HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE (Timeline)

ARCHITECTURE DATES DESCRIPTION

Before recorded history, humans constructed earthen mounds, stone circles, megaliths, and structures that often puzzle modern-day archaeologists.
PREHISTORIC
Prehistoric architecture includes monumental structures such as Stonehenge, cliff dwellings in the Americas, and thatch and mud structures lost to time.
In ancient Egypt, powerful rulers constructed monumental pyramids, temples, and shrines. Far from primitive, enormous structures such as the Pyramids of Giza
ANCIENT EGYPT 3,050 BC to 900 BC
were feats of engineering capable of reaching great heights.
MESOPOTAMIA West Asiatic Architecture flourished & developed in the Twin Rivers “Tigris & Euphrates also known as “Mesopotamia” it refers to Persia, Assyria & Babylon.
From the rise of ancient Greece until the fall of the Roman empire, great buildings were constructed according to precise rules. The Classical Orders, which
CLASSICAL (Greek & Roman) 850 BC to 476 AD
defined column styles and entablature designs, continue to influence building design in modern times.
After Constantine moved the capital of the Roman empire to Byzantium (now called Istanbul) in 330 AD, Roman architecture evolved into a graceful, classically-inspired style that
BYZANTINE 527 to 565 AD
used brick instead of stone, domed roofs, elaborate mosaics, and classical forms.
As Rome spread across Europe, heavier, stocky Romanesque architecture with rounded arches emerged. Churches and castles of the early Medieval period
ROMANESQUE 800 to 1200 AD
were constructed with thick walls and heavy piers.
Pointed arches, ribbed vaulting, flying buttresses, and other innovations led to taller, more graceful architecture. Gothic ideas gave rise to magnificent
GOTHIC 1100 to 1450 AD
cathedrals like Chartres and Notre Dame.
A return to classical ideas ushered an "age of awakening" in Italy, France, and England. Andrea Palladio and other builders looked the classical orders of
RENAISSANCE 1400 to 1600 AD ancient Greece and Rome. Long after the Renaissance era ended, architects in the Western world found inspiration in the beautifully proportioned architecture of the
period.
In Italy, the Baroque style is reflected in opulent and dramatic churches with irregular shapes and extravagant ornamentation. In France,
BAROQUE 1600 to 1830 AD the highly ornamented Baroque style combines with Classical restraint. Russian aristocrats were impressed by Versailles in France, and incorporated Baroque ideas in
the building of St. Petersburg. Elements of the elaborate Baroque style are found throughout Europe.
During the last phase of the Baroque period, builders constructed graceful white buildings with sweeping curves. These Rococo buildings are elegantly
ROCOCO 1650 to 1790 AD
decorated with scrolls, vines, shell-shapes, and delicate geometric patterns.
A keen interest in ideas of Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio inspired a return of classical shapes in Europe, Great Britain and the United States. These buildings
NEOCLASSICISM 1730 to 1925 AD
were proportioned according to the classical orders with details borrowed from ancient Greece and Rome.
Known as the New Style, Art Nouveau was first expressed in fabrics and graphic design. The style spread to architecture and furniture in the 1890s. Art Nouveau buildings
ART NOUVEAU 1890 to 1914 AD
often have asymmetrical shapes, arches and decorative surfaces with curved, plant-like designs.
Also known as Beaux Arts Classicism, Academic Classicism, or Classical Revival, Beaux Arts architecture is characterized by order,
BEAUX ARTS 1895 to 1925 AD
symmetry, formal design, grandiosity, and elaborate ornamentation.
In the early twentieth century, Gothic ideas were applied to modern buildings. Gargoyles, arched windows, and other medieval details
NEO-GOTHIC 1905 to 1930 AD
ornamented soaring skyscrapers.
ART DECO 1925 to 1937 AD Zigzag patterns and vertical lines create dramatic effect on jazz-age, Art Deco buildings. Interestingly, many Art Deco motifs were inspired by the architecture of ancient Egypt.
The 20th and 21st centuries have seen dramatic changes and astonishing diversity. Modern-day trends include Art Moderne and the Bauhaus School coined
MODERNIST STYLE 1900 to Present.
by Walter Gropius, Deconstructivism, Formalism, Modernism, and Structuralism.
A reaction against the Modernist approaches gave rise to new buildings that re-invented historical details and familiar motifs. Look closely at these architectural movements and
POSTMODERNISM 1972 to Present.
you are likely to find ideas that date back to classical and ancient times.

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MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
MOVEMENT DESCRIPTION ARCHITECTS
Famous New York Skyscrapers
- Park Row Building NYC, (1899–1901) by Robert Henderson Robertson.
- Flat-iron Building NYC, (1902) by Daniel H. Burnham & Company.
- Philadelphia City Hall (1908) by John McArthur, Thomas U.Walter.
Steel-frame high-rise architecture was pioneered in the 19th century by American architects in New York and Chicago: - Singer Building NYC, (1908) by Ernest Flagg.
New York School of two cities which were experiencing rapid development but whose available space was limited. With the fall in the price of - Metropolitan Tower NYC, (1909) by Napoleon Le Brun & Sons.
steel - a major construction material for high-rise structures - building upwards suddenly became much more - Woolworth Building NYC, (1913) by Cass Gilbert.
Skyscraper Architecture
economically attractive. During the first three decades of the 20th century, New York took the lead with a number of - Empire State Building NYC, (1929) by Shreve, Lamb & Harmon.
(1900-30) cutting-edge skyscrapers. - Daily News Building NYC, (1929) by Howells & Hood.
- Chanin Building NYC, (1929) by Sloan & Robertson.
- Lincoln Building NYC, (1930) by J.E. Carpenter & Associates.
- Bank of Manhattan Trust Building NYC, (1930) by Craig Severance.
- Chrysler Building NYC, (1931) by William Van Alen.
- Rockefeller Center NYC, (1940) by Hofmeister, Hood, Godley, Fouilhoux.
Famous Early Modernist Architects
• Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959)
Designed Robie House, Chicago (1910); Fallingwater, Bear Run, PA (1937).
• Peter Behrens (1868-1940)
"Modernist architecture", the first real example of 20th century architecture, was designed for "modern man". It was
Built the AEG Turbine Factory, Berlin (1909).
Early Modernist relatively, if not wholly, devoid of historical associations, and made full use of the latest building techniques and
• Adolf Loos (1870-1933)
materials, including iron, steel, glass and concrete. Functionality was a key aspect of the modernist style. The format
Architecture Designed Steiner House, Vienna (1910); Moller House, Vienna (1928).
was later fully realized in the United States: see, for instance, Henry Ford's assembly plant at Rouge River, south of
(1900-30) • Eliel Saarinen (1873-1950)
Detroit - then the largest manufacturing plant in the world.
Designed Helsinki Train Station (1904-14).
• Walter Gropius (1883-1969)
Designed Fagus Factory, Alfeld-an-der-Leine (1911).
• Le Corbusier (1887-1965) (Charles-Edouard Jeanneret)
Designed Villa Savoye (1931); Unite d'Habitation, Marseille (1952).
Famous Expressionist Architects
• Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925)
Famous for his Goetheanum, Dornach (1914).
• Hans Poelzig (1869-1936)
Designed Grosses Schauspielhaus, Berlin (1919).
This architectural style emerged in Germany and the Low Countries. Expressionist architects rebelled against the
• Max Berg (1870-1947)
Expressionist functionalist industrial-style structures of modernist architecture, preferring more sinuous or highly articulated forms.
Designer of the Centenary Hall, Beslau-Scheitnig (1913).
These included curves, spirals and non-symmetrical elements, as well as structures in which the expressive values of
Architecture • Bruno Taut (1880-1938)
certain materials are emphasized. A contemporary example of expressionist architecture is the Sydney Opera House
(1910-25) Designed the Glass Pavilion (1914) at the Cologne Deutsche Werkbund Exposition.
(1973), designed by Jorn Utzon (1918-2008).
• Michel de Klerk (1884-1923)
Co-designed the Scheepvaarthuis, Amsterdam (1918).
• Johannes Friedrich (Fritz) Hoger (1887-1949)
Designed Chilehaus, Hamburg (1921-4).
• Erich Mendelsohn (1887-1953)
Designer of Einstein Tower, Potsdam (1924).
One of the European avant-garde art groups that had a significant influence on the development of modernist Famous De Stijl Architects
De Stijl Avant-Garde architecture, was the Dutch-based group known as De Stijl, founded in Leiden in 1917 by Theo van Doesburg(1883- • Robert van’t Hoff (1887-1979)
1931), its active members included the abstract painter Piet Mondrian (1872-1944), as well as a number of architects, Preoccupied during his De Stijl period with Communist politics and designs for prefabricated mass
Architecture
designers, painters and sculptors. Influenced by Concrete art and Cubism, as well as radical left-wing politics, its main housing, worked out in collaboration with the Utrecht architect P.J.C.Klaarhamer (1874-1954).
(1917-1930) objective was to establish a compositional methodology applicable to both fine and decorative art. De Stijl designs are • Gerrit Rietveld (1888-1964)
characterized by austere geometrical shapes, right-angles, and primary colors. His most famous designs included his Rietveld Schroder House, Utrecht (1924), now a UNESCO

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MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
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Famous High-Tech Buildings
Rooted in the avant-garde structures of the 19th century, like the Eiffel Tower and Cystal Palace, hi-tech architecture is • USA Pavilion (Expo 67, Montreal) by Buckminster Fuller.
based on the expressive qualities of cutting-edge technologies and materials. As demonstrated by James Stirling (1926- • Olympiapark, Munich (1968-72) by Gunter Behnisch and Frei Otto.
High-Tech Architecture 92) - see his glass structure of the Engineering Faculty, Leceister University (1959-63) - traditional construction methods • Pompidou Centre, Paris (1971-78) by Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers.
(like brickwork) are abandoned in favour of new materials and techniques, such as steel, light metal panels, glass, and • Lloyds of London (1978-86) by Richard Rogers.
(1970 onwards) plastic derivatives. New building shapes are determined by the shape of the components used. An important exhibition • Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank, Hong Kong (1979-86) by Foster & Partners.
which affirmed this new approach was Expo 67, held in Montreal. Hi-tech architecture is symbolized by the Pompidou • Channel Tunnel Waterloo Terminal, London (1993) by Nicholas Grimshaw
Centre in Paris, designed by Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers in collaboration with engineers Ove Arup & Partners. • Kansai Airport Terminal, Osaka (1994) by Renzo Piano.
• Allianz Arena, Munich (2005) by Herzog & de Meuron.
Famous Examples of Deconstructivism
An iconic style of three-dimensional postmodernist art, opposed to the ordered rationality of modern design,
- Walt Disney Concert Hall, Los Angeles (1988-2003) by Frank O Gehry.
Deconstructivism emerged in the 1980s, notably in Los Angeles California, but also in Europe. Characterized by non-
- Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao (1991-97) by Frank O Gehry.
rectilinear shapes which distort the geometry of the structure, the finished appearance of deconstructivist buildings is
Deconstructivism - Multiplex Cinema, Dresden (1993-8) by Coop Himmelblau.
typically unpredictable and even shocking. These unusual shapes have been facilitated by the use of design software
- Nationale Nederlanden Building, Prague (1992-97) by Frank O Gehry.
(1980-200) developed from the aerospace industry. The exhibition which first introduced this new approach to the public was
- UFA-Kristall Filmpalast, Dresden (1998) by Coop Himmelblau.
the Deconstructivist Architecture exhibition, curated by Philip Johnson and Mark Wigley, and held at the Museum of
- Seattle Central Library, Seattle (2004) by "Rem" Koolhaas.
Modern Art, New York, in 1988. the most famous deconstructivist designer in America is probably Frank O.
- Imperial War Museum North, Manchester (2002) by Daniel Libeskind.
Gehry (b.1929); in Europe the top architects are probably Daniel Libeskind (b.1946), and the firm Coop Himmelblau,
- Royal Ontario Museum (extension), Toronto (2007) by Daniel Libeskind.
founded by Wolf Prix, Helmut Swiczinsky and Michael Holzer.

Famous Examples of Blobitecture

A style of postmodernist architecture characterized by organic, rounded, bulging shapes, Blobitecture (aka blobism or • Water Pavilion (1993–1997) by Lars Spuybroek and Kas Oosterhuis.
Blobitecture blobismus) was first christened by William Safire in the New York Times in 2002 (although architect Greg Lynn used the • Experience Music Project, Seattle (1999-2000) by Frank O Gehry.
(1990s) term "blob architecture" in 1995) the style first appeared in the early 1990s. Developed by postmodernist artists on both • Kunsthaus, Graz (2003) by Peter Cook and Colin Fournier.
sides of the Atlantic, the construction of blobitecture's non-geometric structures is heavily dependent on the use of • Bus Station at Spaarne Hospital (2003) by NIO Architecten.
CATID software (Computer Aided Three-dimensional Interactive Application). • The Sage Gateshead (2004) by Norman Foster.
• Philological Library, Free University, Berlin (2005) by Norman Foster.
Tallest Towers Built in the 20th-Century
(1) Petronas Towers, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (1998) (452m/ 1,483 feet)
(2) Willis Tower, Chicago (1973) (442m/ 1,450 feet)
Structural techniques developed by US architects like Fazlur Khan (1929-82) of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, have led to
(3) Jin Mao Tower, Shanghai (1999) (421m/ 1,380 feet)
Late 20th-Century the construction of a new generation of supertall buildings or 'towers'. These new tubular designs, which have also
(4) One World Trade Center, NYC (1974) (destroyed) (417m/ 1,368 feet)
significantly reduced the amount of steel required in skyscrapers, have enabled architects to break free from the regular
Supertall Towers (5) CITIC Plaza, Guangzhou (1997) (391m/ 1,283 feet)
"box-like" design. With modern towers now regularly exceeding 100 storeys, the biggest limitation on upward growth
(6) Shun Hing Square, Shenzhen (1996) 384m/ 1,260 feet)
remains safety and the lack of emergency evacuation procedures.
(7) Empire State Building, NYC (1931) (381m/ 1,250 feet)
(8) Tuntex Sky Tower, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (1997) (378m/ 1,240 feet)
(9) Central Plaza Hong Kong (1992) (374m/ 1,227 feet)
(10) Bank of China Tower, Hong Kong (1990) (367m/ 1,205 feet)

Trust in God with all your heart, and don't lean on your own understanding. In all your ways acknowledge Him, and He will make your paths straight.
-Proverbs 3:5-6

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ARCHITECTURAL ISMS OF THE MID 19TH CENTURY
ISMS DESCRIPTION

Russian architect Vladimir Tatlin launched the constructivist movement when he proposed the futuristic, glass-and-steel Tatlin's Tower.

During the 1920s and early 1930s, a group of avant-garde architects in Russia launched a movement to design buildings for the new socialist regime. Calling themselvesconstructivists, they believed
that design began with construction. Their buildings emphasized abstract geometric shapes and functional machine parts.
Constructivist architecture combined engineering and technology with political ideology.
CONSTRUCTIVISM
(1920 to 1930)
Constructivist architects tried to suggest the idea of humanity's collectivism through the harmonious arrangement of diverse structural elements.
ARCHITECTS
The most famous work of constructivist architecture was never actually built. In 1920, Russian architect Vladimir Tatlin proposed a futuristic monument to the 3rd International in the city of St. Petersburg
Vladimir Tatlin
(then known as Petergrado). The unbuilt project, called Tatlin's Tower, used spiral forms to symbolize revolution and human interaction. Inside the spirals, three glass-walled building units - a cube, a
Konstantin Melnikov
pyramid, and a cylinder - would rotate at different speeds.
Nikolai Milyutin
Aleksandr Vesnin
Soaring 400 meters (about 1,300 feet), Tatlin's Tower would have been taller than the Eiffel Tower in Paris. The cost to erect such a building would have been enormous. But, even though Tatlin's Tower
Leonid Vesnin
wasn't built, the plan helped launch the Constructivist movement. By the late 1920s, Constructivism had spread outside the USSR. Many European architects called themselves constructivists.
Viktor Vesnin
El Lissitzky
However, within a few years Constructivism faded from popularity and was eclipsed by the Bauhaus movement in Germany.
Vladimir Krinsky
Iakov Chernikhov
 Glass and steel
 Machine-made building parts
 Technological details such as antennae, signs, and projection screens
 Abstract geometric shapes
 A sense of movement

DECONSTRUCTIVISM Deconstructivism, or Deconstruction, is an approach to building design that attempts to view architecture in bits and pieces. The basic elements of architecture are dismantled. Deconstructivist buildings
(1980) may seem to have no visual logic. They may appear to be made up of unrelated, disharmonious abstract forms. Deconstructive ideas are borrowed from the French philosopher Jacques Derrida.

ARCHITECTS In the summer of 1988, architect Philip Johnson was instrumental in organizing a Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) exhibit called "Deconstructivist Architecture." Johnson gathered works from seven
Peter Eisenman architects (Eisenman, Gehry, Hadid, Koolhaas, Libeskind, Bernard Tschumi, and Coop Himmelblau) who "intentionally violate the cubes and right angles of modernism."
Daniel Libeskind
Zaha Hadid Deconstructivist architects reject Postmodernist ways for an approach more akin to Russian Constructivism.
Frank O. Gehry
Rem Koolhaas "The hallmark of deconstructivist architecture is its apparent instability. Though structurally sound, the projects seem to be in states of explosion or collapse....Deconstructivist architecture, however, is not
an architecture of decay or demolition. On the contrary, it gains all of its force by challenging the very values of harmony, unity, and stability, proposing instead that flaws are intrinsic to the structure."

The principle that architects should design a building based on the purpose of that building. This statement is less self-evident than it first appears, and is a matter of confusion and controversy within the
FUNCTIONALISM profession, particularly in regard to modern architecture. Functionalism had the strongest influence in Germany, Czechoslovakia, the USSR and the Netherlands.
In 1896, Chicago architect Louis Sullivan coined the phrase 'form ever follows function' to capture his belief that a building's size, massing, spatial grammar and other characteristics should be driven solely
ARCHITECTS by the function of the building. The implication is that if the functional aspects are satisfied, architectural beauty would naturally and necessarily follow.
Alvar Aalto
Erik Bryggman Sullivan's credo is often viewed as being ironic in light of his extensive use of intricate ornament, since a common belief among functionalist architects is that ornament serves no function. The credo also
P.E. (Paul Ernsti) Blomstedt does not address whose function he means. The architect of an apartment building, for instance, can easily be at cross-purposes with the owners of the building regarding how the building should look and
Hilding Ekelund feel, and they could both be at cross-purposes with the future tenants. Nevertheless 'form follows function' expresses a significant and enduring idea. Sullivan's protégé Frank Lloyd Wright is also cited as
Erkki Huttunen an exemplar of functional design.
Uno Ullberg In the mid-1930s, functionalism began to be discussed as an aesthetic approach rather than a matter of design integrity. The idea of functionalism was conflated with lack of ornamentation, which is a
Ragnar Ypya different matter. It became a pejorative term associated with the most bald and brutal ways to cover space, like cheap commercial buildings and sheds, then finally used, for example in academic criticism
of Buckminster Fuller's geodesic domes, simply as a synonym for 'gauche'.

DEFUNCTIONALISM A style ignoring the classic approach to design disregarding functionalisms that have failed in many instances

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ARCHITECTURAL ISMS OF THE MID 19TH CENTURY
ISMS DESCRIPTION

A post-war Japanese architectural movement that fused ideas about architectural megastructures with those of organic biological growth. It had its first international exposure during CIAM's 1959 meeting
METABOLISM and its ideas were tentatively tested by students from Kenzo Tange's MIT studio.
During the preparation for the 1960 Tōkyō World Design Conference a group of young architects and designers, including Kiyonori Kikutake, Kisho Kurokawa and Fumihiko Maki prepared the publication of
ARCHITECTS the Metabolism manifesto. They were influenced by a wide variety of sources including Marxist theories and biological processes. Their manifesto was a series of four essays entitled: Ocean City, Space
Kenzo Tange City, Towards Group Form, and Material and Man, and it also included designs for vast cities that floated on the oceans and plug-in capsule towers that could incorporate organic growth. Although the
Kisho Kurokawa World Design Conference gave the Metabolists exposure on the international stage their ideas remained largely theoretical.
Moshe Safdie
Kiyonuri Kikotake Some smaller, individual buildings that employed the principles of Metabolism were built and these included Tange's Yamanashi Press and Broadcaster Centre and Kurokawa's Nakagin Capsule Tower.
Walter Jonas The greatest concentration of their work was to be found at the 1970 World Exposition in Osaka where Tange was responsible for master planning the whole site whilst Kikutake and Kurokawa designed
pavilions. After the 1973 oil crisis, the Metabolists turned their attention away from Japan and toward Africa and the Middle East.

MONUMENTALISM

ARCHITECTS Based on the notion that the form of the object should last and implicitly there are forms which have external validity.
Rf Schinklel, M. Van Der Construction, especially of buildings, on a grand scale.
T. Garnier,
P. Behrens, Rohe,
A. Perret.
H. Polezig, Le Corbusier,
National Romantic style was a Nordic architectural style that was part of the National Romantic movement during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It is often considered to be a form of Art Nouveau.
The National Romantic style spread across Finland; the Scandinavian countries of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden; and Russia (mainly St. Petersburg). Unlike much nostalgic Gothic Revival
style architecture elsewhere, National Romantic architecture expressed progressive social and political ideals, through reformed domestic architecture. [1]
Designers turned to early Medieval architecture and even prehistoric precedents to construct a style appropriate to the perceived character of a people. The style can be seen as a reaction to
industrialism and an expression of the same "Dream of the North" nationalism that gave impetus to renewed interest in the eddas and sagas.
NATIONAL ROMANTICISM  Finnish National Theatre (Suomen Kansallisteatteri) (1902,  House With Owls (Дом с совами) (1907, Russia)
 Stockholm Court House (Stockholms Rådhus) (1915,
Finland)  Norwegian Institute of Technology (Norges tekniske
Sweden)
 Vålerenga Church (Vålerenga kirke) (1902, Norway) høgskole) (1910, Norway)
 Röhss Museum (Röhsska konstslöjdsmuseet) (1916, Sweden)
 Copenhagen City Hall (Rådhus) (1905, Denmark)  Tolstoy House (Толстовский дом) (1912, Russia)
 Stockholm City Hall (Stockholms stadshus) (1923, Sweden)
 National Museum of Finland (Suomen Kansallismuseo) (1905,  Tarvaspää, (1913, Finland) the house and studio built for
Church of the Epiphany (Uppenbarelsekyrkan) (1913,
Finland) himself by Finnish painter Akseli Gallen-Kallela
Sweden)
 Frogner Church (Frogner kirke) (1907, Norway)  Bergen Station (Bergen stasjon) (1913, Norway)
De Stijl (/dә ˈstaɪl/; Dutch pronunciation: [dә ˈstɛil]), Dutch for "The Style", also known as neoplasticism, was a Dutch artisticmovement founded in 1917 in Amsterdam. The De Stijl consisted of artists and
architects [1] In a narrower sense, the term De Stijl is used to refer to a body of work from 1917 to 1931 founded in the Netherlands.

NEO-PLASTICISM De Stijl is also the name of a journal that was published by the Dutch painter, designer, writer, and critic Theo van Doesburg(1883–1931) that served to propagate the group's theories. Next to van
Doesburg, the group's principal members were the painters Piet Mondrian (1872–1944), Vilmos Huszár(1884–1960), and Bart van der Leck (1876–1958), and the architects Gerrit Rietveld (1888–
1964), Robert van 't Hoff(1887–1979), and J. J. P. Oud (1890–1963). The artistic philosophy that formed a basis for the group's work is known as neoplasticism—the new plastic art (or Nieuwe Beelding in
ARCHITECTS Dutch).
Cornelis van Eesteren (1897–1981)
Robert van 't Hoff (1887–1979) Proponents of De Stijl advocated pure abstraction and universality by a reduction to the essentials of form and colour; they simplified visual compositions to the vertical and horizontal directions, and used
Frederick John Kiesler (1890-1965) only primary colors along with black and white. Indeed, according to the Tate Gallery's online article on neoplasticism, Mondrian himself sets forth these delimitations in his essay "Neo-Plasticism in
J. J. P. Oud (1890–1963) Pictorial Art". He writes, "this new plastic idea will ignore the particulars of appearance, that is to say, natural form and colour. On the contrary, it should find its expression in the abstraction of form and
Gerrit Rietveld (1888–1964) colour, that is to say, in the straight line and the clearly defined primary colour". The Tate article further summarizes that this art allows "only primary colours and non-colours, only squares and rectangles,
Jan Wils (1891–1972) only straight and horizontal or vertical line." TheGuggenheim Museum's online article on De Stijl summarizes these traits in similar terms: "It [De Stijl] was posited on the fundamental principle of the
geometry of the straight line, the square, and the rectangle, combined with a strong asymmetricality; the predominant use of pure primary colors with black and white; and the relationship between positive
and negative elements in an arrangement of non-objective forms and lines".

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ARCHITECTURAL ISMS OF THE MID 19TH CENTURY
ISMS DESCRIPTION

Rejecting ornament and embracing minimalism, Modernism became the dominant global movement in 20th-century architecture and design.

Modernism is the single most important new style or philosophy of architecture and design of the 20th century, associated with an analytical approach to the function of buildings, a strictly rational use of
(often new) materials, an openness to structural innovation and the elimination of ornament. It has also been called International Modern or International Style, after an exhibition of modernist architecture
in America in 1932 by Philip Johnson. Modernism also encompasses Futurism, Constructivism, De Stijl and Bauhaus. The style is characterized by:

 asymmetrical compositions
 use of general cubic or cylindrical shapes
 flat roofs
 use of reinforced concrete
 metal and glass frameworks often resulting in large windows in horizontal bands
MODERNISM  an absence of ornament or mouldings
 a tendency for white or cream render, often emphasised by black and white photography

Plans would be loosely arranged, often with open-plan interiors. Walter Gropius (1883-1969) and Le Corbusier (1887-1965) were the leaders of the movement. The latter had a profound impact in Britain,
particularly after World War Two, with many public housing schemes. In Britain the term Modern Movement was used to describe the rigorous Modernist designs of the 1930s to the early 1960s.

