Department of Electrical Engineering
Faculty Member: Muhammad Adnan Dated: 14/5/2025
Semester: 4th Section: BEE-15D
EE-222: Microprocessor Systems
Lab 1: AVR Hardware Interrupts
PLO4-CLO3 PLO3- PLO8- PLO9-
CLO4 CLO5 CLO6
Student Name Reg. No Viva / Analysis Modern Ethics Individual
Quiz / Lab of data Tool and and Team
Performa in Lab Usage Safety Work
nce Report
5 Marks 5 Marks 5 Marks 5 Marks 5 Marks
Huzyepha Javaid 467747
Shaheer Asghar 456020
Bahram Jamal Khan 476706
Saad Rabbani 463533
EE-222: Microprocessor Systems Page 1
1. Acknowledgements
This lab exercise is prepared by Lab Engr. Shaiza for the course EE-222 Microprocessor Systems.
Reporting any errors or discrepancies found in the text is appreciated.
2. Administrivia
2.1. Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lab you will be able to:
• Code hardware interrupts for efficient scheduling in ATmega328p.
2.2. Deliverable
You are required to submit:
•Appropriately Commented Code
•Explicit Calculations for Timer Values
•Issues in Developing the Solution and your Response in the beginning of next lab
2.3.Hardware Resources
• Arduino Uno board with ATmega328p microcontroller
• Arduino USB cable
• Universal Programmer
• Seven Segment Display x2
• Resistance 47Ω x2
• Switch
EE-222: Microprocessor Systems Page 2
3. Interrupts
In this lab, hardware interrupts are utilized to enable communication between microcontrollers and
external devices. Hardware interrupts allow the microcontroller to respond immediately to external
signals, pausing its current tasks to handle the interrupt before resuming its normal operations.
3.1. Hardware Interrupts
The ATmega328P has two external hardware interrupts, which are:
1. INT0: Pin PD2 (PORTD.2)
2. INT1: Pin PD3 (PORTD.3)
In addition, the ATmega328P has an additional external interrupt source, but it is handled differently
compared to the dedicated INT0 and INT1 pins. Specifically:
• PCINT (Pin Change Interrupts) can be triggered on several pins in PORTB, PORTC, and
PORTD.
Task 1:
Code:
#include <avr/io.h>
#include <util/delay.h>
#include <avr/interrupt.h>
int counter_e = 0;
int counter_o = 1;
void display_number(int n);
void display_even();
void display_odd();
void delay();
int main()
{
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DDRB = 0xFF; // For tens
DDRC = 0xFF; // For ones
DDRA = 0xFF; // For pins
DDRD = 0x00;
GICR = (1<<INT0) | (1<<INT1);
MCUCR = (1<<ISC00 ) | (1<<ISC10);
delay();
display_number(0);
PORTA = 0xFF;
sei();
while(1)
{
if(counter_e > 2)
{
counter_e = 0;
}
if(counter_o > 2)
{
counter_o = 1;
}
}
}
ISR(INT0_vect)
{
display_even();
_delay_ms(1000);
counter_e += 2;
}
ISR(INT1_vect)
{
display_odd();
_delay_ms(1000);
counter_o += 2;
}
void display_number(int n)
{
int a, b;
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a = n / 10;
b = n % 10;
{
if (a==0) {PORTB = 0xC0;}
if (a==1) {PORTB = 0xF9;}
if (a==2) {PORTB = 0xA4;}
if (a==3) {PORTB = 0xB0;}
if (a==4) {PORTB = 0x99;}
if (a==5) {PORTB = 0x92;}
if (a==6) {PORTB = 0x82;}
if (a==7) {PORTB = 0xF8;}
if (a==8) {PORTB = 0x80;}
if (a==9) {PORTB = 0x90;}
{
if (b==0) {PORTC = 0xC0;}
if (b==1) {PORTC = 0xF9;}
if (b==2) {PORTC = 0xA4;}
if (b==3) {PORTC = 0xB0;}
if (b==4) {PORTC = 0x99;}
if (b==5) {PORTC = 0x92;}
if (b==6) {PORTC = 0x82;}
if (b==7) {PORTC = 0xF8;}
if (b==8) {PORTC = 0x80;}
if (b==9) {PORTC = 0x90;}
}
}
}
void display_even()
{
display_number(counter_e);
PORTA = 0b10101010;
}
void display_odd()
{
display_number(counter_o);
PORTA = 0b01010101;
}
void delay()
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{
TCNT1 = 0;
OCR1A = 46875;
TCCR1A = 0;
TCCR1B = 0x0B;
while (TIFR && 1<<OCF1A == 0)
{
}
TCCR1B = 0;
TIFR = 1<<OCF1A;
}
Output and Hardware:
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Conclusion:
In this lab, we implemented hardware interrupts in the ATmega16A microcontroller for efficient
scheduling. By setting up interrupt service routines, we were able to handle external events without
constant polling. This approach improves system efficiency, especially in real-time applications where
timing is critical. Overall, the lab provided valuable experience in interrupt-driven programming and
event handling for embedded systems.
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