Name : Verine Mutiara Arista

NIM : 035017182210179

Class : IB

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE & PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Type of Usage
Present Formula +
Tense Example
Simple Affirmative Verbal S + V1 + complement Use 1 : Repeated Actions
Present (+) S +/- do/does + complement
 I play tennis.
Tense `Nominal S + am/is/are + complement
 She does not play tennis.
Negative Verbal S + do/does + not + V1 + complement  Does he play tennis?
(-) Nominal S + am/is/are + not + complement
Use 2 : Facts or Generalizations
Interrogative Verbal Yes / No Do/does + S + V1 + complement + ?
(?) Question  Cats like milk.
W/H W/H + do/does + S + V1 + complement  California is in America.
 Do pigs like milk?
Question +?
Nominal Yes / No Am/is/are + S + complement + ? Use 3 : Scheduled Events in the Near Future

Question
 The train leaves tonight at 6 PM.
W/H W?H + am/is/are + S + somplement + ?  The bus does not arrive at 11 AM,
it arrives at 11 PM.
 Question  When do we board the plane?

Use 4 : Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

 He needs help right now.

 He has his passport in his hand
 Do you have your passport with you?

Present Affirmative Verbal S + have/has + V3 + complement Use 1 : Unspecified Time Before Now
Perfect (+) Nominal S + have/has + been + complement
 I have seen that movie twenty times.
Tense Negative Verbal S + have/has + not/never + V3 + complement  There have been many earthquakes in
(-) Nominal S + have/has + not/never + V3 + complement California.
 A: Has there ever been a war in the
Interrogative Verbal Yes / No Have/has + S +/- ever + V3 + complement United States?
(?) Question B: Yes, there has been a war in the
United States.
W/H W?H + have/has + S + V3 + complement
Question Use 2 : Duration From the Past Until Now

Nominal Yes / No Have/has + S +/- ever + been + (Non-Continuous Verbs)

Question complement
 I have had a cold for two weeks.
W/H W/H + have/has + S + been + complement  She has been in England for six
Question months.
 Mary has loved chocolate since she
was a little girl.

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

 Formula Usage and
Type of Example
Past
Tense
Simple Affirmative Verbal S + V2 + complement Use 1 : Completed Action in the Past
Past (+) `Nominal S + was/were + complement
 I saw a movie yesterday.
Tense Negative Verbal S + did + not + V1 + complement
 Last year, I traveled to Japan.
(-) Nominal S + was/were + not + complement  Did you have dinner last night?
Interrogative Verbal Yes / No Did + S + V1 + complement + ?
Use 2 : A Series of Completed Actions
(?) Question
W/H W/H + did + S + V1 + complement + ?  I finished work, walked to the beach,
and found a nice place to swim.
Question
 He arrived from the airport at
Nominal Yes / No Was/were + S + complement + ? 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00,
Question and met the others at 10:00.
 Did you add flour, pour in the milk,
W/H W?H + was/were + S + complement ? and then add the eggs?
Question
Use 3 : Duration in the Past

 I lived in Brazil for two years.

 They did not stay at the party the
entire time.
 A: How long did you wait for them?
B: We waited for one hour.
 Use 4 : Habits in the Past

 I studied French when I was a child.

 He didn't play the piano.
 Did you play a musical instrument
when you were a kid?

Use 5 : Past Facts or Generalizations

 She was shy as a child, but now she is

very outgoing.
 He didn't like tomatoes before.
 Did you live in Texas when you were a
kid?