WHAT TO LOOK FOR:

 Rectangular or cubist shapes
 Minimal or no ornamentation
 Steel and or reinforced concrete
 Large windows
 Open plan
Postmodernism describes the colourful styles of architecture and the decorative arts that appeared in the late 20th century in reaction to Modernism.

Postmodernism describes a style or styles of architecture and the decorative arts that were a reaction to Modernism and the Modern Movement and the dogmas associated with it. By the 1970s Modernism
had begun to seem elitist and exclusive, despite its democratic intentions. The failure of building methods and materials (shown in the collapse of Ronan Point, a tower block in east London in 1968) and
alienating housing estates was a focus for architects and critics in the early 1970s. A book published in 1966 by the American architect Robert Venturi, Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture, was a
key influence on the development of Postmodernism. Venturi extolled the ambiguities, inconsistencies and idiosyncrasies of the Mannerist and Baroque architecture of Rome, but also celebrated popular
culture and the ordinary architecture of the American Main Street.

A later work, Learning from Las Vegas (1972), deconstructed the signs and symbols of the Las Vegas strip and divided buildings into ‘ducks’, the sculptural buildings that embodied their message within
POST MODERNISM the structure, and the ‘decorated shed’, which used signs to communicate its message. In practice, it meant the rediscovery of the various meanings contained within the mainly classical architecture of the
past and applying them to modern structures. The result was an architecture that embodied historical allusion and dashes of whimsy.

WHAT TO LOOK FOR:

 Classical motifs
 Literary allusions
 Bright colours
 Structural variety
 Variety of materials and shapes

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FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE (Arkitekturang Pilipino)
PERIOD LOCATION DESCRIPTION
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
 The windows of torogan are slits and richly framed in wood panels with okir designs located in front of the house.
 The communal kitchen is half a meter lower than the main house is both used for cooking and eating.
 The distinct high gable roof of the torogan, thin at the apex and gracefully flaring out to the eaves, sits on a huge structures enclosed by slabs of timber and lifted more than two meters
above the ground by a huge trunk of a tree that was set on a rock.
 The house was built to sway during earthquakes. Twenty-five post of huge tree trunks were not buried but are freestanding. Sometimes, if needed, wooden pegs were used to secure the
wood members. These were all used to prevent the house from collapsing

DECORATIONS
 DIONGAL – apex of the roof
 TINAI-A-WALAI / RAMPATAN– intricate carvings, central beams that serves as intestines of the house
 MALONG – bright colored weaves hanging from the rafters to signify privacy
 PANOLONG – A wing-like beam located at the ends of the floor. Its usual motifs or designs ar Pako Rabong or Fern, Naga or Serpent. These are chiseled and painted with bright colors
 Single room of 4.00m x 6.00m rectangular plan, elevated by 1.50m – 2.00m high on four tree trunks as columns
Mountains of  Trunks are made from Amugawan Tree
Ifugao House
Cordillera  Roof is covered with reed and grass resting on a brace supported by a kingpost
 Two doors on both sides of the house accessed by a ladder
Badjao House Coast of Tawi-  Houses on stilts above shallow water with flooring made of bamboo
Tawi  Each house in the community was made accessible to eachother by means of bamboo planks laid out as streets
 Interior space was enclosed by wooden walls nailed permanently for protection
PARTS OF BAHAY NA KUBO
Bulwagan Reserved for ntertaining guests
Silid Private room for sleeping
Gilir / Paglutuan Kitchen or cooking area
 Originally a one-room dwelling and evolved into more sophisticated type of dwelling
 Dapogan Table on top where the river stone shoe-shaped stove is located
 Walls are made of nipa leaves or flattened split bamboo cut into fine strips and were
Lowlands all over
Nipa Hut / Bakay Kubo woven in herringbone pattern forming tha sawali silid  Bangahan / Place for drying and storing pots and pans, drinking glasses,
the Philippines
 Roof is covered with cogon grass, rice stalks, sugar cane leaves, split bamboo, anahaw Banggerahan plates and other kitchen utensils
leaves or nipa shingles  Batalan Unroofed area where water jars were kept
Space underneath the house used as storage space for the
Silong farming and fishing implements and where small animals were
also kept
Kamalig Separate structure used for the storage of rice
SPANISH COLONIAL ERA
PARTS OF BAHAY NA BATO
 Influence from the Spaniards Zaguan Carriages and Saint’s Floats are kept


GROUND FLOOR
Stone at ground floor and wood at second floor Cuadra Horse stable
 Improved version of the Bahay Kubo
Bodega Storage room for keeping old furniture and palay bins
 Wooden posts of Molave and Ipil are used as supports for floors, beams and roof rafters
Bahay Na Bato Mezzanine elevated above a meter from the ground, can only be
 Yakal is used as floor joists while narra is used for floor boards Entresuelo
 Overhanging eaves surround the house for protection of upper storey against the accessed from the masters bedroom on the second floor
heatand glare of the sun and heavy rains Patio Enclosed courtyard open to the sky and adjacent to the zaguan
Cistern used for storage of collected rainwater underneath the
Aljibe
azotea

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FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE (Arkitekturang Pilipino)
PERIOD LOCATION DESCRIPTION
 Constructed by Fr. Juan de Torres
 LOBOC CHURCH Bohol  Contains the biggest number of murals on religious subjects done on its ceiling and walls
 Early Renaissance façade – circular windows filling the tympanum
 Firs built by the Dominicans
 OUR LADY OF MANAOAG Pangasinan  In 1880, the belfry demolished the church due to some cracks caused by an earthquake
 Church was completed in 1932
 First Church (1571) – When the church was raised to a cathedral in 1579, a new structure made from nipa, wood, and bamboo was constructed in 1581 by Domingo de Salazar, the first
bishop of Manila. The new structure was consecrated on December 21, 1581, formally becoming a cathedral. The structure was destroyed by fire in 1583
 Second Cathedral (1592) – The second cathedral, which was made of stone, was built in 1592. It was destroyed by an earthquake in 1600.
 MANILA METROPOLITAN  Third Cathedral (1614) – The new structure, consisting of three naves and seven chapels, was blessed in 1614. It was toppled by another earthquake which shook Manila in 1645.
CATHEDRAL – BASILICA  Fourth Cathedral (1654) – The fourth cathedral was constructed from 1654 to 1671. In 1750, a media naranja ("half orange") dome was added to the crossing by the Florentine friar Juan
Manila
(Cathedral-Basilica of the Immaculate de Uguccioni, who also introduced a transept to the structure. It was severely damaged in 1863 by a very strong earthquake that also damaged the palace of the Governor General of the
Conception) Philippines. In 1880, another earthquake toppled its bell tower, rendering the cathedral towerless until 1958.
 Seventh Cathedral (1870) – The seventh cathedral was constructed from 1870 to 1879.
 Present Cathedral (1954) – The present cathedral was constructed from 1954 to 1958 underCardinal Rufino Jiao Santos and under the supervision of the notable Filipino architect
Fernando H. Ocampo.
 Declared as “National Landmark” in August 01, 1973
 It is included in the UNESCO’s World Heritage List
 Façade displays an example of Filipino Folk Art
 The church's over-all architectural style falls under the Baroque Romanesque architectural style. Its ochre color is due to the materials used in constructing the church, adobe,
egg, coral and limestone. The church's foundation is 6 meters deep and the massive stone walls at 1.5 meters thick are intensified through the use of 4 meter thick flying buttresses as
protection to the Moro invaders as stipulated under Royal Decree 111 of 1573 (Law of the Indies).
 MIAGAO CHURCH  Façade – the façade of Miagao church consists of an ornately decorated bas-relief in the middle of two huge watchtower belfries on each side. The bas-relief is a mixed influence of
(Santo Tomas de Villanueva Parish Iloilo Medieval Spanish, Chinese, Muslim and local traditions and elements, a unique characteristic of the church façade. A prominent part of the façade is a coconut tree depicted as the tree
Church) of lifewhere St. Christopher holds on. St. Christopher is dressed in local and traditional clothing carrying the Child Jesus on his back. The rest of the façade features the daily life of the
people of Miagao during that time including native flora (like papaya, coconut and palm tree) and fauna. Above the wooden door entrance at the center of the façade just below the image
of St. Christopher is a carved image of the town's patron saint, St. Thomas of Villanueva. At each side of the door are the images of St. Henry of Bavaria on the left and Pope Pius VI.
Above the images of St. Henry and Pope Pius VI is their respective coat-of-arms.
 Belltower – The two huge unequal belltowers directly attached to the main church serve as watchtowers to defend the town against invasion of Moros. It has two different designs since
it was commissioned by two different priests. On the left side is the older belfry, the tallest was the west belfry with four levels. Originally, the east belfry was constructed with only two
levels. It was in 1830 when Father Francisco Perez decided to add another storey to the east belfry (3 levels) is one level shorter than the west be;fry (4 levels).
 Paoay church is the Philippines' primary example of a Spanish colonial earthquake baroque architecture dubbed by Alicia Coseteng, an interpretation of the
European Baroqueadapted to the seismic condition of the country through the use of enormous buttresses on the sides and back of the building. The adaptive reuse of baroque style
against earthquake is developed since many destructive earthquakesdestroyed earlier churches in the country. Javanesearchitecture reminiscent of Borobudur of Java can also be seen
on the church walls and facade.
 Buttresses – The most striking feature of Paoay Church is the 24 huge buttresses of about 1.67 metres (5.5 ft) thick at the sides and back of the church building. Extending
from the exterior walls, it was conceived to a solution to possible destruction of the building due to earthquakes. Its stair-like buttresses (known as step buttresses) at the sides of the
church is possibly for easy access of the roof.
 PAOAY CHURCH  Walls – The walls are made of large coral stones on the lower part and bricks at the upper levels. The mortar used in the church includes sand and lime with sugarcane juice boiled
Ilocos Norte
(San Agustin Church of Paoay) with mango leaves, leather and rice straw. Its walls suggest Javanesearchitectural styles.
 Façade – The stone facade appears as massive pediment rising from the ground and is built leaning towards the front. Square pilastersand stringed cornices divide the facade vertically
and horizontally respectively. Its bottom part is plain. Gothic features are also present through the use of finials while the triangular pediment shows Chinese elements and Oriental
strokes. Crenellations, niches, rosettes and the Augustinian coat of arms can also be seen. Facade is made of brick on the lower level and coral stones on the upper level.
 Belltower – Adjacent to the facade is a three-storey coral belltowerconstructed separately from the church building on the right side resembling a pagoda.[3][6] It was in 1793 when the
cornerstone of the belltower was laid.[4] It stands at some distance from the church as a protection against earthquake.[7]It served as observational post for Filipino revolutionariesagainst
the Spaniards in 1898 and by Filipino guerrillas against Japanese soldiers during World War II.
 Declarations – By virtue of Presidential Decree No. 260, Paoay Church was declared as a National Cultural Treasure by the Philippine government in 1973. The church was designated

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FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE (Arkitekturang Pilipino)
PERIOD LOCATION DESCRIPTION
in reinforced-concrete building. The Mission-style architecture includes Romanesque and Gothic designs that accommodate more space. Measuring 85 by 40 metres (279 ft × 131 ft)
with a height of 25 metres (82 ft), there is a total floor area of 3,300 square metres (36,000 sq ft). It is the biggest church in Metro Manila and one of the biggest churches in Asia.The
Santo Domingo church complex was inaugurated on October 12, 1954.
The church façade has receding planes with leaves designed in corbel arches. Over the triple portals of the church is a high-relief frieze depicting the story of the La Naval. The giant
bas-relief of Santo Domingo was designed by the Italian sculptor and expatriate Francesco Monti.
In the nave of the church there are eight colorful murals by National Artist Carlos “Botong” Francisco depicting the life and times of Santo Domingo de Guzmán, the Spaniard who
founded the Order of Preachers. Francisco’s murals are just below the equally brilliant murals of the Four Evangelists in vivid brown tones by Vicente García Llamas.
Curved windows of the church frame masterful stained-glass designs by Galo Ocampo whose bases show different ecclesiastical seals. The windows depict the original 15 Stations of
the Holy Rosary as well as the Battle of Lepanto and La Naval de Manila; and the martyrdoms of San Vicente Liem de la Paz and San Francisco Capillas, Dominican protomartyrs of
Vietnam and China, respectively. Right behind Sto. Domingo Church’s facade are intricately carved panels and stained glass windows lie a treasure trove of the Philippines’ rich cultural
heritage and the object of centuries-old devotion, the image of Our Lady of the Rosary of La Naval, the oldest Marian icon in the country.
 Basilica Minore is the tile conferred on this church
 Declared a National Landmark by President Marcos
 Built by Fray Juan de Albarran about 400 years ago, on the site where a soldier found an image of the Sto. Nino in a settlement that the Spanish soldiers have burned down
 the Convent was founded in 1565, making it the first to be built in the country
 SANTO NIÑO DE CEBU Cebu
 constructed with stones from Panay and Capiz
 façade : blending of Moorish, Romanesque and NeoClassical elements; trefoils on the doorways; two levels divided into three segments and topped by pediment; retablo at the center
 belltower has four-sided balustraded dome
 interior : pierced screen with floral motifs, pineapple decors at the choirloft, corn cobs at the capital
 Rising above the city skyline are the pinkish hues of the Baguio Cathedral. The cathedral is but one of religious landmarks which dot the city. There is the Bell Temple, north of the city the
 BAGUIO CHURCH Baguio City
Maryhurst Seminary with its brilliant gardens, and Lourdes Grotto with its 252 steps to heaven.
 begun 1783-1788 by Dominican Domingo Forto and town mayor Pablo Sason; 1803-1808 – circular belltower was completed
 pampango artisans carved the hardwood molds for the clay insets that decorate the church
 TAMAUINI CHURCH Isabela  ultra-baroque : unique for its extensive use of baked clay both for wall finishes and ornamentation
 ornamental details : serpentine reliefs, spiral curves, flowers, foliage, sunfaces, cherubs and saints
 circular belltower with white limestone finish, decorated with bright red clay rosettes and festoons
 begun 1756-1773 by Augustinian Gregorio Giner; completed in 1802 by Fray Joaquin Calvo
 ANGAT CHURCH Bulacan  Baroque Style : coupled Corinthian and Doric columns divide façade into levels or segments, statues ringed with wreath-like ornaments flank niches, windows with bas-relief “curtains”
 plain three-storey belltower with balustered top
 1858 : Fray Marcos Anton, with the help of the architect Don Luciano Oliver, started construction; the church was completed in 1878
 built on top of a hill and may be reached through flagstone steps, unobstructed by other buildings
 TAAL CHURCH Batangas
 façade : arched windows alternate with Ionic columns at first level, Corinthian at upper level; projected cornices and mouldings; three pediments
 interior is cavernous bur drab with stout piers and semi-circular apse : mathematical exactness rather than ornamentation
 established by people who fled the eruption of Mt. Mayon form Cagsawa
 DRAGA CHURCH Albay  the Franciscan wanted a church with the best features of Romanesque and Gothic, but it was executed by the carvers in Baroque
 façade : a whole tablet without columns and cornices, only symmetrically positioned fenestrations, apertures and niches; whorls, twisted columns, foliage, medallions, statues and reliefs
 The present Modern Romanesque church is the third to be built on the same site. It was designed by architect César Concio.[1] It took six years to build because most of the money
 BACLARAN CHURCH came from small donations—the suggestion from the pulpit was 10 Philippine centavosper week—that often ran out requiring construction to stop.[1] The foundation stone was laid on
(National Shrine of Our Mother of Parañaque January 11, 1953 and on December 1, 1958 the new church was consecrated.[1] The church opened with a mass on December 5, 1958 and has been open 24 hours ever since, never
Perpetual Help Redemptorist Church) closing.
 The modern, Romanesque Revival building has a full seating capacity of 2,000, but as many as 11,000 people (including standing) can fit inside during Masses.

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UAP PRESIDENTS (Past & Present) HISTORY OF UAP The UAP has been instrumental in the passing of Republic Act 9266: The Architect's
NO. NAME YEAR Law of 2004, effective April 26, 2004. On 22 June 2004, the PRC, through its Board
During the Spanish era there were no schools of Architecture in the Philippines. of Architecture, accredited the UAP as the Integrated and Accredited Professional
CH NUKE Norberto M. 1975 The first Filipino recorded architect was Felix Roxas y Arroyo, born circa Organization of Architects (IAPOA). The new law granted Filipino architects more
1820 in Manila, studied in Spain and stayed for many years in England and definitive rights, benefits and distinction as against other professionals in the
1 HERRERA Jose V. 1976
France. Previous to this, a Filipino could aspire to erect an architectural structure construction industry
2 GAITE Ruperto C. 1977-1978 through the help of a Maestro de Obras or master builder. The first formal school
for master builders was opened only during the last decade of the 19th century. The United Architects of the Philippines (UAP) was born on December 12, 1974
3 MENDOZA Felipe M. 1979-1980
On 14 September 1902, many of the graduates of this school joined the civil out of the noble vision of unifying the three (3) existing architectural associations at
4 ARELLANO Otillo A. 1981 engineers and surveyors in the country and founded the first professional that time - the Philippine Institute of Architects (PIA), the League of Philippine
organization of architects and allied professionals ~ the Academia de Architects (LPA) and the Association of Philippine Government Architects (APGA).
5 LOCSIN Leandro V. 1981-1982 Arquitectura y Aguimensura de Filipinos (AAAF). It maintained direct Through the concerted efforts of the officers and members of the three
consultation with the American Institute of Architects (AIA). A year after, its name organizations, the vision officially materialized on March 26, 1975, where the UAP
6 MAÑOSA Manuel T. 1983-1984
was changed to Academia de Inginieria, Arquitectura y Agrimensura de Filipinas was registered with the Philippines' Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). On
7 CANCHELA Cesar V. 1985-1986 (AIAAF). In 1904 it founded the first school of Architecture in the Philippines, the May 12, 1975, the UAP was granted Certificate No. 001, the first professional
Escuela de Ingenieria y Arquitectura, which offered five-year courses in organization to be accredited by the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC).
8 HONG Froilan L. 1987-1988 Architecture and Civil Engineering. The PRC is the central agency of the Philippine Government charged with the
9 LAZARO Angel R. Jr. 1989 licensing and regulation of professionals and the professions, as well as the
In 1911, the AIAAF was dissolved when the civil engineers withdrew to form their Accredited Professional Organizations (APOs).
10 ALCORDO Richeto C. 1990-1991 own professional organization, but not before it has struggled for the passage of
an Engineers and Architects Law. In 1921, the Philippine National Assembly Act
11 MARQUEZ Jaime C. 1992-1994 Since its registration, UAP has received many awards, including the highly-
No. 2985 passed, the first enabling law for the practice of the professions of
acclaimed PRC's Most Outstanding Accredited Professional Organization. To date, it
12 MANGIO Nestor S. 1994 -1996 engineering and architecture, defined the unique and separate identities of the
is still the first and only APO to win the award four times in the Award's eighteen-
two professions.
13 CUNTAPAY Emmanuel P. 1996-1998 year history. These were in years 2002, 2007 and 2008 and this year 2011. The
award is presented annually to recognize the achievements, services and
14 REYES Yolanda D. 1998-2000 The profession of Architecture in the Philippines was given its first separate commitments of the APO to the profession. UAP bested forty two (42) other
statute on 17 June 1950 with the enactment of Republic Act 545, "An Act to professional organizations, through 12 stringent criteria set for the award.
15 LUIS Prosperidad C. 2000-2002 Regulate the Practice of Architecture in the Philippines."
16 SAC Robert S. 2002-2004 For its volunteer works, UAP was chosen in addressing housing problems, urban
From the early 1930's to late 1950's, associations of architects were founded, degradation, environmental conservation and promotion of volunteerism for socio-
17 OLONAN Enrique O. 2004-2005
but only three survived until the early 1970's ~ the Association of Philippine economic development; the UAP was a Regional Nominee to the "Search for
18 FLORENTINO Edric Marco C. 2005-2007 Government Architects (APGA), League of Philippine Architects (LPA), and the Outstanding Volunteers" by the Philippine National Service Coordinating Agency
Philippine Institute of Architects (PIA). In June 1973, President Ferdinand E. (PNVSCA) in its celebration of National Volunteer Month last December 2005.
19 ROLDAN Medeliano T. Jr. 2007-2009 Marcos issued Presidential Decree 223, creating the Professional Regulation PNVSCA takes the lead in advocating and recognizing the contributions of
Commission (PRC) regulating all professions and accrediting only one volunteers to nation-building and international cooperation.
20 LING Ana M. 2009-2010
organization to represent each profession.
21 MENDOZA Ramon S. 2011-2012
Last April 2009, in celebration of the Earth Day, the UAP, through its advocacy group
22 ROSAL Rozanno C. 2012-2014 The newly integrated organization of architects was called the United Architects "Green Architecture Movement", was awarded the 2009 Father Neri Satur Award for
of the Philippines (UAP). All 1300 members of the three organizations Environmental Heroism - the only accredited professional organization in the
23 REGALA Ma. Benita O. 2014-2016 automatically became members of the UAP and during its first year, 700 Philippines to receive such a prestigious environmental award.
members officially registered for active membership.
24 HISANCHA Guillermo H. 2016-2018
Last November 2010, UAP received its First International Award ~ in Adelaide,
25 PANGANIBAN Benjamin K. Jr. 2018-Present On 26 March 1975, the UAP was registered with the Securities and Australia, the EAROPH 50th Golden Jubilee Award in recognition of the
Exchange Commission (SEC) and on 12 May 1975, the PRC issued organization's substantial contribution to the advancement of Planning, Development
Certificate No. 001 to the UAP as the duly accredited professional organization and Management of Human Settlements in the Philippines.
of architects in the Philippines. The organization has been participating in the
activities of local government units, in civic and in related professional fields. The
As impressive as UAP record is, an even more important metric of our success is
UAP received many professional awards including the highly acclaimed
the large number of awards and honors earned by our members through the years.
Excellence Award given by the Government of the Republic of the Philippines
We feel privileged to have our members received these honors and recognition.
and the Most Outstanding Professional Organization of the Year awarded by the
PRC in 2002.

● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 19 ●
FILIPINO ARCHITECTS FILIPINO ARCHITECTS FILIPINO ARCHITECTS FILIPINO ARCHITECTS
HUBILLA, JOHNNY LUNA DE SAN PEDRO, ANDRES MAÑOSA, JOSE TRONQUED OCAMPO, FERNANDO HIZON
 Philippine Trade House, Bangkok  Legarda Elementary School  SMC Head Office, Mandaluyong  Manila Metropolitan Cathedral
 Philippine Trade Center, Toronto, Canada  Alfonso Zobel house, Roxas Boulevard  BPI Head Office, Makati  Paterno Building, Sta. Cruz, Manila
 Philippine House, Mainz, Germany  San Vicente de Paul Chapel, San Marcelino Street MENDOZA, FELIPE MARCELO  Oriental Club
 Philippine Pavilion, World Trade  Rafael Fernandez House, Arglegui Street  Batasang Pambansa Buildings, Quezon City  Cu Un Jieng Building, Escolta
 Exposition in Leipzig Germany  Perez-Samantillo Building, Escolta  Development Avcademy of the Philippines, Pasig  Central Seminary Building, UST
 Philippine Pavilion, World Trade Fair in Spokane,  Fernandez Martinez House, San Miguel, Manila  RCBC, Buendia  Arguelles Building, Rizal Avenue
Washington DC  St. Cecilia’s Hall, St. Scholastica’s College  Sacred Heart Novitiate Building, Novaliches
 Philippine Commercial and Industrial Bank Building
LOCSIN, LEANDRO V.  E.A. Perkins Residence, Roxas Boulevard (Antonino Building), Kalaw Street  Admiral Apartments, Roxas Boulevard
 National Artist in Architecture  Basa Residence, Lepanto Street, Manila  FEU Hospital, Nicanor Reyes Street, Manila  Cathedral of the Immaculate Concepcion restoration
 Main Theater, CCP Complex  Evangelista Residence, Rizal Avenue Extension  Library and Science Center, Xavier University, Cagayan  Church of Our Lady of the Most Holy Rosary
 Folk Arts Theater, CCP Complex  Sy Cong Bieng Mausoleum, Manila de Oro OLIVER, LUCIANO

 Philippine Center for International Trade and Exhibitions  North Cemetery  San Jose Seminary Building, Ateneo de Manila  Manila Cathedral reconstruction
(PHILCITE) LUZ, ALFREDO J. DIMAYUGA University OLIVEROS, EDITH L.
 Philippine Convention Center, CCP Complex  Ramon Magsaysay Building, Roxas Boulevard  Assumption School Buildings, Antipolo
 Interiors of Admiral Hotel, Cebu Plaza Hotel, Wackwack
 Philippine Plaza Hotel  Far East Bank and Trust Head Offices, Intramuros  Mormon Temple, Green Meadows, Quezon City Golf and Country Club, Philippine House in Chicago,
NAKPIL, ANGEL E. SANCHO
Illinois, Philippine House, Houston, Texas
 Hyatt Regency Hotel, Roxas Boulevard  WHO Regional Headquarters, Taft Avenue
 Makati Stock Exchange Building  IRRI, Los Banos  National Press Club Building, Magallanes Drive  Designed parks in Alaala Park, Pagsanjan
 Ayala Museum, Makati Avenue  666 T.M. Kalaw  PLDT Former Head Opffice, De la Rosa Street, Makati PARSONS, WILLIAM E.
 Manila Hotel renovation  1414 Roxas Boulevard  Lopez Museum Building, Pasay  Implementing Burnham’s plans for Baguio and Manila
 Mandarin Oriental Hotel, Makati  1515 Roxas Boulevard  Picache Building, Quiapo  Preparing City plans for Cebu and Zamboanga
 National Arts Center, Laguna  1010 A. Mabini  Roche Building, Pasong Tamo PENASALES, SERGIO VILLAR
 Manila International Airport (NAIA)  Dole Philippines, Polomolok, South Cotabato  Petrona Apartments,. Taft Avenue  Museo Iloilo, Iloilo City
 Istana Nurul Iman, Palace of the Sultan of Brunei  Standard Vacuum Refining Corporation, Limay, Bataan NAKPIL, JUAN FELIPE DE JESUS  Tinucuan Chapel, Passi
MAÑOSA BROTHERS  General Milling Corporation, Mactan, Cebu  Geronimo de los Reyes Building  Barbaza Church, Barbaza Antique
 Sierra Lake Resorts, Laguna  Republic Cement Corporation, Norzagaray, Bulacan  Capitan Pepe Building  Landscaping of UI, University Mall, Iloilo
 Hidden Valley Springs Resort, Laguna MAÑOSA, FRANCISCO TRONQUED  Quezon Institute Administration Building and Pavilions  Memorial Park, Amphitheater Green, Oton
 Maya-maya Resort, Batangas  Tahanang Pilipino, CCP Complex  Manila Jockery Club  Prepared master plans for development of town plazas of
 Makiling Conference Center, Laguna  Shrine of our Lady Queen of Peace, Ortigas Avenue  Avenue Hotel and Theater Molo, Jaro and Lapaz.
 Colegio de San Agustin, Makati  Mary Immaculate Parish Church,  Quiapo Church RAMIREZ, EDGARDO P.
 Guadalupe restoration  Moonwalk Subdivision, Las Pinas  Gen. Vicente Lim Residence, Vito Cruz  Interiors of Philippine Embassy and
 Andres Soriano Memorial Hospital  Las Pinas Church restoration  Philippine Trust Building in Plaza Gotti  Palace Hotel in Beijing China
 Bislig Bay Lumber Co. in Surigao del Sur  Stations of Light Rail Transit (LRT)  Security Bank and Trust Building  Interiors of the Defense Department, National Bank of
 Sulo Restaurant  Development of Quezon Memorial Circle  Rizal House reconstruction., Calamba Laguna Abu Dhabi, Arab Monetary Fund, Amini Court, etc.

