJ McGhee MBChB, PhD, DSc, Naoyuki Morishige MD, PhD
Chapter 38 FRCS, FRCOphth, FRANZCO Associate Professor
Maurice Paykel Professor and Chair of Department of Ophthalmology
Paramdeep S Mand MD Ophthalmology Yamaguchi University
Associate Director, New Zealand National Eye Centre Graduate School of Medicine
Department of Ophthalmology Department of Ophthalmology Ube, Japan
Kaiser Permanente Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences Chapter 1
Riverside, CA, USA University of Auckland
Chapter 30 Auckland, New Zealand Merce Morral MD, PhD
Chapter 94 Anterior Segment Diseases, Cornea,
Felicidad Manero MD Cataract and Refractive Surgery Specialist
Ophthalmology Jodhbir Mehta BSc, MBBS, FRCS(Ed) Instituto Oftalmología Ocular (IMO)
IMO (Instituto de Microcirugía Ocular) Associate Professor Barcelona, Spain
Barcelona, Spain Corneal and External Disease Service Chapter 143
Chapter 143 Singapore National Eye Centre
Singapore Majid Moshirfar MD, FACS
Mark J Mannis MD, FACS Chapter 171 Professor of Clinical Ophthalmology,
Natalie Fosse Endowed Chair in Vision Co-director of Cornea & Refractive Surgery
Science Research David M Meisler MD Division
Professor and Chair Consultant, Cornea and External Diseases Department of Ophthalmology
Department of Ophthalmology & Cleveland Clinic Foundation University of California, San Francisco
Vision Science Cleveland, OH, USA San Francisco, CA, USA
University of California Davis Eye Center Chapter 65 Chapter 138
Sacramento, CA, USA
Chapters 42; 51; 60; 70; 108; 111; 125; Adam Moss MD, MBA
142; 160 McCannel Eye Clinic
Edina, MN, USA
Chapter 121

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 List of Contributors

Asadolah Movahedan MD Jacqueline Ng MD Karen W Oxford MD

Resident of Ophthalmology Department of Ophthalmology Director, Cornea and Refractive Surgery
Department of Ophthalmology Cornea Division Pacific Eye Associates
University of Chicago University of California, Irvine Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology
Chicago, IL, USA Gavin Herbert Eye Institute California Pacific Medical Center
Chapter 124 Irvine, CA, USA San Francisco, CA, USA
Chapter 170 Chapter 115
Parveen Nagra MD
Asssistant Surgeon Lisa M Nijm MD, JD David A Palay MD
Wills Eye Hospital Medical & Surgical Director Associate Clinical Professor
Assistant Professor Warrenville EyeCare and LASIK Department of Ophthalmology
Jefferson Medical College Warrenville, IL, USA Emory University School of Medicine
Philadelphia, PA, USA Assistant Clinical Professor of Atlanta, GA, USA
Chapter 18 Ophthalmology Chapter 22
University of Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary
Afshan A Nanji MD, MPH Department of Ophthalmology and Sotiria Palioura MD, PhD
Assistant Professor Visual Sciences Instructor
Department of Ophthalmology Chicago, IL, USA Department of Ophthalmology
Casey Eye Institute Chapters 88; 108 Bascom Palmer Eye Institute
Oregon Health and Science University University of Miami
Portland, OR, USA Ken K Nischal MD, FRCOphth Miller School of Medicine
Chapter 17 Professor of Ophthalmology Miami, FL, USA
Director of Pediatric Ophthalmology Chapter 66
Leslie C Neems MD Strabismus and Adult Motility
Ophthalmology Resident Physician UPMC Eye Center Deval R Paranjpe MD, ScB
Northwestern University Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology
Feinberg School of Medicine University of Pittsburgh Drexel University College of Medicine
Chicago, IL, USA Pittsburgh, PA, USA Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Chapter 72 Chapter 122 Chapter 60

Kristiana D Neff MD Teruo Nishida MD, DSc Mansi Parikh MD

Partner Professor Emeritus Assistant Professor
Carolina Cataract & Laser Center Department of Ophthalmology Casey Eye Institute
Charleston, SC, USA Graduate School of Medicine Oregon Health and Sciences University
Chapter 53 Yamaguchi University Portland, OR, USA
Ube, Japan Chapter 56
Chapter 1
J Daniel Nelson MD, FACS
Professor of Ophthalmology Matthew R Parsons MD
University of Minnesota M Cristina Nishiwaki-Dantas MD Chief
Associate Medical Director Professor of Ophthalmology Corneal Service
HealthPartners Medical Group Department of Ophthalmology, Corneal Excel Eye Center
Minneapolis, MN, USA and External Disease Service Provo, UT, USA
Chapter 2 Santa Casa of São Paulo Chapter 88
São Paulo, Brazil
Chapter 84
Jeffrey A Nerad MD Sirichai Pasadhika MD
Partner, Cincinnati Eye Institute Director of Vitreoretinal Services
Professor of Ophthalmology Rudy MMA Nuijts MD, PhD Devers Eye Institute
University of Cincinnati Professor of Ophthalmology Legacy Health System
Cincinnati, OH, USA University Eye Clinic Maastricht Portland, OR, USA
Chapter 28 Medical University Center Maastricht Affiliate Instructor
Maastricht, The Netherlands Casey Eye Institute
Chapter 174
Marcelo V Netto MD, PhD Oregon Health & Science University
Department of Ophthalmology Portland, OR, USA
University of São Paulo Robert B Nussenblatt MD, MPH Chapter 102
São Paulo, Brazil Formerly Chief, Laboratory of Immunology
Medical Director National Eye Institute, NIH Dipika V Patel PhD, MRCOphth
Instituto Oftalmológico Paulista Bethesda, MD, USA Associate Professor
São Paulo, Brazil Chapter 101 Department of Ophthalmology
Chapter 168 New Zealand National Eye Centre
University of Auckland
Auckland, New Zealand
Chapter 94