PART OF SPEECH
 Part of Speech Examples
Ezample Word Example Sentence
NOUN Countable Noun book, car, foot, mountain, tree  He just bought a car.
(Naming Word) Uncountable Noun english, happiness, meat, milk, snow (Countable noun)
Common Noun country, desert, physicist  She decided to stop eating meat
A noun is the name of a Proper Noun Indonesia, Sahara, Albert Einstein to lose weight. (Uncountable
person, place, thing or Abstract Noun idea, honesty, imagination, kindness, love noun)
idea. Concrete Noun Cheese, desk, man, sugar, water  All I want is honesty. (Abstract
Collective Noun class, deer, couple, furniture, staff noun)
Pronoun Personal Pronoun I, you, we, they, she, he, it  It is on the table. (Personal
(Replace Noun) Demonstrative Pronoun this, that, these, those pronoun)
Interrogative Pronoun who, what, which, whom, whose  This is your cake.
A pronoun is used in Relative Pronoun who, which, whom, whose, that (Demonstrative pronoun)
place of a noun or noun Indefinite Pronoun another, anything, everything, none, someone  Friends help each other.
phrase to avoid Reflexive Pronoun myself, yourself, ourselves, themselves, herself (Reciprocal pronoun)
repetition. Intensive Pronoun
Reciprocal Pronoun each other, one another
Verb Transitive Verb ask, buy, hit, make, show  You hit the nail on the head.
(Action Word) Intransitive Verb arrive, come, go, smile, wait  I’m still not feeling well.
Regular Verb accept, bake, decide, live, walk  She adores cooking and finds it
A verb shows an action Irregular Verb bear, choose, feel, send, write very therapeutic.
or state of being. A verb Action Verb eat, grow, jump, run, work
shows what someone or Stative Verb adore, deserve, forgive, impress, sound
something is doing. Finite Verb transitive amnd intransitive verb, action and
stative verb, linking verb, and auxiliary verb
Non-finite Verb present participile, past participle, infinitive,
bare infinitive
Linking Verb act, be, look, seem, taste
Causative Verb get, have, lead, let, make
Adjective big, happy, green, young, fun, crazy, three  The little girl had a pink hat.
 (Describing Word)

An adjective describes,
modifies or gives more
information about a noun
or pronoun.

Adverb Adverb of Time early, recently, yesterday, now, tonight  They met by chance yesterday.
(Describe a Verb) Adverb of Manner fast, hard, slowly, softly, quickly (Adverb of time)
Adverb of Degree enough, quite, so, too, very  He is not here. (Adverb of
An adverb describes/ Adverb of Modality likely, maybe, perhaps, possibly, unlikely place)
modifies a verb, an Adverb of Frequency always, barely, daily, often, sometimes  I go fishing sometimes. (Adverb
adjective or another Adverb of Place away, behind, here, nearby, somewhere of Frequency)
adverb. It tells how, Adverb of Focus also, even, just, mainly, only
where, when, how often
or to what extent. Many
adverbs end in –LY
Preposition Preposition of Time after, before, during, since, until  Is sleeping on the floor bad for
(Show Relationship) Preposition of Place above, at, in, on, under my back? (On the floor =
Preposition of inside, into, off, toward(s), up Prepositional phrase)
A preposition shows the Movement  She prefers to stay at home and
relationship of a noun or Preposition of Manner by, in, like, on with(out) spend time alone. (At home =
pronoun to another word. Preposition of Purpose for Prepositional phrase)
They can indicate time,
place, or relationship. Preposition of for, by
Quantity/Measure
Conjuction Coordinate Conjunction and, but, nor, or, yet  I like that car, but I don’t have
(Joining a Word) Correlative Conjunction between ... and, either ... or, from ... to, rather ... enough money to buy it.
than, if ... then (Coordinate conjunction)
A conjunction joins two Subordinate after, because, before, although, when  He would rather send a text
words, ideas, phrases or Conjunction message than make a phone
 clauses together in a Conjunctive adverb at last, besides, however, hence, then call. (Correlative conjunction)
sentence and shows how
they are connected.

Interjection Ouch! Wow! Great! Help! Oh! Hey! Hi!  Wow! I passed my English test.
(Expressive Word) Great!
 Ouch! That hurt.
An interjection is a word
or phrase that expresses a
strong feeling or
emotion. It is a short
exclamation.