 San Miguel Corporation Head Office, Mandaluyong  Development, restoration and landscaping of Corregidor  UP Administration and Library Buildings
Rizal Island  Ever and State Theaters., Rizal Avenue

● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 21 ●
CHRONOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURE CHRONOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURE
DATE STRUCTURE LOCATION STYLE ARCHITECT DATE STRUCTURE LOCATION STYLE ARCHITECT
ANCIENT ARCHITECTURE (Europe, Near East, North Africa) (15,000 BC–AD 400s) c. 1300 BC Citadel at Tiryns, Greece Mycenaean

Prehistoric Architecture (Paleolithic and Neolithic) Ancient Greek Architecture

c. 15,000 BC, Mammoth-bone house Mezhirich, Ukraine Paleolithic c. 550 BC Temple of Hera I, Paestum, Italy
c. 6500 BC, , Catal Huyuk, village Turkey Neolithic Treasury of the
c. 530 BC Delphi
Siphnians,
Orkney Islands,
c. 3100 BC, Skara Brae, village Neolithic 500s BC Sanctuary of Apollo, Delphi
Scotland
Salisbury Plain, mid-400s BC Acropolis, Athens
c. 3100–1500 BC, Stonehenge Neolithic
Wiltshire, England c. 400 BC Athenian Agora, Athens
c. 3000–2500 BC Newgrange, tombs, Ireland Neolithic c. 400 BC Temple of Athena Pronaia, Delphi
Ancient Near Eastern Architecture (Sumerian, Mari, Babylonian, Assyrian, Persian) 300s BC Miletos, city plan, modern-day Turkey
c. 7200 BC Ain Ghazal, Jordan Neolithic c. 200 BC Theater at Epidauros Epidauros
c. 7000 BC Jericho, walls of the city Neolithic Temple of the Olympian
AD 132 Athens
Zeus,
c. 6500 BC Catal Huyuk, Turkey Neolithic
c. 2100 BC Nanna Ziggurat, Ur, Iraq Sumerian Etruscan Architecture
2000s BC Palace of Zimrilim, Syria Mari 480 BC Tomb of the Lioness, Tarquinia
late 900s BC–AD 70 Temple of Solomon, Jerusalem Jewish 200s BC Tomb of the Reliefs, Cerveteri
modern-day c. 100s BC Porta Augusta, Perugia
c. 720 BC Citadel of Sargon II, Assyrian
Khorsabad, Iraq Ancient Roman Architecture
Ishtar Gate late 100s BC Pont du Gard, Nimes, France
c. 575 BC Neo-Babylonian
and throne room
late 100s BC Temple of Portunus, Rome
Palace of Darius at
c. 518–460 BC Iran Persian 13 BC Ara Pacis, Rome
Persepolis,
AD 72–80 Colosseum, Rome
Ancient Egyptian Architecture
AD 79 Pompeii, city plan
King Djoser’s funerary
c. 2665 BC Saqqara AD 81 Arch of Titus, Rome
complex,
c. 2589–2503 BC Pyramids of Giza, Egypt AD 100s Timgad, Algeria
Model from Tomb of AD 113 Basilica Ulpia, Rome
c. 2100 BC Thebes
Meketra, AD 113 Column of Trajan, Rome
Temple of Queen c. AD 125 Hadrian’s Villa, Tivoli
1473–1458 BC Deir el-Bahri
Hatshepsut,
AD 118–125 Pantheon, Rome
Great Temple of Amun,
c. 1295–1186 BC Karnak AD 200s Hadrian’s Wall, Great Britain
Karnak
AD 211 Baths of Caracalla, Rome
Temple of Amun, Mut
c. 1279 BC Luxor AD 300s Roman Forum, Rome
and Khonsu,
Temple of Rameses II Basilica of Maxentius
c. 1279 BC Abu Simbel AD 310 Rome
and Temple of Nefertari, and Constantine,
Ancient Aegean Architecture (Minoan and Mycenaean) AD 315 Arch of Constantine, Rome
c. 1900–1400 BC Palace at Knossos, Crete (Minoan) Vitruvius Pollio,
(c. 80–25 BC) Marcus
c. 1600–1200 BC Citadel at Mycenae, Greece Mycenaean

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CHRONOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURE CHRONOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURE
DATE STRUCTURE LOCATION STYLE ARCHITECT DATE STRUCTURE LOCATION STYLE ARCHITECT
Sophia, 1130s Saint-Lazare Autun
1063 Cathedral of San Marco, Venice, Italy Cathedral of Saint-
1130s Autun, begun
Lazare
Islamic Architecture (Moorish, Mughal, Ottoman, Seljuk)
1240s Castel del Monte region of Puglia
692 begun Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem,
Gothic Architecture
740s, begun Mshatta Palace Jordan,
785 Great Mosque, Cordoba, Spain c. 1130s Chartres Cathedral Chartres, France
847 Great Mosque, Samarra 1160s Notre Dame Paris
1350s Alhambra, Granada, Spain 1211 Reims Cathedral Reims, France, begun
1570s Sinan, Selimiye Mosque, Edirne, Turkey 1240s Sainte-Chapelle Paris, France
1632–1648 Taj Mahal, Agra, India Mughal Empire 1240s Cologne Cathedral Cologne, Germany
1980s King Faisal Mosque, Islamabad, Pakistan 1250s Amiens Cathedral Amiens, France
1986–1993 King Hassan II Mosque, Casablanca, Morocco 1300s Milan Cathedral Milan, Italy
Sinan, Mimar Koca PRE-MODERN ARCHITECTURE IN EUROPE (1400s–1700s)
1550s Suleyman Mosque, Istanbul
Agha (1489–1588) Renaissance Architecture
Early Medieval Architecture (Carolingian and Ottonian) 1290s Florence Cathedral, Italy, begun
Monastery of 1290s, Palazzo della Signoria Florence, 1290s
529 Italy
Montecassino,
1505 Saint Peter’s Church, Rome, begun
Santa Maria de
late 600s Burgos, Spain 1520s begun Fontainebleau, France,
Quintanilla de las Vinas,
Palace Complex of 1530s–2000s Louvre, Paris
792–805 Aachen, Germany Carolingian
Charlemagne, 1559 Escorial, Madrid, begun
Church of St. Riquier, Carolingian, Florence Cathedral
799 Abbey France 1420s Italy
Monastery of Centula dedicated Dome
c. 817 Saint Gall Monastery Carolingian Ospedale degli Innocenti Brunelleschi,
1420s, Florence;
Church of Saint (Foundling Hospital), Filippo (c. 1377–
961 Gernrode, Germany Ottonian, begun
Cyriakus, 1420s, San Lorenzo, Florence;, 1446):
1001–1032 Church of Saint Michael, Hildesheim, Germany Ottonian 1430s Santo Spirito, Florence;
Romanesque Architecture; see also Castle 1430s, Pazzi Chapel, Florence
1030s Krak des Chevaliers Krak des Chevaliers Michelozzo di
1440s Medici Palace Florence Bartolomeo (1391– c.
Pisa Cathedral 1472)
1060s Italy
Complex
1450s, Tempio Malatestiano, Rimini; Alberti, Leon
c. 1060s Saint-Etienne, Caen Normandy, France Battista (1404–
Durham Castle and 1470, Sant’Andrea, Mantua 1472):
c. 1075–1100s England
Cathedral Villa Medici at Poggio a
1480s, outside Florence;
1078 Tower of London London, begun Caiano, Sangallo, Giuliano da
Santiago de Santa Maria delle (c. 1443–1516):
Cathedral of Saint 1485, Prato, Italy
1078–1122 Compostela, Carceri,
James
Spain 1501, Bramante, Donato
Tempietto;
1080 Sant’Ambrogio Milan (1444–1514):

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CHRONOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURE CHRONOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURE
DATE STRUCTURE LOCATION STYLE ARCHITECT DATE STRUCTURE LOCATION STYLE ARCHITECT
(1695–1753): 1947):
Wood, John the Elder Olbrich, Joseph
1750s, The Circus, Bath, England 1896, Secession House, Vienna
(c. 1704–1754): Maria (1867–1908):
Soufflot, Jacques- Paris Metropolitan Guimard, Hector
Sainte-Genevieve 1899–1905,
1755–1792, Paris Germain (1713– stations (1867–1942):
(Pantheon),
1780): 1904, Purkersdorf Sanatorium, Vienna; Hoffmann, Josef
Derbyshire, 1904–1911, Stoclet Palace, Brussels (1870–1956):
1759, Kedelston Hall,
commissioned; Adam, Robert
Arts and Crafts; also see below under Architecture of the United States
1760s, Syon House, Middlesex,England; (1728–1792):
Glasgow Herald
1770s, Osterley Park, Middlesex, England 1893–1895, Glasgow, Scotland;
Building, Mackintosh,
Ledoux, Claude-
1770s, Chaux city plan, France 1897–1909, Glasgow School of Art, Glasgow, Scotland; Charles Rennie
Nicolas (1736–1806):
Helensburgh, (1868–1928):
funerary monument for Boullee, Etienne- 1902–1904, Hill House,
1780s, Scotland
Isaac Newton Louis (1728–1799):
Schinkel, Karl EARLY-20th-CENTURY ARCHITECTURE IN EUROPE, ASIA, AND SOUTH AMERICA
1822, Altes Museum, Berlin Friedrich (1781– Expressionism; also see below under Architecture of the United States
1841):
Falkenberg Housing
19th-CENTURY ARCHITECTURE IN EUROPE 1912, Berlin;
Estate, Taut, Bruno (1880–
Gothic Revival Architecture; see also Romantic Architecture; also see below under Architecture Glass Pavilion, Cologne 1938):
1914,
of the United States Werkbund Exhibition
Walpole, Horace Mendelsohn, Erich
1749, Strawberry Hill, Twickenham, England 1917, Einstein Tower, Potsdam
(1717–1797): (1887–1953):
Barry, Charles Corbusier, Le
1830–1860s, Houses of Parliament, London 1950s, Notre Dame du Haut, Ronchamp
(1795–1860): (1887–1965):

1865,
Saint Pancras Railway
London
Scott, George Gilbert Bauhaus Architecture; see also International Style
Station, (1811–1878):
Gropius, Walter
Pugin, Augustus 1925, , Bauhaus Building Dessau, Germany
(1883–1969):
1830s, Houses of Parliament, London Welby Northmore
Mies van der Rohe,
(1812–1852):
1929, German Pavilion, Barcelona Ludwig (1886–
Romantic Architecture; see also Gothic Revival Architecture; also see Architecture of the United States 1969):
1890s–1940s Cotswold Cottage; see Tudor Revival Style Futurist Architecture; see also Constructivist Architecture
Nash, John (1752– Sant’Elia, Antonio
1815–1832, Royal Pavilion, Brighton, England 1914, Città Nuova
1835): (1888–1916):
Beaux-Arts Architecture; also see below under Architecture of the United States International Style; also see below under Architecture of the United States
Garnier, Charles Amsterdam Stock Berlage, Hendrick
1860s, Opera, Paris 1896–1903, Amsterdam
(1825–1898): Exchange, Petrus (1856–1934):
Art Nouveau Behrens, Peter
1909, AEG Turbine Factory, Berlin
(1868–1940):
1880s, Palau Guell, Barcelona;
Gaudí, Antoni 1910, Steiner House, Vienna;
1880s, Sagrada Familia, Barcelona; Loos, Adolf (1870–
(1852–1926): 1926, Tristan Tzara House, Paris;
1905, Casa Mila, Barcelona 1933):
1927, Moller House, Vienna;
1892, Tassel House, Brussels Horta, Victor (1861–

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CHRONOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURE CHRONOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURE
DATE STRUCTURE LOCATION STYLE ARCHITECT DATE STRUCTURE LOCATION STYLE ARCHITECT
Victorian Architecture (1860–1900) Tudor Style (1890–1940)
Richardson, Henry Colonial Revival (1890s–2000s); see Colonial Architecture
Cambridge,
1880s, Stoughton House, Hobson (1838–
Massachusetts Prairie Style (1900–1920s)
1886):
Eastlake Style (1870–1890); see Victorian Architecture Wright, Frank Lloyd
Frederick C. Robie (1867–1959) and
Richardsonian Romanesque (1870s–1900) 1906–1909, Chicago
House, Marion Mahony
1870s, Trinity Church, Boston; Griffin (1871–1961):
Richardson, Henry
Marshall Field Hobson (1838– Expressionism (and Blobitecture) (1910s–1950s)
1885–1887, Chicago 1886):
Warehouse, 1947–1949, Baker House, MIT, Boston; Aalto, Alvar (1898–
Shingle Style (1870s–1900); see Victorian Architecture 1959, Opera House, Essen, Germany 1976):
Queen Anne Style (1870s–1910); see Victorian Architecture 1947, Ledbetter House, Norman, Oklahoma; Goff, Bruce (1904–
1950s, Bavinger House, Norman, Oklahoma 1982):
Mission Style (1890–1915); see Arts and Crafts
Solomon Guggenheim Wright, Frank Lloyd
Beaux-Arts Architecture (1890s–1920s) 1940s–1950s,
Museum
New York
(1867–1959):
Asheville, North Trans World Airport Saarinen, Eero
1890s, Biltmore Estate, 1956–1962, New York
Carolina; (TWA) Terminal, (1910–1961):
Vanderbilt Mansion, “The Newport, Rhode
1890s, Art Deco (1920s–1930s)
Breakers,” Island; Hunt, Richard
World’s Columbian Morris (1827–1895): Hood, Raymond
1893, Chicago; (1881–1934) and
Exposition, 1924 Chicago Tribune Tower Chicago
John Mead Howells
Metropolitan Museum of (1868–1959):
1895, New York
Art,
New York Daily News
1887–1895, Boston Public Library; McKim, Charles 1929, New York;
Building, Hood, Raymond
Rhode Island State Follen (1847–1909), (1881–1934):
1895–1903, Providence Rockefeller Center,
Capitol,; William Rutherford 1930s, Radio City Music Hall,
New York
Mead (1846–1928),
1906, Morgan Library, New York; and Stanford White Alen, William Van
1930, Chrysler Building, New York
1910, Pennsylvania Station, New York (1853–1906): (1883–1954):
Carrere, John (1858– Shreve, Lamb and
1931, Empire State Building, New York
1911) and Thomas Harmon:
1897–1911, New York Public Library, New York
Hastings (1860– International Style (and Modernism) (1920s–1960s)
1929):
Saarinen, Eliel
Wetmore, Charles 1942, First Christian Church, Columbus, Indiana
(1873–1950):
(1866–1941) and
1903, Grand Central Station, New York Lincoln, Gropius,Walter
Whitney Warren 1937, Architect’s House,
(1864–1943): Massachusetts (1883–1969):
Arts and Crafts (Bungalow, Craftsman) (1890s–1930s) Howe, George
Philadelphia Savings
(1886–1955) and
Greene, Charles 1931, Fund Society Building Philadelphia
William Lescaze
Sumner (1868–1957) (PSFS),
(1896–1969):
1908, Gamble House, Pasadena, California and Henry Mather
Greene (1870–1954): Lincoln,
1938, Breuer House I, Breuer, Marcel
Massachusetts;
(1902–1981):
1945, Geller House, Lawrence, Long

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CHRONOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURE CHRONOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURE
DATE STRUCTURE LOCATION STYLE ARCHITECT DATE STRUCTURE LOCATION STYLE ARCHITECT
2001–2005, Casa di Musica, Porto; Koolhaus, Rem Milwaukee Art Museum, Wisconsin;
2004, Seattle Central Library (1944– ): 2001–2005, “Twisting Torso,” Malmo, Sweden;
Alfred Lerner Hall, Tschumi, Bernard Transportation Hub,
1999, New York
Columbia University, (1944– ): 2007, World Trade Center, New York
1999, Jewish Museum, Berlin; (planning)
Frederic C. Hamilton Libeskind, Daniel Skidmore, Owings
2006, Addition, Denver Art Denver, Colorado (1946– ): 1969, John Hancock Center, Chicago; & Merrill: Fazlur
Museum, Khan,
Weil-am-Rhein, Fazlur Khan and
1989, Vitra Fire Station, Hadid, Zaha (1950– ) 1970–1973, Sears Tower, Chicago;
Germany Bruce Graham,
1993–1998, UFA-Palast, Dresden Coop Himmelb(l)au: 2009, Burj Dubai United Arab Emirates Adrian Smith
Walker Art Center Tate Modern Art
2005, Minneapolis; 2000, London; Herzog and De
Expansion, Museum renovation,
Herzog and De Meuron Architekten:
M. H. de Young Meuron Architekten: 2002–2005 Allianz Arena Munich, Germany
2005, San Francisco
Museum, Green Architecture (1980s–2000s)
Critical Regionalism (1980s–2000s) Bear Run, Wright, Frank Lloyd
1935–1939, Fallingwater,
Pennsylvania (1867–1959)
Barragán, Luis
1934, Chapel in Tlalpan, outside Mexico City; Eureka Springs, Jones, E. Fay
(1902–1988): 1980, Thorncrown Chapel,
Arkansas (1921–2004)
1958, Ciudad Satelite, Mexico City with Mathias Goeritz,
Noumea, New Piano, Renzo
1976, Azuma House, Osaka; 1991, Tjibaou Cultural Center,
Caledonia (1937– )
1988, Church on the Water, Tomamu; Nouvel, Jean
Ando, Tadao (1941) 1994, Foundation Cartier, Paris
1989, Church of the Light, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka; (1945– )
2002, Modern Art Museum, Fort Worth, Texas
El-Wakil, Abdul
1975, Halawa House, Agami, Egypt
(1943– ):
High-Tech Architecture (1980s–2000s)
1980s, Akasaka Prince Hotel, Tokyo; Tange, Kenzo
1996, Fuji Television Building, Tokyo (1913–2005):
Erskine, Ralph
1 PETER 1:6-7
1992, London Ark, London
(1914–2005): NEW KING JAMES VERSION (NKJV)
6 In this you greatly rejoice, though now for a little while, if need be, you have
Hongkong and Shanghai Foster, Norman
1986, Hong Kong been grieved by various trials, 7 that the genuineness of your faith, being much
Bank, (1935– ):
Piano, Renzo (1937– more precious than gold that perishes, though it is tested by fire, may be found
1970s, Pompidou Center, Paris ) and Richard Rogers to praise, honor, and glory at the revelation of Jesus Christ
(1933– ):
design for World Trade Libeskind, Daniel
2002–2003, New York
Center, (1946– ):
Montjuic
Olympic Games,
1992, Communications Calatrava, Santiago
Barcelona;
Towers, (1951– ):
2001, Quadracci Pavilion, Milwaukee,

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STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS
DATE STRUCTURE LOCATION STYLE ARCHITECT DATE STRUCTURE LOCATION STYLE ARCHITECT
Cordoba Architecture Rogers, Richard
2000, Millennium Dome, London
Cathedral of Sagrada Gaudí, Antoni (1933– ):
1884, Barcelona
Familia, (1852–1926): Concrete
Strauss, Joseph Ancient Roman
1937, , Golden Gate Bridge San Francisco AD 118–125 Pantheon, Rome
(1870–1938): Architecture
Saarinen, Eero Mill Run, Wright, Frank Lloyd
1960s, St. Louis Gateway Arch, Missouri 1930s, Kaufmann House,
(1910–1961): Pennsylvania (1867–1959):
Marble Apartment at 25 bis Rue Perret, Auguste
1903, Paris
Ancient Greek Franklin, (1874–1954):
mid-400s BC Acropolis, Athens
Architecture Nervi, Pier Luigi
1931, Stadio Artemia Franchi, Florence;
Ancient Roman (1891–1979):
AD 118–125 Pantheon, Rome
Architecture 1959, Palazzetto dello Sport, Rome
Romanesque Candela, Felix
1200s Abbey at Montecassino, Italy 1958, Xochimilco Restaurant, Mexico City
Architecture (1910–1997):
1632–1648 Taj Mahal, Agra Indian Architecture 1973, Sydney Opera House, Sydney Utzon, Jorn (1918– ):
Newport, Rhode Beaux-Arts Hunt, Richard Rogers, Richard
1888–1892, “Marble House,”
Island Architecture Morris (1827–1895): 2000 Millennium Dome London (1933– ) and Buro
Happold:
Dome
Ancient Roman Wood
AD 118–125 Pantheon, Rome
Architecture AD 711 Buddhist Shrine, Horyu-ji, Japan
Renaissance 1125–1150 Borgund Stave Church, Sogn, Norway
1505–1650s Saint Peter’s Church, Rome
Architecture Forbidden City
1368–1644 Beijing
2002, Oklahoma State Capitol Oklahoma City Complex,
Brunelleschi, Cast Iron
Florence Cathedral Renaissance
1420s, Filippo (c. 1377–
dome Architecture Coalbrookdale, Darby, Abraham III
1446): 1779, Severn River Bridge,
England (1750–1791):
Renaissance Palladio, Andrea
1560s, Villa Rotonda, Vicenza Paxton, Joseph
Architecture (1508–1580): 1851, Crystal Palace, London Exhibition
(1801–1865):
Reading Room, Sainte-Genevieve, Labrouste, Henri
Neo-Classical Boyle, Richard 1840s,
1720s, Chiswick House, West London Bibliotheque Paris (1801–1875):
Architecture (1695–1753):
Beaux-Arts Garnier, Charles
Charlottesville, Neo-Classical Jefferson, Thomas 1860s Opera Paris
1770s, Monticello, Architecture (1825–1898):
Virginia Architecture (1743–1826):
Eiffel, Gustav (1832–
1889 Eiffel Tower Paris
1923):
Washington, D.C. Neo-Classical Latrobe, Benjamin Richardson, Henry
1803, United States Capitol, Marshall Field
begun Architecture Henry (1764–1820): 1880s Chicago Hobson (1838–
Warehouse,
Nervi, Pier Luigi 1886):
1959, Palazzetto dello Sport, Rome
(1891–1979): Glass
Fuller, Richard
Dymaxion House, Henry Paxton, Joseph
1945, Dearborn, Michigan; Buckminster (1895– 1851, Crystal Palace, London Exhibition
Ford Museum, (1801–1865):
1983):
1938, Architect’s House, Lincoln, Gropius,Walter
1960s, Geodesic Dome, Expo ’67, Montreal

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INTERCOLUMNATION ARRANGEMENT OF GREEK TEMPLES
STYLE DIST ILLUSTRATION

PYCNOSTYLE (Tight-Columned) 1.50 

SYSTYLE (Close-Columned) 2.00 
EUSTYLE (Well-Columned) 2.25 
DIASTYLE (Broad-Columned) 3.00 
ARAEOSTYLE (Light-Columned) 4.00 
ROMAN CONCRETE WALLS

 Made up of rectangular blocks of stone with or w/ out

Opus Quadratum mortar joints but frequently secured with dowels and cramps.
 Masonry of squared stones in regular ashlar course

 Made up of small stones laid in a loose pattern roughly

Opus Incertum assembling the polygonal work.
 Masonry formed of small rough stones set irregularly in mortar,
sometimes traversed by beds of bricks or tiles

 Fine joints were in diagonal lines like the meshes of a net.

 Backed by a concrete core, formed of small pyramidal stones
Opus Recticulatum
with their points embedded in the wall, their exposed square
bases, set diagonally, forming a net-like pattern

Opus Testaceum  Triangular bricks (plan) specially made for facing the walls.