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 List of Contributors

Charles J Pavlin MD, FRCS(Can) Stephen C Pflugfelder MD Christopher J Rapuano MD

Formerly Professor, University of Toronto Professor Professor, Department of Ophthalmology
Department of Ophthalmology Ophthalmology Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas
Mount Sinai Hospital Baylor College of Medicine Jefferson University
Toronto, ON, Canada Houston, TX, USA Chief, Cornea Service
Chapter 16 Chapter 33 Wills Eye Hospital
Philadelphia, PA, USA
Eric S Pearlstein MD Francis W Price Jr MD Chapters 18; 137; 140
Clinical Assistant Professor President
Department of Ophthalmology Price Vision Group Jagadesh C Reddy MD
SUNY Downstate Medical Center Indianapolis, IN, USA Assistant Ophthalmologist
Brooklyn, NY, USA President of the Board Tej Kohli Cornea Institute, Kallam Anji
Chapter 99 Cornea Research Foundation of America Reddy Campus
Indianapolis, IN, USA L V Prasad Eye Institute
Jay S Pepose MD, PhD Chapter 134 Hyderabad, India
Professor of Clinical Ophthalmology and Chapter 92
Visual Sciences Marianne O Price PhD, MBA
Washington University School of Medicine Executive Director Ellen Redenbo CDOS, ROUB, CRA
St. Louis, MO, USA Cornea Research Foundation of America Imaging Center Supervisor
Chapter 175 Indianapolis, IN, USA Department of Ophthalmology
Chapter 134 UC Davis Eye Center
Robert J Peralta MD Sacramento, CA, USA
Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Louis E Probst MD Chapter 16
Surgery National Medical Director
Kaiser Permanente TLC The Laser Eye Centers James J Reidy MD
Oakland, CA, USA Chicago, IL, USA Associate Professor
Chapter 6 Chapters 166; 169 Vice Chair of Clinical Affairs
Department of Ophthalmology and
Mauricio A Perez MD Michael B Raizman MD Visual Science
Cornea, Cataract & Refractive Surgery Ophthalmic Consultants of Boston University of Chicago Medicine and
Department Associate Professor of Ophthalmology Biological Sciences
Clínica de Enfermedades de la Visión / Tufts University School of Medicine Chicago, IL, USA
Clínica Las Condes / Hospital Salvador / Boston, MA, USA Chapter 74
Fundación Imagina Chapter 100
Volunteer Faculty University of Chile Charles D Reilly MD
Santiago, Chile Leela V Raju MD Managing Partner
Chapters 110; 164 Eye Physicians and Surgeons Rashid, Rice, Flynn and Reilly Eye
Clinical Instructor Associates
Victor L Perez MD New York Eye and Ear Infirmary Clinical Assistant Professor
Professor of Ophthalmology Brooklyn, NY, USA Department of Ophthalmology
Walter G. Ross Chair in Ophthalmic Chapter 173 University of Texas Health Science Center
Research San Antonio
San Antonio, TX, USA
Bascom Palmer Eye Institute Gullapalli N Rao MD Chapters 51; 161
University of Miami Chair
Miller School of Medicine L V Prasad Eye Institute
Miami, FL, USA Hyderabad, India Adimara da Candelaria Renesto MD
Chapters 49; 66 Chapter 82 Fellow of Refractive Surgery
Department of Ophthalmology and
Alicia Perry BA Duna Raoof MD Visual Sciences
Ophthalmic Consultants of Long Island Federal University of São Paulo
Cornea, Cataract, and Refractive Surgery
New York, NY, USA Vision Institute IPEPO
Specialist
Chapter 138 São Paulo, Brazil
Harvard Eye Associates
Chapter 172
Laguna Hills, CA, USA
W Matthew Petroll PhD Clinical Instructor
Professor Harbor-University of California Los Angeles Andri K Riau MSc
Department of Ophthalmology Torrence, CA, USA Research Associate
UT Southwestern Medical Center Chapters 150; 155 Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Group
Dallas, TX, USA Singapore Eye Research Institute
Chapter 15 Singapore
Chapter 171