Article a, an, the  I need a dictionary.

(Defining Word)  The dictionary needs to be in
English.
An article is used before
a noun. These are divided
into definite (the) and
indefinite (a, an). Articles
help define nouns.

GERUND AND PARTICIPLE

 GERUND

Gerund is a form of a verb that is added with the letter -ing and works as a noun (noun) or as a verb.
The difference between the gerund and the present participle is that the gerund is a kind of noun, but the present participle is a kind of adjective
that has a medium meaning.

Type Form
Subject of Sentence The Perfect Gerund
Ada 2 (dua) macam bentuk gerund perfect tenses, yaitu :
 Smoking is not good for
our health.  Present Tense. Misalnya: learning, walking , reading, driving.
 Singing is my hobby.  Perfect Tense. Misalnya: having learned, having read, having written, having walked.
 Playing sports is necessary
to keep our body healthy. Bentuk Perfect Gerunds biasanya digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang terjadi lebih dulu
daripada peristiwa lain yang mengikutinya. Contoh kalimat:

Subjective Complement  He regrets not having taken my advice.

 I don’t remember having ever promised you that.
 She denied having been questioned by the police.
 His hobby is reading.
 My favourite sport is
The Passive Gerund
ice skating.
Ada 2 (dua) bentuk passive gerund, yaitu :
 Your chiefdelight is
riding.  Present. Misalnya: being written, being asked, being eaten.
 Perfect. Misalnya: having been written, having heen asked, having been eaten.
Objective Complement
Contoh kalimat:
 He enjoys bunting.
 She likes shopping.
  I remembered being taken to Australia when I was small.
 Most children enjoy being taken to the zoo.
 She denied having been questioned by the police.

Bentuk Passive Gerund biasanya digunakan di belakang kata-kata kerja, seperti: want, need, deserve,
require, etc. Contoh kalimat:

 This car wants repairing.

 My teaching methode needs improving.
 His problem requires studying with great.

Usage + Example
Use 1 : Sebagai kata majemuk (compound nouns) atau modifier (kata yang menentukan sifat)

 This swimming pool is wide.

 There is no shopping bags.
 Please put the glass on the dining table.

Use 2 : Gerund sebagai head (kata atau kalimat yang berkedudukan sebagai yang dijelaskan).

 Problem solvng
 Negative thinking
 General meeting
 Swimming suit

Use 3 : Digunakan di belakang kata “No”

 No parking!
 No smoking!
 No speaking!

Use 4 : Gerund di belakang possessive adjective atau possesive noun.

 Yuanita’s cooking is very delicious.

 His speaking is not relevant with the fact.
 His coming makes me happy.
Use 5 : Digunakan dalam ungkapan-ungkapan (sayings)

 Seeing is believing.
 Kissing is loving. (Mencium berarti mencintai.)

Use 6 : After Preposition (setelah kata depan)

 He thinks of studying abroad.

 The boy is afraid of falling from the tree.
 You have no reason for leaving so early.
 He goes out without saying anything.

Use 7 : Gerund setelah kata kerja tertentu (certain verbs).

 They enjoy playing scrabble.

 I don’t stop speaking.
 He postponed making a decision.

Use 8 : Digunakan sebagai kata keterangan/tambahan (apposititive) dalam kalimat.

 His hobby, diving, makes his body strong.

 You have a bad habit, drinking alcohol.
 That difficult work, sawing hard wood, makes him exhausted.

Use 9 : Gerund setelah kelompok kata (phrase) tertentu

  I can ‘t help liking the giri.
 There is no harm in trying.
 It ‘s no use crying like baby.

Use 10 : Digunakan untuk menyatakan ungkapan tertentu (idiomatic expression)

 Let’s go climbing next week.

 Do you go swimming with her?
 She wants to go jogging in the morning.
 PARTICIPLE

Participles are verb forms that have been characterized and function as adjectives that give properties or descriptions to nouns.