 Consisted of bands of “tufa” introduced at intervals in the ordinary brick

Opus Mixtum facing or alteration of rectangular blocks with small squared stone
blocks. Formed from mix of wall surfaces TWO WAYS OF DESCRIBING TEMPLES: (rectangular)
a) According to the number of columns on the entrance front.
Opus Sectile  Any mosaic of regularly cut material b) By the arrangement of the exterior columns of the temple in relation to naos as below:

 A form of opus sectile having geometric pattern formed with few colors 1 column Henostyle 4 columns Tetrastyle 7 columns Heptastyle 10 columns Decastyle
Opus Alexandinum
such as black and white, or dark green and red
2 columns Distyle 5 columns Pentastyle 8 columns Octastyle 12 columns Dodecastyle

 A mosaic of tessera arranged in waving lines resembling the form or 3 columns Tristyle 6 columns Hexastyle 9 columns Enneastyle
Opus Vermiculatum
tracks of a worm

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GREEK STRUCTURES [(1) simplicity & harmony, (2) purity of lines, (3) perfection of proportions, (4) refinement of details]
AGEAN
STRUCTURE LOCATION STYLE DESCRIPTION
Minoan Palace
Palace of Minos, Knossos Heraklion, Crete Aegean First Excavation, 1878, Minos Kalokairinos (West Magazines)
March 1900 to 1931, Sir Arthur Evans (whole of Knossos)
Lion Gate The Lion Gate is main entrance to citadel of Mycenae, located in NW wall of the fortress.
Mycenae Conglomerate Ashlar
(Palace of Argamemnon) Gateway: 3.10 m. high and 2.95 m. wide at base. Lintel: 4.50 m long, 1.98 m. wide and 0.80 m. thick at center.
Tholos Largest and the best preserved of the nine tholos tombs in Mycenae.
Treasury of Atreus Panagitsa Hill, Mycenae (beehive-corbelled The most architecturally advanced structure buit by the Mycenean Civilization It brings new concepts, such as corbelled vaults held together by a single
(Tomb of Argamemnon) domed stone vault) keystone, and it was the firt structure built without using columns or any support like that.
HELLENIC
MASTER
STRUCTURE LOCATION ARCHITECT BUILDER STYLE DESCRIPTION
SCULPTOR
The Parthenon
Athens Ictinus & Kallikrates Phidias Doric, Peripteral, Octastyle Dedicated to the goddess Athena, largest Greek Temple.
447 BC to 432 BC
2nd largest Doric Greek temple
The Temple of Zeus Olympus Rebuider: Cossutius Doric, Pseudo-Peripteral,
Agrigentum Libon of Elis Uses “Atlantes “, carved male figure.
460 BC (Roman Architect) Heptastlye
104 Columns
Doric, Ionic, Corinthian,
Temple of Apollo Epicurius Bassae Iktinos Dedicated to Apollo Epikourios
Peripteral, Hexastyle
Dedicated to the “wingless victory“
Temple of Nike Apteros Athens (Acropolis) Kallikrates Ionic, Amphi-Prostyle, Tetrastyle

Forms the imposing entrance to the Acropolis.

The Erectheion Ionic, Apteral, Irregular Plan, No
Athens Menisicles Phidias Uses “caryatid porch “(South Porch)
421BC to 406 BC side colonnades
Uses “Egg & tongue “or “Egg & Dart “ornament.
Deinocrates
Hellenestic temple, Ionic, One of the seven wonders of the world, Center of Pan – Ionic
The Temple of Arthemis Ephesus Under the time of Scopas
Dipteral, Octastyle festival of the Asiatic Colonies.
Alexander the Great.
The Choragic Monument of Lysicrates A type of monument erected to support a Tripod, as a prize for
Athens Corinthian
Lysicrates (choregos) athletic exercises or musical competitions in Greek festival.

The Olympion Athens Cossutius Antiochus Epiphanes Corinthian, Dipteral, Octastyle

Tower of the Winds Known as the Horologium of Andronikos Cyrhestes, Clepsydra or
Athens Andronicus of Cyrrhus Octagonal Structure
(Horologion of Andronikos Kyrrhestes) water-clock internally, sundial externally.
Where famous Choragic competitions took place during the
Panathenaic festivals, prototype of all Greek temples.
The Theater Of Dionysus Athens
Considered to be the prototype of all Greek theaters &
accommodating almost 18,000 spectators.
The Theater of Epidaurus Epidaurus Polykleitus the Younger Most beautiful & preserved Greek Temple.
Propylaea of Athens Athens (Acropolis) Mnesicles Pericles forms the imposing entrance to Acropolis

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ROMAN STRUCTURES [(1) vastness & magnificence, (2) ostentation & ornateness]
TYPE STRUCTURE / EXAMPLES LOCATION DESCRIPTION ARCHITECT GENERAL
(Thermae Titi) Palaestra for physical exercise
Unctuaria place for oils & perfumes
Thermae of Grippa Rome, Italy Spaeresteriu
game room
m
One of the most striking and best preserved parts of the Villa are a pool
and an artificial grotto which were named Canopus and Serapeum,
Hadrian’s Villa
respectively. Canopus was an Egyptian city where a temple (Serapeum) private bath in 1. Tepidarium
BALNEUM Tivoli, Italy was dedicated to the god Serapis. However, the architecture is Greek Roman palaces & 2. Calidarium
Summer Bath influenced (typical in Roman architecture of the High and Late Empire) as 3. Frigidarium
houses containing
seen in the Corinthian columns and the copies of famous Greek statues
that surround the pool.
The largest and most important theatre in Rome. The largest and
most important theatre in Rome. The theatre had a
Theater of Marcellus Rome, Italy capacity of between 15,000 to 20,500 spectators and its Open-air theatre built from level ground, richly decorated outer
semicircular travertine façade originally had two tiers, each composed of 41 facade with a colonnade gallery and vaulted entrances for the
THEATERS / ODEION arches. The lower tier had Doric columns, the second tier Ionic and the top public. Roman theaters were built up by means of concrete
attic probably carried Corinthian pilasters. vaulting, supporting tiers of seats; it was restricted to a semi-
circle.
One of the finest remains of the Roman Empire and, as such, has been
Theater Orange designated a UNESCO World Heritage site. It is, in fact, the best
preserved theatre in the whole of Europe.
The elliptical building is immense, measuring 188m by 156m and reaching
a height of more than 48 meters (159 ft). The magnificent structure was
clad in marble and 160 larger-than-life statues graced the arches on the
upper floors.

The Colosseum could accommodate some 55,000 spectators Commenced by Circular, semi-circular or elliptical auditorium in which a central
AMPHITHEATERS / The Colosseum who entered the building through no less than 80 entrances. Above Vespasian & arena Is surrounded by rising tiers of seats. Circus is a roof-less
COLOSSEUM (Flavian’s Amphitheatre) the ground are four stories, the upper story contained seating for lower completed by enclosure for chariot or horse racing and for gladiator shows
classes and women. Domitian. and usually In oblong shape

The lowest story was preserved for prominent citizens. Below the ground
were rooms with mechanical devices and cages containing wild animals.
The cages could be hoisted, enabling the animals to appear in the middle
of the arena.
The Circus Maximus was a massive arena accommodating 250,000
Circus Maximus
spectators and providing various games, horse and chariot races
Recovery of the eagle standards (Aquila) that had been lost to Germanic
Arch of Tiberius Orange, France
tribes by Varus in 9.
Arch of Titus Rome, Italy Capture of Jerusalem
Function is to commemorate imperial victories with reliefs,
TRIUMPHAL ARCHES
Arch of inscriptions and statues
Rome, Italy Victories against the Parthians
Septimius Severus
Arch of Constantine Rome, Italy Triumphs over Maxentius
Part of the city walls and is one of the best preserved of such gateways. As a protective wall & commemorative monument.
TOWN GATEWAYS Porta Nigra Treves
The structure, 115 ft. wide and 95 ft. high at its highest part, has a double As a ornamental portals to forum or market places.

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ROMAN STRUCTURES [(1) vastness & magnificence, (2) ostentation & ornateness]
TYPE STRUCTURE / EXAMPLES LOCATION DESCRIPTION ARCHITECT GENERAL
(Country House) the farm-house estate permanently occupied
Villa Rustica by the servants who had charge generally of
the estate
Many storeyed tenements also called “Workmen’s Dwelling”.
INSULA A kind of apartment building that housed most of the urban citizen
(Apartment Block) population of ancient Rome, including ordinary people of lower- or middle-
class status (the plebs)
The bridge is part of the Nîmes aqueduct, a 50 km-long (31 mi) structure Channel for supplying Water
Pont Du Gard
AQUEDUCTS Nimes built by the Romans to carry water from a spring at Uzès to theRoman Often underground but treated architecturally on high arches
(Gard Bridge) colony of Nemausus (Nîmes). when crossing valleys or low ground
Pons Sublicius Rome The earliest known bridge of ancient Rome, made entirely of wood Ancus Marcius
An economically and strategically important bridge in the era of the Roman
Empire and was the site of the famousBattle of Milvian Bridge.
Gaius Claudius Simple, solid & practical construction designed to resist the
BRIDGES OR PONS Pons Mulvius Rome
Nero rush of water.
In 2000s, the bridge began attracting couples, who use a lamppost on the
bridge to attach love padlocks as a token of love.
Bridge of Augustus Rimini
Made to compliment the lavish Baroque facade Maderno designed for St. Carlo Maderno
Fountains of St. Peter's Peter's Basilica. The Maderno fountain was built on the site of an earlier (1614) and Gian
Square fountain from 1490, and used the same lower basin. The Bernini fountain Lorenzo Bernini
was added a half-century later. (1677)
A masterpiece of Baroque sculpture, representing Triton,
Gian Lorenzo
Triton Fountain Piazza Barberini half-man and half-fish, blowing his horn to calm the waters, following a text Bernini
by the Roman poet Ovid in the Metamorphoses.
A grand theater of water – it has three fountains, built in a line
on the site of the Stadium of Domitian. The fountains at either end are
by Giacomo della Porta; the Neptune fountain to the north, (1572)
shows the God of the Sea sparing, an octopus, is surrounded by tritons, Giacomo della
sea horses and mermaids. At the southern end is La Fontana del Moro, a Porta
Piazza Navona figure either of an African (a Moor) or of Neptune wrestling with a dolphin. &
FOUNTAINS In the center is the Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi, (The Fountain of the Four Gian Lorenzo
Rivers) (1648–51), a highly theatrical fountain by Bernini, with statues Bernini
representing rivers from the four continents; the Nile, Danube, Plate
River and Ganges. Over the whole structure is a 54-foot (16 m) Egyptian
obelisque, crowned by a cross with the emblem of the Pamphili family,
representing Pope Innocent X, whose family palace was on the piazza.
The largest and most spectacular of Rome's
fountains, designed to glorify the three different Popes who created it.
It was built beginning in 1730 at the terminus of the reconstructed Acqua
Vergine aqueduct, on the site of Renaissance fountain. It was the work of Leon Battista
Trevi Fountain architect Nicola Salvi and the successive project of Pope Clement Alberti.
XII, Pope Benedict XIV and Pope, whose emblems and inscriptions are
carried on the attic story, entablature and central niche. The central figure
is Oceanus, the personification of all the seas and oceans, in an oyster-
shell chariot, surrounded by Tritons and Sea Nymphs.

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HISTORY OF SETTLEMENTS HISTORY OF SETTLEMENTS
ERA CITIES DESCRIPTION ERA CITIES DESCRIPTION
Outposts were left all over Europe where growth
The PLOW and rectilinear farming Decline of Roman Power
ANCIENT TIMES revolved
Circular and Radiocentric Planning For herding and eventually for defense Feudalism Affected urban design of most towns
Neolithic Cities Sienna and Constantinople Signified the rise of the church

Jericho
Early settlement in Israel (9000 BC) MEDIEVAL AGES Coastal Port Towns Grew from military fortifications
3 Hectares; 3,000 people
7000 – 9000 BC Early Settlement in Turkey (7000 BC)
Catal Hoyuk 13 hectares; 10,000 people Mercantilist Cities
Early settlement in Cyprus (5000 BC) Population Concentrations created by world trade
Khirokitia First documented settlements with streets Florence, Paris, Venice and travel
Cities in the Fertile Crescent 15TH Century France Display of Power
Became a major element in Town Planning &
Eridu Oldest City Arts & Architecture
2000 – 4000 BC Urban Design
Damascus Oldest continually inhabited city THE RENAISSANCE Geometrical Form Cities
Babylon Largest city with 80,000 inhabitants & BAROQUE PERIOD
Vienna City of Culture & Arts; First University Town
Cities along the Nile Valley Karlsruhe, Germany Landscape architecture showcased palaces and
3000 BC Thebes and Memphis Monumental Architecture Versailles, France gardens

Tel-El-Amarna Typical Egyptian City Taken after the “buog” (Military Town) and
Medieval Organic City “fauborg” (Citizen’s Town) of Medieval Age
Indus Valley (Present Day Pakistan)
2500 BC Administrative & Religious Centers with 40,000
Mohenjo-Daro & Harrapa inhabitants; advanced civilization taken from the French bastide (eventually referred
Medieval Bastide to as “new towns”)
Yellow River Valley of China
1900 BC
Anyang Largest city of the Yellow River The Spanish “Laws of the Indies” King Philip II’s city guidelines that produced 3
types: Pueblo (Civil), Presidio (Military), Mission
800 BC Beijing Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) SETTLEMENTS IN Town (Religious)
Zapotecs, Mextecs, Aztecs Mesoamerican Cities built AMERICA The English Renaissance The European Planned City
BC to AD
Teotijuacan & Dzibilchatun Largest Cities By James Oglethorpe
Savannah The world’s largest officially recognized historical
Greek Classical Cities spread to Aegean Region district
Acropolis Most Famous Charleston, Annapolis, Williamsburg Col. Francis Nicholson
700 BC Sparta & Athens The Largest Cities (100,000 – 150,000) The Speculators Town Developments were driven by speculations
By William Penn, built between Delaware &
Neopolis and Paleopolis New and Old Cities Philadelphia School Kill
Miletus (by Hippodamus) 3 Sections: Artisan, Farmers, Military THE INDUSTRIAL The Machine Age Change from Manpower to Assembly Lines
Agora Public Market Place REVOLUTION Reform Movements & Specialists 2 School of thought

Roman Classical Cities Greek forms with different scale New Lanark Mills, Manchester, England 800 – 1200 persons
400 BC
New Harmony, Indiana by Owens Jr.
Republican Forum Owenite Communities Brook Farm, Massachusettes, by New England Pl.
Icarus, Red River, Texas by Cabet
Imperial Forum Une Cite Industrielle By tony Garnier

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MAJOR PLANNING THEORIES MAJOR PLANNING THEORIES

THEORY DESCRIPTION THEORY THEORY

In philosophy in general, rationalism is the foundation and embodiment of the scientific

(6) Utopianism believes that planning is most effective when it proposes sweeping changes that
method. It serves the same role in planning theory. The rationalist model of the planning
capture the public imagination. Daniel Burnham’s Plan of Chicago, Frank Lloyd Wright’s
process generally contains the following steps. UTOPIANISM Broadacre City, and Le Corbusier’s La Ville Contemporaine are often cited as utopian works.
(1) • Goals and objectives are set.
SYNOPTIC • Policy alternatives are identified.
RATIONALISM • The policy alternatives are evaluated – vis-à-vis effectiveness (in attaining the goals and Methodism addresses situations in which the planning techniques that should be used are
objectives), efficiency, and constraints – using scientific conceptual models and (7) known, but the ends that should be achieved by these techniques are not. Such a situation
evaluation techniques (e.g., cost benefit analysis). METHODISM would be making a population projection just to have it handy when it is needed. Methodism
• The selected policy alternative is implemented. views planning techniques as ends into themselves.

This theory – which was espoused by Charles Lindbloom in The Science of Muddling Through
– is a practical response to rationalism. Planning is seen as less of a scientific technique and
(2)
more of a mixture of intuition and experience. Major policy changes are best made in little URBAN ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES
INCREMENTALISM increments over long periods of time. Incrementalism very accurately describes what actually
occurs in most planning offices on a daily basis.  The entrance of a new population and / or facilities in an already occupied area.
 A term referring to the process by which social groups or activities which are better adapted
INVASION
to a given environment than are its existing inhabitants or activities enter and eventually
(3) Like incrementalism, transactivism does not view planning purely as a scientific technique. dominate it.
Transactivism espouses planning as a decentralized function based on face-to-face contacts,
TRANSACTIVE
interpersonal dialogues, and mutual learning. Transactivism is roughly behavioralist-style
PLANNING planning. CENTRALIZATION  An increase in population at a certain geographic center

Advocacism abandons the objective, non-political view of planning contained in rationalism. BLOCK-BOOSTING  “Forcing” the old population out of the area because of social or racial differences
Planners become like lawyers: they advocate and defend the interests of a particular client or
group (which is preferably economically disadvantaged and/or politically unorganized or
underrepresented).  Improving the physical set-up and consequently affecting the market for previously
• Paul Davidoff was an early champion of advocacy planning. He argued that there is no run- down areas.
(4) one public interest for planners to serve, and thus, that planners have no choice but to  The process of renewal and rebuilding accompanying the influx of middle-class or
ADVOCACY become non-objective advocates for specific interests and groups. GENTRIFICATION affluent people into deteriorating areas that often displaces poorer residents.
PLANNING • Saul Alinsky developed an advocacist vision of planning that is centered around so-called  The buying and renovating of houses and stores in deteriorated urban neighborhoods
“organizations.” Alinsky’s organizations develop where people feel powerless. These by wealthier individuals, which in effect improves property values but also can displace
organizations then hire planners (which Alinsky largely sees as political organizers) to identify low- income families and small businesses.
problems, develop an awareness of these problems, and generate action.
• Alan Altshuler also argued for abandoning the objective, non-political view of planning.
He felt that to be effective, planners must become actively involved in the political process.
PSALM 139:16
In a sense, radicalism takes transactivism to its logical extreme. Radicalism hates hierarchical NEW KING JAMES VERSION (NKJV)
bureaucracies, centralized planning, and domineering professional planners. It argues that Your eyes saw my substance, being yet unformed.
(5) planning is most effective when it is performed by non-professional neighborhood planning And in Your book they all were
RADICAL committees that empower common citizens to experiment with solving their own problems.
The ideal outcomes of this process are collective actions that promote self-reliance. Much written, The days fashioned for me,
PLANNING
of the radical planning literature that I have personally read is based on Marxist When as yet there were none of them
interpretations and theories.

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CITY CLASSIFICATION Major Theories in URBAN SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF CITIES

The Local Government Code of 1991 (Republic Act No. 7160) classifies all cities into one of three categories: STRUCTURE AUTHOR DESCRIPTION

 Cities with a minimum population of two hundred thousand (200,000) inhabitants, The city grows in a radial expansion from the
center to form a series of concentric zones or
HIGHLY as certified by the National Statistics Office, and with the latest annual income of at least
CONCENTRIC ZONE circles such as in Chicago. As the city grows,
URBANIZED five hundred million pesos (₱500,000,000) based on 2008 constant prices, as each ring invades and overtakes the next ring
certified by the city treasurer. THEORY E. W. Burgess out – a process called Invasion/ Succession
INDEPENDENT
(Monocentric) (thus, Concentric Theory is sometimes
CITIES  There are currently 35 highly urbanized cities in the Philippines, 16 of which are referred to as Invasion/ Succession
located in Metro Manila. Theory”).

High-density residential, commercial, and

 Cities of this type are independent of the province, and as such their charters ban industrial uses radiate out from the central
INDEPENDENT residents from voting for provincial elective officials. Cities with a minimum population of business district (CBD) in “sectors” that follow
150,000 and annual income of at least 350 million pesos (₱350,000,000) major transportation routes. More expensive
COMPONENT SECTOR THEORY Homer Hoyt housing also radiates out from the CBD
CITIES based on 2008 constant prices, as certified by the City Treasurer. – Towards large open spaces and higher
 There are five such cities: Cotabato, Dagupan, Naga, Ormoc and Santiago. ground. Less expensive housing takes
whatever land is left over.

 Cities which do not meet the preceding requirements are deemed part of the province in Cities tend to grow around not one but several
COMPONENT which they are geographically located. If a component city is located along the Chauncy Harris distinct nuclei.
MULTIPLE NUCLEI Certain land uses group together to take
CITIES boundaries of two or more provinces, it shall be considered part of the province of which and
it used to be a municipality. THEORY advantage of unique facilities (e.g.
Edward Ullman universities), specializations, co-
(Polycentric)
“The Nature of Cities” dependencies, or externalities. This theory is
CREATION OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS (LGU) often applied to cities with more than one CBD

LEGISLATIVE
AREA BODIES The preceding three theories apply primarily to
LGU POPULATION INCOME cities of MDCs, particularly American. Many
(Square Kilometers) (create, merge, abolish, or INVERSE CONCENTRIC
alter boundaries of LGU) Friedrich Engels cities in the LDCs follow somewhat different
ZONE THEORY patterns – this is a reversal of the concentric
zone pattern.
₱20M for the last
PROVINCE 2,000 250,000 two (2) consecutive Congress
years based on 1991
constant prices It explains the reasons behind the distribution
Walter Christaller patterns, size, and number of cities and towns
CENTRAL PLACE THEORY (Developed)
₱100M for the last (i.e. Polders of Netherlamds; the Fens of
Paul Peterson Tested in Southern Germany and came to the
two (2) consecutive East Anglia, UK)
CITY 100 150,000 Congress
(Advanced in “City Limits0)
conclusion that people gather together in cities
years based on 2000 to share goods and ideas.
constant prices

₱2.5M for the last

Congress
MUNICIPALITY 50 25,000 two (2) consecutive ARMM Regional
years based on 1991 The center of the city contains the agora
Assembly (market place), theaters, and temples. Public
constant prices GRID / GRIDIRON MODEL / rooms surround the city’s public arena.
5,000 (Metro Manila HIPPODAMIAN PLAN Hippodamus of Miletus
Congress / ARMM The plan can be laid out uniformly over any
and Highly Urbanized Regional Assembly (i.e. The City of Priene)
kind of terrain since it is based on angles and
BARANGAY NONE Cities) NONE Sangguniang measurements
2,000 (rest of the Panlalawigan (Bayan) /
country) Panglunsod

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NEIGHBORHOOD STRUCTURE AND ELEMENTS

T3 SUB-URBAN ZONE T4 GENERAL URBAN ZONE T5 URBAN CENTER ZONE T6 URBAN CORE ZONE
Sub-Urban: the least dense, most purely resi General Urban: the sector that is mixed in Urban Center: the dense multifunctional social Urban Core:the most dense business, service,
dential sector of the neighborhood. The size function, but principally residential. It has a condenser of a neighborhood. It is usually at a and institutinal center, It is usually shared by
varies in proportion depending on whether the generalizes character, and is usually the central location, within walking distance of the several neighborhoods. It always straddles
model is more rural (village-like) or more urban largest area of the neighborhood. surrounding, primarily residential areas. thoroughfares at their most active intersection.
(town-like). It is usually within walking distance of a large
residential catchment.

LAND USE Land use is restricted, combining residential Land use is limited, permitting the controlled Land use is open, encouraging the combina- Land use is open, encouraging the combina-
with certain other used. combination of residential with other uses. tion of the residential and other uses. tion of residential and other uses.

BUILDING Building of the low-density freestanding Buildings of the medium-density freestanding Buildings of the higher-density attached court- Buildings only of the high-density attached
edgeyard type. sideyard and edgeyard types. yard, rearyard, and also sideyard types. courtyard and rearyard types.

FRONTAGE Frontages that weakly define the public Frontages that are variegated with medium Frontages that define continous streetwalls Frontages that define continous streetwalls
space with deep setbacks: common lawn setbacks: dooryard, and porch and fence. with shallow setbacks: arcade, shopfront, with shallow setbacks: arcade, shopfront,
and porch and fence. stoop, and forecourt. stoop, and forecourt.

STREETSCAPE Streetscapes that create the most rural con Streetscapes that create a variety of condi- Streetscapes that create urban conditions: Streetscapes that create the most urban
ditions: parkway, road, and lane. tions: road, residential street, and avenue. residential street, commercial street, conditions: commercial street, avenue,
avenue, and boulevard. and boulevard.
THOROUGHFARE Thoroughfares are roads and drives. Thoroughfares are avenues, streets, and Thoroughfares are avenues and streets. All Thoroughfares are streets and boulevards.
Buildings may be served by rear lanes, roads. Most buildings are served by rear buildings are served by rear alleys. All buildings are served by rear alleys.
though wider lots may dispense with them. lanes.
OPEN SPACE Open space may be parks within the Open space is organized as parks and Open space is organized as plazas or Open space is organized as plazas or
proximate greenbelt. greens. squares. squares.

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FRONTAGE TYPES WIND EXPOSURE CATEGORY
EXPOSURE DESCRIPTION
SECTION LOT ROW PLAN LOT ROW Large city centers with at least 50 percent of
the buildings having a height in excess of 70
Gallery & Arcade: a Private Frontage Frontage Line. An easement for pri-

T6 URBAN CORE
conventionally for Retail use wherein vate use of the right-of-way is usually feet (21 336 mm). Use of this exposure
the Facade is a colonnade that over- required. To be useful, the arcade category shall be limited to those areas for
laps the Sideealk, while the Facade should be no less than 12 ft. wide which terrain representative of Exposure A
at the Sidewalk level remains at the prevails in the upwind direction for a distance of
A at least 0.5 mile (0.8 km) or 10 times the height
Shopfront & Awning: a facade is levered shed roof or an awning, The of the building or other structure, whichever is

T5 URBAN CENTER
aligned close to the frontage line with absence of a raised ground story pre- greater. Possible channeling effects or
the entrance at sidewalk grade. This cludes residential use on the ground increased velocity pressures due to the building
type is conventional for retail frontage. floor, although this use is appropriate or structure being located in the wake of
It is commonly equipped with canti- above. adjacent buildings shall be taken into account.