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 List of Contributors

Lorena Riveroll-Hannush MD Shizuya Saika MD, PhD Rony R Sayegh MD

Clinical Director Professor and Chairman Assistant Professor
Oxford Valley Laser Vision Center Department of Ophthalmology Department of Ophthalmology
Langhorne, PA, USA Wakayama Medical University University Hospitals Case Medical Center
Cornea Service School of Medicine Case Western Reserve University
Asociación Para Evitar La Ceguera Wakayama, Japan School of Medicine
Hospital Dr. Luis Sánchez Bulnes Chapter 1 Cleveland, OH, USA
Mexico City, Mexico Chapter 14
Chapters 109; 152 Mario J Saldanha DO, FRCS, FRCOphth
Cornea, External Disease and Refractive Gregory A Schmidt BS, CEBT
Allison E Rizzuti MD Surgery Fellow Iowa Lions Eye Bank
Clinical Assistant Professor Ophthalmology Coralville, IA, USA
Department of Ophthalmology Toronto Western Hospital Chapter 126
State University of New York, Downstate University of Toronto
Medical Center Toronto, ON, Canada Miriam T Schteingart MD
Brooklyn, NY, USA Chapter 169 Physician
Chapter 19 Andersen Eye Associates
James J Salz MD Saginaw, MI, USA
Danielle M Robertson OD, PhD Clinical Professor, Ophthalmoloygy Chapter 104
Associate Professor University of Southern California
Department of Ophthalmology Keck Medical School Ivan R Schwab MD, FACS
University of Texas Southwestern Los Angeles, CA, USA Professor of Ophthalmology
Medical Center Chapter 162 Department of Ophthalmology
Dallas, TX, USA University of California, Davis
Chapter 97 Virender S Sangwan MD Sacramento, CA, USA
Dr. Paul Dubord Chair in Cornea Chapters 64; 86
Ashley Rohr MD Director, Center for Ocular Regeneration
Cornea Fellow (CORE) Brian L Schwam MD
Department of Ophthalmology Director, Srujana-Center for Innovation Vice President and Chief Medical Officer
Manhattan Eye, Ear, and Throat Hospital/ Kallam Anji Reddy Campus Johnson and Johnson Vision Care
Northshore-LIJ Health System L V Prasad Eye Institute Jacksonville, FL, USA
New York, NY, USA Hyderabad, India Chapter 100
Chapters 139; 144 Chapter 92
Gary S Schwartz MD
David S Rootman MD, FRCSC Caterina Sarnicola MD Adjunct Associate Professor
Professor, University of Toronto Resident Department of Ophthalmology
Toronto Western Hospital University of Ferrara University of Minnesota
Toronto, ON, Canada Ferrara, Italy School of Medicine
Chapter 164 Chapter 120 Minneapolis, MN, USA
Chapters 53; 77; 157; 158
James T Rosenbaum MD Enrica Sarnicola MD
Chief of Ophthalmology Resident Vincenzo Scorcia MD
Devers Eye Institute University of Siena Associate Professor
Legacy Health System Siena, Italy Department of Ophthalmology
Portland, OR, USA Chapter 120 University of Magna Graecia
Professor Catanzaro, Italy
Departments of Ophthalmology, Medicine, Vincenzo Sarnicola MD Chapter 130
and Cell Biology Director
Casey Eye Institute
Oregon Health & Science University
Private Practice H Nida Sen MD, MHS
“Clinica degli occhi Sarnicola” National Eye Institute
Portland, OR, USA Grosseto, Italy National Institutes of Health
Chapter 102 Professor Bethesda, MD, USA
Department of Ophthalmology Chapter 101
Alan E Sadowsky MD University of Siena
Adjunct Assistant Professor Siena, Italy
Department of Ophthalmology Chapter 120
Boris Severinsky OD, MOptom
Contact Lens Service
University of Minnesota
Department of Ophthalmology
Fairview Medical Group Ibrahim O Sayed-Ahmed MD Hadassah University Hospital
Fridley, MN, USA Research Fellow Jerusalem, Israel
Chapter 63 Cornea Chapter 97
Bascom Palmer Eye Institute
Miami, FL, USA
Chapter 20

xxix
 List of Contributors

Kevin J Shah MD Kavitha R Sivaraman MD Anna M Stagner MD

Staff Surgeon Fellow, Cornea and External Disease Ophthalmic Pathology Fellow
Department of Ophthalmology Bascom Palmer Eye Institute David Glendenning Cogan Laboratory of
Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic University of Miami Miller Ophthalmic Pathology
Foundation School of Medicine Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary
Cleveland, OH, USA Miami, FL, USA Boston, MA, USA
Chapters 77; 131; 160 Chapter 37 Chapters 36; 39