Type Usage + Example

Present Participle a. Subjet of Sentence (subyek kalimat).

Present Participle adalah kata  Cleaning her house. she is healthy.

kerja yang mendapatkan  Browsing the internet, he knows about anything.
tambahan huruf -ing yang
berfungsi sebagai kata kerja b. Subjective Complement (pelengkap subyek)
(verbs), kata sifat (adjectives)
atau kata keterangan/ Subjective Complement (pelengkap subyek) yang berfungsi sebagai kata kerja seperti contoh dibawah ini.
tambahan (adverbs). Contoh kalimat:

Biasanya kata kerja ini  My friend is running.

mengandung makna arti aktif  She is cooking now.
dan menunjukkan waktu
sekarang. c. Head (kata atau kalimat yang berkedudukan sebagai yang dijelaskan)
Misalnya: reading, speaking,
listening, writing, waiting, Head yang fungsi sebagai kata sifat (adjective) yang bisa diletakkan di belakang kata be: ….. (noun).
walking, etc. Contoh kalimat:

 The girl waving her hand is my friend.

 The girl who waves her hand is my friend.
 I saw the man hitting him.
 I saw the man who hits him.

d. Digunakan sebagai kata majemuk (compound nouns) atau modifier (kata yang menentukan sifat)

Fungsi Present Participle yang Digunakan sebagai kata majemuk (compound nouns) atau modifier (kata
yang menentukan sifat) yaitu diletakkan di depan kata benda berupa orang atau binatang yang mendapatkan
 keterangan sifat yang mengandung arti aktivitas (sesuatu yang melakukan aktivitas). Misalnya:
Participle Arti

smilling girl – girl who smiles gadis yang sedang tersenyum

singing student – student who sings murid yang sedang bernyanyi

crying baby – baby who cries bayi yang sedang menangis

Contoh kalimat:

 The smilling girl is my sister.

 That is a singing student.

e. Apabila ada 2 (dua) yang mempunyai subyek yang sama dan terjadi pada waktu yang bersamaan (hampir),
biasanya salah satu dari keduanya dapat dinyatakan dengan Present Participle. Contoh kalimat:

 When I was walking to school, I saw him there.

 They were happy, they were travelling to Italy.
menjadi:

 Walking to school, I saw him there.

 They were happy travelling to Italy.

f. Apabila ada suatu peristiwa yang segera diikuti oleh peristiwa lainnya, dan hal itu dilakukan oleh subyek
yang sama, maka peristiwa yang pertama sering dinyatakan dengan Present Participle. Contoh kalimat:
  He opened the wardrobe and took a tie.
 We take magazines and read the whole pages.
Menjadi:
 Opening the wardrobe he took a tie.
 Taking magazines we read the whole pages.

g. Apabila peristiwa yang kedua merupakan bagian dari peristiwa yang pertama atau merupakan hasil dari
peristiwa sebelumnya, maka kita dapat menyatakan peristiwa yang kedua itu dengan Present Participle.
Contoh kalimat:

 She went out, slamming the door.

 He tried, wounding one of the bandits.

h. Present Participle dapat juga menggantikan dengan pola kata kata sebagai berikut: As/Since/Because +
Subject + Verb. Contoh kalimat:

 Because I didn’t know what to do, I telephoned the police.

 Because/since/as she is alone, she is to be careful.
 Because/as he feared that the police recognizes him, he never went out in day light.
Menjadi:
 Not knowing what to do, I telephoned the police.
 Being alone, she is to be careful.
 Fearing that the police recognizes him, he never went out in daylight.
Past Participle a. Head (kata atau kalimat yang berkedudukan sebagai yang dijelaskan)

