MTC-241 | Computational Geometry

Give any two examples of parallel projection.

Parallel projection is a type of projection where all projection lines are parallel to each other. Here are Write types of all axonometric parallel projections
two examples: axonometric projection is a type of orthographic parallel projection used to create a pictorial drawing of
Orthographic Projection: In this type, the projection lines are perpendicular to the projection plane. It's an object, showing it rotated along one or more of its principal axes relative to the viewing plane. In
like casting a shadow of the object directly onto the plane when the light source is infinitely far away. this type of projection, the projection lines are perpendicular to the projection plane. The key
Orthographic projections are commonly used in technical drawings to show the true shape and size of characteristic of axonometric projections is that they allow viewing of an object from a direction that
different sides of an object (front view, top view, side view). reveals more than one face simultaneously, providing a sense of three-dimensionality.
Oblique Projection: Here, the projection lines are parallel to each other but are not perpendicular to the Isometric Projection: All three principal axes of the object are equally foreshortened.
projection plane. They meet the plane at an oblique angle. This type of projection is often used to The angles between the projected axes are all equal to 120 degrees.
create pictorial drawings where one face of the object is shown in its true size and shape, while the Dimetric Projection:
other faces are projected at an angle to give a sense of depth. Cavalier and cabinet projections are Two of the three principal axes are equally foreshortened, while the third is foreshortened to a
subtypes of oblique projection, differing in the angle and foreshortening of the receding axes. different extent.
There are two equal angles between the projected axes, and the third angle is different.
Define the term solid body transformation. Trimetric Projection:
A solid body transformation (also known as a rigid body transformation or Euclidean transformation) in All three principal axes are foreshortened to different extents.
Computational Geometry refers to a geometric transformation of a solid object (or a set of points All three angles between the projected axes are unequal.
representing it) in Euclidean space that preserves the distances between any two points of the object. Define projection in three dimensional space
Essentially, it moves the object without changing its shape or size. projection in three-dimensional space refers to the process of mapping points from a 3D space onto a
Think of it as picking up a solid object, moving it around (translating or rotating it), and placing it down 2D plane (the projection plane). This mapping is achieved by drawing projection lines from each point
in a new location. The object itself doesn't deform, stretch, shrink, or get reflected. in the 3D object to the projection plane. The intersection of these lines with the plane creates the 2D
projection of the 3D object.
Write types of oblique projection. Parallel Projection: In parallel projection, all the projection lines are parallel to each other. This
Oblique projection is a type of parallel projection where the projection lines are parallel to each other implies that the viewpoint (the center of projection, if we were thinking about perspective) is
but are not perpendicular to the projection plane. The angle at which the projection lines meet the considered to be at infinity.
plane is oblique (not 90 degrees). - Orthographic Projection - Oblique Projection
Types of oblique projection are classified based on the angle and the scaling applied along the Perspective Projection
receding axis (the axis that represents depth): In perspective projection, the projection lines converge at a single point in space called the center of
Cavalier Projection: The projection lines make an angle (typically 45 degrees, but can vary) with projection (or viewpoint). This mimics how the human eye and cameras perceive the world, where
the projection plane. objects appear smaller as their distance from the viewer increases.
The receding axis is projected at its true length (no foreshortening). Perspective projections do not preserve parallelism or the ratios of lengths. However, they do create a
Cabinet Projection: sense of depth and realism.
The projection lines also make an oblique angle with the projection plane (common angles are 45 or Define foreshortning factors in projection
63.4 degrees). foreshortening factors are the ratios by which the lengths of lines or axes of an object appear
The receding axis is projected at half its true length. This foreshortening by half makes the resulting shortened when projected onto a 2D plane. This shortening occurs when the lines or axes are not
image appear more realistic than a Cavalier projection. parallel to the projection plane. The foreshortening factor is essentially the cosine of the angle
Military Projection (or Plan Oblique): between the line (or axis) and the projection plane (or the normal to the projection plane, depending
One of the principal faces (usually the top or bottom, hence "plan") of the object is parallel to the on the context).
projection plane and is shown in its true shape and size. 1. Axonometric Projection (a type of orthographic parallel projection):
The projection of the vertical axis (representing height) is oblique to the projection plane, typically at Isometric Projection: All three principal axes are equally inclined to the projection plane, resulting in
a 45-degree angle. equal foreshortening factors for all three axes. This factor is approximately 32
projected lengths of the axes are about 81.6% of their true lengths. However, in practice, isometric
write any two properties of Be'zier curve drawings are often created without explicitly applying this factor for ease of measurement, accepting
- It always passes through the first and last control points. the slight visual distortion.
- Bezier curves has variation-diminishing property. This means it never oscillates widely from its Dimetric Projection: Two of the principal axes are equally inclined to the projection plane, leading to
defining control points. two equal foreshortening factors and a third one that is different. The specific values depend on the
- Bernstein basis functions are real. chosen angles of inclination.
- The curve follows the shape of the defining polygon. Trimetric Projection: All three principal axes are inclined at different angles to the projection plane,
- The curve is invariant under affine transformation. resulting in three different foreshortening factors, one for each axis. These factors are determined by
- The Bezier curve lies entirely within the convex hull of defining polygon. the cosines of the respective angles between each axis and the projection plane.

