ANTENNA & WAVE PROPAGATION

(UEC747)

LAB FILE
WITH MATLAB PROGRAM

Submitted by-

Piyush Sharma
102006053
3EC2

Submitted To-
Dr. Amanpreet Kaur

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS &

COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

THAPAR INSTITUTE OF
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
PATIALA, PUNJAB
 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. To write a program to plot the radiation pattern of (a) Infinitesimal

dipole and (b) Small dipole.
2. Determine the directivity [D(θ,Φ)], the beam solid angle
ΩA and the maximum directivity [Do] of an antenna defined
by
F(θ,Φ) = sin2θcos2θ

To write a program to plot its radiation pattern

3. To write a generalized program to plot radiation pattern for a

Broadside array.
4. To write a generalized program to plot the radiation pattern for the
End fire antenna array .
 Experiment-1

AIM: To write a program to plot the radiation pattern of (a) Infinitesimal dipole and
(b) Small dipole.

THEORY:

An antenna radiation pattern of antenna pattern is defined as “a mathematical function or a

graphical representation of the radiation properties of the antenna as a function of space

coordinates. In most cases, the radiation pattern is determined in the far-field region and is

represented as a function of the directional coordinates. Radiation properties include power

flux density, radiation intensity, field strength, directivity, phase, or polarization.” The

the radiation property of most concern is the two - or three - dimensional spatial distribution of
radiated energy as a function of the observer’s position along a path or surface of constant radius.

A convenient set of coordinates is shown in Figure 1.

Fig1. Coordinate system for antenna analysis.

A trace of the received electric (magnetic) field at a constant radius is called the amplitude field

pattern. On the other hand, a graph of the spatial variation of the power density along a constant

radius is called an amplitude power pattern.

Often the field and power patterns are normalized with respect to their maximum value,
yielding normalized field and power patterns. Also, the power pattern is usually plotted on a

logarithmic scale or more commonly in decibels (dB). This scale is usually desirable because a

logarithmic scale can accentuate in more detail those parts of the pattern that have very low values,

which later we refer to as minor lobes. For an antenna, (1) the field pattern in (linear scale)

typically represents a plot of the magnitude of the electric or magnetic field as a function of the

angular space; (2) the power pattern in (linear scale) typically represents a plot of the square of the

magnitude of the electric or magnetic field as a function of the angular space; and (3) the power

pattern in (dB) represents the magnitude of the electric or magnetic field, in decibels, as a function

of the angular space.

The simplest type of wire antennas are the dipole and monopole antennas. A dipole antenna is

most commonly a linear metallic wire or rod with a feed point at the center as shown in Figure

2(a.) Most often, a dipole antenna has two symmetrical radiating arms. A monopole antenna is a

single radiating arm as shown in Figure 2(b); however, monopoles are most often used above a full

or partial ground plane as shown in Figure 2(c). The reflections from the ground plane produce a

“virtual monopole” below the ground, as shown by the dotted line, so a monopole antenna above a

perfect ground plane can be evaluated in much the same way as a dipole antenna. Because of the

symmetry of dipoles and monopoles relative to the x-y plane containing the feed point, the

resultant radiation is independent of φ (rotationally symmetric about the z-axis) and is shown in

Figure 3. The shape of the lobe(s) depends on the length of the antenna. In general, however,

dipole and monopole antennas are used for applications where the radiation is desired in the x-y

plane of the antenna.

Fig2 .(a) Dipole antenna (b) monopole antenna, and (c) monopole above a ground plane showing
the virtual monopole below.
 Fig 3. Radiation pattern for an infinitesimal (or Hertzian) dipole.

MATLAB PROGRAM:
C. OUTPUT:

CONCLUSIONS:

This code calculates the radiation pattern for a half-wave dipole, a short dipole, an infinitesimal
dipole, and an arbitrary dipole. The length of each dipole is chosen according to the specifications
given in the question, and the radiation intensity is calculated using the appropriate formula for each
type of dipole.

The radiation pattern for an infinitesimal dipole is only valid in the near-field region, where the
dipole is very close to the observer. In the far-field region, the radiation pattern becomes more
complicated, and cannot be accurately described using an infinitesimal dipole.
 EXPERIMENT 2
AIM: Determine the directivity [D(θ,Φ)], the beam
solid angle ΩA and the maximum directivity [Do] of an antenna defined by
F(θ,Φ) = sin2θcos2θ

To write a program to plot its radiation pattern.

THEORY:
According to the standard definition, “The ratio of maximum radiation intensity of the subject
antenna to the radiation intensity of an isotropic or reference antenna, radiating the same total
power is called the directivity.”
An Antenna radiates power, but the direction in which it radiates matters much. The antenna, whose
performance is being observed, is termed as subject antenna.
Its radiation intensity is focused in a particular direction, while it is transmitting or receiving.
Hence, the antenna is said to have its directivity in that particular direction.
1. The ratio of radiation intensity in a given direction from an antenna to the radiation intensity
averaged over all directions, is termed as directivity.
2. If that particular direction is not specified, then the direction in which
maximum intensity is observed, can be taken as the directivity of that
antenna.
The directivity of a non-isotropic antenna is equal to the ratio of the
radiation intensity in a given direction to the radiation intensity of isotropic source.
3. The directivity of a non-isotropic antenna is equal to the ratio of the radiation intensity in a
given direction to radiation intensity of the isotropic source.

Mathematical Expression:

Directivity=Maximum radiation intensity of subject antenna/Radiation

intensity of an isotropic antenna

A. MATLAB PROGRAM:
B. OUTPUT:

C. CONCLUSION
Program for the given function has been successfully implemented. Its directivity, beam solid
angle and maximum directivity has been calculated along with the plot of its radiation pattern.
 EXPERIMENT 3

Aim: To write a generalized program to plot radiation pattern for Broadside array.

One should be able to input

(i) number of elements
(ii) distance between elements

A. Theory:
B. MATLAB PROGRAM:
C. OUTPUT:

D. Conclusions:
Program for the given function has been successfully implemented. Its directivity, beam solid
angle and maximum directivity has been calculated along with the plot of its radiation pattern.
 Experiment-4

AIM: To write a generalized program to plot radiation pattern for Endfire antenna array .
One should be able to input
(i) number of elements
(ii) distance between elements

A. Theory:
B. MATLAB Code:

C. OUTPUT :
D. Conclusions
The given implemented program plots the radiation pattern for the Endfire antenna array by
taking number of elements and distance between the elements as input successfully.