Stoop: a private Frontage wherein ground-floor residential uses at short

the Facade is aligned close to the setbacks with rowhouses and apart- Urban and suburban areas, wooded areas, or
Frontage Line with the first Story ele- ments buildings. An easement may be other terrain with numerous closely spaced
vated from the Sidewalk for privacy, necessary to accommodate the obstructions having the size of single-family
with an exterior stair and landing at encroaching stoop.
B dwellings or larger. Exposure B shall be
the entrance. This type is suitable for assumed unless the site meets the definition of
Forecourt: a facade is aligned close junction with the two frontage types another type exposure.
to the frontage line with a portion of above, as a continuous excessive
it set back. The forecourt created is setback is boring and unsafe for pe-
suitable for gardens, vehicular drop- destrians. Trees within the forecourts Open terrain with scattered obstructions,
offs. and utility off-loading. This type should be placed to have their cano- including surface undulations or other
should be used sparingly and in con- pies overhanging the sidewalks. irregularities, having heights generally less than
30 feet (9144 mm) extending more than 1,500
Dooryard & Light Court: a private This type effectively buffers residen-

T4 GENERAL URBAN
feet (457 m) from the building site in any
Frontage type with a shallow set- tial quarters from the sidewalk while
back and front garden or patio usual- removing the private yard from public
quadrant. This exposure shall also apply to any
ly with a low wall at the Frontage Line. encroachment. C building located within Exposure B type terrain
where the building is directly adjacent to open
areas of Exposure C type terrain in any
Porch & Fence: a facade is set back the demarcation of the yard. A great quadrant for a distance of more than 600 feet

T3 SUB-URBAN
from the frontage line with an en- variety of porches is possible, but to (183 m). This category includes flat open
croaching porch appended. The be useful, none should be less than country, grasslands and shorelines in hurricane
porch should be within a conversa- 8 ft. wide. prone regions.
tional distance of the sidewalk, while
a fence at the frontage line maintains
Flat, unobstructed areas exposed to wind
Common Lawn: a facade set back sub- as social interaction from the en-
flowing over open water (excluding shorelines

T2 RURAL
stantially from the frontage line. The front fronting throughfarfe is unlikely at such a
yard thus created should remain un- distance. Common Lawns are suitable in hurricane prone regions) for a distance of at
fenced and be visually continuous with frontages for higher-speed thoroughfares, least 1 mile (1.61 km). Shorelines in Exposure
adjacent yards. The ideal is to simulate as the large setback provides a buffer D include inland waterways, the Great Lakes,
buildings sitting in a common rural from the traffic. and coastal areas of California, Oregon,
landscape. A front porch is noe warranted, D Washington and Alaska. This exposure shall
Slip Lane: a facade no more than sidewalk system are landscaped to apply only to those buildings and other

D DISTRICT
80 ft. from the right-of-way. Parking provide shade and shelter and a structures exposed to the wind coming from
is placed within the first layer. Private streetwall buffer. Appropriate transit over the water. Exposure D extends inland
sidewalks are provided between the stops are provided along the frontages, from the shoreline a distance of 1500 feet (457
public sidewalk and the building directly linked to the private sidewalk
m) or 10 times the height of the building or
entrances. The parking and private system.
structure, whichever is greater.

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METRO MANILA MAP OF THE PHILIPPINES
CITY/ POPULATION AREA DENSITY INCORPORATED
MUNICIPALITY as of 2010 (sq. km.) (per sq. km.) (City)
Manila 1,652,171 38.55 42,858 1571
Caloocan 1,489,040 55.80 26,685 1962
Las Piñas 552,573 32.69 16,903 1997
Makati 529,039 21.57 24,527 1995
Malabon 353,337 15.71 22,491 2001
Mandaluyong 328,699 21.26 15,461 1994
Marikina 424,150 21.52 19,710 1996
Muntinlupa 459,941 39.75 11,571 1995
Navotas 249,131 10.77 23,132 2007
Parañaque 588,126 47.69 12,332 1998
Pasay 392,869 13.97 28,122 1947
Pasig 669,773 31.00 21,606 1995
Pateros 64,147 2.25 28,510 Municipality
Quezon City 2,761,720 166.20 16,619 1939
San Juan 121,430 5.95 20,408 2007
Taguig 644,473 53.67 12,008 2004
Valenzuela 575,356 47.02 12,236 1998

WIND LOADS
ZONE SPEED

I (NE) 250 kph

II (NW) 200 kph

III (SW) 125 kph

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UAP DOC 202 (OLD) SPP DOC 202 (NEW)
COMMUTATIVE ACTUAL MBF of COMMUTATIVE ACTUAL MBF of
PHASE / STAGE PHASE / STAGE
OPERATION PERCENTAGE PHP 1,000,000 OPERATION PERCENTAGE PHP 1,000,000
PRELIMINARY
Feasibility Study 5% 5% 50,000
MOBILIZATION
Feasibility Study 25,000 25,000 25,000

SCHEMATIC SCHEMATIC
DESIGN 15% 10% 100,000 DESIGN 15% 15% -25,000 125,000
Preliminary Design Preliminary Design
DESIGN DESIGN
DEVELOPMENT 35% 20% 200,000 DEVELOPMENT 40% 25% 250,000
Working Drawings Working Drawings
CONTRACT CONTRACT
DOCUMENT
Specifications / Contract 85% 50% 500,000 DOCUMENT
Specifications / Contract 90% 50% 500,000
Documents Documents
COMPLETION
Part Time Supervision 100% 15% 150,000
COMPLETION
Part Time Supervision 100% 10% 100,000

100% 1,000,000 100% 1,000,000

LIABILITY 10% LIABILITY 5%

SUPERVISION 5% SUPERVISION 5%

UAP DOC 203 UAP DOC 204 UAP DOC 205

SPECIALIZED ALLIED SERVICES CONSTRUCTION SERVICES POST-CONSTRUCTION SERVICES
Salary Basis Monthly
FULL TIME SUPERVISION
INTERIOR DESIGN 12% - 20% 1.0% - 1.5% MANAGEMENT FEE
QC, Documentation, Reports
Percentage of Gross Rentals 4.0% - 6.0%
CONSTRUCTION MANAGER UAP DOC 207
LANDSCAPE DESIGN 10% - 15% Present only DURING construction of the project 1.5% - 3.0%
DESIGN-BUILD SERVICES

ACOUSTICS, LIGHTING, PROJECT MANAGER

DESIGN-BUILD SERVICES
ENGINEERING SERVICES
10% - 15% Present BEFORE-DURING-AFTER construction 2% - 5% By Administration 7% + RDS Fee
of the project

Government Employee 1.5% of PCC &

DESIGN-BUILD SERVICES
With Guaranteed Maximum Project Construction
10% + RDS Fee
Interest rate per annum
in case of incomplete / non-payment 2% As Architect-of-Record (AoR)
not more than 50% of Cost
INCENTIVE PAY TO COVER CIVIL LIABILITIES
Annual Salary

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ARCHITECT’S MINIMUM BASIC FEE (SPP 2010)
GROUP TYPE MBF BUILDINGS 50M 50M 100M 300M 500M 500M
7 HOUSING 100% (1st) Several Residential Buildings on a single site with the use of one (1) set of plans /
60% (2nd-10th) designs, specifications and related documents
30% (11th + )
MATTHEW 7:7-8
8 EXTENSIVE DETAILING 15% Design for built-in components or elements, built-in equipment, special fittings, NEW KING JAMES VERSION (NKJV)
screens, counters, Architectural Interiors, and Development Planning and / or 7 “Ask, and it will be given to you; seek, and you will find;
design
Alterations, renovations, rehabilitations, retrofit and expansion / additions to
knock, and it will be opened to you. 8 For everyone who
9 ALTERATIONS / RENOVATIONS 150%
asks receives, and he who seeks finds, and to him who
existing buildings belonging to Groups 1 to 5
The Architect is engaged to render opinion or give advice, clarifications or knocks it will be opened.
10 CONSULTATION / ARBITRATION PHP 200/hr
for technical explanation on technical matters pertaining to architectural works
matters
PHP 500
as expert witness

ARCHITECT’S MINIMUM BASIC FEE

PHYSICAL PLANNING SERVICES (OLD SPP)
TYPE DESCRIPTION SCOPE BASIC FEE
Moderately Flat
Industrial Estates
1 Commercial Centers First 50 Hectares or less PHP 5,000 per Hectare
Sports Complexes
Resorts Over 50 Hectares up to 100 Hectares PHP 250,000 + PHP 4,500 per Hectare in excess of 50 Hectares
Tourist Centers
Amusement Parks
Educational Campuses Over 100 Hectares up to 200 Hectares PHP 475,000 + PHP 4,000 per Hectare in excess of 100 Hectares
Institutional & Government Centers
Site Planning of Complex Consisting of Several Structures within a Over 200 Hectares PHP 875,000 + PHP 3,000 per Hectare in excess of 200 Hectares
Contiguous Site
Subdivision Planning for housing on properties within Metro
2
First 100 Hectares or less PHP 3,000 per Hectare
Manila, Cities, Regional Centers, and Provincial Capitals
Over 100 Hectares up to 200 Hectares PHP 300,000 + PHP 2,300 per Hectare in excess of 100 Hectares
Over 200 Hectares PHP 550,000 + PHP 2,000 per Hectare in excess of 200 Hectares
Subdivision Planning for housing on properties located on other
3
First 100 Hectares or less PHP 2,000 per Hectare
localities beside those under Type 2
Over 100 Hectares up to 200 Hectares PHP 200,000 + PHP 1,500 per Hectare in excess of 100 Hectares
Over 200 Hectares PHP 350,000 + PHP 1,000 per Hectare in excess of 200 Hectares
Rugged with Steep Terrain Increase by 30%
Preparation of Detailed Engineering Drawings & Specifications on ROADS, 4% of Development Cost
DRAINAGE, SEWERAGE, POWER & COMMUNICATION

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ARCHITECT’S RECOMMENDED PROFESSIONAL FEE (SPP 2016)
RPF 50M 100M 300M 500M
50M 500M
GROUP TYPE BUILDINGS Php 50M Php 100M Php 200M Php 500M
DAEDS DADS Php 50M Over Php 1B
to 100M to 200M to 500M to1B
7 HOUSING 100% (1st) 100% (1st) Several Residential Buildings on a single site with the use of one (1) set of plans /
designs, specifications and related documents
50% (2nd-10th) 30% (2nd-10th)
40% (11th-30th) 24% (11th-30th)
25% (31st-50th) 15% (31st-50th)
15% (51st-) 9% (51st-)

8 EXTENSIVE Design for built-in components or elements, built-in equipment, special fittings, MATTHEW 7:7-8
15% PCC screens, counters, Architectural Interiors, and Development Planning and / or
DETAILING NEW KING JAMES VERSION (NKJV)
design 7 “Ask, and it will be given to you; seek, and you will find;
9 ALTERATIONS / Alterations, renovations, rehabilitations, retrofit and expansion / additions to
existing buildings belonging to Groups 1 to 5 knock, and it will be opened to you. 8 For everyone who
RENOVATIONS 150%
asks receives, and he who seeks finds, and to him who
The Architect is engaged to render opinion or give advice, clarifications or
knocks it will be opened.
10 CONSULTATION PHP 1000/hr for consultation
(as Technical Adviser) explanation on technical matters pertaining to architectural works
/ ARBITRATION
PHP 5000/appearance for
arbitration (as Expert Witness) witness

SPP 203 –SPECIALIZED ARCHITECTURAL SERVICES

METHOD OF COMPENSATION:
1.Arch’l. Interior 10% to 15% x Cost of Work (average =12%, coordination fee 5% x Cost of Work)
2.Landscape 10% to 15% x Cost of Work (coordination fee 5% x Cost of Work)
3.Acoustics 10% to 15% x Cost of Work (coordination fee 5% x Cost of Work)
preparation of Detailed Engineering Drawings and Specifications on roads, drainage, sewerage, power, communication system and additional fee to
4.Physical Planning be charged by the Architect 4% x Development Cost of the Project
MODE OF PAYMENTS:
Upon Submission of Preliminary Design 30% of the Fee
Upon Submission of Final Design 50% of the Fee
Upon Completion of the Project 20% of the Fee

PHYSICAL PLANNING FOR BUILDING The Recommended Professional Fee (RPF) is Php 50,000.00 per hectare for the first five (5Has) hectares net to the Architect.
SITES such as INDUSTRIAL ESTATES,
COMMERCIAL, RELIGIOUS,
INSTITUTION & GOVERNMENT
AREA RECOMMENDED PROFESSIONAL FEE (RPF) AMOUNT
Basic rate for the first 5 hectares or less P5.00 per sq. meter P250,000.00
(1 hectare : 10,000 sq.meters)
Over 5 hectares up to 10 hectares P4.00 per sq. meter P250,000.00 + P40,000.00 per hectare in excess of 5 hectares
Over 10 hectares up to 50 hectares P3.00 per sq. meter P450,000.00 + P30,000.00 per hectare in excess of 10 hectares
Over 50 hectares and above P1.50 per sq. meter P1,650,000.00 + P15,000.00 per hectare in excess of 50 hectares
The rate stipulated above is based on the assumption that the land to be developed is moderately flat. However,
if the land is rugged with steep terrain the fee shall increase by 20% to 30%.

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ARCHITECT'S RECOMMENDED PROFESSIONAL FEE
50M 50M 100M 300M 500M 500M
GROUP TYPE RPF BUILDINGS Php 50M Php 50M Php 50M to 100M Php 200M to 500M Php 500M to 1B Over Php 1B
DAEDS DADS DAEDS DADS DAEDS DADS DAEDS DADS DAEDS DADS DAEDS DADS DAEDS DADS
Residences Row Houses or Shop Houses
Single Detached Small Apartment Houses
4 RESIDENTIAL 10% 6%
Single Attached or Duplex Townhouses

Exposition and Fair Buildings Specialized Decorative Buildings

Mausoleums, Memorials and Museums
5 MONUMENTAL 12% 7.50%
Monuments
Building of similar nature or use
100% (1st) Plan/design and related Contract Documents are re-used for the
50% (2nd) repetitive construction of similar buildings without amending the drawing and
6 REPETITIVE
40% (3rd) the specifications
30% (4th)
1st 10% PCC 6% PCC Housing Project involving the construction of several residential units on a single
2 to 10 50% 30% site with the use of one (1 ) set of plans/design, specifications and related
7 HOUSING 11 to 30 40% 24% documents
31 to 50 25% 15%
51 up 15% 9%
Projects involving extensive detail such as designs for built-in components or
8 EXTENSIVE DETAILING 15% PCC elements, built-in equipment, special fittings, screens, counters, architectural
interiors and development planning and/or design

Alterations, renovations, rehabilitations, retrofit and expansion/additions to

9 ALTERATIONS 150% PCC
existing buildings belonging to GROUPs 1 to 5 enumerated above
Php 1000/Hr Engaged to render opinion or give advice, clarifications or explanation on
CONSULTATION/ Technical Matters technical matters pertatining to his profession
10 Php 5000/Hr.
ARBITRATION
Expert Witness
2010 SPP DOCUMENTS IRR OF RA 9266 CODE OF ETHICS (UAP DOC 200)
NO. DESCRIPTION CONTENTS A S TITLE

200
The 2006 Code Of Ethical
Conduct (UAP) 1
Title, Policy Statement, Definition of
Terms and Scope of Practice
1-3 3 1 2 General Provisions

SECTIONS
Professional Regulatory Board The Architect’s Responsibility in
201 2 2 7

RULES
Pre-Design Services of Architecture (PRBOA) 4 - 11 8 Relation to the PEOPLE
Organization, Powers and Function
The Architect’s Responsibility in
202 Design Services 3
Examination, Registration and
Licensure
12 - 24 13 3 12
Relation to His / Her CLIENT

The Architect’s Responsibility in

203 Specialized Allied Services 4 Practice of Architecture 25 - 39 15 4 5
Relation to the CONTRACTOR

Full Time Construction The Architect’s Responsibility in

204A Services 5 Final Provisions 40 - 47 8 Relation to
5 2 MANUFACTURERS,
Construction Management
204B Services Violation of IRR of RA9266 DEALERS & AGENTS

PHP 100,000 – PHP 5,000,000

205 Post-Construction Services
6 months to 6 years
The Architect’s Responsibility in
Relation to His / Her
6 22 COLLEAGUES AND
Comprehensive Architectural Any HEAD OF GOVERNMENT AGENCY OR OFFICER(S) of a Private Firm / institution
206 Services who violates – sub-paragraph of RA. No. 8981
SUBORDINATES

PHP 50,000 – PHP 500,000

207 Design-Build Services
6 months + 1 day to 6 years
7 1 Architect’s Credo

208
Architectural Design
Competition (ADC) Without first executing a written CONTRACT/SERVICE AGREEMENT 8 3 Miscellaneous Provisions

Professional Architectural Not less than PHP200,000

209 Consulting Services (PACS) Not exceeding 6 years
Violation of the Code

PHP 100,000 – PHP 5,000,000

301 General Conditions
6 months to 6 years

METHODS OF COMPENSATION APPLICATION METHODS OF SELECTION APPLICATION BASIS / PROCESS

Reputation
Percentage of Project Construction Cost (%PCC) Used Worldwide
Recommendation of a Friend
Direct Selection Relatively Small Project Recommendation of Former Client
Multiple of Direct Personnel Expenses (MDPE) Non-Creative Work Recommendation of Another Architect
(1) Invitation (4) Verification
Professional Fee Plus Expenses (PFPE) Continuing Relationship
Institutions, Corporations, Public (2) Pre- (5) Evaluation &
Comparative Selection Qualification Ranking
Agencies
Lump Sum or Fixed Fee (LS/FF) Government Projects (3) Interview (6) Negotiation
Idea Competition
Per Diem, Honorarium Plus Reimbursable Expenses Personal Time (50km)
Architectural Design Competition (ADC) Civic or Monumental Projects Design Competition
Design-Build Competition
Mixed Method of Compensation

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 LAWS AFFECTING THE PRACTICE OF ARCHITECTURE LAWS AFFECTING THE PRACTICE OF ARCHITECTURE
IN THE PHILIPPINES IN THE PHILIPPINES

LAWS DATE LAWS DATE

ARCHITECTURE LAWS RA9514 An Act Establishing A Comprehensive Fire Code December 19, 2008
Of The Philippines, Repealing Presidential Decree
RA9266 An Act Providing for a More Responsive and March 17, 2004 No. 1185 And For Other Purposes
(34 ) Comprehensive Regulation for the Registration, “Revised Fire Code of the Philippines of 2008”
Licensing and Practice of Architecture, Repealing for
the Purpose Republic Act No. 545, as Amended, PD1185 Fire Code of the Philippines 1977
Otherwise Known as “An Act to Regulate the Practice
of Architecture in the Philippines,” and for Other RA9263 Bureau of Fire Protection and Bureau of Jail March 10, 2004
Management and Penology Professionalization Act
Purposes
RA1581 Architecture Law of 1956 June 16, 1956 BP344 Enhancing the Mobility of Disabled Persons Feb 25, 1983
( 34 – Corporate Practice)
IRR latest revision April 30, 2005
RA545 Architecture Law of 1950 June 17, 1950
On Housing and Funding
REGULATORY AND ENFORCEMENT LAWS PD957 Condominium and Subdivision Buyers’ Protective July 12, 1976
Decree
RA8981 Professional Regulation Commission Modernization Act December 5, 2000
RA 6552 Real Estate Buyers’ Protective Act August 26, 1972
PD223 Creating the Professional Regulation Commission June 22, 1973
RA 4726 The Condominium Act June 18, 1966
LOI 1000 Letter of Instruction 1000 May 20, 1980
“…only PRC accredited bona fide professional organizations, and BP 220 Standards for Economic and Socialized Housing March 25, 1982
their members to organize host, sponsor or represent the Filipino projects
professionals in national, regional and international forums,
conferences, conventions where the concerned professions are RA 8763 Home Guarantee Corporation Act March 7, 2000
involved, AND …all government agencies and any of its
instrumentalities shall give priority to members of the accredited EO 538 Prescribing the Administration of the Home June 4, 1979
professional organizations in the hiring of its employees and in the Development Mutual Funds
engagement of professional services.” EO 90 Creating the Housing and Urban Development December 17, 1986
Coordinating Council
RA386 Civil Code of the Philippines June 18, 1949
RA 3469 Allowing the Construction of Multi-Storey Tenement June 16, 1962
EO546 Creating a Ministry of Public Works and a Ministry of July 23, 1979 Housing Projects for the Poor and Homeless
Transportation and Communications
RA 7279 Urban Development and Housing Act 29 March, 1992
RA7160 Local Government Code of the Philippines October 10, 1991
RA 7835 Comprehensive and Integrated Shelter Finance Act
RA876 The Philippine Arbitration Law June 19, 1953
On Water and Plumbing
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION REFERENCE LAWS
RA1378 National Plumbing Code of the Philippines January 28, 1959
On Safety and Protection
latest revision December 21, 1999
PD1096 Adopting A National Building Code Of The Philippines Feb 19, 1977
(NBCP) Thereby Revising R.A. No. 6541 RA6234 Creating the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage June 19, 1971
System
IRR latest revision April 30, 2005
RA9286 Latest Amendment to PD198 or Provincial Water April 2, 2004
RA6541 An Act To Ordain And Institute August 26, 1972 Utilities Act of 1973
A National Building Code Of The Philippines
National Building Code Of 1972 PD1067 Water Code of the Philippines 1977

● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 63 ●
UAP DOC 301 – GENERAL CONDITIONS IRR OF RA 9266
SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OF YEARS
ARCHITECT, OWNER & CONTRACTOR’S OBLIGATION
15 Years  Civil Liability on plans and specifications of Architect-of-Record under Article 1723 of the
Certificate Of Non Financial Obligation After 65% completion of work, the contractor should (180 Months) Civil Code
(By Contractor) present  PRBOA Member COR & PID validity qualification and active practitioner
10 Years
ARCHITECT shall After 98% substantial completion of contract work (120 Months)
 Inspect the project and 5 Years  PRBOA Member should not be a faculty member (at least) prior to nomination
 Issue Certificate Of Completion after (60 Months)
certification 3 Years  Validity of PID
CONTRACTOR will (36 Months)  PRBOA Chairman to hold office
 Finish outstanding work during period of making
2 Years  Diversified Architectural Experience duly certified by RLA (3840 Hours)
good of all known defects of 60 days. (24 Months)  1 (one) PRBOA Member to hold office
Owner fails to implement the plan, architect has Architect is entitled to 90% of the Architect’s Fee 1 year  Credited as Diversified Architectural Experience with Master’s Degree
completed the Detail Design & Contract Document Phase (12 Months)  1 (one) PRBOA Member to hold office

Payments  on work completed minus 10% retention

 When 50% of the contract has been accomplished,
IRR OF PD 1096
NO RETENTION shall be made
 No payment in excess of 65% unless notarized FINES
statement is submitted PHP 5,000  Light Violations
Performance Bond 15% of contract amount PHP 8,000  Less Grave Violations
(Guarantee to execute work)
PHP 10,000  Grave Violations
Payment Bond 15% of Contract amount
(Guarantee to pay obligations)  valid until replacement of Guarantee Bond PENALTIES (Without Building Permit)
10% of Building  Excavation for Foundation
Guarantee Bond 30% of contract amount
(Guarantee to quality of materials and workmanship) valid up to 1 yr from date of acceptance Permit Fees
25% of Building  Construction of foundation (including pile driving and laying of reinforcing bars)
Overruns and underruns Not to exceed 5% Permit Fees
50% of Building  Construction of superstructure up to 2.00 meters above established grade
If CONTRACTOR’s work is found defective Defray all expenses
Permit Fees
100% of Building  Construction of superstructure above 2.00 meters
If CONTRACTOR’s work is found satisfactory Actual cost of labor and materials plus 15%
Permit Fees

 Estimate and acceptance in lump sum 25% Surcharge  Failure to pay the annual inspection fee within 30 days from prescribed date
Value of EXTRA WORK
 Does not exceed 20% of original contract price PENAL PROVISIONS
 Actual direct cost plus 15%
PHP 20,000  Any person, firm or corporation who shall violate any of the provisions of the Code and/or
Damage from fire or earthquake, typhoons or any Provided that, the cost of such repair shall not exceed 20% 2 Years or Both commit any act hereby declared to be unlawful
fortuitous event may be repaired, using the same kind of of the replacement cost of the building or structure.
materials of which the building or structure was originally
constructed,

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PD 1096 NATIONAL BULDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES PD 1096 NATIONAL BULDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
CONTENTS CONTENTS
Rule II 210 16 Use of Income from Fees Occupancy 705 50 Allowable Floor Areas
Administration and 211 17 Implementing Rules and Regulations 706 51 Allowable Floor Area Increases
Reinforcement
212 18 Administrative Fines 707 52 Maximum Height of Buildings
213 19 Penal Provisions 708 53 Minimum Requirements for Group A Dwellings
214 20 Dangerous and Ruinous Buildings or Structures 709 54 Requirements for Other Group Occupancies
215 21 Abatement of Dangerous Buildings Rule VIII 11 801 55 General Requirements of Light and Ventilation
216 22 Other Remedies Light and Ventilation 802 56 Measurement of Site Occupancy
Rule III 9 301 23 Building Permits 803 57 Percentage of Site Occupancy
Permits and 302 24 Application of Permits 804 58 Sizes and Dimensions of Courts
Inspection
303 25 Processing of Building Permits 805 59 Ceiling Heights
304 26 Issuance of Building Permits 806 60 Sizes and Dimensions of Rooms
305 27 Validity of Building Permits 807 61 Air Space Requirements in Determining the Size of Rooms
306 28 Non-issuance, Suspension or Revocation of Building Permits 808 62 Window Openings
307 29 Appeal 809 63 Vent Shafts
308 30 Inspection and Supervision of Work 810 64 Ventilation Skylights
309 31 Certificate of Occupancy 811 65 Artificial Ventilation
Rule IV 3 401 32 Types of Construction Rule IX 7 901 66 General Requirements
Types of 402 33 Changes In Types Sanitation 902 67 Water Supply System
Construction
403 34 Requirements on Types of Construction 903 68 Wastewater Disposal System
Rule V 7 501 35 Fire Zones Defined 904 69 Storm Drainage System
Requirements of Fire 502 36 Buildings Located in More Than One Fire Zone 905 70 Pest and Vermin Control
Zones
503 37 Moved Buildings 906 71 Noise Pollution Control
504 38 Temporary Buildings/Structures 907 72 Pipes Materials
505 39 Center Lines of Streets Rule X 8 1001 73 General Requirements
506 40 Restrictions on Existing Buildings Building Projection 1002 74 Projection into Alleys or Streets
Over Public Streets
507 41 Designation of Fire Zones 1003 75 Projection of Balconies and Appendages Over Streets
Rule VI 4 601 42 Fire- Resistive Rating Defined 1004 76 Arcades
Requirements of Fire 602 43 Fire- Resistive Time Period Rating 1005 77 Canopies (Marquees)
Zones
603 44 Fire-Resistive Standards 1006 78 Movable Awnings or Hoods
604 45 Fire- Resistive Regulations 1007 79 Doors, Windows, and the Like
Rule VII 9 701 46 Occupancy Classified 1008 80 Corner Buildings with Chaflans
Classification 702 47 Change in Use
and General
Requirements of All 703 48 Mixed Occupancy
Buildings By Use or 704 49 Location on Property