Past Participle adalah kata Kata Kerja Past Participles sebagai Head (kata atau kalimat yang berkedudukan sebagai yang dijelaskan)
kerja yang mendapatkan mempunyai fungsi sebagai kata sifat (adjective) yang bisa diletakkan di belakang kata benda (noun) bila
tambahan akhiran huruf -ed menyatakan perbuatan. Contoh kalimat:
untuk kata kerja beraturan
dan untuk kata kerja tidak  The girl who smilled was my friend.
beraturan dapat dilihat pada  Many of the people questioned refused to answer.
artikel yang membahas  Can you tell me the number of men killed?
tentang Irregular Verbs.
b. Berfungsi sebagai kata majemuk (compound nouns) atau modifier (kata yang menentukan sifat)
Kata kerja bentuk ini sering
disingkat dengan V-3 (Verb- Kata Kerja Past Participles yang Berfungsi sebagai kata majemuk (compound nouns) atau modifier (kata
3). Biasanya kata kerja ini yang menentukan sifat) diletakkan di depan kata benda berupa orang atau binatang yang mendapatkan
mengandung makna arti aktif keterangan sifat yang mengandung arti aktivitas (sesuatu yang melakukan aktivitas). Contoh kata:
dan menunjukkan waktu
lampau.  smilled girl/girl who smiled = gadis yang tersenyum
 flooded field/fields that flooded = sawah yang berair

Misalnya: spoken, listened, Contoh kalimat:

written, waited, walked, etc.  I can hardly move my tired legs.
 Rice must be grown on flooded field.

c. Berfungsi sebagai kata sifat (adjective) dalam sebutan predikat yang memakai to be.

Dalam hal ini fungsi Past Participle itu menyatakan sifat (adjective) atau biasanya diikuti dengan preposition
(kata depan) tertentu yang menerangkan penyebabnya. Contoh kalimat:
 I am excited about the possibility of going to Bali.
 I am annoyed with you.

d. Past Participle dapat pula digunakan sebagaimana adverbs (kata keterangan/tambahan)

Fungsi Past Participle yang digunakan sebagaimana adverbs (kata keterangan/tambahan) berguna untuk
menerangkan bagaimana atau mengapa sesuatu hal terjadi. Contoh kalimat:

 Having lost my wallet, I went home.

 Having failed to qualijy as a teacher, I took up teaching.
 Rejected by all his friends, he decided to move to another town.
 Atau dapat juga digunakan dalam pola kalimat seperti di bawah ini yang mengandung arti pasif. Contoh
kalimat:

 Having been warned by the bandits, he left his valuables goods at home.
 Having been bitten twice by the dog, the postman refused to deliver my letter.

e. Fungsi Past Participle yang digunakan setelah kata-kata kerja berikut ini, yang mempunyai arti pasif, yaitu:
have, get, wish, want, see (melihat), prefer (lebih suka), like (suka), find (menemukan/mendapatkan), make
(membuat/menjadikan), dan sebagainya. Contoh kalimat:

 I found the car covered with dried leaves. (Aku mendapati mobil itu ditutupi dengan dedaunan kering)
 She wants her hair cut. (Dia (pr) menginginkan rambutnya dipotong.)

Form
The Form of Negative Participle

Dalam tata bahasa Inggris, Participles (kata kerja partisipatif) dapat berbentuk negatif dengan 1 rumus sebagai berikut: Not + Participle, disebut
dengan bentuk Participle Negatif. Contoh kalimat:

 Not knowing anyone in the new town, she felt homesick. ((Karena) tidak tahu siapa pun di kota baru, dia (pr) merindukan rumahnya.)
 Not having seen you before, he won’t recognize you. ((Karena) sudah tidak melihatmu sebelumnya, dia (pr) tidak akan mengenalimu.)
 Not wishing to continue their studies, they decided to be come farmers. ((Karena) tidak ingin melanjutkan belajarnya, mereka memutuskan
menjadi petani.)
 Not having finished my work, I didn’t want to go home. ((Karena) sudah tidak menyelesaikan pekerjaanku, aku tidak ingin pulang.)
 The Form of Passive Participle
Ada 2 (dua) bentuk Passive Participle, yaitu:

a. Present Passive Participle

Bentuk Passive Participle ini menggunakan rumus kalimat sebagai berikut: Being + Past Participle. Contoh kalimat:

