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The document is a course plan for Fluid Mechanics, detailing the evaluation criteria including exams, projects, quizzes, and attendance. It provides an overview of fluid mechanics, its applications, and fundamental concepts such as fluid properties, viscosity, and thermodynamics. Additionally, it discusses the differences between fluids and solids, and introduces key equations and principles related to fluid behavior.

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3 views

1

The document is a course plan for Fluid Mechanics, detailing the evaluation criteria including exams, projects, quizzes, and attendance. It provides an overview of fluid mechanics, its applications, and fundamental concepts such as fluid properties, viscosity, and thermodynamics. Additionally, it discusses the differences between fluids and solids, and introduces key equations and principles related to fluid behavior.

Uploaded by

hxh7wkvptn
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

‫ع ْق َدةً ِّمن‬ ‫س ْر ِّلي أ َ ْم ِّري* َو ْ‬


‫احلُ ْل ُ‬ ‫صد ِّْري* َويَ ِّ‬
‫ب اش َْرحْ ِّلي َ‬
‫َر ِّ‬
‫سا ِّني * يَ ْفقَ ُهوا قَ ْو ِّلي‬
‫ِّل َ‬

‫صدق هللا العظيم‬

‫‪Fluid Mechanics‬‬
‫إعداد‬
‫د‪ /‬أسامه خريس‬
‫قسم هندسة القوى الميكانيكية ‪ -‬كلية الهندسة بالمطرية – جامعة حلوان‬
Fluid Mechanics
Course Plan Points
- Final Exam (50 points)
- Mid Exam (20 points) “at the 8th week”
- Project (10 points) “should be included with a report containing the main idea and the main equations related
to the design ,Due before the 10th week”
- 4 Quizzes (5points each) “2 of them before mid exam and the others after it, Due before the 10th week”
- Attendance (5 points) “Due before the 10th week”
- Lab (5 points) “Due before the 10th week”
- Report (5 points) “for a required subject and it will be announced later, Due before the 10th week”
Fluid Mechanics

• What is Fluid Mechanics?


• Some Applications
• What are the main types of matter?
• Why are liquids and gases considered as fluids VS solids?
What is Fluid Mechanics?
Fluid Mechanics is the study of fluids either in
motion(fluid dynamics) or at rest (fluid statics), and
the subsequent effects on boundaries which may
be solid surfaces or interfaces of other fluids.
Applications for Fluid mechanics:

Breathing, Blood flow, Swimming, Bubbles,


Kerosene lamp, Pumps, Fans, Turbines,
Airplanes, Ships , River , Windmill, Pipes,
Engines, Jets, Sprinklers.
What are the main types of matter?

Matter

Solids Liquids Gases

Fluids
Why are liquids and gases considered as
fluids VS solids?
A fluid is defined as a substance that deforms
continuously (flow) when acted on by a shearing
stress (tangential to the surface)of any magnitude.

When solids acted on shearing stress it will deform


but not continuously.
Statics,
studying fluids at rest.
Mechanics
liquids forces on surfaces at rest

Kinematics,
Studying fluids in flow conditions regardless of the forces causing this motion
Flow velocity V, acceleration a, position of particles x, y, z

Dynamics,
Studying forces acting on or from a fluid when it is flowing
Thermodynamic Properties of a Fluid
1- Temperature T: (K)
Is a measure of internal energy level. Engineers usually use Kelven scale
for SI measuring rather than Celsius
T (K)= t (C)+ 273

2- Pressure p: (N/ m2 = pa)


• Is the stress (compression or tensile) at a point in static fluid.
• Differences (or gradients) in pressure leads to fluid flow in pipes ,
ducts and even in open air atmosphere.
3- Vapor Pressure p: (N/m2 = pa)
• If the pressure at a point in the flowing liquid reaches the boiling
point at a specific temperature this will lead to form vapor bubbles in
the flowing liquid, which known as cavitation.
4- Density  : (kg/m3)
It is the mass per unit volume.
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑘𝑔
𝜌= = 3
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑚
𝑘𝑔
For water 𝜌 = 1000 3
𝑚
𝑘𝑔
For Mercury 𝜌 = 13600 3
𝑚
𝑘𝑔
For air at 20C 𝜌 = 1.2 3
𝑚
5- Specific volume  : (m3 /kg)
It is the volume per unit mass.
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑚3
= =
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑘𝑔

6- Specific weight  : (N/m3)


It is the weight per unit volume.

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑁
= = 3
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑚

𝛾 = 𝜌𝑔
Example:
7- Specific Gravity SG : (--)
For liquids: It is the ratio of a liquid density  to the density of pure
water at 4 C.
For gases: it is the ratio of a gas density  to the density of air at 20C.
𝜌
For liquids SG=
𝜌𝑤 4𝐶
𝜌
For gases SG=
𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 20𝐶
8- Equation of state (for ideal gases):
For all gases it is considered one equation to relate the thermodynamic
properties as follows:
𝑃 𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇 or 𝑃 = 𝜌𝑅𝑇
𝑅 = 𝐶𝑝 − 𝐶𝑣
The gas constant (R) for standard air at 20C. = 287 J/kg. K
Cp and Cv are gas specific heats.
The pressure P and temperature T must be ABSOLUT values.

