Mathematic iii

QDQ20303
-Week 7-
“Every problem has a solution, and every solution teaches
you something new”
Prepared by: NorshazaAtika Sem2 DecMay24/25
 Chapter 2:
2 Order Linear
nd

Differential Equations
3 Weeks: W4, W6 & W7
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

Prepared by: NorshazaAtika Sem2 DecMay24/25

Solve the first order differential equations using appropriate methods.
Prepared by: NorshazaAtika Sem2 DecMay24/25
 2.3
Nonhomogeneous Equations
2.3.1 Introduction
2.3.2 Method of Undetermined Coefficients
2.3.3 Method of Variation Parameter

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

Prepared by: NorshazaAtika Sem2 DecMay24/25

Solve the first order differential equations using appropriate methods.
 2.3.3

Method of Variation Parameter

(MVP)
2.3.3.1 Method to Solve MVP

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 2.3.3.1: Method of Variation Parameter
General form :
General Solution:
ay + by + cy = f ( x )

Method to Solve :
Step 1: Identify a and f ( x)
ay + by + cy = f ( x )

Step 2 : Find yh ( x ) → assuming f ( x) = 0

ay + by + cy = 0
Step 3: From S 2, Identify y1 ( x ) & y2 ( x )
Case I ( Real & Distinct Root ): yh ( x ) = Aem1x + Bem2 x
Case II ( Real & Equal Root ): yh ( x ) = Aemx + Bxemx
Case III (Complex Root ): yh ( x ) = Ae x cos (  x ) + Be x sin (  x )

Step 4: Find y1 ( x ) & y2 ( x )

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 Let Try: Method of Variation Parameter

Solution y + 4 y + 3 y = e −2 x
Step 1: Identify a and f ( x)
1y + 4 y + 3 y = e−2 x Step 3: From S 2, Identify y1 ( x ) & y2 ( x ) Step 5: Calculate Wronskian,W
y1 ( x ) y2 ( x )
a = 1, f ( x) = e−2 x yh ( x ) = Ae−3x + Be− x W= = y1 ( x ) y2 ( x ) − y2 ( x ) y1 ( x )
y1 ( x ) y2 ( x )
y1 ( x ) = e−3 x , y2 ( x ) = e− x
Step 2 : Find yh ( x ) → assuming f ( x) = 0 W=
e −3 x
−3 x
e− x
= e−3 x ( −e − x ) − e− x ( −3e −3 x ) = 2e −4 x
−3e −e − x
y + 4 y + 3 y = 0
Step 4: Find y1 ( x ) & y2 ( x )
m + 4m + 3 = 0
2 Step 6 :Calculate u & v
y1 ( x ) = e −3 x , y2 ( x ) = e − x y ( x) f ( x) y ( x) f ( x)
m = −3, − 1 ( Real & Distinct Root ) u = − 2 dx, v =  1 dx
y1 ( x ) = −3e −3 x , y2 ( x ) = −e − x
aW aW
yh ( x ) = Ae−3 x + Be− x e ( e −2 x )
−x
e −3 x
( e−2 x )
u = − dx, v= dx
1 ( 2e −4 x
) 1( 2e −4 x )
1 x 1 −x
u=− v=
2 2
e dx, e dx

1 1
u = − ex v = − e− x
Prepared by: NorshazaAtika Sem2 DecMay24/25 2 2
 Let say the condition is given: y(0)=2, y’(0)=1
Step 7 :Generate yP ( x ) Continue :
Step 9 : Particular Solution y (0) = 2, y(0) = 1
y p ( x ) = uy1 ( x ) + vy2 ( x ) y ( x ) = Ae−3 x + Be− x − e−2 x
y p ( x ) = − e x ( e −3 x ) − e− x ( Be − x )
1 1 y ( x ) = −3 Ae−3 x − Be− x + 2e−2 x
2 2
1 1 Substitute condition y(0) = 2, y(0) = 1 into equation y ( x ) & y ( x )
y p ( x ) = − e−2 x − e−2 x
2 2 y (0) = 2 :
y p ( x ) = −e −2 x
y ( x ) = Ae−3 x + Be− x − e−2 x
2 = A + B −1 → A = 3 − B
Step 8:General Solution y ( x ) = yh ( x ) + yP ( x ) y ( x ) = 1:

y ( x ) = Ae −3 x + Be − x − e −2 x y ( x ) = −3 Ae−3 x − Be− x + 2e−2 x

1 = −3 A − B + 2 → 2 B = 8
B=4
A = 3 − 4 → A = −1
y ( x ) = −e−3 x + 4e− x − e−2 x

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 Exercise 1: Method of Variation Parameter

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 Exercise 2: Method of Variation Parameter

Prepared by: NorshazaAtika Sem2 DecMay24/25