PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINNERING AND ARCHITECTURE

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
2ND SEMESTER S.Y. 2024-2025

LIGHTING
DESIGN
WHAT IS A LIGHTING DESIGN?
Lighting design is a crucial element in architecture, as
it can significantly impact the overall aesthetic and
functionality of a building. Lighting can highlight
architectural features, create a sense of atmosphere,
and enhance the functionality of spaces. Some of the
key elements of lighting design include understanding
the architectural and functional requirements of a
space, selecting the appropriate lighting fixtures and
technologies, determining the optimal placement and
control of light sources, and balancing the different
types of lighting to achieve a harmonious and effective
lighting scheme.
LIGHTING AND ILLUMINATION

Lighting refers to the intentional use or arrangement of

light sources—natural or artificial—to achieve a desired
effect or to illuminate a space. It encompasses the
equipment, design, method, and control of light.

Illumination refers to the actual amount or effect of

light that hits a surface or area. It’s more of a
measurable outcome than a setup—how well a space is
lit, regardless of how it was achieved.
THREE METHODS OF ILLUMINATION
1. LOCAL ILLUMINATION

A method of illumination that focuses light

on specific areas where it is needed the
most.
It creates pools of light with contrasting
shadows and is commonly used for tasks
such as reading, writing, or working at a
desk.
The location of lamps in this method usually
depends upon the position of furniture or the
position of activity areas.
 THREE METHODS OF ILLUMINATION
2. GENERAL ILLUMINATION

A method of illumination that provides

uniform brightness throughout an entire
space.
It ensures that the whole area is well-lit
without any significant shadows or dark spots.
The lamps are evenly spaced without regard to
furniture location and are provided with
reflectors, baffles or diffusing prisms to
prevent glare, harsh shadows and uneven
illumination
 THREE METHODS OF ILLUMINATION
3. COMBINED LOCAL AND GENERAL
ILLUMINATION (LOCALIZED
ILLUMINATION)

is a method that integrates both general and

local lighting to create a balanced and
flexible illumination system. It ensures that
an entire space has sufficient overall
brightness while also providing focused
lighting in specific areas where additional
illumination is needed.
 LIGHTING SYSTEMS
Lighting can be termed as the use of light or luminaire to achieve practical or aesthetic effects. Lighting
includes the use of both natural light sources by using natural sources like sunlight, reflections, etc, and
artificial and light sources like lamps and light fixtures.

TYPES OF LIGHTING SYSTEMS

AMBIENT OR GENERAL LIGHTING
Ambient lighting, also known as general lighting, is
usually the primary source of light in a room. It
provides overall illumination and makes a big
difference in setting the tone for the space. This
style of lighting is made to offer a comfortable
level of brightness so that people can move
around without any difficulties.
 TYPES OF LIGHTING SYSTEMS
TASK LIGHTING
Task lighting provides increased light for
specific tasks in a room that may already
have some ambient light. It is especially
useful for seeing small objects or objects of
low contrast. TASK LIGHTING can also provide
increased light for tasks that require
accuracy, such as reading directions on a
bottle of medicine or chopping vegetables in
the kitchen. Task lighting is also useful for
workspaces, such as a workbench or
woodshop in the garage, or a space used for
arts and crafts.
 TYPES OF LIGHTING SYSTEMS
ACCENT LIGHTING
Accent lighting is a focused illumination
technique used to highlight specific features or
areas within a space, creating visual interest
and emphasizing architectural details. It often
involves using lamps, track lighting, or
recessed lights with adjustable angles to direct
attention towards artworks, sculptures, or
texture on walls. Understanding accent
lighting not only enhances aesthetic appeal
but also plays a crucial role in interior design,
harmonizing ambiance and functionality.
 LIGHTING FIXTURES AND ITS DISTRIBUTION
Light distribution refers to the way that light spreads across a given area. It is a
defining characteristic of LED lights, boat lights, and other lighting fixtures since
it affects their overall effectiveness and efficiency.

Direct Lighting Semi-Direct Lighting Direct-Indirect Lighting

means 100% of the means smaller means 50% of the light
light directed down portion direct up - directed up - 50% of the
Most of the light light directed down
directed down

Semi-Indirect Lighting Indirect Lighting General Diffuse

means most of the means 100% of the means Light directed
light direct up - Small light directed up evenly around
portion of the light
directed down
 LIGHTING FIXTURES AND ITS DISTRIBUTION
A lighting fixture (US English), light fitting (UK English), or luminaire is an
electrical device used to create artificial light by use of an electric lamp.
TYPES OF LUMINAIRE
Recessed Cove Lighting Fixture
A recessed cove fixture is mounted in a light cove,
which is built above the ceiling at the intersection of
the ceiling and the wall.

