Model Answers for Class Test 1

Sr. no Questions

Q-1 Attempt any FIVE Out of SEVEN

Define Data Communication with neat diagram.

Soln.:
Data communication is the process of transferring information, typically in the form of digital
data, from one device to another via a transmission medium, such as a wire cable or wireless
signal. This process involves encoding data into signals, transmitting those signals over a
channel, and then decoding the signals back into data at the receiving end.
1(a)

State any two disadvantages of Analog signal.

Soln.:
Analog signals have several drawbacks compared to digital signals.
1. Primarily, they are susceptible to noise and distortion
1(b)
2. Making data transmission over long distances unreliable.
3. They also require more bandwidth
4. It can be more difficult to store and reproduce, potentially leading to signal degradation
over time.

Write any two applications of infrared.

Soln.:
1. Infrared waves are used for two main networking applications:
2. Short-range wireless data transfer : Short-range wireless data transfer: Infrared can
be used to transmit data wirelessly between devices, like between a computer and a
1( c) printer, or for file sharing between mobile devices.(Bluetooth, WiFi)
3. Remote control communication. : Infrared is widely used in remote controls for
devices like TVs and home entertainment systems.
4. Traditional medical applications of infrared radiation include the relief of muscle pain
and tension, as well as the treatment of autoimmune diseases or wound-healing
disorders.

Sketch labelled construction diagram of co-axial cable

Soln. :

1( d)

1(e) State any two characteristics of Microwave communication media.

Soln.:
 Two key characteristics of microwave communication media are
a) Line-of-sight propagation: Microwaves travel in a straight line and require a
clear path between the transmitter and receiver, unlike lower frequency radio
waves which can diffract around obstacles.

b) High bandwidth.: Microwaves occupy a wide portion of the

electromagnetic spectrum, offering a high bandwidth for data
Suppose sender wants to send the 1110111 data unit to receiver and both uses even parity
checking which code word will be transmitted.
1(f)
Soln.:
As transmitted data bits have even number of 1s, hence 0 is appended on data unit.
Code word 11101110 will be transmitted.
State any four features of 5G
Soln.:
1. 5G is much faster than 4G.
2. 5G reduces website load time.
3. 5G enables high-speed data transfer.
1(g) 4. 5G can stream high-resolution videos easily.
5. Higher multi-Gbps peak data speeds
6. Ultra low latency
7. More reliability
8. Massive network capacity
9. Increased availability

Q-2 Attempt any FIVE out of eight.

2(a) Explain Analog signal to Digital signal conversion using PCM.

Soln.:
Analog to Digital Conversion:
 Microphone create analog voice and camera creates analog videos which are treated is
analog data. To transmit this analog data over digital signals we need analog to digital
conversion.
 Analog data is a continuous stream of data in the wave form whereas digital data is discrete.
To convert analog wave into digital data, we use pulse code Modulation (PCM). This method
is commonly used to convert analog data into digital form. It involves three steps or operation
in sequence namely sampling, quantisation and encoding.
 An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is an integrated circuit that performs the conversion.
The process of converting the analog data to digital signal is known as digitisation.
1. Sampling :
 The analog signal is sampled every T interval. Most important factor in sampling is the
rate at which analog signal sampled.
 According to Nyquist theorem, the sampling rate must be at least two times of the
highest frequency of the signal.

2. Quantisation:
 Sampling yields discrete form of continuous analog signal. Every discrete patter shows
 the amplitude of the analog signal at that instance.
 Quantisation is done between the maximum amplitude value and the minimum
amplitude value. Quantisation is approximation of the instantaneous analog value.

3. Encoding:
 In encoding, each approximated value is then converted into binary format.

Explain need of computer network (Any four)

Soln.:
The computer networks are needed because of the following points:
1. For sharing the resources such as printers among all the users.
2(b) 2. For sharing of expensive software and database
3. To facilitate communication from one computer to other.
4. To have exchange of data and information amongst the users via the network.
5. For sharing of information over the geographically wide areas.
6. For connecting the computers between various buildings of an organisation.
7. For educational purposes.

2(c) Compare LAN with WAN (Any four)

Soln.:
Difference between LAN, MAN and WAN:

Sr. Paramete LAN WAN

No r
.
1. Stands for Local Area Network Wide Area Network
2 Meaning A computer network that A computer network that
interconnects computers interconnects user with computer
within a limited area such as resources in a geographical area
residence, office building, larger than LAN.
school or laboratory.
3 Area Covers small geographical Covers geographical area like
Covered area i.e. within 1 km to 10 country, state etc. beyond 100km
km.
4. Bandwidth High bandwidth for data Low bandwidth for data transfer
transfer
5. Ownership Owned by private companies Established under distributed
or individuals ownership or Public
6. Setup cost Lowest setup cost due to Higher setup cost than LAN and
 inexpensive devices MAN
7. Design Easier to design and maintain More difficult and complicated to
design and maintain than LAN
and MAN
8. Example Offices, Cyber café, Internet
Laboratories etc.

Explain construction of Fiber-Optic Cable with neat diagram.

Soln. :
 A fiber-optic cable is constructed with several layers, primarily designed to guide light signals
through the core.
 The core, made of silica glass or plastic, is surrounded by cladding with a lower refractive
index, enabling light to propagate via total internal reflection. Further layers, such as a buffer
coating and an outer jacket, protect the fiber from damage and environmental factors.

