Checklist for ME252 Reports

Team Number: 2
Experiment Number: 6
Names of the students who attended the class and have real contribution in preparing the report
(1) Saleh Alfuraydi his contribution is 50%
(2) Saleh Alassaf his contribution is 50%
Please check the existence of the following items before submitting the report
No. Item FG G
1 Standard cover page. 5
2 Table of Contents, List of Figures, and List of Tables. 5
3 Objective of the Experiment. 5
4 Introduction section that contains:
• Description of the Experiment.
15
• Describe briefly the obtained results.
• Use references as much as possible from literature not internet.
5 Experiment procedure or Methodology:
• Description of the apparatus (list the components).
15
• Write the procedure used in conducting the experiment with figures and
illustrations if possible.
6 Results and Discussion:
• Show the results and describe them.
• Comment and discuss the obtained results and highlight the importance of the
obtained results.
• Discussion section can be combined with the results section and named Results 30
and Discussion
• Include in this section the answer to the report questions (if any)
The results and discussion parts of the report are very important and it has the
highest weight
7 Conclusion:
• Write the conclusion of your whole work in this report summarizing the results,
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what you have learned and what could be done in the future if there is any future
work.
8 References:
• Include all the references used in the report, use standard format for all 5
references and you have to mention them inside the text.
9 Appendices (Optional, if applicable)
NA
• You can include appendices if you need
10 The report is well formatted, the figures and table have captions and mentioned inside
the text, grammatical and spelling errors are checked before submission, suitable font
are used, and citation and references are used properly. Use Times New Roman, Font 10
size 14, 1.5 line spacing, and Left to right. All the text should be justify (aligned), use
Figure caption and Table caption appropriately.

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 Table of content

1.Objective............................................................................................................... 3

2.Introduction .......................................................................................................... 3

2.1Microhardness ................................................................................................ 3

2.2Macrohardness ............................................................................................... 4

2.3Brinell Hardness Test ..................................................................................... 4

3.Methodology ......................................................................................................... 5

4.Result .................................................................................................................... 7

5.Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 10

6.Reference ............................................................................................................ 11

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 List of figures

Figure 1. The first step ............................................................................................ 5

Figure 2. Scale lupe ................................................................................................. 5
Figure 3. Measuring the diameter of the indentor ................................................... 6
Figure 4. The hardness of materials ...................................................................... 10

List of tables

Table 1. Aluminum ................................................................................................. 7

Table 2. Steel ........................................................................................................... 8
Table 3. Copper ....................................................................................................... 9

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1. Objective

The aim is using the Brinell Hardness Measuring method, determine the hardness
of the specified metals/alloys at multiple locations and calculate the average value.

2. Introduction

Hardness is the ability of a material to resist deformation, which is determined by a

standard test where the surface resistance to indentation is measured. The most
commonly used hardness tests are defined by the shape or type of indent, the size, and
the amount of load applied. The hardness numbers referenced constitute a
nondimensioned, arbitrary scale, with increasing numbers representing harder surfaces.
The two most referenced hardness test methods are Brinell hardness and Rockwell
hardness, each one having a dedicated test machine with its own unique hardness
scales. Hardness correlates approximately with ultimate tensile strength in metals [1].
Hardness testing is divided into two categories (1) microhardness (2) macrohardness.

2.1 Microhardness

microhardness testing was extended to research studies of individual phases,

orientation effects in single crystals, diffusion gradients, ageing phenomena, etc. in
metallic and ceramic materials. Nowadays, testing at temperatures up to 1000°C is
possible. In Europe, the pyramidal Vickers-type (interfacial angle 136°) indenter,
which produces a square impression, is generally favoured. Its counterpart in general
engineering employs test loads of 5–100 kgf: in microhardness testing, typical test
loads are in the range 1–100 gf (1 gf=1 pond=1 p=9.81 mN) [2].

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2.2 Macrohardness

Macrohardness covers testing with an applied load over 1 kg or about 10

Newton (N). for example, the testing of tools, dies, and sheet material in the heavier
gages.