Mehdi Shajari MD Craig A Skolnick MD Christopher E Starr MD

Department of Ophthalmology President Associate Professor of Ophthalmology
Goethe University Skolnick Eye Institute Director, Cornea, Cataract & Refractive
Frankfurt, Germany Jupiter, FL, USA Surgery Fellowship
Chapter 174 Chapter 96 Director, Refractive Surgery Service
Director, Ophthalmic Education
Neda Shamie MD Allan R Slomovic MSc, MD, FRCS(C) Weill Cornell Medical College
Cornea, Refractive and Cataract Surgeon Marta and Owen Boris Endowed Chair in New York Presbyterian Hospital
Advanced Vision Care Cornea and Stem Cell Research New York, NY, USA
Los Angeles, CA, USA Professor of Ophthalmology Chapter 33
Chapter 132 University of Toronto
Research Director, Cornea Service Roger F Steinert MD
Brett Shapiro MD University Health Network Irving H Leopold Professor
Attending Ophthalmologist President, Canadian Ophthalmological Chair of Ophthalmology
Kaiser Permanente, Hawai’i Region Society Professor of Biomedical Engineering
Wailuku, Maui, HI, USA Toronto Western Hospital Director, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute
Chapter 21 Toronto, ON, Canada University of California
Chapters 52; 57 Irvine, CA, USA
Chapters 112; 170
Raneen Shehadeh-Mashor MD
Ophthalmologist, Corneal specialist Michael E Snyder MD
Department of Ophthalmology, Bnai Zion Board of Directors, Cincinnati Eye Institute Bazil TL Stoica MD
Medical Center Chair, Clinical Research Steering Oculoplastic Fellow
Institute – Technion Committee Department of Ophthalmology
Haifa, Israel Volunteer Faculty, University of Cincinnati University of Ottawa
Chapter 57 Cincinnati, OH, USA Ottawa, ON, Canada
Chapter 145 Chapter 34
Shigeto Shimmura MD, PhD
Associate Professor Renée Solomon MD Michael D Straiko MD
Department of Ophthalmology Private Practice Associate Director of Corneal Services
Keio University School of Medicine New York, NY, USA Devers Eye Institute
Tokyo, Japan Chapter 138 Legacy Health System
Chapter 119 Portland, OR, USA
Sarkis H Soukiasian MD Chapter 131
Thomas S Shute MD, MS Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology
Department of Ophthalmology and Tufts University School of Medicine Alan Sugar MD
Visual Sciences Director, Corneal and External Disease Professor and Vice-Chair
Washington University School of Medicine Department of Ophthalmology Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
St. Louis, MO, USA Lahey Health W.K. Kellogg Eye Center
Chapter 75 Burlington, MA, USA University of Michigan Medical School
Chapter 41 Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Chapter 95
Patricia B Sierra MD
Cornea, Cataract and Refractive Surgery Luciene Barbosa de Sousa MD
Sacramento Eye Consultants Head of Cornea Section Joel Sugar MD
Sacramento, CA, USA Federal University of São Paulo Professor and Vice-Head
Chapter 167 São Paulo, Brazil Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
Chapter 70 Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary
University of Illinois College of Medicine
Francisco Bandeira e Silva MD
Post-graduation Student Sathish Srinivasan FRCSEd, FRCOphth, Chicago, IL, USA
FACS Chapters 67; 90
Department of Ophthalmology
Paulista School of Medicine Consultant Corneal Surgeon
Federal University of São Paulo Joint Clinical Director Christopher N Ta MD
São Paulo, Brazil Department of Ophthalmology Professor
Chapter 149 University Hospital Ayr Byers Eye Institute at Stanford
Ayr, Scotland, UK School of Medicine
Chapter 57 Palo Alto, CA, USA
Chapter 46