 The work being done will soon be finished. (Pekerjaan yang sedang dikerjakan ini akan segera selesai)
 The house being built is my house. (Rumah yang sedang dibangun ini adalah rumahku.)

b. Past Passive Participle

Bentuk Past Passive Participle menggunakan rumus kalimat sebagai berikut: Having been + Past Participle Contoh kalimat:

 Having been asked to help, I couldn’t go home earlier. ((Karena) sudah diminta untuk membantu, aku tidak bisa pulang lebih awal.)
 Having been bought the magazine, I should thank her. ((Karena) sudah dibelikan majalah, aku seharusnya berterima kasih
kepadanya.)
 CAUSATIVE VERB

The causatives are the verbs that are used to indicate that one person causes another person to do something for the first person. One can cause
somebody to do something for him/her by asking, paying, requesting, or forcing the person. When used in a sentence, the causative verb does not
have to be in the form 1, but can also be in the form of verb 2 or verb 3, depending on the type of sentence.

S + causative verb + agent + action verb (bare infinitive / infinitive) + Object

This is the basic structure of the active form, along with some more examples:
Subject Causative Verb Agent Action Verb Object
Susan had her brother do her homework.
The police had the suspect stop his car.
We had the carpenter fix our window.

Causative Verb + Infinitive :

Causative verb + Bare Infinitive :  Allow
 Have  Cause
 Let  Convince
 Make  Enable
 Force
 Get
 Lead
 Motivate
 Permot
 Require
 TYPE AND USAGE FORM AND EXAMPLE
HAVE Active :

S + (have/has/had) + agent + action verb (bare infinitive) + object.

Someone does something for you because you pay
or ask them to do it , but you don’t say who this  I had Jenny bring the cupcakes.
person is (Give someone else the responsibility to do  John had Alex clean the bedroom.
something).
 He always has me do his work.
 Mary will have Alex prepare her homework.

Passive :
S + (have/has/had) + object + V3

 She had her bone fixed.

 John had his car washed.
 He always has his work done.
 Mary will have her homework prepared.
MAKE Active :

‘Make’ is stronger than ‘have/get’. It constitutes S + (make/makes/ made) + agent + action verb (bare infinitive) + object
only one structure as it does not take anything
‘passive’ as its object. This means that you  My mother made me wash the dishes every day.
force/require someone/something to do  Noah made me realize I was wrong.
something/action for you.  Robert made me beat that little child.
 He always makes me do his work.
 Mary will make me prepare her homework.
 I made him wash my car.
 He makes me laugh whenever I am down.

LET Active :

‘Let’ means ‘allow/permit’ but the use of ‘let’ in the S + (let/lets) + agent + action verb (bare infinitive) + object
sentence is different from these words. This means
that you allow ( = let, give permission to do  Hannah let the teacher take her book.
something) someone to do something or you allow  My father lets me drive his new car.
something to happen.  Robert let me escape the prison.
 Let me go. (Subject ‘you’ is hidden)
 The teacher let the students discuss among themselves.
 I let him drive my car.
 Let’s (let us) laugh and live a happy life.
GET Active :

This means someone does something for you S + (get/ got) + agent + action verb (to infinitive) + object
because you persuade (= encourage, tell them that
 My brother got me to buy all his stuff.
you’d like them to do something) them to do it
 John got Alex to clean the bedroom.
(Convince/encourage someone to do something).
 He always gets me to do his work.
 Mary will get Alex to prepare her homework.

PERMIT/ALLOW Active :

S + (permit/allow) + agent + action verb (infinitive) + object

 My school does not permit the students to wear flip flops.

 John allowed him to drive his car.
 He always allows him to do that.
 The teacher allowed me to sit for the exams.

FORCE/REQUIRE Active :

S + (force/require) + agent + action verb (infinitive) + object

 The law requires everyone to wear a seatbelt in the car.