Components:
Core:
The innermost layer made of a transparent dielectric material (usually glass or plastic) that
carries light.
Cladding:
A layer surrounding the core with a lower refractive index, crucial for total internal reflection.
Buffer Coating:
A protective layer, often made of plastic or silicon rubber, that further shields the fiber.
Strengthening Members:
2(d) Layers, sometimes including aramid yarn or glass yarn, to protect the inner layers from
crushing and tension.
Cable Jacket:
The outermost layer, providing protection against environmental factors like moisture, UV
radiation, and physical damage.
Construction Process:
 The core and cladding are drawn together to create the optical fiber.
 The optical fiber is then coated with a protective buffer layer.
 The strengthened members are added to protect the fiber from external forces.
 Finally, a protective jacket is applied, usually made of polyethylene or PVC.

How it works:
 Light enters the core of the fiber optic cable and undergoes total internal reflection at the
core-cladding interface, allowing the light to travel through the fiber without losing much
intensity.
 The cladding's lower refractive index ensures that the light does not escape the core. The
protective layers ensure the fiber's structural integrity and resistance to environmental
damage.

2(e) Explain any four criteria to selection of transmission media.

Soln.:
Criteria for the selection of transmission media:
 Bandwidth and Data Rate: The amount of data and the speed at which it must be transmitted
are crucial. Higher bandwidth means faster data transfer rates.
 Distance: The maximum distance the medium can successfully carry a signal is a key factor.
 Cost: The cost of the media and its installation should be considered.
 Environmental Conditions: Factors like temperature, humidity, and electromagnetic
interference can affect the performance of certain media.
 Signal Type: Determine whether the signal is analog or digital, as some media are better
 suited for one type over the other.
 Security: Consider the security of the transmission medium, especially for sensitive data.
 Reliability: The consistency and robustness of the transmission medium are important.
 Flexibility: Consider the need for future expansion and upgrades.
 Ease of Installation: The complexity and ease of installation and maintenance of the medium
should be considered.

2(f) Explain Time Division multiplexing with neat diagram

Soln.:

 Time division multiplexing (TDM) is a communications process that transmits two or more
streaming digital signals over a common channel.
 In TDM, incoming signals are divided into equal fixed-length time slots. After multiplexing,
these signals are transmitted over a shared medium and reassembled into their original
format after de-multiplexing.
 Time slot selection is directly proportional to overall system efficiency.
 Time division multiplexing (TDM) is also known as a digital circuit switched.
 There are two types of TDM synchronous and asynchronous.

Examples of utilizing TDM include digitally transmitting telephone conversations over the
same four-wire copper cable or fiber optical cable in a TDM telephone network; these systems
may use pulse code modulation (PCM)
Advantages:
1. TDM systems are more flexible than FDM
2. Time vision multiplexing circuitry is not complex.
3. Problem of crosstalk is not severe
4. In TDM, the user gets full bandwidth of the channel in a particular time slot.

Disadvantages:
1. Synchronisation is required in time division multiplexing.
2. It is not much suitable for continuous signals
3. In TDM extra guard time are necessary

Applications of time division multiplexing which are given below,

 It used in ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) telephone lines.
 It is used in PSTN (public switched telephone network).
 It is used for some telephone system.
 It is used in wire line telephone lines.
 Define error. Explain its types.
Soln. :
 In data transmission, an "error" refers to a discrepancy or mismatch between the data sent by
the transmitter and the data received by the receiver, often caused by noise or interference
during transmission.

Types of Errors: There are four types of errors in data transmission.

1. Content error
2. Flow integrity error
3. Single bit error
4. Burst error
1. Content error:
The contents errors are nothing but errors in the contents of a message. E.g. a ‘0’ may be
received as ‘1’ or vice versa. Such errors are introduced due to noise added into the data
signal during its transmission.
2. Flow Integrity Error:
Flow Integrity error means missing blocks of data. It is possible that data block may be lost in
the network possibly because it has been delivered to a wrong destination. Depending on the
number of bits in error we can classify the errors into two types as single bit errors and burst
2(g) errors.
3. Single Bit error :
The term single bit error suggests that only one bit in the given data unit such as byte in error.

That means only one bit in a transmitted byte will change from 1 to 0 or 0 to 1.
4. Burst errors:
If two or more bits from the data unit such as a byte change from 1 to 0 or from 0 to 1 then
burst errors are said to have occurred.

2(h) Explain packet switching with neat diagram.

Soln. :

 Packet switching is a method of transmitting data across a network by breaking it into smaller
units called packets.
 These packets are then sent independently, and can travel different routes through the
network, eventually being reassembled at the destination. This approach allows for more
efficient use of network resources and can handle network congestion better than other
 methods.
 Before transmission, data is divided into small, fixed-size or variable-size packets.
 Each packet contains a header with information about the source and destination addresses,
as well as the packet's sequence number. The header also includes error-checking
information to ensure data integrity.
 Unlike circuit switching, which establishes a dedicated connection, packet switching allows
packets to travel independently across the network.
 Packets can be routed through different paths, avoiding congestion and finding the most
efficient route.
 This flexibility makes packet switching suitable for networks with variable traffic and potential
failures.
 At the destination, the packets are received and reassembled in their original order based on
the sequence number in their headers.
 This reassembly creates the original data, allowing it to be accessed and used by the receiving
device.

Advantages:
1. Scalability: Datagram switching is highly scalable and can handle large amounts of traffic on a
network.
2. Flexibility: Datagram switching is flexible and can support variable packet sizes and data rates.
3. Simple routing: Datagram switching does not require a pre-established path for each packet,
allowing packets to be routed dynamically.
4. Lower latency: Datagram switching typically has lower latency than virtual circuit switching,
as packets are sent immediately without any delay for setup.

Disadvantages:
1. Higher error rates: Datagram switching is more susceptible to errors than virtual circuit
switching, as there is no guaranteed delivery or error correction.
2. Lack of QoS(Quality of Service): Datagram switching does not provide any Quality of Service
guarantees, meaning that different types of traffic may be treated equally.
3. Increased network congestion: Without a pre-established path for each packet, datagram
switching can lead to increased network congestion and potential delays.