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JayMendel's Laws of Inheritance
Mendel's Law of Segregation
Each trait is determined by two alleles, one from each parent.
Alleles segregate randomly during gamete formation.
Gametes contain one allele for each gene.
During fertilization, two gametes fuse, restoring the diploid number of alleles (two for each gene).
Offspring inherit a random combination of alleles from both parents.
Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment
Genes located on different chromosomes assort independently during gamete formation.
The inheritance of one gene does not affect the inheritance of another gene.
This law holds for genes on separate chromosomes but not for genes on the same chromosome.
Laws of Probability in Genetics
Monohybrid Inheritance: Involves one trait (one gene with two alleles, where one allele may be dominant).
Dihybrid Inheritance: Involves two traits (genes that may assort independently).
Probability rules:
If events are mutually exclusive: P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B).
If events are independent: P(A and B) = P(A) × P(B).
Chi-Square Test
Used to compare observed results with expected results based on Mendelian ratios.
Steps to calculate the chi-square value:
Find the expected (E) and observed (O) values.
Calculate the difference (O - E), square the difference.
Divide each squared difference by the expected value (E).
Sum the results to get the chi-square value.
Degrees of freedom = (number of categories) - 1.
Critical value table: Compare chi-square value to the critical value to determine statistical significance (if the difference
is due to chance).
Monohybrid Cross Example
Example: Crossing purebred green (GG) and yellow (gg) pea plants.
Resulting F1 generation will all have the genotype Gg, and the phenotype will be green (dominant).
Crossing two F1 generation plants (Gg × Gg) produces:
Genotype ratio: 1 GG : 2 Gg : 1 gg.
Phenotype ratio: 3 green : 1 yellow.
Dihybrid Cross Example
Involves two traits (e.g., coat color and ear length in rabbits).
The predicted phenotype ratio is 9:3:3:1.
The predicted genotype ratio for the offspring is 3 BbEE : 3 bbEE : 1 Bbee : 1 bbee.
Pedigree Charts
Used to trace inheritance patterns of traits through generations.
Pedigree chart features:
Males: Squares.
Females: Circles.
Horizontal lines: Marriage or mating.
Vertical lines: Parent-child relationship.
Shading: Affected individuals.
Pedigrees help determine if traits are dominant or recessive and how they are passed down.