xxx
 List of Contributors

Khalid F Tabbara MD Elias I Traboulsi MD, MEd David D Verdier MD

Adjunct Professor Professor Clinical Professor
Department of Ophthalmology Cole Eye Institute Department of Surgery, Ophthalmology
Wilmer Institute Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Division
Johns Hopkins University Medicine Michigan State University
Baltimore, MD, USA Case University College of Human Medicine
Medical Director Cleveland, OH, USA Grand Rapids, MI, USA
The Eye Center Chapter 58 Chapter 110
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Chapter 105 William Trattler MD Laura A Vickers MD
Director of Cornea Chief Resident
Donald TH Tan FRCSG, FRCSE, FRCOphth, Center for Excellence in Eye Care Duke University Eye Center
FAMS Miami, FL, USA Durham, NC, USA
Arthur Lim Professor in Ophthalmology Chapter 162 Chapter 114
Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Matthew GJ Trese MA Ana Carolina Vieira MD, PhD
Graduate Medical School, Singapore Clinical Research Intern Cornea and External Diseases Specialist
Singapore National Eye Centre Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Ophthalmology
Singapore Visual Sciences State University of Rio de Janeiro
Chapters 127; 141; 156 Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Ann Arbor, MI, USA Chapters 86; 142
Maolong Tang PhD Chapter 95
Research Assistant Professor Jesse M Vislisel MD
Department of Ophthalmology David T Tse MD, FACS Fellow
Casey Eye Institute Professor of Ophthalmology Department of Ophthalmology and
Oregon Health and Science University Dr Nasser Ibrahim Al-Rashid Chair in Vision Science
Portland, OR, USA Ophthalmic Plastic Orbital Surgery and University of Iowa
Chapter 17 Oncology Iowa City, IA, USA
Bascom Palmer Eye Institute Chapter 9
Joseph Tauber MD Miami, FL, USA
Tauber Eye Center Chapter 29 An Vo MD
Kansas City, MO, USA Cornea and External Disease Fellow
Chapter 107 Elmer Y Tu MD Department of Ophthalmology
Professor of Clinical Ophthalmology Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
Shabnam Taylor MD Department of Ophthalmology and New York, NY, USA
Resident Physician Visual Science Chapter 98
Department of Ophthalmology University of Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary
University of California, Davis Chicago, IL, USA Rosalind C Vo MD
Sacramento, CA, USA Chapter 81 Associate Physician
Chapter 89 Southern California Permanente Medical
Pravin K Vaddavalli MD Group
Mark A Terry MD Consultant Ophthalmologist Los Angeles, CA, USA
Director, Corneal Services, Devers Eye Tej Kohli Cornea Institute Clinical Instructor
Institute LV Prasad Eye Institute UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine
Professor, Clinical Ophthalmology Hyderabad, India Los Angeles, CA, USA
Oregon Health Sciences University Chapter 82 Chapter 70
Portland, OR, USA
Chapter 129 Felipe A Valenzuela MD John A Vukich MD
Clinical Fellow Clinical Adjunct Assistant Professor of
Howard H Tessler MD Department of Ophthalmology Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
Professor Emeritus of Ophthalmology Bascom Palmer Eye Institute University of Wisconsin Madison
University of Illinois at Chicago University of Miami School of Medicine
Chicago, IL, USA Miller School of Medicine Madison, WI, USA
Chapters 104; 106 Miami, FL, USA Chapter 175
Chapter 49
Theofilos Tourtas MD Matthew Wade MD
Consultant Ophthalmic Surgeon Gary A Varley MD Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology
Corneal and External Disease Service Cincinnati Eye Institute Gavin Herbert Eye Institute
Department of Ophthalmology Cincinnati, OH, USA University of California
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg Chapter 9 Irvine, CA, USA
Erlangen, Germany Chapters 112; 170
Chapter 133

xxxi
Other documents randomly have
different content
Cromwell; but those things impress the mind
much less than does the building itself. That
Shakespeare entered the Castle is not known;
but that he saw it cannot be doubted, for
Cæsar’s Tower—one of the older parts of it—
which dominates the region around Warwick
now has been grandly conspicuous there for
more than 400 years, and in the poet’s time it
must have been familiar to all inhabitants of
Warwickshire. Kenilworth, Coventry, and
Warwick figure in some of his historical plays, THE MILL, GUY’S CLIFF NEAR
and his particular knowledge of all the WARWICK
surroundings of Stratford, and, indeed, of the
The name is derived from Guy, Earl of
whole of central England, through which the
Warwick, who once lived as a hermit, in
Wars of the Roses raged, is manifested in a cave below the house, and was buried
those dramas. He had ample opportunity of there
acquiring that knowledge.
The first twenty-one or twenty-two years of
his life were passed by him in his native town. The next twenty-seven years he
passed in London, visiting Stratford once a year. In his closing years, from about
1613 to his death in 1616, he dwelt in Stratford, in his house called New Place,
bought by him in 1597, where he died. The traveler who visits the Shakespeare
Country, viewing it exclusively with reference to its associations with the poet,
should bear in mind these divisions of time. The larger part of Shakespeare’s work
was done in London. It is mostly as a youth, though a little as a veteran, that
personally he is connected with Stratford.

BLACKLOW HILL AND

GUY’S CLIFF
In the course of the drive from
Warwick to Stratford (either way)
the traveler passes Ganerslie Heath
and Blacklow Hill, places said to be
haunted. On Blacklow Hill the
corrupt Piers Gaveston, Earl of
THE RED HORSE HOTEL, STRATFORD-UPON-AVON Cornwall, unworthy favorite of that
weak king, Edward II, was
beheaded, June 20, 1312, by order
of Guy, tenth Earl of Warwick, whom he had opposed and maligned, calling him
“the Black Dog of Arden,” and some of the peasantry of the neighborhood entertain
to this day an old superstitious notion that dismal bells have been heard to toll
from that hill at midnight. The scene of
Gaveston’s decapitation is marked by a
monument. Another place of interest to be
seen in the course of the drive is Guy’s Cliff, a
secluded residence, beside the Avon,
traditionally associated with an ancient, fabled
Guy, Earl of Warwick, who, after performing
prodigies of valor, retired to that place and
lived and died a hermit. Camden, the
antiquary, Shakespeare’s contemporary, whose
“Britannia” (1586) he probably knew, thus
happily describes it:
WASHINGTON IRVING PARLOR IN
THE RED HORSE HOTEL
“There have ye a shady little wood,
cleere and cristall springs, mossy
bottomes and caves, medowes alwaies fresh and greene, the river
rumbling here and there among the stones with his streame
making a mild noise and gentle whispering, and besides all this,
solitary and still quietnesse, things most grateful to the Muses.”
 CHARLECOTE HOUSE