State whether the following statement is true or false

Union of two subgroup is subgroup, justify
MTC-231 | Groups and coding theory false
Define tearm Groups Let H and K be two subgroups of a group G. For their union H K to be a subgroup, it must satisfy the
In coding theory, groups, particularly abelian groups and especially vector spaces over finite fields subgroup criteria, which include closure under the group operation. That is, for any two elements
(which are a special type of abelian group), provide a powerful algebraic framework for designing and a,b H K, their product a b (where is the group operation in G) must also be in H K.
analyzing error-correcting codes. Consider the group (Z,+), the group of integers under addition.
A group code is a type of error-correcting code where the set of codewords forms a subgroup of some integers.
group. The most commonly studied group codes are linear codes, which are subgroups of a vector
space over a finite field (usually F2={0,1} with addition modulo 2, or more generally Fq where q is a Now, let's consider the union of these two subgroups:
prime power) H
Take two elements from this union:
a=2 H K (since 2 H)
b=3 H K (since 3 K)
MTC-231 | Groups and coding theory If H K were a subgroup, then their sum under the group operation of Z (which is addition) must also
State and prove Euclids Lemma be in H K.
If a prime number p divides the product of two integers a and b (i.e., p ab), then p must divide a or p a+b=2+3=5
must divide b (or both). Now, let's check if 5 is in H K.
Proof - 5 is not an even integer, so 5 /H.
Assume p is a prime number and p ab. We want to show that p a or p b. 5 is not a multiple of 3, so 5 /K.
Case 1: p a. Therefore, 5 /H K.
If p divides a, then the lemma is true. Since we found two elements in H K whose sum is not in H K, the union H K is not closed under the
Case 2: p a (i.e., p does not divide a). group operation (addition in this case). Hence, H K is not a subgroup of Z.
Since p is prime and p does not divide a, the greatest common divisor of p and a must be 1, i.e.,
gcd(p,a)=1. State whether the following statement is true or false
By Bezout's Identity, if gcd(p,a)=1, then there exist integers x and y such that: Every cycle group is an abelian group, justify
px+ay=1 true.
Now, multiply both sides of this equation by b: Let G be a cyclic group. By definition, this means that there exists an element a G (called a generator)
b(px+ay)=b(1)pbx+aby=bp(bx)+(ab)y=b such that every element x in G can be written as some integer power of a. That is, for any x G, there
We are given that p ab, which means there exists an integer k such that ab=pk. Substituting this into exists an integer m such that x=am.
the equation above: Now, let's take any two arbitrary elements x and y from G. Since G is cyclic with generator a, we can
p(bx)+(pk)y=b write these elements as:
p(bx+ky)=b x=am for some integer m
Since bx+ky is an integer, this equation shows that p divides b (i.e., p b). y=an for some integer n
Therefore, in either case (whether p a or p a), we have shown that p a or p b. This completes the To show that G is abelian, we need to show that x y=y x, where is the group operation in G. Let's
proof of Euclid's Lemma compute both products:
x y=am an
By the properties of exponents in a group (which follow from the associativity of the group operation),
we have:
am an=am+n
Now, let's compute y x:
y x=an am
Similarly, by the properties of exponents:
an am=an+m
Since the addition of integers is commutative (m+n=n+m), we have:
am+n=an+m
Therefore, we can conclude that:
x y=am+n=an+m=y x
Since this holds for any two arbitrary elements x and y in G, the group G is abelian.