Example:
9- Viscosity : (pa.s= kg/m.s)
Usually known as dynamic viscosity, absolute
viscosity or coefficient of viscosity.
It is a measure of the resistance of the fluid to
flow.
In this experiment, it is found that the shearing stress
applied on the upper plate is proportional to the
velocity gradient between fluid layers perpendicularly
to the fluid motion.

  du/ dy
 =  (du/ dy) Newton’s law of
viscosity
A common unit for viscosity is poise = 0.1 Pa . s
For water  = 0.001 pa.s = 1 centipois
For air  = 1.8  E-5 pa.s
• All fluids those show linear relation for the shear stress with the velocity gradient
(= const.) are called Newtonian fluids. All other fluids those do not obey
Newton’s law are non-Newtonian fluids.

• The fluids of zero viscosity are called Nonviscous – or Ideal Fluids (= zero) .
However, substances of infinity or maximum viscosity are called solids.

• Some examples of non-Newtonian fluids:


 shear thinning (latex paint)
 shear thickening (Water – corn starch & water- sand mixture)
 toothpaste , mayonnaise
What is the effect of temperature
increase on the viscosity of a
fluid? Why?

Kinematic Viscosity : m2 /s


It is the ratio of the dynamic
viscosity and the fluid density.
𝜇 𝑝𝑎.𝑠 2
𝜗= = 3 = 𝑚 /𝑠
𝜌 𝑘𝑔/𝑚

(1 stoke = 1 cm2/s = 0.0001 m2/s).


Example:
Example:
Example:
Example:
𝑇 = 𝐹 𝑅𝑖
𝐹 = 𝜏𝐴 , 𝐴 = 2𝜋 𝑅𝑖 𝑙
𝑑𝑢
𝜏= 𝜇
𝑑𝑟
𝑉−0
𝜏= 𝜇
(𝑅𝑜 − 𝑅𝑖)
𝜔 𝑅𝑖 − 0
𝜏= 𝜇
(𝑅𝑜 − 𝑅𝑖)

𝜔 𝑅𝑖
𝐹 = (𝜇 )(2𝜋 𝑅𝑖 𝑙)
𝑅𝑜−𝑅𝑖

2𝜋𝜔𝑙 𝑅𝑖 3
𝑇=𝜇
(𝑅𝑜−𝑅𝑖)
10- Compressibility of a Fluid: Ev = N/m2
how compressible is the fluid?
Compressibility is the inverse of Bulk Modulus = 1/𝐸𝑣
𝑑𝑝
the Bulk modulus 𝐸𝑣 = − 𝑑𝑉ൗ =pa=(N/m2)
𝑉
𝑑𝑝
or 𝐸𝑣 = + 𝑑𝜌 =pa=(N/m2)
ൗ𝜌
Water requires a pressure
Incompressible
change of 200 bar to change
Fluids which shows a high values of Ev volume by 1%.
Fluid

Ex. All liquids


Ideal gas:
Compressible Isothermal comp/expansion
𝑝
Fluids which shows a low values of Ev = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡 ∴ 𝐸𝑣 = 𝑝
𝜌
Ex, all gasses
Isentropic comp./expansion
𝑝
𝜌 𝑘 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡 ∴ 𝐸𝑣 = 𝑘𝑝
Example:
Surface tension  : N/m
- It is the intensity of the molecular attraction per unit length along any line in
the surface.
- At the interface between a liquid and any substance, force developed in the
liquid which cause the liquid surface to behave as a skin or a membrane
stretched over the liquid mass.
- Examples; steel needle will float on a water surface if placed gently. Small
droplets of mercury will form spheres if placed on smooth surface.

The pressure inside a drop of liquid can be


estimated using free body figure as shown.
If a spherical drop is cut in half the force
around the edge and inside the drop are
balanced.
Force due to surface tension= pressure difference across the surface.
2𝜋𝑅𝜎 = ∆𝑃(𝜋𝑅2 )
2𝜎
∆𝑃 = 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑒 =
𝑅
It is clear that inner pressure Pi > exit pressure Pe .

** Hint: Try to estimate P for (1)bubble of soap , (2)for jet of liquid.

- In case of capillary tube the vertical force due


to surface tension is balanced with the weight
of the liquid column.
γ𝜋𝑅2 ℎ = 2𝜋𝑅𝜎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
2𝜎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
ℎ=
𝛾𝑅
The angle  is the wetting angle and it is
-   90 wetting surface (water with glass = 0)
-   90 nonwetting surface
Example:
𝜎 .

𝑅𝜎

2𝜎

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