STONELEIGH ABBEY

This fine mansion, the seat of Lord Leigh, was

erected in the eighteenth century, and occupies the
site of a Cistercian Abbey, of which a gateway still
remains

THE BEAUTY OF SHAKESPEARE’S COUNTRY

Those quaint words convey a just impression of the beauty of the Shakespeare
Country. Its physical aspects are charming; its inhabitants and its products are
characteristic; its historic associations are diversified and impressive. It is entirely
worth seeing for its own sake, and it richly rewards the visitor who explores it in a
sympathetic spirit and a leisurely way. But the great glory of Warwickshire consists
in the fact that it was the birthplace of Shakespeare; the scene of all his youthful
experience, his education, his courtship of Anne Hathaway (whose dwelling yet
remains), his marriage, the birth of his three children, his death, and his burial.
 THE TOWN HALL AND THE SHAKESPEARE HOTEL, STRATFORD-
UPON-AVON

A VISIT TO STRATFORD
I could never forget the emotion with which
my mind was thrilled when first I took the
drive from Warwick to Stratford (1877), and
alighted at the old Red Horse Hotel. The day
had been one of exceptional beauty. The long
twilight had faded, and the stars were shining
when that night, for the first time, I stood at
the door of the birthplace of Shakespeare, and
looked on its quaint casements and gables, its
antique porch, and the massive timbers that
A ROOM IN THE OLD GRAMMAR
SCHOOL, AT STRATFORD-UPON-AVON
cross its front. I conjure up the vision now, as I
saw it then. I stand there for a long while, and
feel that I shall remember these sights forever.
Then, with lingering steps, I turn away, and, passing through a narrow, crooked
lane, I walk in the High Street, and note at the end of the prospect the illuminated
clock in a dark church-tower. A few chance-directed steps bring me to what was
New Place once, where Shakespeare died, and there again I pause and long
remain in meditation, gazing into the inclosed garden, where, under screens of
wire, are fragments of mortar and stone. These—although I do not know it—are
the remains of the foundations of Shakespeare’s house. The night wanes, but still I
walk in Stratford streets, and by and by I am standing on the bridge that spans the
Avon, and looking down at the thick-clustered stars reflected in the dark and silent
stream. At last, under the roof of the Red Horse, I sink into a troubled slumber,
from which soon a strain of celestial music, strong, sweet, jubilant, and splendid,
awakens me in an instant, and I start up in bed,—to find that all around me is as
still as death; and then, drowsily, far off, the bell strikes three, in that weird, grim,
lonesome church-tower which I have just seen.
THE RED HORSE HOTEL
Many times since that first night
at Stratford I have rested in the old
Red Horse, and nowhere, in a large
experience of travel, have I found a
more homelike abode. It is a storied
dwelling, too; for it was an inn
when Shakespeare lived. It is
believed to have been known to
those old poets Michael Drayton
and Ben Jonson; Betterton is said NEW PLACE GARDENS STRATFORD-UPON-AVON
to have lodged in it when he visited
Where Shakespeare’s house stood
Stratford, to glean information
about the great dramatist of whose
chief characters his age esteemed
him the supremely best interpreter; Garrick knew the house when he was in
Stratford in 1769 to conduct the Shakespeare Jubilee; and in later years it has
harbored scores of renowned persons from every part of the world. Washington
Irving, revered as the father of American literature, was a lodger there in 1817, and
wrote about it in his companionable “Sketch Book,” and the parlor that he then
occupied has ever since borne his name and been embellished with picture and
relic commemorative of his visit. The pilgrim loses much benefit and pleasure by
carelessly speeding through the Shakespeare Country, as many excursionists do. It
is far better to repose in the Red Horse, or some other cozy retreat, and spend
many days in rambling about the neighborhood. To the lover of the works of
Shakespeare the experience is one of the most profitable that life affords.