2.3 Brinell Hardness Test

Brinell hardness testing is commonly used to evaluate aluminum and copper

alloys (at lower stresses) as well as steels and cast irons at greater forces. Because
the Brinell test uses relatively high loads and thus relatively large indent, it is
frequently used to determine hardness in situations where the overall material
properties are being determined and local variations in hardness or surface
conditions make other methods, such as forgings or castings of large parts,
unsuitable. The Brinell method is typically not used to test highly hardened steel
or other materials [3].

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3. Methodology

The first step, put the bulk sample under the indentor, which is mounted in the
hydraulic press as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. The first step

After 30 seconds of pressing, take the sample and measure the diameter of the
indentation on the sample by using a scale lupe as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Scale lupe

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 Repeat these steps three times on each sample to get an average value of the
sample’s hardness.

To complete your calculation, you have to measure the diameter of the indentor by
using a vernier caliper as shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3. Measuring the diameter of the indentor

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 4. Result
From our measurement we found that the diameter of the indentor was a 10 mm,
and the tables below shows the average hardness of each sample:

(i) Name of the given metal/alloy = Aluminum (AA 6061-T6 alloy)

Applied load in N = 15000
Applied load in kgf = 1529.05
Diameter of ball indenter (D) = 10 mm

Table 1. Aluminum

Average Standard
Name of Diameter of
BHN value of
sample indentation (d) deviation,
hardness
4 116.594

4.2 105.262
3.9
-------- 109.03
aluminum (unacceptable) 5.34
kgf/mm
4.2 105.262

Table 1, shows that the average hardness of aluminum was 109.03 kgf/mm with a
stander deviation of 5.34.

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 (ii) Name of the given metal/alloy = Steel
Applied load in N = 15000; Applied load in kgf = 1529.05
Diameter of ball indenter (D) = 10

Table 2. Steel

Name Diameter of Average value Standard

BHN
of sample indentation (d) of hardness deviation,

3 211.334
4
------
(unacceptable)
3.2
Steel 185.123 198.01kgf/mm 10.70
3.1
197.595

Table 2, shows that the average hardness of steel was 198.01 kgf/mm with a stander
deviation of 10.7.

(iii) Name of the given metal/alloy = copper

Applied load in N = 15000;
Applied load in kgf = 1529.05
Diameter of ball indenter (D) = 10

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 Table 3. Copper

Average Standard
Name of Diameter of
BHN value of
sample indentation (d) deviation,
hardness
5 72.657
4.8
79.313

4.6
copper ------- 74.87kgf/mm 3.137
(unacceptable)
5
72.657

Table 3, shows that the average hardness of copper was 74.87 kgf/mm with a
stander deviation of 3.137.

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 Graph:

hardness VS material
250

200
hardenss (kgf/mm)

150

100

50

0
copper steel aluminum
matrial

Figure 4. The hardness of materials

Figure 4, shows the comparison of the three materials in terms of hardness.

5. Conclusion
• The average value of hardness of the aluminum is 109.03 kgf/mm, over 3 values of
Diameter of indentation, and one was canceled which was3.9.
• The average value of hardness of the Steel is 198.01kgf/mm, over 3 values of
diameter of indentation, one was unacceptable which was 4.
• The average value of hardness of the copper is 74.87kgf/mm, over 3 values of
diameter of indentation, one was unacceptable which was 4.6.

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6. Reference

[1]. P. Smith, The fundamentals of piping design: Drafting and design methods for process
applications. Houston, Tex: Gulf Publ, 2007.

[2]. Smallman R. E. Ngan A. H. W. & ProQuest (Firm). (2013). Modern physical metallurgy (8th ed.). Elsevier
Science. Retrieved October 23 2022 from INSERT-MISSING-URL.

[3]. Hervex-2018 Proc.-TOC | HERVEX | International Conference on Hydraulics and

Pneumatics (2018) Hervex.ro. Available at: http://hervex.ro/hervex-2018-proc-toc/ (Accessed:
2022).

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