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PARKING REQUIREMENTS PARKING REQUIREMENTS CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS BY USE
OCCUPANCY REQUIRED PARKING OCCUPANCY REQUIRED PARKING OR OCCUPANCY (RULE VII)

Low income single detached living unit Amusement centers 1 slot/ 50m² of gross floor area GROUP TYPE DIVISIONS ZONES
with individual lots not more 1 slot/10 units
RESIDENTIAL
than 100m² Clubhouses, beach houses, etc. 1 slot/ 100m² of gross floor area A A1, A2 R-1, R-2
DWELLINGS
Factories, manufacturing, mercantile,
Multi-family living units regardless of 1 slot/ 1000m² of gross floor area RESIDENTIALS,
warehouses and storage bin
no. of stories with average living floor 1 slot / 8 units B HOTELS AND B-1, B-2 R-3, R-4, R-5
area of 50m² Tourist bus parking 2 bus slots/ hotel or theater restaurant APARTMENTS

EDUCATION &
Multi-family living units regardless of College and universities 1 slot/ 5 classrooms C C-1, C-2 GI
RECREATION
no. of stories with average living floor 1 slot / 8 units
area of above 50m² to 100m² Hospitals 1 slot/ 25 beds D INSTITUTIONAL D-1, D-2, D-3 R-1, R-2

BUSINESS AND
Multi-family living units regardless of Bowling alleys 1 slot/ 4 alleys E E-1, E-2, E-3 C-1, C-2, C-3
MERCANTILE
no. of stories with average living floor 1 slot/1 unit
area of more than 100m² LOADING REQUIREMENTS F INDUSTRIAL F-1 I-1

STORAGE AND G-1, G-2, G-3,

Hotels 1 slot/ 10 rooms OCCUPANCY LOADING G I-2, UTS,
HAZARDOUS G-4, G-5
ASSEMBLY OTHER
Residential hotels and apartels 1 slot/ 5 units 1 loading slot for every 5000m² of H H-1, H-2, H-3, H-4 PRE, CUL
Stores, manufacturing, mercantile, THAN GROUP I
wholesale and the like gross floor area (minimum of 1 truck
Motels 1 slot/ 1 unit loading slot) ASSEMBLY
I OCCUPANT LOAD I-1 CUL, PRE
Shopping centers 1 slot/ 100m² Hotels and hospitals 1 truck loading slot 1000 OR MORE

ACCESSORY /
Markets 1 slot/ 150m² SPECIAL PROVISION J J-1, J-3, J-3 A, AI, PUD
AGRICULTURAL
Restaurants, fast food outlets, bars and 1 accessible parking lot for 50-150 slots and an additional slot for every 100
1 slot/ 30m² of customer area
beerhouses thereafter.
Nightclubs, supper clubs and theater-
1 slot/ 20m² of customer area
restaurants
TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION (Rule IV, Sec. 401) DESIGNATION OF FIRE ZONES (Rule V, Sec. 507)
Office building 1 slot/ 125m² of gross floor area
TYPE I Wood Construction NON-FIRE Siting of buildings/structures are permitted without
Pension/ boarding/ lodging houses 1 slot/ 20 beds RESTRICTIVE fire-resistivity measures, often located in the
Wood Construction with protective fire-resistant materials country sides or rural areas
TYPE II ZONES (Type I & II)
(1 Hour)
Other buildings in business and
1 slot/ 125m² of gross floor area
commercial zones TYPE III Masonry and Wood Construction FIRE Siting of buildings/structures are permitted within
prescribed fire-resistivity measures for exterior
Public assembly buildings 1 slot/ 50m² of spectator area RESTRICTIVE
walls of at least two-hour fire resistivity, located in
TYPE IV Steel, Iron, Concrete, or Masonry Construction (1Hour) ZONES (Types II, III, IV) suburban areas
Places of worship and funerary parlors 1 slot/ 50m² of congregation area
HIGHLY FIRE
TYPE V Steel, Iron, Concrete, or Masonry Construction (4hours) Siting of buildings/structures are permitted within
Elementary schools, secondary RESTRICTIVE
1 slot/ 10 classrooms prescribed fire-resistivity measures for exterior
schools, vocational and trade schools ZONES walls of at least two-hour fire resistivity.
(Types IV and V)

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 An Act To Enhance The Mobility Of Disabled Persons
BP 344 HANDRAILS PARKING AREAS
By Requiring Certain Buildings, Institutions,
Establishments And Public Utilities To Install Facilities
(Accessibility Law) And Other Devices.
Both Sides of Ramps and Stairs  As close as possible to building entrances or to
Installation Outer Edges of Dropped Curbs (Not accessible entrances
OUTSIDE AND AROUND BUILDINGS beyond the width of crossing) Location  Perpendicular or to an angle to the road or
circulation
DROPPED CURBS 0.90 m (Straight Paths)  NOT at Ramped or Sloping Areas
Height 0.70 m (Above Steps / Ramps)
Changes in Level By dropped curb 1.00 m to 1.06 m (Great Heights) Width 3.70 m (Min.)

Pedestrian Crossings Extension 0.30 m (Start / End of Ramps / Stairs) Walkway 1.20 m (Between front ends of cars)
Locations
End of walkways of a private street or access road Full Grip 30 mm to 50 mm Dropped Curbs and Cut-Outs @ Raised Walkways

Width Same width of crossing or 0.90 m (Min.) Clearance 50 mm (Walls); 40 mm (Ledges) Pavement Markings, Signs To delineate parking spaces for PWD

Slope 1:12 Towards adjoining curb, 1:20 towards Road SIGNAGES INSIDE BUILDINGS & STRUCTURES

Lowest Point 25 mm (Max.) from Road / Gutter Location Point Conveniently seen by PWD ENTRANCES

CURB CUT-OUTS Contrasting Colors and Contrasting Location Lobby Arrival & Departure Points
Color / Texture Gray Matter to make detection and
When allowed Does not obstruct a walkway or lessen its width reading easy Elevator Access 1 Entrance Level

Width 0.90 m Headroom 2.00 m

Provide if Site Arrival grade is not same level as
Ramps
Entrance Level
Slope / Gradient 1:12 Height 1.60 m (Max.); 1.40 m (Min.)

WALKWAYS AND PASSAGEWAYS Raised Symbols , Letters, Numbers 1 mm; Braille Symbols Included Vestibules 1.80 m (D) x 1.50 m (W)

Material Slip-Resistant CROSSINGS RAMPS

Slope / Gradient 1:20 or 5% Near Perpendicular to Carriageway Width (Clear) 1.20 m (Min.)
Narrowest, Most Convenient Part
Cross Gradient 1:100 Location Gradient 1:12
Close / Contiguous with Normal
Width 1.20 m Pedestrian Desire Line Length (1:12 Gradient) 6.00 m, (if longer add 1.50 m landing)

Gratings 13 mm x 13 mm, 6.5mm (Max.) Projection Central Refuge (10.00m Carriageway) 1.50 m (Min.), 2.00 m (Preferred) Top and Bottom of Ramp 1.80 m (Level Area)

Surface Continuous, 6.5 mm (Max.) High Enough to be felt by shoe sole Handrails Both Sides @ 0.70 m and 0.90 m
Tactile Blocks / Surface Low enough not to cause tripping or
Spaces affect mobility of wheelchairs Curbs 0.10 m (Both Sides)
1.50 m (Min. Dimension)
(Busy / Lengthy
12.00 m (Max. Length)
Walkways Light Controlled Crossing having Rise >0.20 m (To Vehicular Traffic)
Railing
Pedestrian Phases 1.80 m across the full width at lower end
To Guide the Blind Straightforward routes with Right Angle Turns Most Beneficial Form
Synchronized Audible Signals
Headroom 2.0 m (Min.) , preferably higher (prolonged, distinguished, by TEC) THRESHOLDS

OPEN SPACES Flashing Green Period Based on 0.90 m/sec (Not 1.20 m/s) Maximum Height 25 mm, Ramped (Preferred)

Define edges with Planters w/ dwarf walls, or a

6 seconds or the crossing distance SWITCHES
To Guide the Blind grass verge, or similar, which provides a texture Steady Green Period
times 0.90 m/s, whichever is greatest Position / Location 1.20 m to 1.30m (H); 0.30 m from Latch
different from the path.

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TABULATION OF DESIGN STANDARDS
PD 1096 PD 1185 RA 9514 PD 957 BP 220 BP 344
SUBJECT Fire Code of 1977 Subdivision & Condominium Law Economic & Socialized Housing Accessibility Law
National Building Code Fire Code of 2008
(Repealed by RA9514) OPEN MARKET MEDIUM COST ECONOMIC HOUSING SOCIALIZED HOUSING
COMMUNITY FACILITIES
CS & ES HS TT CS & ES HS TT
No. Of Lots And/or DU NMPC ● NMPC ●
OCC ● ●● ●● ●● OCC ● ●● ●● ●●
10 and below          
11 to 99          
100 to 499          
500 to 999          
1000 to 1499          
1500 to 1999          
2000 to 2499          
2500 and Over          
No. Of Lots And/or DU
% of gross area of subdivision
Per Hectare
● Mandatory Non-Saleable
150 and below ●● Optional saleable but when provided in the plan the 1.0%
151 to 225 same shall be annotated in the title 1.5%
Above 225 2.0%
PARKS / PLAYGROUND
No. Of Lots And/or DU
% of gross area of project % of gross area of subdivision
Per Hectare
20 and below 3.5%
21 to 25 4.0%
26 to 35 5.0%
36 to 50 6.0%
51 to 65 7.0%
Above 65 9.0%
150 and below 3.5%
151 to 160 4.0%
161 to 175 5.0%
176 to 200 6.0%
201 to 225 7.0%
Above 225 9.0%
Min. Gross Saleable Area
1,000 sqm
requiring PPG In no case shall an area allocated for parks and playgrounds
10 or more be less than 100 square meters. An addition of 1%
Min. Number of increment for every 10 or fraction thereof above 225.
Except when part of a Subdivision Project
Condominium Units
Or PPG 800m (Max. Distance) away without hazards

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TABULATION OF DESIGN STANDARDS
PD 1096 PD 1185 RA 9514 PD 957 BP 220 BP 344
SUBJECT Fire Code of 1977 Subdivision & Condominium Law Economic & Socialized Housing Accessibility Law
National Building Code Fire Code of 2008
(Repealed by RA9514) OPEN MARKET MEDIUM COST ECONOMIC HOUSING SOCIALIZED HOUSING
Grass & Shrubs 200mm / side
Trees 300mm / side
Sidewalk SLope 1/50
ROADS
PAVEMENT
Major Concrete / Asphalt
Minor Concrete / Asphalt Concrete / Asphalt
Concrete – 150mm Thick / 20.7Mpa @ 28 days
Motor Court Macadam
Asphalt – 50mm
Sidewalk Sidewalk – 17.2Mpa Macadam
Path Walk / Alley Macadam
INTERSECTIONS
Distance between offset
20m (Min.) 20m (Min.)
intersections
GRADE / SLOPE
Crown Slope 1.5% 1.5% to 9.0%
Grades and Vertical
7.0% to 9.0% As per DPWH
Curbs
MINIMUM LOT SIZES
INT
301.00 sqm
INS 120.00 sqm 100.00 sqm
CL
Single Detached 72.00 sqm 64.00 sqm
TL 365.00 sqm
Price for Saleable lots shall not exceed 40% of the
CTL
Maximum Selling Price of House and Lot Packages
EL 548.00 sqm
INT Basic / Maximum
INS 80.00 sqm / 192.00 sqm
Duplex / Single CL
96.00 sqm 80.00 sqm 54.00 sqm 48.00 sqm
Attached TL 96.00 sqm / 261.00 sqm
CTL
EL 140.00 sqm /378.00 sqm
INT Basic / Maximum
INS 50.00 sqm / 400.00 sqm
CL
Row Houses 60.00 sqm 50.00 sqm 36.00 sqm 28.00 sqm
TL 75.00 sqm / 475.00 sqm
CTL
EL 200.00 sqm /700.00 sqm

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TABULATION OF DESIGN STANDARDS
PD 1096 PD 1185 RA 9514 PD 957 BP 220 BP 344
SUBJECT Fire Code of 1977 Subdivision & Condominium Law Economic & Socialized Housing Accessibility Law
National Building Code Fire Code of 2008
(Repealed by RA9514) OPEN MARKET MEDIUM COST ECONOMIC HOUSING SOCIALIZED HOUSING
LOT FRONTAGES (RESIDENTIAL)
a. Corner Lot 12.00 m 8.00 m
Detached

c. Irregular Lot 10.00 m 8.00 m

Single

b. Regular Lot Based on Classification 6.00 m 4.00 m

d. Interior Lot Type of Occupancy 3.00 m 3.00 m
Duplex/Single Attached 8.00 m 6.00 m
Row Houses 4.00 m 4.00 m 3.50 m
MINIMUM LEVEL OF COMPLETION
Single Detached Complete House Shell House
Complete House
Duplex / Single Attached (based on the submitted (based on the submitted
(based on the submitted specifications)
Row Houses specifications) specifications)

LENGTH OF BLOCK
20 Units per Block Max. = 400m Max. = 400m
ROW HOUSES
100 m Max. Length >250m – PROVIDE 2.0m alley at midlength >250m – PROVIDE 2.0m alley at midlength
OPEN SPACE REQUIREMENTS
50% (A,B,C,D,J) 50% (Residential)
Interior Lot As per PD1096
20% (E,F,G,H,I) 25% (Others)
20% (A,B,C,D,J) 20% (Residential)
Inside Lot As per PD1096
15% (E,F,G,H,I) 15% (Others)
10% (A,B,C,D,J) 10% (Residential)
Corner Lot As per PD1096
5% (E,F,G,H,I) 15% (Others)
10% (A,B,C,D,J) 10% (Residential)
Through Lot As per PD1096
5% (E,F,G,H,I) 15% (Others)
10% (Residential)
Corner-Through Lot 5% As per PD1096
15% (Others)
Corner Lot Abutting 3 Or
5%
More Streets, Alleys, 5% As per PD1096
for all Group Occupancies
Rivers, Etc.

30% - 50%
End Lot (A,B,C,D,E2,H) As per PD1096 As per PD1096
5% (H1,H2,H4,E3)

CEILING HEIGHTS
Artificial Ventilation Artificial Ventilation Artificial Ventilation Artificial Ventilation Artificial Ventilation Artificial Ventilation
2.40 m 2.00 m 2.40 m 2.00 m 2.40 m 2.40 m
Habitable Rooms
Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation
2.70 m 2.70 m 2.70 m 2.70 m 2.70 m 2.70 m

● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 77 ●
TABULATION OF DESIGN STANDARDS
PD 1096 PD 1185 RA 9514 PD 957 BP 220 BP 344
SUBJECT Fire Code of 1977 Subdivision & Condominium Law Economic & Socialized Housing Accessibility Law
National Building Code Fire Code of 2008
(Repealed by RA9514) OPEN MARKET MEDIUM COST ECONOMIC HOUSING SOCIALIZED HOUSING
DISTANCE TO EXITS
WITHOUT Sprinkle
45 m (Max.) 46 m (Max.) 46 m (Max.) 45 m (Max.) 45 m (Max.) 45 m (Max.) 45 m (Max.)
System
WITH Sprinkle System 60 m (Max.) 61 m (Max.) 61 m (Max.) 60m (Max.) 60 m (Max.) 60 m (Max.) 60 m (Max.)
Min. exit door width 900 mm 710 mm 900 mm 800 mm 800 mm 800 mm
Min. exit door height 2.00 m 2.00 m 2.00 m 2.00 m 2.00 m 2.00 m
Min. corridor width 1.10 m 1.12 mm 1.10 m 1.20 m 1.20 m 1.20 m
Max. slope of
1:8 1:8 1:8 1:8
passageway
Dead ends Max. of 6.00 m Max. of 6.00 m Max. of 12.00 m Max. of 12.00 m Max. of 12.00 m 3.50 m
>185.00 sqm / >18.00m
Mezzanine Floors in any dimension
2 stairways
EXIT DETAILS
STANDS 2
@+0.50m AGL, 2 Exits, (Balcony, mezzanine, storey)
Open @ Both Ends 3 (>500 to 1000)
>50 persons 4 (>1000)
OPEN AIR STANDS THRESHOLDS
2 Exits, >300 persons 130mm
Dwellings with more than 2 Rooms:
Means of Egress BOILER ROOMS (Max. Height)
2 (1 of which is a door or stairway)
2 Exits 1/2 Slope >6mm
STAGE
1 Exit, 900mm (W) Dwellings with more than 2
1 Exit Stair, 750mm (W) Rooms:
Dressing Rooms 2 (1 of which is a door or
2 Exits, 750mm stairway)
1 / sleeping room
1 / sleeping room
56cm (Least Dimension)
56cm (Least Dimension)
0.45 sqm (Area)
Outside Window 0.45 sqm (Area)
1.22cm (Above Floor)
1.22cm (Above Floor)
Except if Room has 2
Except if Room has 2 doors
doors
Width of Exit / 710 mm (Min.) 90cm (Min.) – Sleeping Room to Outside
Means of Egress 1220 mm (Max.) 60cm (Min.) – Interior Door
Illumination of Signs 10.7 lux @ FL 0.005 lumens / sqcm 0.005 lumens / sqcm
OCCUPANT LOAD
Auditoriums,
ASSEMBLY

Theaters,
Churches, 0.65 sqm / person 0.65 sqm / person 0.65 sqm / person
Dance Floors,

● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 79 ●
TABULATION OF DESIGN STANDARDS
PD 1096 PD 1185 RA 9514 PD 957 BP 220 BP 344
SUBJECT Fire Code of 1977 Subdivision & Condominium Law Economic & Socialized Housing Accessibility Law
National Building Code Fire Code of 2008
(Repealed by RA9514) OPEN MARKET MEDIUM COST ECONOMIC HOUSING SOCIALIZED HOUSING
DOORS
TYPE WIDTH HEIGHT WIDTH HEIGHT WIDTH HEIGHT WIDTH HEIGHT
Main Door 900mm 2000mm 915mm 2000mm 800mm 2000mm 800mm 2000mm 800mm
Service Door 700mm 2000mm 700mm 2000mm
Bedroom Door 700mm 2000mm 700mm 2000mm
Bathroom Door 600mm 1800mm 600mm 1800mm
Mezzanine Door 1800mm 1800mm
4.0kg / 1.0kg
Pressure Force
(Closing)
Pull Handles 1.06m above floor
Kick Plates 0.30m to 0.40m
WINDOWS
Habitable Rooms 10% of Floor Area 10% of Floor Area
Bathrooms 1/20 or 5% of Floor Area 1/20 or 5% of Floor Area
STAIRWAYS
OCCUPANT LOAD Class A Class B NEW EX-FIRE
10-below 750 mm (Min.) <2000
10-50 900 mm (Min.) Persons
1120mm
915 mm 600 mm 600 mm
>2000
50 above 1100mm (Min.) Persons
1420mm
200 mm (Max.) The height of every riser 180 mm
and the width of every (Max)
Riser 205 mm 250mm (Max.)
Entrance tread shall be so 100 mm
100mm (2 steps) proportioned that the sum (Min)
of 2 risers and 1 tread,
250 mm (Min.) exclusive of its nosing
Tread Entrance projections is not less than 280 mm 230 mm 200mm (Min.)
300mm (2 steps) 60.00 cm nor more than
63.50 cm
Headroom 2000 mm 2000 mm 2000 mm 2000 mm
Height Between Landings 3.60 m (Max.) 2.75m 3.70m 3660mm 3.60 m
Equal to the width of the
Dimension of Landings in stairway
1.12 m 600 mm Equal to the width of the stairway
the direction of travel 1.20m (Max. – Straight
Run)
Maximum Variation in
Height of Risers and 5mm 5mm
Width of Run

● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 81 ●
TABULATION OF DESIGN STANDARDS
PD 1096 PD 1185 RA 9514 PD 957 BP 220 BP 344
SUBJECT Fire Code of 1977 Subdivision & Condominium Law Economic & Socialized Housing Accessibility Law
National Building Code Fire Code of 2008
(Repealed by RA9514) OPEN MARKET MEDIUM COST ECONOMIC HOUSING SOCIALIZED HOUSING
Clearance from Ledges 40mm
Intermediate Handrails 223cm width,
Vertical Balusters
15.25cm 15.25cm
(Spacing)
WIDTH OF RUN / THREAD DEPTH
150mm (narrow edge) 150mm (narrow edge)
Winding and Circular 150mm (narrow edge)
200mm @300mm from 280mm @305mm from
Stairs 200mm @300mm from narrow edge
narrow edge narrow edge
280mm @305mm from side
Curved Stairs Smallest Radius is not less
than Stair Width
Spiral Stairs 280mm
RAMPS
Class A Class B
Wdth 122cm 76-122cm 1120mm 150mm / 6in 1.20 m
6.00m (Max.)
Length If longer, provide
1.50m (Min.) landings
Slope 1:8 (Max) 8-10% 10-17% 1:12 300mm 1:12 (Max.)
Cross Slope 1:48 300mm
Max. Rise for a single Run No Limit 3.66m 760mm
Capacity - Down 60 45
Capacity - Up 45 45
FIREWALLS
Thickness 150 mm / 6in
Vertical Extension 400 mm 300 mm
Horizontal Extension 600 mm 300 mm
SETBACKS
Low Density Residential 4.50 m Front
(R-1) 2.00 m Side
2.00 m Rear
Basic / Maximum
Medium Density
3.00 m / 8.00 m Front
Residential
2.00 m Side As per PD1096 (NBCP)
(R-2)
2.00 m Rear
Basic / Maximum
1.50 m Front 1.50 m Front
High Density Residential 3.00 m / 8.00 m Front
1.50 m Side 1.50 m Side
(R-3) 2.00 m Side
2.00 m Rear 2.00 m Rear
2.00 m Rear

● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 83 ●
TABULATION OF DESIGN STANDARDS
PD 1096 PD 1185 RA 9514 PD 957 BP 220 BP 344
SUBJECT Fire Code of 1977 Subdivision & Condominium Law Economic & Socialized Housing Accessibility Law
National Building Code Fire Code of 2008
(Repealed by RA9514) OPEN MARKET MEDIUM COST ECONOMIC HOUSING SOCIALIZED HOUSING
PARKING REQUIREMENTS
2.50 x 5.00 m
(Perpendicular & Diagonal)
2.15 x 6.00 (Parallel)
2.50 x 5.00 m 2.50 x 5.00 m
3.60 x 12.00 m
(Perpendicular & Diagonal) (Perpendicular & Diagonal)
Size of Parking Slot (Standard Truck) 3.70 x 5.00 m
2.00 x 6.00 m 2.15 x 6.00 m
3.60 x 18.00 m
(Parallel) (Parallel)
(Articulated Truck)
3.00 x 9.00 m
(Jeepney / Shuttle)
Multi-Family Dwelling &
1 / 8 living units
Condominiums
Off-Site Parking 200m 100m away
Low-income single
Pooled Parking Pooled Parking Pooled Parking Pooled Parking
detached living units
1 slot / 10 units 1 slot / 10 units 1 slot / 10 units 1 slot / 10 units
Lot Size = 100 sq. m
50 sq. m below 1 slot / 8 units 1 slot / 8 units
50-100 sq. m 1 slot / 4 units 1 slot / 4 units
1 slot / 20 units 1 slot / 20 units
100 sq. m above 1 slot / 1 unit 1 slot / 1 unit
AISLES
WIDTH >60 Seats ≤ 60 Seats
Serving 1 Side 800mm 915mm 760mm
Serving Both Sides 1.00m 1220mm
Side Aisles 1.10m
Dead End Aisle 6.1m (Length)
1 pair / 5 rows
Exit Doors
1.70m Width
Distance between seats
1.00m
back to back
Slope 1:8 (12.5%) 12.5% (Max.)
SEATS
SEAT SPACING
STANDARD
840 mm 830 mm
Back-to-Back
≤ 18 Seats 450 mm
CONTINENTAL
Unoccupied