STONELEIGH AND CHARLECOTE

In driving from Warwick to Stratford the traveler obtains a distant glimpse of
Stoneleigh Abbey, one of the fine baronial homes of England, the residence of Lord
Leigh, and at a certain stile, near Charlecote House, the carriage is halted, so that
the spacious park of Charlecote can be crossed on foot by a passenger who may
wish to see the place where, as legend has long affirmed, Shakespeare killed the
deer of Sir Thomas Lucy, thereby incurring enmity and punishment. The story lacks
proof. No deer were kept by Sir Thomas at Charlecote,—though now they are
numerous there,—but they were kept by him at Fullbrook, a park that he owned,
not very far from Charlecote, and it is not impossible that Shakespeare and his
comrades, in the wildness of frolicsome youth, did poach upon his preserves.
Tradition, in all old English country places, has, when tested, often been found
entirely worthy of credence.
 STRATFORD OLD AND NEW
NEW PLACE, STRATFORD-UPON-
AVON
The Stratford of the sixteenth century,
The last residence of Shakespeare. though then nearly 300 years old, was merely
Only the site now remains a village. The houses were chiefly of the one-
story kind, made of timber. The inhabitants
were in number about 1,400: indeed, the
whole population of England was not so
numerous as that of London is now. If
Shakespeare could revisit his old haunts,
though he would see the same green, rose-
decked, and poppy-spangled countryside that
once he knew, and hear the ripple of the Avon
softly flowing between its grassy banks, he
From an Old Drawing would miss many objects once familiar to him,
and he would be conscious of much change,—
in many ways for the better. Yet there are the
paths in which he often trod; there is the school in which he was taught; there is
the garden of the mansion that he once owned, and in which he died and there is
the ancient church that enshrines his tomb.
The Birthplace, as it is now designated, is a
two-story cottage made of timber and plaster,
with dormer windows in its sloping, attic roof.
It was originally a finer house than most of its
neighbors. Its age is unknown. John
Shakespeare, William’s father, bought it in
1556 and occupied it till his death, in 1601,
when it became William’s property by
inheritance. By him it was bequeathed to his
THOMAS NASH’S HOUSE,
sister, Joan, Mrs. William Hart. It has passed
STRATFORD-UPON-AVON through many ownerships and has been
materially changed; but parts of it remain as
Nash was the husband of originally they were, particularly the room on
Shakespeare’s only granddaughter. The
the ground floor, in which there is a large
house stands next to New Place
fireplace, with seats in the brick chimney
jambs, and also the one immediately above it,
the best room in the house, in which, according to ancient tradition, the poet was
born. In that room there is a chair, of the sixteenth century.
The original window remains, a threefold casement, containing sixty panes of
glass, on which many visitors have scratched their names with diamonds. No
writing, on window or walls, is permitted now; but in earlier times it was allowed,
and it was customary. Sir Walter Scott scratched his name on the window,—“W.
Scott.” Byron wrote on the ceiling,
which is low, as also did Thackeray.
Byron’s name has disappeared.
Dickens wrote on one of the walls.
The names of many actors,
including those of Edmund Kean
and Edwin Booth, are inscribed on
the chimney-jamb at the right of
the fireplace. Booth was specially
requested to write his name there,
“high up.” That jamb is called “The
Actors’ Pillar.”
The Birthplace was purchased for ROOM IN WHICH, ACCORDING TO TRADITION,
the nation in 1847—the American SHAKESPEARE WAS BORN
museum and circus manager P. T.
Barnum having alarmed England by
proposing to buy and remove it to America. New Place and Anne Hathaway’s
Cottage, at Shottery, about a mile west of Stratford, have since then been
purchased, and those properties are now administered as a trust for the public.
New Place, the finest mansion in the town
when Shakespeare bought it, was destroyed in
1759 by order of Rev. Thomas Gastrell, its
owner at that time, who had been annoyed by
many visitors, thronging to see his house and
to sit under a mulberry tree in his garden,
believed to have been planted and reared by
Shakespeare. The tree was cut down by Mr.
Gastrell; but a reputed “grandson” of it is
growing there now. Nothing remains of the
THE HOME OF SHAKESPEARE’S
MOTHER
building except its foundation, long buried, but
later exhumed, and now carefully preserved.
The Mary Arden Cottage at Wilmcote, The house was situated directly opposite the
a little village near Stratford Guild Chapel, a relic of the thirteenth century,
and one of the most venerable and pictorial of
the towered churches of England. Shakespeare
hired two sittings in that church, and when he lived in New Place he must have
seen it almost continually. Next to the church is the Grammar School, established in
1482, which there is every reason to believe he attended in his boyhood. The
building has been tastefully “restored” to its original condition: the schoolroom has
not been altered.

ANNE HATHAWAY’S COTTAGE

 The Hathaway Cottage, to which the flower-
bordered path is an ancient “right of way,”
through gardens and meadows that
Shakespeare must often have traversed, is an
exceptionally fine specimen of the timber-
crossed, thatch-roofed dwelling of the Tudor
period. It stands in a large garden, is shaded
by tall trees, and is prettily clad with woodbine,
ivy, wild roses, and maiden’s blush. In one of
the upper chambers a large, antique, carved
four-post bedstead is shown, as having been ANNE HATHAWAY’S COTTAGE,
used by Anne Hathaway. It is possible that SHOTTERY: FROM THE BROOK.
William and Anne lived in that cottage
immediately after their marriage, which
occurred in 1582. He was eighteen, she was twenty-six. The bond (a document
required in those days to obtain authorization of wedlock) is preserved and may be
inspected in the Edgar Tower at Worcester, where I saw it in 1889. The actual
record of their marriage is supposed to have perished in a fire (before 1600) which,
consuming the church of Ludington, a village near Shottery, destroyed the registers
of that parish.