Indirect Pendant Lighting Fixture

Indirect pendants hang from the ceiling and are usually
suspended from cables. The lamp is completely hidden
from below and a reflector directs all of the light up
toward the ceiling.
 TYPES OF LUMINAIRE
Direct / Indirect Pendant Lighting Fixture
A direct / indirect pendant also hangs from the ceiling, but
it directs light up and down. These types of fixtures are
used a lot in offices where general lighting is required, but
there is also a need for task lighting immediately below
the fixture.
Recessed Lighting Fixtures
Recessed lighting fixtures are the most common fixtures
used in commercial and institutional construction. Fixtures
are sized to work with common ceiling tile sizes.
 TYPES OF LUMINAIRE
Wall Wash Light Fixtures
Wall wash fixtures are recessed lights with reflectors that
direct the light toward the wall. They are most often used
to highlight art, signage, or other items on a wall.

Wall Sconce
A wall sconce is a decorative fixture that is mounted to a
wall. They provide general room lighting, but are mostly
decorative.
 TYPES OF LUMINAIRE

Task Lighting
Task lighting is a generic description for lights that are
used to illuminate specific tasks or work that is being
done. Task lights can be lamps, lights mounted to desks,
under cabinet lights, or any lighting that helps people see
their work better.

Under Cabinet Light Fixtures

Lights are often mounted below cabinets so that tasks on the
counter below can be seen easily. These can be found in
homes and offices and are generally controlled from a nearby
switch or a switch on the light fixture.
 LUMINAIRE EFFICIENCY COEFFICIENT OF
UTILIZATION
A luminaire, variously called a fixture, lighting unit, or reflector, comprises a
device for physically supporting the light source and usually for directing or
controlling the light out-put of this source.

Luminaires can be evaluated based on luminaire center beam candlepower

(candela), total input watts (W), efficiency (fraction of lamp lumens that exit
the luminaire), efficacy rating (lumens/W) and coefficient of utilization (CU).

Efficiency is only part of the story of a lighting product and should be

considered along with how the luminaire distributes the light and at what
Intensity.
 LUMINAIRE EFFICIENCY COEFFICIENT OF
UTILIZATION
Luminaire efficiency is the ratio of light output emitted by the luminaire to
the light output emitted by its lamps. Luminaire efficiency is the percentage
of light output produced by the lamps that are in turn emitted by the
luminaire.

A Coefficient of Utilization (CU) is a measure of the efficiency of a luminaire in

transferring luminous energy to the working plane in a particular area. The CU
is the ratio of luminous flux from a luminaire incident upon a work plane to
that emitted by the lamps within the luminaire.
IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS IN ELECTRICAL 2) Depreciation or Maintenance factor
LIGHTING DESIGN: It may be defined as “the ratio of illumination under
normal working condition to the illumination when everything is
1) Utilization Factor clean or new” i.e.
Utilization Factor or Co-efficient of D.F = Illumination under normal working conditions / Illumination
utilization. Defined as “the ratio of total when everything is clean.
lumens received on the working plane to It is usually given as three options:
the total lumens emitted by the Good = 0.70
light source”.i.e. Medium = 0.65
Poor = 0.55
FACTOR AFFECTING UTILIZATION FACTOR:
3) Waste light factor:
Type of light
When a surface is illuminated by a number of lamps, there is
Light fitting
certain amount of
Colour surface of walls and ceiling
wastage due to overlapping of light waves. Its value will be
Mounting height of lamps
between 1.2 to 1.5
Area to be illuminated
Its value lies between:
4) Reflection Factor:
0.4 and 0.6 - direct fittings
It may be defined as “the ratio of luminous flux leaving the
0.1 to 0.35 -indirect fittings
surface to the luminous
flux incident on it”. It’s value will be always less than 1
5) ABSORPTION FACTOR: 7) SPACING TO MOUNTING HEIGHT RATIO (SHR)
When the atmosphere is full of The Spacing to Mounting Height Ratio (SHR) is
snow or smoke fumes, it absorbs the spacing between luminaires divided by their
some light. Hence absorption factor height above the horizontal reference plane.
may be defined as “the ratio of net
lumens available on the working
plane after absorption to the total 8) ROOM INDEX:
lumens emitted by the lamp”. It’s The room index is a ratio, describing how the
value varies from 0.5 to 1. room's height compares to its length and width. It is
given by:
6) LUMINOUS EFFICIENCY OR
SPECIFIC OUTPUT Where
It may be defined as “the ratio of L= is the length of the room,
W =is its width, and
number of lumens emitted to the Hm= is the mounting height
electric power intake of a source” above the work plane.
it’s unit is lumen/watt (lm/W)
LUMEN METHOD STEPS: N =number of lamps required.
E =illuminance level required (lux)
1. Find required lux level A =area at working plane height (m2)
2. Select luminaire F =average luminous flux from each lamp
(lm)
3. Determine room index UF=utilisation factor,
4. Determine Number of Fixtures MF=maintenance factor

7. Determine Number of luminaire in each row

5. Determine Minimum spacing between Number of luminaire in each row= Total
luminaire luminaire / Number of rows
Minimum spacing = SHR * Hm
Hm= Mounting height 8. Axial spacing along luminaire
SHR= Space to height ratio. Axial spacing= Length of the room/ Number of
luminaire in each row
6. Determine Number of required rows of
luminaire along width of the room 9. Transverse spacing between luminaire
Number of required rows= width of the Transverse spacing = Width of the room/
room/ Minimum spacing Number of luminaire in each row
Example 1.
Example 2.