≤ 35 Seats 500 mm
≤ 45 Seats 525 mm
≥ 46 Sets 550 mm
450 mm (Min.)
Width
480 mm (Max.)
● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 85 ●
VERNACULAR TERMS VERNACULAR TERMS VERNACULAR TERMS VERNACULAR TERMS VERNACULAR TERMS
VERNACULAR ENGLISH VERNACULAR ENGLISH VERNACULAR ENGLISH VERNACULAR ENGLISH VERNACULAR ENGLISH
Kalinya Aligned Kontratista Constructor Guililian, Sepo, Kuling Girder Bolada Overhung, Projection Bahada Slope
Asintada Alignment Kanto Corner Sepo (Kapatas) Girt De Bandeha Panel Door Hinang Solder
Uno-Sin-Otra Alternate Hiero Kanalado Corrugated G.I. Sheet Canal Groove Dispensa, Pantry Biento Spacing
Unosinotra Alternate/Staggered Patio, Courtyard Alulod, Kanal Gutter Dingding Partition Biento Spacing/Gap
Liyabe Anchor Escondro Crushed Stone Caida Hall Plantilya Pattern, Sched Hagdan Stair
Caida Ante-Sala From Stairs Pie De Gallo Diagonal Brace Gabay Handrail Piketa Pick Work Estaka Stake
Batidura Astragal Comedor, Dining Room Quatro Aguas Hip Roof Hiero Liso Plain G.I Sheet Bodega, Storeroom
Balcon Balcony Bangguerahan Dish Rack Pabalagbag, Palitada Plaster/Stucco Hardinera Stringer (Open)
Horizontal Stud
Barandillas Baluster Batidora Door Fillet Or Astragal Trabe Anzo Kusturada Plastered Course Latero Tinsmith
Trankilya Barrel Bolt Sumbrero Door / Window Head Quadra, Horse Stable Tapon Plug Letrina Or Comun, Toilet
Rodapis Baseboard Hamba Door / Window Jamb Pulgada Inches Hulog Plumb Bob, Plumbline Tahilan Top Chord
Baño Bath Abang Dowel Hiero Iron Poste / Haligi Post Baytang Tread
Banyera Bath Tub Tubo De Banada Downspout Pendulum, Tabike King Post Reostra Purlin Pergola Trellis
Biga Beam Sepillado Dressed Lumber Cocina, Kitchen Masilya Putty Kilo Truss
Cuarto, Alcoba, Escombro Earth Fill Prigadero Kitchen Sink Media Cana Quarter Round Monyeka Varnish
Bedroom
Dormitorio Sibe, Alero Eave Piyon Laborer Prases Queen Post Entresuelo, Vault
Pierno Bolt Tabike Exterior Siding Mesa, Mesita Landing Vaciad, Basiador Rabbet Pilarete Vertical Stud
Barakilan , Tirante Bottom Chord Senepa Fascia Board Lababo Lavatory Kilo Rafter Planchuelo W.I Strap
Tirante Bottom Chord Piye Feet Asinta Laying Of Chb Andamio Ramp Asolejo, Asolehos Wainscoting Tile
Bisagra Butt Hinge Tambak Fill Sibe Lean-To Roof Kabilya Reinforcing Bars Bagad Wall Post
Espolon Cabinet Hinge Batidura Fillet Sala, Living Room Caballet, Kaballete Ridge Roll Pitsa Washer
Okum Calikum Soleras Floor Joist Dulang Low Table Takip Silipan Riser Chapa Washer (Iron)
Media Agua Canopy, Awning Guililan Floor Sill Pierno Pasante Machine Bolt Rimatse Rivets Aljibe, Water Cistern
Tubo Pundido Cast Iron Pipe Dotal Floorboards Kanteria lastilyas Mansory Lastillas Sand And Gravel Inodoro Water Closet
Estopa Caulk Cotton Suelo Flooring Lastilyas Mansory Fill Plancha, Andamiyo Scaffolding Pasamano Window Sill
Kisame Ceiling Alahado Flush Kantero Mason Batak Scrapped Filler Poleya Wiring Knob
Kostilyahe Ceiling Joist Fundacion Footing Suban Metal Work, Temper Rebokada Scratch Coat Haspe Wood Grain
Landrilyo Cement Brick Zaguan, For Caroza Kanto Mesa Miter Joint Tuerka Screw Nut Tabla Wood Plank
Baldosa Cement Tile Kapatas, Paupo Mortar Roskas Screw Thread Plantsuela Wrought Iron Strap
Foreman
Baral De Kadena Chain Bolt Maestro De Obra Kustura Mortar Joint Poso Negro Septic Vault
Madre De Escalera Closed Stringer Balangkas Frame Work Muldura Moulding Dutcha Shower
Sinturon Collar Plate Balangkas Framework Punsol Neil Setter Ducha Showerhead
Poste Column Tubo Galbanisado G.I. Pipe Estanyo Nicolite / Soldering Bar Pendulon Siding (Ext)
Larga Masa Concrete Slab Lingueta G.I. Sheet Strap Truerka Nut Guililan, Sepo Sill
Alulod- Conductor Dos Aguas Gable Roof Azotea, Open Terrace Krokis Sketch Plan

● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 87 ●
16 DIVISIONS 16 DIVISIONS 16 DIVISIONS 16 DIVISIONS
11160 Loading Dock Equipment 12050 Fabrics 13190 Site-Constructed Incinerators 14800 Scaffolding
11170 Solid Waste Handling Equipment 12100 Art 13200 Storage Tanks 14900 Transportation
11190 Detention Equipment 12300 Manufactured Casework 13220 Filter Under Drains and Media DIVISION 15 MECHANICAL
11200 Water Supply and Treatment 12400 Furnishings and Accessories 13230 Digester Covers and Appurtenances 15050 Basic Mechanical Materials and
Equipment Methods
12500 Furniture 13240 Oxygenation Systems
11280 Hydraulic Gates and Valves 15100 Building Service Piping
12600 Multiple Seating 13260 Sludge Conditioning Systems
11300 Fluid Waste Treatment and Disposal 15200 Process Piping
12700 Systems Furniture 13280 Hazardous Material Remediation
Equipment 15300 Fire Protection Piping
12800 Interior Plants and Planters 13400 Measurement and Control
11400 Food Service Equipment Instrumentation 15400 Plumbing Fixtures and Equipment
12900 Furnishings Restoration and Repair
11450 Residential Equipment 13500 Recording Instrumentation 15500 Heat-Generation Equipment
DIVISION 13 SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION
11460 Unit Kitchens 13550 Transportation Control Instrumentation 15600 Refrigeration Equipment
13010 Air-Supported Structures
11470 Darkroom Equipment 13600 Solar and Wind Energy Equipment 15700 Heating, Ventilating, and Air
13020 Building Modules
11480 Athletic, Recreational, and Therapeutic Conditioning Equipment
13030 Special Purpose Rooms 13700 Security Access and Surveillance
Equipment 15800 Air Distribution
13080 Sound, Vibration, and Seismic Control 13800 Building Automation and Control
11500 Industrial and Process Equipment 15900 HVAC Instrumentation and Controls
13090 Radiation Protection 13850 Detection and Alarm
11600 Laboratory Equipment 15950 Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing
13100 Lightning Protection 13900 Fire Suppression
11650 Planetarium Equipment DIVISION 16 ELECTRICAL
13110 Cathodic Protection DIVISION 14 CONVEYING SYSTEMS
11660 Observatory Equipment 16050 Basic Electrical Materials and Methods
14100 Dumbwaiters
11680 Office Equipment 13120 Pre-Engineered Structures 16100 Wiring Methods
14200 Elevators
11700 Medical Equipment 13150 Swimming Pools 16200 Electrical Power
14300 Escalators and Moving Walks
11780 Mortuary Equipment 13160 Aquariums 16300 Transmission and Distribution
14400 Lifts
11850 Navigation Equipment 13165 Aquatic Park Facilities 16400 Low-Voltage Distribution
14500 Material Handling
11870 Agricultural Equipment 13170 Tubs and Pools 16500 Lighting
14600 Hoists and Cables
11900 Exhibit Equipment 13175 Ice Rinks 16700 Communications
14700 Turntables
DIVISION 12 FURNISHINGS 13185 Kennels and Animal Shelters 16800 Sound and Video

CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE CLASSIFICATION OF LUMINAIRES

Dry Powder

TYPES OF MORTAR ACCORDING TO STRENGTH

Wet Chem.
Vaporizing
Water

Foam
CO2

CLASS USE CLASS DESCRIPTION TYPE STRENGTH

Ordinary Combustible 90% to 100% of the light output is directed HIGH STRENGTH MORTAR
A L Indirect M
Paper, Wood, Cloth, Trash, Rubber & Plastics towards the ceiling and upper walls of the room. (2500 psi / 17,238 kPa)
Flammable Liquid 60% to 90% of the light is directed upwards; MEDIUM HIGH STRENGTH
B L L Semi-Indirect S
Oil, Grease, Gasoline, Paint, Solvents & Tar 40% to 10% downwards (1800 psi / 12,411kPa)

Electrical Equipment General

provides approximately equal distribution MEDIUM STRENGTH
C Wiring, Fuse Boxes, Circuit Breakers, Machinery & L L Diffuse (Direct- N
of light upwards and downwards (750 psi / 5,171kPa)
Electrical Appliances Indirect)
Combustible Metals 60% to 90% of light is directed downwards; LOW STRENGTH
D Magnesium, Titanium, Zirconium, Sodium, Lithium & Semi Direct O
while 40% to 10% is directed upwards Interior non-load bearing walls and partitions
Potassium
Combustible Cooking
90% - 100% of the light output is directed VERY LOW STRENGTH
K/F Kitchen fires involving large amounts of heated L L L L Direct K
downwards Interior non-load bearing walls permitted by NBCP
grease

● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 89 ●
MORTAR & PLASTER MIXTURE PROPORTION COMPUTATION FACTORS FOR CHB PLASTER

CEMENT 1 SIDE / CHB 0.0023

MORTAR FILL MORTAR LAY
CLASS PROPORTION SAND CHB
(cu.m.) (cu.m.)
40 KG 50 KG 1 SIDE / SQ.M. 0.029

A 1:2 18 14.5 1 REBAR WEIGHT PER METER (kg)

4”
0.0015 0.001016
[10x20x40]
B 1:3 12 9.5 1 Ø2 / 162 Ø2 x 0.00617

C 1:4 9 7 1 Ø REBAR (mm)

6”
0.0030 0.001524
[15X20X40]
D 1:5 7.5 6 1 # / 8 x 25.4 # x 3.125

# REBAR
8”
0.0045 0.002032
[20X20X40]
#CHB / M2 12.5 pieces (Ø x 8) / 25.4

MINIMUM THICKNESS OF NON-PRE-STRESSED BEAMS OR ONE-WAY SLABS

UNLESS DEFLECTIONS ARE COMPUTED (members are not supporting or attached to partitions
PERMISSIBLE SUMP CONSISTENCY or other construction likely to be damaged by large deflections)

BEAMS / RIBBED ONE-

DESCRIPTION MAXIMUM MINIMUM DESCRIPTION SOLID ONE-WAY SLAB
WAY SLAB

Slabs, beams, thin reinforced walls & bldg. columns 150mm (6”) 75mm (3”) Simply Supported L/20 L/16

Reinforced foundation walls and footings 125mm (5”) 50mm (2”) One End Continuous L/24 L/18.5

Plain Footings, caisson, and substructure walls 100mm (4”) 25mm (1”) Both Ends Continuous L/28 L/21

Pavements and floor laid on ground 75mm (3”) 25mm (1”) Cantilever L/10 L/8

Heavy mass construction 75mm (3”) 25mm (1”) for Fy other than 415Mpa, the values shall be multiplied by (0.4 + Fy/700)

CONVERSION FACTORS

1 m2 1m 1 ft 1 m3 1 (US) gallon 1 kg 1 lb 1 ton (RT) 1 km 1 tin

10.7639 ft2 3.2808 ft 0.3048 m 35.3147 ft3 0.003785412m3 2.205 lbs 0.4536 kg 12000 BTU 3280.8398 ft 4 gallons

1550.0031 in 2
39.37 in 12.00 in 1000 L 3.785412 L 0.001 ton 0.0004536 ton 39,370.078 in 16 liters

264.1721 USG 0.13368055 ft 3

64 quarts

231 in3 256 pints

● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 91 ●
 EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDES
BURNING CHARACTERISTICS OF FIBERS
The way a fabric burns depends partly on its fiber content. The Table below describes typical burning MODIFIED MERCALLI SCALE RICHTER SCALE
characteristics of fibers, ranking them from the most to least hazardous.
Fabrics that are a I Felt by almost no one.
NATURAL CELLULOSIC FIBERS blend of two or more Generally not felt, but
2.5
Burn with a yellow flame, light smoke, and have glowing embers. II Felt by very few people. recorded on seismometers.
Cotton/Linen fibers do not burn in the
Cellulosic fibers do not melt or draw away from flames. same way as either fiber.
Tremor noticed by many,
MANUFACTURED CELLULOSIC FIBERS Sometimes, blends are more
III but they often do not realize
dangerous than either fiber. For
Can burn quickly when ignited, but they behave somewhat differently as they burn. it is an earthquake.
example, fabrics of 50 percent
cotton and 50 percent polyester Felt indoors by many. Feels
Burn similarly to cotton and linen, except they may shrink up and IV
Rayon / tend to burn longer than a like a truck has struck the
become tighter. 3.5 Felt by many people.
Lyocell similar fabric of either cotton or building.
polyester. Felt by nearly everyone;
Burns with a rapid flame and melts when burning. May melt and many people awakened.
pull away from small flames without igniting. Melted area may V
Acetate Swaying trees and poles
drip off clothing carrying flames with it. When flames have died The way a fabric is may be observed.
out, the hot, molten plastic residue is difficult to remove. made (knit, weave,
Felt by all; many people run
SYNTHETICS lace, etc.) affects
VI outdoors. Furniture moved;
May catch fire quickly or shrink from the flame initially, but ultimately, they will sputter, how it burns. slight damage occurs.
flame, and melt to the skin or the flaming melt will drop to the floor.  Heavy close structures ignite Some local damage may
Everyone run outdoors. 4.5
with difficulty and burn more occur.
Burns similarly to acetate, except that it burns with a very heavy Poorly built structures
Acrylic slowly than light, thin, or VII
dense black smoke. It drips excessively. considerably damaged;
open fabrics.
Nylon slight damage elsewhere.
Burn slowly and melt when burning. May melt and pull away  In general, summer weight
Polyester clothing is more likely to
from small flames without igniting. Melted area may drip off Specially designed
Spandex catch fire than winter weight VIII structures damaged slightly,
clothing carrying flames with it but not to the extent of acetate
Lastol fabrics. However, heavy others collapse.
and acrylic.
weight fabrics burn longer
Olefin 6.0 A destructive earthquake.
when ignited, because there All buildings considerably
PROTEIN FIBERS is more flammable material damaged, many shift off
present. IX
Difficult to ignite. They may self-extinguish, but this varies depending on the closeness of foundation. Noticeable
the weave or knit (fabric density) and other finish treatments.  Fabrics with more of the fiber cracks in ground.
surface area exposed to air
Many structures destroyed.
Wool have more oxygen available X 7.0 A major earthquake.
Burn slowly and are difficult to ignite. May self extinguish to support burning and Ground is badly cracked.
Silk
therefore burn more easily. Almost all structure fall.
FLAME RESISTANT FABRICS Thus, thin, gauzy fabrics, XI Bridges wrecked. Very wide 8.0
lace, or brushed fabrics can cracks in ground.
Difficult to ignite; burn slowly and go out when the source of the flame is removed. be very flammable. AND Great earthquakes.
Total Destruction, waves UP
Modacrylic Burn very slowly with melting. May melt and pull away from  Fabrics with a napped or XII
seen on ground.
Saran small flames without igniting. Self extinguishes. brushed surface of fine fibers
can catch fire easily because The Modified Mercalli Scale is The Richter Scale measures the
of the greater amount of fiber somewhat subjective, because the motion of the ground 100 km (60 mi) from
surface exposed to oxygen apparent intensity of an earthquake the earthquake’s epicenter, or the location
Aramid in the air. depends on how far away from its center on the earth’s surface directly above where
Novoloid Char but do not burn the observer is located. Rating intensities the earthquake occurred. The rating scale
Vinyon from I to XII, it describes and rates is logarithmic; each increase of 1 on the
earthquakes in terms of human reactions scale represents a tenfold increase in the
and observations. motion of the ground.

● IMHOTEP©2018 ● Page 93 ●
PAINTS & STAINS

BRANDS BOYSEN DAVIES DUTCHBOY JOTUN NIPPON SPHERO

 ALTAMIRA (Min. Paint)  ACQUA EPOXY  ACREEX  CLASSIC  CITO PRIMER 09  ACRYLIC 5170  CANADIAN
 A-PLUS  ACRYTEX  AQUA GLOSS-IT  GLOSS MASTA  FUNGICIDAL WASH  ADVANCE  HYPER TONE
 BOSNY  AQUASEAL  BIO-FRESH  NALCRETE  GARDEX  EXPRESSKOTE  MANOR
 BOYSEN  CHALK CLOCKER  CLEAN AIR  ROOFMASTER  JOTAPLAST  FLEXISEAL  ROOF TUFF
 BRONCO  COOL SHADES  DA VINCI  TEX-A-CRETE  JOTAROOF  INSULCOAT  SHERTEX
 DAVIES  DECORE  ELASTOGEL  VERSATEX  JOTASEALER 03  MOMENTO  SPHEREFLEX
 DECREA (Stone Coating)  DURAFILL  EPOXY ENAMEL  JOTASHIELD  ODOURLITE  SPHERETITE
 DESTINY  ECO PRIMER  FUSION  JOTASHIELD PRIMER  PROTECTIVE  TUFF SEAL
 DR.SEAL (Putty Filler)  ELASTI-KOTE  GLOSS-IT  MAJESTIC  Q-SHIELD  VTEX
 DUTCH BOY  HEALTHY HOME  KERAMIFLOOR  STRAX EASY CLEAN  VINILEX
 DYNATRON (Rubberized)  HUDSON  LIQUID TILE  ULTRA PRIMER  WEATHERBOND
 FLEXSEAL  KNOXOUT  MEGACRYL  WOODSHIELD  WEATHERBOND FLEX
 FLINTKOTE  MARMORINO  MONDO
 GLOBECONSU  MATTE SHIELD  MORTAFLEX
 HUDSON (Top Coat)  NATION DREAMCOAT  OIL WOODSTAIN PAINT FINISHES
 KONIG (Wood Stain)  NATION DURA-ROOF  PONDO
TYPE USE DESCRIPTION
 MANOR  PERMACOAT  POWERFLOOR
 NATION  PERMAPLAST  ROOFSHIELD a water-base paint (where the solvent is water) used for painting concrete
LATEX for concrete
 NIKKO (Spray Paints)  PERMATEX  STAY CLEAN and masonry surfaces
 RJ  PLEXIBOND  SUN & RAIN Often advertised as 100% acrylic latex, a water-based paint, and is
ACRYLIC LATEX for timber &concrete
 RUST-OLEUM  PRIMEGUARD generally considered the highest quality latex paint.
 SPHERO  ROOFGARD Paints which use varnish as a vehicle. They have the ability of leveling
 TITAN (Elastomeric)  SKIMCOAT brush marks, are more resistant to washing and rough usage, and have a
ENAMEL for timber
 UNIVERSAL  TILEWORKS harder and tougher film. They can have either a glossy, semi glossy or
 WIN  TITAN SUPERFLEX matt finish.
 ZAR (Wood Stain)  VIRTUOSO SILK TOUCH protective paints for ferrous metal and are of two types: -
 ZYNOLITE (Spray) for steel
 WALLGUARD RED OXIDE Priming Paint, e.g. red lead, litharge, lead chromate; -
to prevent rust Finish Paints, e.g., lead sulfate and zinc dust.
 XYLADECOR

PAINT ROOF ROOF EFFECTIVE WIDTH ROOF ACCESSORIES

TYPE OF WALL SPREAD RATE ROOFING SIDE LAP EFECTIVE
STANDARD SIZE EFFECTIVE WIDTH ACCESSORY
FINISH PER GALLON GI Sheet (Corrugations) LENGTH
SPREAD RATE 25m2 to 40m2 Plain GI Sheet 0.90 x 2.40 2 1/2 0.60 Gutter 2.35
Coarse to Rough (Wooden
30 m2 Corrugated GI Sheet 0.80 x 1.50 to 3.60 1 1/2 0.70 Flashing 2.30
Trowel Finish)
Fine to Coarse (Paper
35 m2 GI Sheet Gauge 14 to 30 END LAP 0.25 to 0.30mm Ridge Roll 2.20
Finish)
Smooth to Fine (Putty
40 m2 Roofing Gauge 26 Valley Roll 2.30
Finish)
Gutters &Valley Rolls Gauge 24 Hipped Roll 2.20

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ARCHITECTURAL BUILDING MATERIALS ARCHITECTURAL BUILDING MATERIALS
CONCRETE BUILDING TILE Used on the inside of exterior walls to provide air spaces for insulation to prevent the
FURRING TILE passage of moisture and to provide a suitable plastering surface. Classified as non-load
COMMON SIZES bearing.
CONCRETE BRICK 4” x 8” x 16” for non-load bearing partitions Structural steel must be insulated in fireproof construction. One method of doing this is to
FIREPROOFING TILE
cover it with fire-proofing tile.
6” x 8” x 16” for load bearing walls
Manufactured in both load-bearing and non-load bearing grades in standard thickness
HAND MADE backyard industry FLOOR TILE
raging from 3 to 12 inches in standard length and widths of 12 inches.
MACHINE MADE commonly sold Unglazed tile and may have either a smooth or a rough textured finish. They are
QUALITY STRUCTURAL CLAY FACING
designed to used as exposed facing material on either exterior or interior walls and
Manufactured by big and nationally known factories for load TILE
partitions.
STEAM CURED bearing walls. Usually specified for government and multi-
storey buildings. STRUCTURAL GLAZED Produced from high-grade light burning clay which is suitable for the application of
FACING TILE ceramic or salt glaze.
Lightweight block which is outstanding in thermal and sound insulation qualities. Basic
CELLULAR CONCRETE
ingredients are cement-made from silica-rich sand and lime-water, and aluminum Means “fired earth” is a clay product which has been used for architectural decorative
BLOCKS
powder. purposes, since ancient Greece and Rome. Modern terracotta is machine-extruded and
TERRA COTTA
molded or pressed. The machine-made product is usually referred to as ceramic veneer,
Ceramics And Clay Products and is a unit with flat face and flat or ribbed back.
BRICK Basic ingredient in clay. TWO TYPES OF CERAMIC VENEER
THREE PRINCIPAL FORMS Held to the wall by the bond of the mortar to the ceramic veneer back and to the backing
ADHESION TYPE
wall.
SURFACE CLAY Found near the surface of the earth
ANCHOR TYPE Are held y mortar and by wire tiles between the terracotta and the wall behind.
SHALE Clay which have been subjected to high pressure until they have become relatively hard.
FIRE CLAY Found at deeper levels and usually have more uniform physical and chemical qualities. Building Stones, Gypsum And Lime
TWO CLASSES OF CLAY BUILDING STONES Stones usually blocks or pieces of the basic material rock.

CALCAREOUS Contains about 15 percent calcium carbonate and burn to a IGNEOUS Formed as a result of the cooling of molten matter.
CLAYS yellowish color. Formed by the action of water either by depositing materials at the
THREE GENERAL SEDIMENTARY
Composed of silicate of alumina, with feldspar and iron oxide. bottom of a water body or depositing them on the earth’s surface.
NON-CALCAREOUS CATEGORIES
These clays burn buff, red or salmon depending on the iron Rocks changed from their original structure by the action of
CLAYS METAMORPHIC
oxide content which vary from 2 to 10 percent. extreme pressure, heat, or various combinations of these factors.
STANDARD BRICK SIZE 2 ¼ x 3 ¾ x 8 inches includes rough fieldstone which may merely have been broken into
Are hollow units as opposed to brick which is sold. Tiles are made from the same suitable sizes, or it may include irregular pieces of stone that have
STRUCTURAL CLAY TILES RUBBLE
material as brick, but all clay tiles are formed by extrusion in the stiff-mud process. been roughly cut to size, usually used for and filling material.
(escombro and lastillas)
TYPES OF TILES
DIMENSION Consists of pieces that have been cut or finished according to a set
used for bearing walls of light buildings, the height usually CLASSIFIED (CUT STONE) or drawing. (for facing walls)
LOAD BEARING ACCORDING TO FORM
restricted to four stories. Structural load bearing wall tile are Consists of thin pieces (1/2 in. and up which may or may not have
WALL TILE
made in 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 in thickness. FLAGSTONE
had their face dimensions cut to some particular size. (for walks
(FLAT SLABS)
PARTITION TILE non-load bearing and floors)

Intended for use in both bearing and non-bearing walls which will be faced with brick or CRUSHED Consisting of pieces varying I size from 3/8 to 6 in. and is used to a
BACK-UP TILE ROCK large extent in concreting.
facing tile.

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ARCHITECTURAL BUILDING MATERIALS ARCHITECTURAL BUILDING MATERIALS
S2S two sides planed Made by bonding together thin layers of wood in a way that the grain of each layer is at
PLYWOOD
right angles to the grain of each adjacent layer.
S4S four sides planed
VENEER each layer of plywood
ROUGH as sawn and not planed
a method of cutting wood veneer in which a log is fixed in a lathe
WOOD GRAIN ROTARY
and rotated against a knife so that the veneer is peeled from the log
CUTTING
in a continuous sheet.
EDGE GRAIN Annual rings run approximately at right angle to the face.
HARDBOARD Made from processed wood chips.
FLAT GRAIN When the annual rings run more or less parallel to the surface.
THREE GRADES OF BOARD
ANGLE GRAIN When the annual rings are at about 45 degrees to the face.
STANDARD flexible to be quite easily bent
SEASONING OF LUMBER
TEMPERED Made by impregnated standard board with a tempering compound
Lumber is strip-piled at a slope on a solid foundation. This allows air to circulate around HARDBOARD of oils and resin and baking it to polymerize the tempering material.
AIR-DRYING
every piece while the sloping allows water to run off quickly.
LOW-DENSITY
More expensive lumber which is required for more refined uses so as wood will not Not as strong and durable as standard hardboard.
KILN-DRYING HARDBOARD
move, such as furniture. Flooring and general interior use.
Made from three types of fiber – wood, sugar cane, and asbestos, and binder, formed
PRESSURE TREATED When lumber is subjected to pressure and injected with chemicals or salts to insure it INSULATING FIBERBOARD
into a board.
LUMBER from rots.
A large class of building board made from wood and particles and a binder, often faced
SPECIFICATION WHEN BUYING LUMBER CHIPBOARD
with veneer.
Indicate no. of pieces, thickness, width, length, total bd. Ft. kind of lumber and finish. PARTICLE BOARD Hardboard made from relatively small particles.
Example: 6-2” x 8” x 14’-0” = 112 bd. Ft. tanguile S4S GYPSUM BOARD A wall board having a gypsum core.
GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER Hardboard made of compressed wheat straw, processed at 350 to 400 degree
STRAW BOARD
Fahrenheit and covered with a tough craft paper.
term used to describe a wooden member built up of several layers of wood whose grain directions are all substantially
parallel, and held together with glue as fastening commonly used for beams, girders, posts, columns, arches, arches, A dense, rigid board containing a high proportion of asbestos fibers bonded with Portland
ASBESTOS-CEMENT BOARD
bowstring truss chords, usually softwoods are commonly used because of their low cost, lightness and strength. cement, resistant to fire, flame, and weathering, has low resistance to heat flow.