HELP S + (help/helps/helped) + agent + base form of verb + object

This means that you help ( = assist) someone (to) do  He helped me carry the boxes.
something. This structure is most often used without  Reading before bed helps me relax.
‘to’. ‘Help’ is not actually a causative verb either
but is generally regarded as a causative verb because
of its grammatical use in a sentence. It has two
structures.
S + (help/helps/helped) + agent + infinitive + object

 He helped me to carry the boxes.

 Reading before bed helps me to relax.
 CONDITIONAL CLAUSE

Conditional tenses are used to speculate about what could happen, what might have happened, and what we wish would happen.
The conditional sentence consists of two clauses. The if-clause (which is a condition) and the main clause (which is a result). There are
two ways of ordering a conditional sentence :
Condition, + Result (with a comma after the condition)
or
Result + Condition (without a comma)

Conditional If Clause Main Clause

Sentence Usage (Condition) (Result)
Type + +
Example Example
Type 0 Facts which are generally true or scientific
(Fact) facts. If / When + Simple Present Simple Present
The condition always has the same result. If/When + S + V1 S + V1

(Used for when the time being referred to  If this thing happens,  that thing happens.
is now or always and the situation is real and  If you heat ice,  it melts.
possible)  If it rains,  the grass gets wet.
Type 1 A possible condition in the future and it’s If + Simple Present Simple Future
(Possible) probable result in the future (if the condition If + S + V (Present) S + Will + V1
happens).
 If this thing happens,  that thing will happen.
(Used to refer to the present or future where  If you don't hurry,  you will miss the train.
the situation is real)  If it rains today,  you will get wet.
Type 2 A hypothetical or unlikely condition and it’s Present Conditional / Present
(Improbable) unreal or improbable situation now or in the If + Simple Past Continuous Conditional
future. If + S + V2/were S + Would/Could/Might + V1

 If this thing happened,  that thing would happen. (but

 (Used to refer to a time that is now or any  If you went to bed I'm not sure this thing will
time, and a situation that is unreal) earlier, happen) OR
 If it rained, that thing would be
 If I spoke Italian, happening.
 you would not be so tired.
 you would get wet.
 I would be working in Italy.
Type 3 An unreal past condition (The person is If + Past Perfect Perfect Conditional or Perfect
(Impossible) imagining a different past) and it’s probable If + S + had + V3 Continuous Conditional
results in the past (Imaginary situation that S + Would Have + V3
didn’t happen in the past.  If this thing had  that thing would have
happened, happened. (but neither of
(Used to refer to a time that is in the past, and  If you had studied those things really happened)
a situation that is contrary to reality. The harder, OR
facts they are based on are the opposite of what  If it had rained, that thing would have been
is expressed)  If I had accepted that happening.
promotion,  you would have passed the
exam.
 you would have gotten wet.
 I would have been working in
Milan.

NOTE :

In many negative conditional sentences, there is an equivalent sentence construction using "unless" instead of "if".

FUTURE TENSE
 There are a number of different ways of referring to the future in English. It is important to remember that we are expressing more than simply
the time of the action or event. Obviously, any 'future' tense will always refer to a time 'later than now', but it may also express our attitude to the
future event.

Type of Future Formula Usage and

Tense Example
Simple Future Affirmative Subject + will/shall + V1 + Use 1 : Will to Express a Voluntary Action
Tense (+) complement  I will send you the information when I get it.
Subject + am/is/are + going to + V1  I won't do all the housework myself!
+ complement  Will you help me move this heavy table?
Negative Subject + will/shall + not + V1 + Use 2 : Will to Express a Promise
(-) complement  If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure
Subject + am/is/are + not + going to everyone has access to inexpensive health insurance.
+ V1+ complement  I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.
Interrogative Yes/No Will/shall + subject +  Don't worry, I'll be careful.
(?) Question V1 + complement + ? Use 3 : Be going to to Express a Plan
Am/is/are + subject +  He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.
V1 + complement + ?  She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii.
W/H W/H + will/shall +  They are going to drive all the way to Alaska.
Question subject + V1 + Use 4 : Will or Be Going to to Express a Prediction
complement + ?  he year 2222 will be a very interesting year.
 W/H + am/is/are +  The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year.
subject + V1 +  John Smith will be the next President.
complement + ?  John Smith is going to be the next President.

