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unit 1 upto source transformation

The document provides an overview of DC circuits, defining active and passive elements, as well as linear and non-linear elements. It explains the characteristics of ideal and practical voltage and current sources, highlighting their differences and behaviors in circuits. Additionally, it introduces the concept of source transformation for simplifying circuit analysis.

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atharva singh
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1 views

unit 1 upto source transformation

The document provides an overview of DC circuits, defining active and passive elements, as well as linear and non-linear elements. It explains the characteristics of ideal and practical voltage and current sources, highlighting their differences and behaviors in circuits. Additionally, it introduces the concept of source transformation for simplifying circuit analysis.

Uploaded by

atharva singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit1: DC Circuits

Introductory Definitions:
Active & Passive elements:
Active elements are those which provide electrical energy/ power to any circuit.
As: Battery, solar cell, generator, operational amplifiers etc.
Passive elements are those which consume or store electrical energy. As: Resistor,
Inductor, Capacitor, Diode etc.
An active element is capable of generating energy while a passive element does not
have its own energy.

Linear & Non-linear elements:

Those elements which have linear volt-ampere (V-I) characteristics, are known as
linear elements. As:Resistor, Inductor, Capacitor
Those elements which have non-linear volt-ampere (V-I) characteristics, are
known as non-linear elements. As: Diode, BJT, FETetc
Linear elements obey Ohm’s law while non-linear elements don’t.
Unilateral & Bilateral elements:
If the properties of element depend on the direction of flow of current, such type
of element is known as unilateral element. As: Diode, BJT, FETetc
If the properties of element are independent from the direction of flow of current,
such type of element is known as bilateral element. As:Resistor, Inductor,
Capacitor, Transmission line etc
Energy Source:
Mainly these are divided into dependent and independent sources which are further
divided in voltage source and current source. Here we discuss about independent sources
only.

Ideal and real Voltage source:


An ideal voltage source is that which maintains a constant voltage at its terminals,
irrespective of the current delivered to the network.An ideal voltage source is assumed to
have no (zero) internal resistance.
Ideal voltage sources are just mathematical models.
Practical or real voltage sources has small but finite internal series resistance and hence,
when it delivers a current,there is always an internal voltage drop due to which terminal
voltage decreases with increasein load current.
Thus its terminals voltage progressively falls.

Ideal VS Practical VS V-I Characteristics


Practical Voltage Source: Vt = VS – I RS
• Voltage sources can be added algebraically when connected in series
Ideal and real Current source:
An ideal current source is that which delivers a current of constant magnitude, totally
independent of the external network connected. An ideal current source maintains the
same current regardless of the amount of voltage that appears across its terminals.
An ideal current source is assumed to have infinite internal resistance.
In practical, no current source can be ideal, practical current source is always shown with
resistance in parallel.A real current source has a parallel resistor (with a large value)
across it, due to which the load current decreases with increase in terminal voltage.

Ideal CS Practical CS V-I Characteristics


Practical Current Source: I = IS – V/ RS
• Current sources can be added algebraically when connected in parallel.
Source Conversion/ Transformation:
Electrical source transformation is a method of replacing real voltage source in a
circuit by its equivalent real current source and vice versa.
The source transformation technique is required to simplify an electric circuit for
analysis.

Voltage Source to Current Source:

Current Source to Voltage Source:

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