Scribd
Upload
1 views

Vector and Tensors Analysis

The document discusses vector and tensor analysis, emphasizing the independence of physical systems from coordinate systems and the properties of tensors. It introduces various tensor types, notation, summation conventions, and the concept of base vectors in different coordinate systems. Additionally, it covers operations such as dot and cross products, as well as the characteristics of second-order tensors and their linear transformations.

Uploaded by

bayanmab2001
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
1 views

Vector and Tensors Analysis

The document discusses vector and tensor analysis, emphasizing the independence of physical systems from coordinate systems and the properties of tensors. It introduces various tensor types, notation, summation conventions, and the concept of base vectors in different coordinate systems. Additionally, it covers operations such as dot and cross products, as well as the characteristics of second-order tensors and their linear transformations.

Uploaded by

bayanmab2001
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 12

Vector and Tensor Analysis

Notation and summation convention, base vectors, dot and cross


products, tensor properties, coordinate transformation, and
differentiation

1
Tensor

• The behavior of a physical system is independent of coordinate


system.
• Tensor allows introducing governing equations in forms that are
independent of coordinates.
• Tensor: mathematical object that represents physical quantity
• Zeroth-order tensor (scaler): magnitude, no direction (mass)
• First-order tensor (vector): magnitude and one direction (velocity)
• Second-order tensor (dyadic): magnitude and two directions
(Stress Tensor)

2
Different Coordinate Systems
• The vector a is the same regardless the
coordinate system and regardless the
components are different.
• The vector a is invariant relative to a change
in coordinates.
• A vector equation that is valid in one
coordinate system is valid in all coordinate
systems.
• Same applies for a tensor equation
• However, equations may look different but
mean the same for all coordinate systems. 3
Notation and the Summation Convention

• Direct notation: f = m a
• Indicial notation: fi = m ai
• Summation convention: 𝑎𝑖𝑏𝑖 = σ3𝑖=1 𝑎𝑖𝑏𝑖
• Repeated index in the term is a dummy index means summation
• Free index:
• Appears once in a term
• Each term should have the same free indices
• Ex:

4
Base Vectors

• The vector a is expressed as


a = a1 e1 + a2 e2 + a3 e3:
ai: scalar components relative to the coordinate system
ei: unit vectors aligned along coordinate axes
• Any vector can be expressed in terms of three linearly independent
vectors; therefore ei are base vectors
• Each coordinate system has its own base vectors
• Cartesian base vectors are constant but
• Base vectors in curvilinear coordinates usually depends on position

5
Cylindrical Coordinate System

• A vector changes when either its


magnitude or direction changes
6
Dot and Cross Product

Can use right hand rule for cross product 7


Dyadics and Tensors

• Tensor product (or dyad product) of two vectors (a and b) is called a


dyad (ab)
• Often the symbol ab =
• Dyad product is not commutative
• Dot product of two dyads is not commutative

• Double dot product of two dyads is commutative

8
Dyadics and Tensors

In 3D space a dyad contains 9 scalar components


9
Second-Order Tensor

• Is a linear function that transforms a vector into another vector


• F is linear if F(φa)= φ F(a) and F(a+b)=F(a)+F(b)
• ab.(c+ φd)=a(b.c)+a(b. φd)=a(b.c)+ φ a(b.d)=ab(c)+ φab(d);
therefore, ab (the dyad) is a linear function and thus a second-order
tensor
Matrix Algebra

10
Tensor Properties

11
Tensor Properties

12

You might also like