From an Old Drawing From an Old Drawing

THE HOUSE IN WHICH SHAKESPEARE THE JUBILEE BOOTH

WAS BORN At Stratford-upon-Avon
At Stratford-upon-Avon

Shakespeare was poor, when (1585) he went to London, and I venture the
conjecture that when he returned to Stratford he found his wife and children
dwelling at either the Hathaway Cottage or the home of his friends Hamnet and
Judith Sadler, after whom his latest born children, Hamnet and Judith, twins, were
named. The Hathaway Cottage seems vitally associated with him, as is still another
old timbered house, the home of his mother, Mary Arden, which may be seen on
the outskirts of the village of Wilmcote, situated about four miles northwest of
Stratford,—an easy, pleasant walk.
 THE
COUN
TRY
ROUN
D
ABOUT
Indeed,
From an Old Drawing there is
THE BEAR GARDEN AND THE GLOBE THEATER IN scarce an
LONDON end to
The first named at the extreme left of the picture the
and the second at the extreme right variety of THE AVENUE TO THE
pleasant CHURCH
walks Stratford-upon-Avon
feasible in the Shakespeare Country, and I have found it
specially suggestive of agreeable thoughts and feelings to
stroll in many directions and for many miles around Stratford, and to fancy the
presence of Shakespeare himself rambling, as probably his custom was, over all the
countryside. How else could he have gained the minute knowledge that is
manifested in his plays of Warwickshire names, localities, characters, customs, and
the many peculiarities of foliage and flower that distinguish the Warwickshire
clime? The “palm” that Orlando finds in the Forest of Arden in “As You Like It” is
not an oriental palm, but a tree so named that grows now and has always grown
on the banks of the Avon. “Christopher Sly, of Burton Heath” and “Marian Hacket,
the fat ale-wife of Wincot” are types of Warwickshire peasantry, which no doubt
Shakespeare saw. Barton Heath and Wincot are places not distant from his home.
To trace the course of Shakespeare from his birth to his death, is to gain
knowledge and wisdom. It is wisely written by the poet Tennyson that “Things seen
are mightier than things heard.”

SUPPLEMENTARY READING

SHAKESPEARE’S ENGLAND By William Winter

A most interesting and beautifully illustrated book.

HIGHWAYS AND BYWAYS IN SHAKESPEARE’S By W. H. Hutton

COUNTRY
With numerous illustrations by Edmund H. New.

THE WARWICKSHIRE AVON By A. T. Quiller-Couch

 Illustrated by Alfred Parsons.

SHAKESPEARE’S TOWN AND TIME By H. S. Ward and C. W. B.

Ward
SHAKESPEARE’S LONDON By T. F. Ordish
SHAKESPEARE’S LOVE STORY By A. B. McMahon
RELIQUES OF STRATFORD-UPON-AVON Compiled by A. E. Way
SEEN AND UNSEEN AT STRATFORD-UPON-AVON By W. D. Howells
SHAKESPEARE AND STRATFORD By H. C. Shelley
⁂ Information concerning the above books may be had on application to the Editor of the Mentor.
 THE OPEN LETTER

The saying goes in

theatrical circles that
Shakespeare “doesn’t pay.”
And yet the editions of
Shakespeare outnumber
those of any other book
except the Bible, and
many new editions appear
each season. It seems
then that though we read
Shakespeare we do not go
to see his plays performed.
Apparently it pays a
publisher to place
Shakespeare on the shelf,
but it does not pay a
producer to place him on
the stage.

I cannot accept this

statement without
qualification, for I have
known years—not far back
—when Shakespeare was
a regular and profitable
feature of the stage. My
knowledge of Shakespeare
on the stage began with
STRATFORD ON AVON Edwin Booth, Lawrence
Barrett, Henry Irving, John
Reproduced from W. H. Hutton’s “Highways and Byways in
Shakespeare’s Country.” Published by The MacMillan Co. McCullough, Salvini and
the famous women,
Modjeska, Ellen Terry, and
others who were their associates in dramatic art. In recent years I have listened to
Mantell, Mansfield, Sothern and Marlowe. I have seen some of these players many
times in their favorite roles. I am sure that there are few modern plays compelling
enough in interest to draw one to see them more than a half dozen times. But it
was a common thing a few years ago to hear people say that they had seen Booth
or Irving a dozen times in a single role.
In those days Shakespeare was played not only with profit by the great stars, but
by stock-companies as well. Augustin Daly, during several successive, and
successful, years produced the Comedies with his strong company. And these were
not gala performances. They were steady going attractions. In reckoning stage
successes today, we consider a run of 100 nights a matter for celebration. In his
time, Edwin Booth played “Hamlet” for 100 nights in succession in one New York
theater, and Irving played “The Merchant of Venice” for the greater part of a whole
season. Runs of a single play of Shakespeare for several weeks were not
uncommon.
But still they say today that Shakespeare on the stage does not pay. That means,
of course, that we folks of today do not go to hear Shakespeare. Why don’t we go?
We did when Booth, Barrett, Irving and Salvini played. And if Henry Irving should
bring us today a production of The Merchant of Venice such as he made familiar to
the theater-goers of his time, Shakespeare would pay again. If we do not go to
hear Shakespeare played it is because we want Shakespeare only when it is
produced and played as well as Shakespeare reads. When a man of genius and
imagination gives us Shakespeare as “big as we find him in his plays,” we will
surely go to hear him on the stage today—as our parents did in former days, and
as we did yesterday.

W. D. Moffat
Editor

The Mentor Association

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