Adult Development and Aging 7th Edition

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 In memory of Fredda Blanchard-Fields, friend and collaborator,
who dedicated her life to educating students.
To Chris

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iv BRIEF CONTENTS

BRIEF CONTENTS
ChAPTER 1 Studying Adult Development and Aging _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1

ChAPTER 2 Neuroscience as a Basis for Adult Development and Aging ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 32

ChAPTER 3 Physical Changes _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 57

ChAPTER 4 Longevity, Health, and Functioning _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 92

ChAPTER 5 Where People Live: Person–Environment Interactions _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 127

ChAPTER 6 Attention and Memory ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 157

ChAPTER 7 Intelligence, Reasoning, Creativity, and Wisdom ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 185

ChAPTER 8 Social Cognition _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 216

ChAPTER 9 Personality ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 245

ChAPTER 10 Clinical Assessment, Mental Health, and Mental Disorders ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 274

ChAPTER 11 Relationships ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 310

ChAPTER 12 Work, Leisure, and Retirement ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 342

ChAPTER 13 Dying and Bereavement _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 375

ChAPTER 14 Successful Aging _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 405

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 CONTENTS v

CONTENTS
Chapter 1 2.1 The Neuroscience Approach 34
NEUROIMAGING TECHNIQUES 34
Studying Adult Development and Aging 1 NEUROSCIENCE PERSPECTIVES 35
1.1 Perspectives on Adult Development and Aging 3 Discovering Development: What Do People Believe
Discovering Development: Myths and about Brain Fitness? 36
Stereotypes about Aging 4 Adult Development in Action 36
THE LIFE-SPAN PERSPECTIVE 4 2.2 Neuroscience and Adult Development
THE DEMOGRAPHICS OF AGING 5 and Aging 37
Adult Development in Action 10 HOW IS THE BRAIN ORGANIZED? 37
1.2 Issues in Studying Adult Development and Aging 10 WHAT AGE-RELATED CHANGES OCCUR
IN NEURONS? 38
THE FORCES OF DEVELOPMENT 11
WHAT AGE-RELATED CHANGES OCCUR
INTERRELATIONS AMONG THE FORCES: IN NEUROTRANSMITTERS? 39
DEVELOPMENTAL INFLUENCES 11
WHAT AGE-RELATED CHANGES OCCUR
CULTURE AND ETHNICITY 12 IN BRAIN STRUCTURES? 39
THE MEANING OF AGE 13 WHAT DO STRUCTURAL BRAIN
CORE ISSUES IN DEVELOPMENT 14 CHANGES MEAN? 40
Current Controversies: Does Personality in Young How Do We Know?: The Aging Emotional Brain 41
Adulthood Determine Personality in Old Age? 15
Adult Development in Action 45
Adult Development in Action 17
2.3 Making Sense of Neuroscience Research:
1.3 Research Methods 17 Explaining Changes in Brain-Behavior
MEASUREMENT IN ADULT DEVELOPMENT Relations 45
AND AGING RESEARCH 17 THE PARIETO-FRONTAL INTEGRATION
GENERAL DESIGNS FOR RESEARCH 19 THEORY 46
DESIGNS FOR STUDYING DEVELOPMENT 20 CAN OLDER ADULTS COMPENSATE FOR
CHANGES IN THE BRAIN? 46
How Do We Know?: Conflicts between Cross-Sectional
and Longitudinal Data 24 THEORIES OF BRAIN-BEHAVIOR CHANGES
ACROSS ADULTHOOD 47
INTEGRATING FINDINGS FROM DIFFERENT STUDIES 26
Adult Development in Action 50
CONDUCTING RESEARCH ETHICALLY 26
Adult Development in Action 27 2.4 Neural Plasticity and the Aging Brain 50

Social Policy Implications 27 Current Controversies: Are Neural Stem Cells

the Solution to Brain Aging? 51
SUMMARY 28 EXERCISE AND BRAIN AGING 51
REVIEW QUESTIONS 30 NUTRITION AND BRAIN AGING 52
INTEGRATING CONCEPTS IN DEVELOPMENT 30 Adult Development in Action 52
KEY TERMS 30
Social Policy Implications 52
RESOURCES 31

SUMMARY 53

Chapter 2 REVIEW QUESTIONS

INTEGRATING CONCEPTS IN DEVELOPMENT
54
55
Neuroscience as a Basis for KEY TERMS 55
Adult Development and Aging 32 RESOURCES 56