GLUE USED IN LAMINATING From the outer bark of the cork oak tree, cork granules is mixed with synthetic resin,
CORKBOARD compressed and formed into sheet from 1 to 6 inches thick and baked under pressure
CASEIN GLUE Satisfactory for use in dry locations not exposed to rain or water. into rigid boards.
UREA-FORMALDEHYDE- Cheap and well cure at from 70 degrees Fahrenheit up. Will withstand soaking in cool Made into two different types: a paper pulp pressed into boards 3/16, or ¼ in. thick, 4 ft.
RESIN water. wide, and 6, 7 or 8 ft. long. Usually one surface is primed for easier finishing. The other is
PAPERBOARD
a layer of stiff paper folded into corrugated from and faced on both sides with a thick
PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE- Not usually recommended because of the high temperature needed to cure them. Useful paper backing, cemented to the core.
RESIN GLUES for combining timber and plywood and are very water-resistant.
Thick mats of mineral fibers, usually glass or rock wool are covered with a backing of stiff
RESORCINOL-PHENOL- Resin glues are expensive but have excellent qualities of durability and water resistance. MINERAL FIBERGROUND paper on one or both sides to form rigid boards, ranging in thickness from ½ to 2 in. The
FORMALDEHYDE usual board size is 24 x 48 inches.
Recycled Waste Products, Building Boards And Papers Polystyrene and polyurethane plastics are formed by a patented process to about 40
PLASTIC FOAMBOARDS times their original volume. Used for perimeter insulation for concrete floor slabs, for wall
a group of sheets of building materials often faced with paper or vinyl, suitable for use as and roof deck insulation, and for roof decks when properly supported.
BUILDING BOARDS
a finished surface on walls, ceiling, etc.
BUILDING PAPERS
KINDS OF BUILDING BOARDS
In building construction, paper is used for sheathing, roofing and insulation, in making asphalt shingles, laminated and

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ARCHITECTURAL BUILDING MATERIALS ARCHITECTURAL BUILDING MATERIALS
used for downspout, electrical conductors, flashings, gutter, roofing, etc. dials.
A soft, malleable, heavy metal; has low melting point and a high coefficient of thermal GLASS PRODUCTS
LEAD expansion. Very easy to cut and work, enabling it to be fitted over uneven surfaces. Used
for roofing, flashing and spandrel wall panels. Comparable in many ways to unit masonry but have the added feature of transmitting
GLASS BLOCKS
light.
A lustrous white, soft and malleable metal having a low melting point; relatively
TIN unaffected by exposure to air; used for making alloys and solder and in coating sheet Also made to admit light into a building, because of its solid construction, it offers greater
metal. SOLID GLASS BRICK protection against vandalism than conventional window glass or glass blocks. The ability
of the brick is to allow undistorted passage of light.
Glass And Glazing
Plastics And Related Products
A hard, brittle inorganic substance, ordinarily transparent or translucent; produced by
GLASS a large group of synthetic materials which are made from a number of common
melting a mixture of silica, a flux and a stabilizer.
substances such as coal, salt, oil, natural gas, cotton, wood and water. From these,
TYPES OF GLASS PLASTICS relatively simple chemicals known as monomers, which are capable of reacting with one
another are produced. These are then built up into chainlike molecules of high molecular
Used to control glare and reduce solar heat. It the product of a glass-coating process weight called polymers.
which is carried out in a large, rectangular vacuum chamber. Manufactured in two types,
REFLECTIVE GLASS
silver and gold, the glass can be specified in any one of three nominal light transmittance TWO GENERAL CLASSIFICATION
of 8, 14, or 20 %.
Become soft when heated and hard when cooled, regardless of the number of times the
Used where clear vision is not required, such as by factory roofs and walls, windows for process is repeated. Include in the thermoplastics are acrylic cellulosis, polyethylene,
ROLLED AND ROUGH CAST halls and staircases, skylights, and partitions in offices. Cast glass diffuses light, and THERMOPLASTICS polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polysterene, polyallomers polycarbonates, polyimide,
GLASS because of its low reflecting and absorption index, transmits 90 to 93 percent of light rays polypropylene, polysulfone, phenylene oxide, nylons, methyl pertenes, ionomer,
striking it. fluoroplastics, acetal and acryonitrile butadieniene styrene (ABS).
CATHEDRAL AND FIGURED Manufacturing is similar to rolled and rough-cast glasses. However, they contain a Set into a permanent shape when heat and pressure are applied to them during the
GLASS pattern or texture impressed usually on one surface by a patterned roller. THERMOSETTING PLASTICS forming stage. Thermosetting group includes phenolics, aminos (urea and melamine)
epoxies, polyesters, polyurethane, alkyd silicones and diallyl phthalate (DAP).
WIRED GLASS Simply a rolled glass into which wire mesh is inserted during the process of manufacture.
HEAT –ABSORBING PLATE Made by adding ingredients to the mix used in making regular slate glass so that the PRODUCTION
GLASS finished product is pale bluish-green or gray.
Plastics products are formed by a number of methods which include:
Three to five times as strong as regular plate of the same thickness – and area in
TEMPERED PLATE GLASS INJECTION MOLDING Measured amount of powder or granules is heated and when flowing forced through the
resisting compressive forces and fracture due to strain or thermal shock.
PROCESS nozzle of the barrel into a shaped cavity, where it cools of solidities.
Polished plate glass can be heat-strengthened and coated on one side with vitreous color
VITREOUS COLORED PLATE An extruder extrudes a hollow tube which is captured between the two halves of a hollow.
which is fire-fused to the surface.
BLOW-MOLDING PROCESS As the mold closes, air is blown into the tube and expands it to fit inside surface of the
LAMINATED SAFETY GLASS Widely used in the automotive industry and transportation, but now finding some uses in mold.
(BULLET PROOFING) the building industry, like glass that can withstand firearm attack and explosions.
Used to form hollow units with complex shapes and heavy walls, a premeasured amount
ROTATIONAL MOLDING
Consists of two sheets of plate or sheet glass, separated by an air space, and joined of powder or liquid resin is placed at the bottom half of a cold mold which is then closed.
INSULATING GLASS
around the edges to produce a hermitically sealed unit.
A process used to produce light weight products of polysterene foam, small granules of
EXPANDABLE BEAD
CLASSIFICATION OF SHEET GLASS polystyrene with a small amount of an expanding agent are placed in a rolling drum and
MOLDING
steam heated.
Used for glazing windows doors and storm sash in residential buildings where good light
WINDOW GLASS A measured quantity of powder in a heated mold, which is then closed. Heat and
and vision are required at moderate cost. COMPRESSION MOLDING
pressure are applied to the powder which melts and flows to all parts of the mold.
Used for glazing windows and doors where greater strength is required but where slight
HEAVY SHEET GLASS Similar to compression molding except that the powder is heated and liquefied outside
distortion is not objectionable.
TRANSFER MOLDING the mold and injected into the mold under heat and pressure, where the forming and
PICTURE GLASS Used for covering pictures, photographs, maps, charts projector slides and instrument setting takes place.

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ARCHITECTURAL BUILDING MATERIALS ARCHITECTURAL BUILDING MATERIALS
main posts, walls and flooring. exudation of the lac insect of India and Southeast Asia, deposited on the branches of the
tree.
A chemical liquid painted and applied to lumber to preserve it for years. It protects wood
WOOD PRESERVATIVE against powder post beatles (buk-bok), powder post termite (unos), decay causing fungi A new product made from synthetic materials to take the place of varnish for clear
such as sap stain and dry rot. finishes. The ingredients are dissolved in a mixture of volatile solvents which evaporate,
LACQUERS
leaving a film to form the protective coating. When another class of material, “pigments”
A clear liquid applied easily on wood, plywood, lumber and other board that retains the are added to clear lacquer, the result is lacquer enamel, available in wide range of colors.
FIRE- PROOFING natural beauty, gives added strength and protects materials against fire, weather, decay,
insects and warping. Materials used to apply color to wood surfaces. They are intended to impart color without
STAINS
concealing or obscuring the grain and not to provide a protective coating.
A method of protecting rooms against the intrusion of rats and other small destructive
RATPROOFING animals from gnawing the wooden parts of the house, habitating on ceilings and floors of Finishing materials which are used on wood surfaces, particularly those with open grain,
houses and buildings. FILLERS to fill the pores and provide a perfect smooth, uniform surface for varnish or lacquer. It is
also used to impart color to the wood pores and so emphasize the grain.
A method of protecting the ferrous materials like steel, iron from rusting or
RUSTPROOFING to seal the surface of the wood and prevent the absorption of succeeding finish coats. It
corrosion.
SEALERS may be applied to bare wood in essentially the same way as paste filler but has much
A cement-based, heavy-duty, easy to apply, water proof sealant and coating. Thoroseal less filling capacity.
THOROSEAL
is ideal for basement walls.
Used on all non-painted concrete, synthetic finishes, rubble, brick, and wash-out finishes
Are materials which effectively retard or stop the flow of water vapor and normally are SILICONE WATER
VAPOR BARRIERS as a protection from absorption of water and prevent moss, alkali, fungi to destroy the
produced in sheets or thin layers. REPELLANT
surface.

Paints And Protective Coatings Hardware

a mixture consisting of vehicles or binders, with or without coloring pigments, adjusted HARDWARE Metal products used in construction, such as bolts, hinges, locks, tools. Etc.
and diluted with correct amounts and types of additives and thinners, which when applied
PAINT
on a surface, forms an adherent continuous film which provides protection, decoration, CLASSIFICATION OF HARDWARE
sanitation, identification and other functional properties.
hardware such as hinges, catches, etc. that has a finished appearance as well as
COMPONENTS OF AN OIL BASE PAINT FINISHING HARDWARE function, especially that used with doors, windows, and cabinets, maybe considered part
of the decorative treatment of a room or building.
that solid, finely ground material which gives a paint the powder to hide,
BODY In building construction, hardware meant to be concealed, such as bolts, nails, screws,
as well as color a surface. ROUGH HARDWARE
spikes, rods, and other metal fittings.
a nonvolatile fluid in which the solid body material is suspended. The
VEHICLE vehicle should consist of from 85 to 90 percent drying oil and the TYPES OF DOORS
remainder thinner and drier.
A smooth surface door having faces which are plane conceal its rails and stiles or other
FLUSH
PIGMENT material which give the paint its color structure when used inside, it is of hollow core when used for exterior, it is of solid core.
are volatile solvents, materials which have a natural affinity for the A door having stiles, rail and sometimes muntins, which form one or more frames around
PANEL DOOR
THINNERS vehicle in the paint. They cause the paint to flow better. Most common recessed thinner panels.
thinner is turpentine.
OVERHEAD SWING-UP
A rigid overhead door which opens as an entire unit.
organic salts of various metals such as iron, zinc, cobalt, lead DOOR
DRIERS manganese, and calcium, which are added to the paint to accelerate the
oxidation and hardening of the vehicle. OVERHEAD ROLL-UP A door which, when open, assumes a horizontal position above the door opening, made
GARAGE DOOR of several leaves.
a group pf more-or-less transparent liquids which are used to provide a protective surface
VARNISHES coating, at the same time they allow the original surface to show but add a lustrous and A door made up of small horizontal interlocking metal slats which are guided in a track;
glossy finish to it. ROLL-UP DOOR the configuration coils about an overhead drum which is housed at the head of the
opening, either manual or motor-driven.
ENAMELS When pigment is added to a varnish, the result is enamel.
ACCORDION DOOR A hinge door consisting of a system of panels which are hung from an overhead track.
SHELLAC The only liquid protective coating containing a resin of animal origin. The resin is an

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MECHANICAL SYSTEMS & EQUIPMENT ELEVATORS WITH MACHINE ROOM

REFRIGERANTS Elevators are devices that move people and goods vertically within a dedicated  Have a gearbox that is attached to the motor, which
shaft that connects the floors of a building. They became commonplace in the drives the wheel that moves the ropes
R-12 Di-chloro-di-fluoro-methane 1850s as steel and iron structural frames allowed taller construction; however it  Capable of travel speeds up to 500 ft / minute
was Elisha Otis's safety mechanism that prevented the car from falling that Geared
R-22 Di-chloro-mono-fluoro-methane  Max. Travel Distance : 250 ft (approx)
made elevators popular. In almost all modern multi-floor buildings, elevators are  Medium initial cost, ongoing intial cost, and energy
R-114 Di-chloro-tetra-fluoro-methane required to provide universal access. consumption

R-11 Tri-chloro-monofluoro-methane There are three main types of elevators commonly used: traction with a machine  Have the wheel attached to the motor
room, machine-room-less traction, and hydraulic; however, there are
 Capable of travel speeds up to 2000 ft / minute
DESIGN DETAILS variations on each type.
Gear-Less  Max. Travel Distance : 2000 ft (approx)
Air Handling Unit (AHU) 5% of GFA / floor HYDRAULIC ELEVATORS  High initial cost
 Medium ongoing maintenance costs
Hydraulic elevators are supported by a piston at the bottom of the elevator that  More energy efficient than geared traction elevators
 Located at Basement Floor (Chillers & Pumps)
Refrigeration Equipment pushes the elevator up as an electric motor forces oil or another hydraulic fluid
 3.96 m – 5.488 m high MACHINE-ROOM-LESS (MRL)
Room into the piston. The elevator descends as a valve releases the fluid from the
 1.35% of GFA
piston. They are used for low-rise applications of 2-8 stories and  Do not have a dedicated machine room above the elevator shaft
travel at a maximum speed of 200 feet per minute. The machine room for  The machine sits in the override space and is accessed from the top of the
Cooling Tower 4% of Building GFA hydraulic elevators is located at the lowest level adjacent to the elevator shaft. elevator cab
 Low initial cost  Control Boxes are located in a control room that is adjacent to the elevator
AIR CONDITIONING STANDARDS / AIR CHANGES  Ongoing maintenance cost are lower compared to other types shaft on the highest landing and within 150 ft of the machine
SUMMER COOLING  Uses more energy than other types  Capable of travel speeds up to 500 ft / minute
Cooling And  Major Drawback: Hdraulic fluin can sometimes leak and cause a serious
Temperatures of 68° to 74° F and 50%  Max. Travel Distance : 250 ft (approx)
De-Humidifying environmental hazard
relative humidity are a frequent design average  Medium initial cost and ongoing intial cost
 Low energy consumption compared to geared elevators
WINTER COOLING  Have a sheave that extends below the floor of the pit,  Most popular choice for mid-rise buildings
Heating And Temperatures 70° to 75° F and relative which accepts the retracting piston as the elevator  Energy efficient
Conventional descends
Humidifying humidity of 30% to 35 % are found most  Requires less space
satisfactory  Max. Travel Distance : 60ft (approx)  Operation reliability are on par with gear-less traction elevators

Air Velocity should average 4.57m to HISTORY

 Have a piston on either side of the cab fixed at the
Air Motion 7.60m per minute measured 36” above base of the pit
the floor Hole-Less Elisha Graves Otis Elevator Safety Brake (1853)
 Telescoping pistons: 50ft TD
NON-SMOKING ROOMS  Non-Telecoping: 20ft TD
Installed the First Passenger Elevator
5ft3 to 7.5ft3 of air / minute / person E.V. Haughwout Building
(23 March 1857)
 Use a combination of ropes and a piston
SMOKING ROOMS Roped
 Max. Travel Distance : 60ft (approx)
25ft3 to 40ft3 of air / minute / person Counterbalance-type, Traction-Method Elevator
Air Supply Frost and Strutt
called the “Taagle” (1853)
TRACTION ELEVATORS
ASHRAE Recommendations
15ft3 to 20ft3 of air / minute / person Traction elevators are lifted by ropes, which pass over a wheel attached to an Felix Leon Edoux Hydraulic Elevator (1867)
0.42m3 to 0.57m3 of air / minute / person electric motor above the elevator shaft. They are used for mid and high-rise
For MOST applications applications and have much higher travel speeds than hydraulic elevators. A Siemens Electric Power Elevator (1880)
counter weight makes the elevators more efficient by offsetting the weight of the
ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- Wegster DC Motor
car and occupants so that the motor doesn't have to move as much weight.
Conditioning Engineers) is an organization devoted to the advancement of  Have height restrictions governed by the length and weight of cables or ropes Norton Otis First direct-connected geared electric elevator
indoor-environment-control technology in the heating, ventilation, and air  New materials that are stronger and lighter, such as carbon fiber, will allow
conditioning (HVAC) industry. traction elevators to achieve new heights. Mitsubishi Electric Corp. Leader in the elevator industry

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CONCRETE SHRINKAGE AND TEMPERATURE REINFORCEMENT STRENGTH-REDUCTION FACTOR

MINIMUM CONCRETE COVER FOR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE  shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart than  flexure without axial load, 0.90
5 times the slab thickness, or 450mm  axial tension and axial tension with flexure, 0.90
 concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth – 75mm  spacing of prestressed tendons shall not exceed 1.80m  axial compression and axial compression with flexure:
 concrete exposed to earth or weather:  spiral reinforced, 0.75
 wall panels, slabs, joists – 25mm T-BEAM CONSTRUCTION
 tie reinforce, 0.70
 other members – 40mm  shear and torsion, 0.85
 concrete not exposed to earth or in contact with ground:  the flange and web shall be built integrally or otherwise effectively bonded
 bearing on concrete, 0.70
 slabs, walls, joists – 20mm together
 post-tensioned anchorage zones, 0.85
 beams, columns:  width of slab effective as a T-beam flange on each side of the web shall not
 primary reinforcement – 40mm exceed:
DISTANCE BETWEEN LATERAL SUPPORTS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
 ¼ the span length of the beam,
 ties, stirrups, spirals – 25mm
 shells, folded plate members:  8 times the slab thickness, or  spacing of lateral supports for a beam shall not exceed 50 times the least width
 ½ the clear distance to the next web b of compression flange or face
 16mm diameter bar and smaller – 10mm
 for beams with a slab on one side only, the effective overhanging flange width
 other reinforcement – db but not less than 20mm LIMITS FOR REINFORCEMENT OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS
shall not exceed:
 1/12 the span length of the beam,
OFFSET BARS  minimum number of longitudinal bars in compression members shall be 3 for
 6 times the slab thickness, or
bars within triangular ties, 4 for bars within rectangular or circular ties, and 6 for
 ½ the clear distance to the next web
bars enclosed by spirals
 slope of inclined portion of an offset bar with axis of column shall not exceed 1  transverse reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart than 5 times the slab
in 6 thickness, nor 450mm SPACING LIMITS FOR SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
 portions of bar above and below an offset shall be parallel to axis of column
 lateral ties or spirals, if used, shall be placed not more than 150mm from points  shall not exceed d/2 in non-prestressed members and 3/4h in prestressed
JOIST CONSTRUCTION
of bend members or 600mm
 offset bars shall be bent before placement in the forms  ribs shall not be less than 100mm in width and shall have a depth of not more WALLS
 where a column face is offset 75mm or greater, longitudinal bars shall not be than 3½ times the minimum width of rib
offset bent. Separate dowels, lap sliced with the longitudinal bars adjacent to  clear spacing between ribs shall not exceed 750mm  minimum ratio of vertical reinforcement area to gross concrete area shall be:
the offset column faces, shall be provided  slab thickness over permanent fillers shall not be less than 1/12 the clear  0.0012 – deformed bars not larger than 16mm diameter with a
distance between ribs nor less than 40mm specified yield strength not less than 420Mpa, or
 when removable forms or fillers are used, slab thickness shall not be les than  0.0015 – for other deformed bars, or
SPIRALS  0.0012 – for welded wire fabric (plain or deformed)
1/12 the clear distance between ribs, or less than 50mm
 for cast-in-place construction, size of spirals shall not be less than 10mm  where conduits or pipes are embedded within the slab, slab thickness shall be  minimum ratio of horizontal reinforcement area to gross concrete area shall be:
diameter at least 25mm greater than the total overall depth of the conduits or pipes at  0.0020 – deformed bars not larger than 16mm diameter with a
 clear spacing between spirals shall not exceed 75mm or be less than 25mm any point specified yield strength not less than 420 Mpa, or
 anchorage of spiral reinforcement shall be provided by 1½ extra turns of spiral  0.0025 – for other deformed bars, or
bar or wire at each end of a spiral unit REQUIRED STRENGTH  0.0020 – for welded wire fabric (palin or deformed)
 spiral reinforcement shall be lap spliced by 48db but not less than 300mm or  in addition to the minimum reinforcement required, not less than 2-16mm
 dead load and live load diameter bars shall be provided around all window and door openings. Such
welded  U = 1.4D + 1.7L bars shall be extended to develop the bar beyond the corners of the openings
 in columns with capitals, spirals shall extend to a level at which the diameter or  dead load, live load and wind load but not less than 600mm
width of capital is 2 times that of the column
 U = 0.75 (1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7W)
 plain bars shall conform to one of the following specifications:  U = 0.9D + 1.3W TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT (HOOPS)
 ASTM A 615M
 dead load, live load and earthquake load
 ASTM A 616M  the first hoop shall be located not more than 50mm from the face of a
 U = 1.3D + 1.1L + 1.1E
 ASTM A 617M supporting member
 U = 0.99D + 1.1E
 plain wire shall conform to: ASTM A 82 – Steel Wire, Plain  maximum spacing of the hoops shall not exceed:
 d/4
MINIMUM FOOTING DEPTH NON-BEARING WALLS  8 times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal bar
 24 times the diameter of the hoop bars
 depth of footing above bottom reinforcement shall not be less than 150mm for  thickness shall not be less than 100mm, or not less than 1/30 the least distance  300mm
footings on soil, or not less than 300mm for footings on piles between members that provide lateral support  where hoops are not required, stirrups shall be placed at no more than d/2
throughout the length of the member

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IDENTIFICATION OF PIPING BY COLOR AND TAG UNITS OF MEASUREMENT UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
MATERIAL PIPED COLOR PIPE ID LIGHT SOUND
Air (Low Pressure) GREEN L.P. Air The distance measured in the direction of
The luminous flux emitted per unit solid angle
Luminous Intensity Wavelength propagation of wave from any one point to the
Argon (Low Pressure) GREEN L.P. Argon by a light source, expressed in candelas.
next point of corresponding response
Helium (Low Pressure) GREEN L.P. Helium Candlepower Luminous intensity expressed in candelas The maximum deviation of a wave or alternating
Amplitude
Nitrogen(Low Pressure) GREEN L.P.-Nitrogen A unit of luminous intensity used prior to current from it’s average value
Candle 1948, equal to the luminous intensity of a wax
Water (Cold) GREEN Cold Water candle of standard specifications. Frequency The number of cycles per unit time of wave
Water (Distilled) GREEN Distilled Water The basic SI unit of luminous intensity, equal Hertz (Hz) The Si Unit of frequency (cycle / s)
to the luminous; intensity of a source that
Water (Low-Pressure) (Excl. Of fire Service) GREEN L.P. Water emitsmonochromaticatic radiation of frequency The predominant frequency of a sound as
Candela (Cd) Pitch
Water (Treated) GREEN Treated Water 540 x 1012 hertz and that has a radiant perceived by the human ear
intensity of 1/683 watt per steradian. Also
Oil and Water (For hydraulic system) GREEN Oil and Water called standard candle Octave The interval between two frequencies (2:1)
Acetylene ORANGE Acetylene The rate of flow of visible light per unit time An apparent shift in freauency occurring when
Luminous Flux
Blast Furnace Glass ORANGE B.F.Gas expressed in lumen an acoustic source and listener are in motion
Doppler Effect relative to each other, the frequency increasing
Gasoline ORANGE Gasoline when the source and listener approach each
The SI Unit of luminous flux, equal to the light
Grease ORANGE Grease Lumen (lm) emitted in a solid angle of one steradian by a other and decreasing when they move apart.
uniform point
Hydrogen ORANGE Hydrogen A unit for measuring the apparent loudness of a
Oxygen ORANGE Oxygen sound, equal in number to the decibels of a
The law that the illumination produced on a Phon 1000 Hz reference sound judges by a group of
Cosine Law
Oil ORANGE Oil surface by a point source is proportional to the listeners to be equal in loudness to the given
(Lambert’s Law)
cosine of the angle of incidence sound
Tar ORANGE Tar
Producer Gas ORANGE Producer Gas The intensity of light falling at any given place A unit for measuring the apparent loudness of a
Illumination on a lighted surface equal to the luminous flux sound, judged by a group of listeners to be
Liquid Petroleum Gas ORANGE L. P. Gas Sone
(Illuminance) incident per unit area and expressed in lumens equal to the loudness of a 1000 Hz reference
Vacuum (High) ORANGE High Vacuum per unit of area sound having an intensity of 40 decibels
Oil and Water (For hydraulic system) ORANGE Oil and Water Lux SI Unit of illumination (lumen / m2) A unit for expressing the relative pressure or
Carbon Dioxide RED Carbon Dioxide A Unit of illumination that is everywhere one intensity of sounds on a uniform scale from 0
Decibel
Foot-Candle foot from a uniform point source of one candela (threshold of hearing) to about 130 (threshold of
Water (Fire Service) RED Fire Service Water (lumen / ft2) pain)

Acid YELLOW Acid A unit of luminance or brightness Speed of Sound Norm Dry Air Air Water Wood Steel
Lambert (L)
Air (High pressure) YELLOW H.P. Air (0.32Cd / cm2) (per second) 322m 344m 0.3km 1.4km 3.6km 5.5km
Ammonia YELLOW Ammonia A unit of luminance or brightness A unit of sound absorption equal to 1 ft2
Foot-Lambert (fL) Sabin
Steam (High Pressure) YELLOW H.P.Steam (0.32Cd / ft2) (0.90m2) of a perfectly absorptive surface

Steam (Low Pressure) YELLOW L.P. Steam A unit of length equal to one ten-billionth of a
Metric Sabin A unit of sound absorption equal to 1m2 of a
Angstrom (A) meter, used esp. to express the wavelengths of
Water (Boiler Feed) YELLOW Boiler Feed Water (Absorption Unit) perfectly absorptive surface
radiation.
Water (Hot) YELLOW Hot Water A unit of length equal to one billionth of a
A particular point or stage in a periodic cycle or
Nanometer (nm) meter, used esp. to express wavelengths of Phase
Water (High Pressure) (Excl. of Fire service) YELLOW H.P. Water process.
light in or near the visible spectrum

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