Future Affirmative Subject + will/shall + be + Ving +

Use 1 : Interrupted Action in the Future
Continuous (+) complement
Tense Negative Subject + will/shall + not + be +  I will be waiting for you when your bus arrives.
(-) Ving + complement  I am going to be staying at the Madison Hotel, if
Interrogative Will/shall + Subject + be + Ving + anything happens and you need to contact me.
(?) complement  He will be studying at the library tonight, so he will not see
Jennifer when she arrives.

Use 2 : Specific Time as an Interruption in the Future

 Tonight at 6 PM, I am going to be eating dinner.

I will be in the process of eating dinner.
 At midnight tonight, we will still be driving through the desert.
We will be in the process of driving through the desert.

Use 3 : Parallel Actions in the Future

 I am going to be studying and he is going to be making dinner.

 Tonight, they will be eating dinner, discussing their plans,
 and having a good time.
 While Ellen is reading, Tim will be watching television.
Notice "is reading" because of the time clause containing
"while."

Use 4 : Atmosphere in the Future

 When I arrive at the party, everybody is going to be

celebrating. Some will be dancing. Others are going to be
talking. A few people will be eating pizza, and several
people are going to be drinking beer. They always do the same
thing.

Future Perfect Affirmative Suject + will + have + V3 +

Use 1 : Completed Action Before Something in the Future
Tense (+) complement
Negative Suject + will + not + have + V3 +  By the time he gets home, she is going to have cleaned the
(-) complement entire house.
Interrogative Will + subjevt + have + V3 +  I am not going to have finished this test by 3 o'clock.
(?) complement + ?  Will she have learned enough Chinese to communicate before
she moves to Beijing?

Use 2 : Duration Before Something in the Future (Non-Continuous

 Verbs)

 I will have been in London for six months by the time I leave.
 By Monday, Susan is going to have had my book for a week.

Future Perfect Affirmative Subject + will + have + been + Ving

Use 1 : Duration Before Something in the Future
Continuous (+) + complement
Tense Negative Subject + will + not + have + been +  She is going to have been working at that company for three
(-) Ving + complement years when it finally closes.
Interrogative Will + subject + have + been + Ving  James will have been teaching at the university for more than a
(?) + complement + ? year by the time he leaves for Asia.
 How long will you have been studying when you graduate?

Use 2 : Cause of Something in the Future

 Jason will be tired when he gets home because he will have

been jogging for over an hour.
 Claudia's English will be perfect when she returns to Germany
because she is going to have been studying English in the
United States for over two years.
 INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

Always Singular Sometimes Singular and Plural Always Plural

 Everybody  Most  Both
 Everyone  All  Several
 Everything  None  Few
 Somebody  Any  Many
 Someone  Some  Others
 Something
 Anybody
 Anyone
 Nobody
 No one
 Nothing
 Each
 Every
 Much
Examples
 Most of the book is interesting  Some of the student are absent
 Most of the books are interesting  Most of my homework was finished
 Most of the furniture was expensive  Was any of your luggage missing?
 Most of the chairs were expensive  None of the player were injured
 All of the food was delicious  All learning is useful
 All of the desserts were delicious  Were any of my answers incorrect?
 None of the equipment was delivered  Some rice is fragrant
 None or the computers were delivered  None of the material is useful
 Was any of his advice helpful?  Most shows are a waste of time
 Were any of his ideas helpful?  All your friends are safe
 Some of the information is impotent
 Some of the lectures are important