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Module 3_ Closed Loop Systems (2)

This document discusses closed loop and open loop control systems, detailing their components, advantages, and disadvantages. Open loop systems operate independently of output, while closed loop systems utilize feedback to adjust inputs based on output. The document also covers feedback and feedforward control methods, highlighting their respective benefits and limitations.

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K Sasisree
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16 views

Module 3_ Closed Loop Systems (2)

This document discusses closed loop and open loop control systems, detailing their components, advantages, and disadvantages. Open loop systems operate independently of output, while closed loop systems utilize feedback to adjust inputs based on output. The document also covers feedback and feedforward control methods, highlighting their respective benefits and limitations.

Uploaded by

K Sasisree
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PROCESS INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL

(CHE3002)

Module 3
Lecture 15: Closed loop systems

Dr.S.Karthika
Assistant Professor
(Senior Grade 1)
Control system elements
Control system elements

 The process: It is the system to be controlled


 The process variable: It is the quantity to be measured and controlled
 Measuring element / Sensor : It is a device that measures process variable
 The Controller: It decides the control variable in order to bring the process
variable as close as to the set point.
 Final Control Element: It is a device that directly manipulates the manipulating
variable to control over the process.
 Manipulating Variable: It is the quantity which can be directly altered to control
over the process variable.
Open and closed loop control system

Open Loop Control System


A control system in which the control action is totally independent of the output of
the system then it is called an open-loop control system. A manual control system is
also an open-loop control system. The figure below shows a control system block
diagram of an open-loop control system in which process output is totally
independent of the controller action.
Examples of open loop control system

 Electric Hand Drier – Hot air (output) comes out as long as we keep your hand under the
machine, irrespective of how much your hand is dried.
 Automatic Washing Machine – This machine runs according to the pre-set time irrespective of
washing is completed or not.
 Bread Toaster – This machine runs as per adjusted time irrespective of toasting is completed or
not.
 Automatic Tea/Coffee Maker – These machines also function for pre-adjusted time only.
 Timer Based Clothes Drier – This machine dries wet clothes for pre-adjusted time, it does not
matter how much the clothes are dried.
 Light Switch – Lamps glow whenever the light switch is on irrespective of light is required or
not.
 Volume on Stereo System – Volume is adjusted manually irrespective of output volume level.
Advantages/disadvantages of Open Loop Control Systems

Advantages
 Simple in construction and design.
 Economical.
 Easy to maintain.
 Generally stable.
 Convenient to use as output is difficult to measure.
Disadvantages of Open Loop Control System
 Disadvantages of open-loop control systems include:
 They are inaccurate.
 They are unreliable.
 Any change in output cannot be corrected automatically.
Closed-loop control system

 Control systems in which the output has an effect on the


input quantity in such a manner that the input quantity will
adjust itself based on the output generated is called a
closed-loop control system.
 An open-loop control system can be converted into a
closed loop control system by providing feedback. This
feedback automatically makes suitable changes in the
output due to external disturbance.
Closed-loop control system

In closed loop control system, feedback is taken from the output and fed into the input.
Examples of closed loop control system

 Automatic Electric Iron – Heating elements are controlled by the output


temperature of the iron.
 Servo Voltage Stabilizer – Voltage controller operates depending upon the
output voltage of the system.
 Water Level Controller – Input water is controlled by the water level of the
reservoir.
 Missile Launched and Auto Tracked by Radar – The direction of the missile is
controlled by comparing the target and position of the missile.
 An Air Conditioner – An air conditioner functions depending upon the
temperature of the room.
 Cooling System in Car – It operates depending upon the temperature which it
controls.
Advantages of Closed Loop Control System

 Closed loop control systems are more accurate even in the


presence of non-linearity.
 Highly accurate as any error arising is corrected due to the
presence of a feedback signal.
 The bandwidth range is large.
 Facilitates automation.
 The sensitivity of the system may be made small to make the
system more stable.
 This system is less affected by noise.
Disadvantages of Closed Loop Control System

 They are costlier.


 They are complicated to design.
 Required more maintenance.
 Feedback leads to an oscillatory response.
 Overall gain is reduced due to the presence of feedback.
 Stability is the major problem and more care is needed to
design a stable closed loop system.
SERVO VS REGULATORY CONTROL
Regulatory control
Servo control
Feed back control
Feedback control

 Consider a process outlet temperature control


problem in a furnace. The furnace is used to heat
the process fluid stream and its outlet temperature
is to be controlled. In feedback control, the outlet
temperature is measured and it is compared
against the reference set point.

 The deviation between the desired and measured


temperatures is found. The flow rate of the fuel
gas is adjusted in accordance with the magnitude
of deviation by the controller through the control
valve. The outlet stream temperature is kept at the
desired value by controlling fuel gas flow rate.
Advantages
 Corrective action occurs as soon as the controlled variable
deviates from the set point, regardless of the source and type
of disturbance.
 Feedback control requires minimal knowledge about the
process to be controlled; it particular, a mathematical model of
the process is not required, although it can be very useful for
control system design.
 The ubiquitous PID controller is both versatile and robust. If
process conditions change, retuning the controller usually
produces satisfactory control.
LIMITATIONS

1. Feedback control takes corrective action only after the disturbances has
affected the process and generated an error.
2. The feedback control corrects the output deviations by trial and error method
which results in the oscillatory response of the feedback loop.
3. Feedback control continues to change its output until the error is zero. There
exists a finite delay between the detection of disturbance and the effect of
control action on the controlled variable.
4. Feedback control cannot achieve perfect control because its effectiveness is
limited by the process response to continuous manipulation of the process
variable.
5. The inclusion of feedback control to a process affects stability, sensitivity and
overall gain.
Feed forward control
Feedforward control
 Consider the process outlet
temperature control problem in a
furnace. Here, the inlet flow rate of
the process fluid is the major
disturbance. The feedforward
controller decides how to
manipulate the control valve for fuel
gas in order to maintain the
controlled variable at set point.
 In this example, the inlet
temperature of the process fluid
can also be included as a next major
disturbance.
Advantages

1. Feedforward control takes corrective action before the disturbances


entering into the process.

2. The feedforward control does not affect the stability of the system. A
stable system without feedforward control would remain stable even after
including it.

3. It works well for multi-capacity systems or with significant dead time.


Limitations
1. The concept of feedforward control demands the identification and direct
measurement of all possible disturbances. This is not possible for many
processes. Also, it cannot deal with unmeasured or unexpected disturbances.
2. The effectiveness of feedforward control depends on a good design of
process model. Perfect process model is not practically possible for many
systems.
3. The feedforward controller requires sophisticated instruments and control
equipment making it expensive.
4. The inability to prepare perfect model and take accurate measurements
would make the feedforward control accumulate errors. The accumulation of
errors would self-destruct the control mechanism.
Thank you

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