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vi CONTENTS

Chapter 3 Chapter 4
Physical Changes 57 Longevity, Health, and Functioning 92
3.1 Why Do We Age? Biological Theories 4.1 How Long Will We Live? 93
of Aging 58 Discovering Development: Take the Longevity Test 94
Discovering Development: Why Do Most People AVERAGE AND MAXIMUM LONGEVITY 94
Think We Age? 59 GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
RATE-OF-LIVING THEORIES 59 IN AVERAGE LONGEVITY 95
CELLULAR THEORIES 59 ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN AVERAGE
LONGEVITY 96
PROGRAMMED-CELL-DEATH THEORIES 60
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN AVERAGE
IMPLICATIONS OF THE DEVELOPMENTAL FORCES 60 LONGEVITY 97
Adult Development in Action 61 INTERNATIONAL DIFFERENCES IN AVERAGE
LONGEVITY 98
3.2 Appearance and Mobility 61
Adult Development in Action 99
CHANGES IN SKIN, HAIR, AND VOICE 62
CHANGES IN BODY BUILD 63 4.2 Health and Illness 99
CHANGES IN MOBILITY 63 DEFINING HEALTH AND ILLNESS 99
PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS 67 QUALITY OF LIFE 100
Adult Development in Action 69 CHANGES IN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 100
CHRONIC AND ACUTE DISEASES 102
3.3 Sensory Systems 69
THE ROLE OF STRESS 103
VISION 69
How Do We Know?: Negative Life Events and Mastery 106
HEARING 71
SOMESTHESIA AND BALANCE 73 Adult Development in Action 107
How Do We Know?: Preventing Falls Through Tai Chi 74 4.3 Common Chronic Conditions and
TASTE AND SMELL 75
Their Management 107
GENERAL ISSUES IN CHRONIC CONDITIONS 107
Adult Development in Action 76
COMMON CHRONIC CONDITIONS 108
3.4 Vital Functions 76
Current Controversies: The Prostate Cancer Dilemma 111
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 76
MANAGING PAIN 113
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 80
Adult Development in Actions 114
Adult Development in Action 81
4.4 Pharmacology and Medication Adherence 114
3.5 The Reproductive System 81
PATTERNS OF MEDICATION USE 114
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 82
DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN HOW
Current Controversies: Menopausal Hormone Therapy 82 MEDICATIONS WORK 114
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 83 MEDICATION SIDE EFFECTS AND INTERACTIONS 115
PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS 84 ADHERENCE TO MEDICATION REGIMENS 116

Adult Development in Action 84 Adult Development in Action 117

3.6 The Autonomic Nervous System 84 4.5 Functional Health and Disability 117
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 85 A MODEL OF DISABILITY IN LATE LIFE 117
PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS 86 DETERMINING FUNCTIONAL HEALTH STATUS 119
WHAT CAUSES FUNCTIONAL LIMITATIONS AND
Begin Adult Development in Action: DISABILITY IN OLDER ADULTS? 120
Adult Development in Actions 86
Adult Development in Action 121
Social Policy Implications 87 Social Policy Implications 122

SUMMARY 88 SUMMARY 122

REVIEW QUESTIONS 90 REVIEW QUESTIONS 124
INTEGRATING CONCEPTS IN DEVELOPMENT 90 INTEGRATING CONCEPTS IN DEVELOPMENT 125
KEY TERMS 90 KEY TERMS 125
RESOURCES 91 RESOURCES 126

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 CONTENTS vii

Chapter 5 SPEED OF PROCESSING

PROCESSING RESOURCES
160
161
Where People Live: Discovering Development: How Good Are Your Notes? 162
Person–Environment Interactions 127 AUTOMATIC AND EFFORTFUL PROCESSING 162
5.1 Describing Person–Environment Interactions 128 Adult Development in Action 163
COMPETENCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PRESS 129 6.2 Memory Processes 163
Discovering Development: What’s Your Adaptation Level? 131 WORKING MEMORY 163
PREVENTIVE AND CORRECTIVE PROACTIVITY IMPLICIT VERSUS EXPLICIT MEMORY 164
(PCP) MODEL 131 LONG-TERM MEMORY 164
STRESS AND COPING FRAMEWORK 132 AGE DIFFERENCES IN ENCODING
COMMON THEORETICAL THEMES AND VERSUS RETRIEVAL 166
EVERYDAY COMPETENCE 133
Adult Development in Action 167
Adult Development in Action 134
6.3 Memory in Context 167
5.2 The Ecology of Aging: Community Options 134 PROSPECTIVE MEMORY 167
AGING IN PLACE 135
How Do We Know?: Failing to Remember I Did What
DECIDING ON THE BEST OPTION 136 I Was Supposed to Do 168
HOME MODIFICATION 137
SOURCE MEMORY AND PROCESSING
ADULT DAY CARE 137 OF MISINFORMATION 170
CONGREGATE HOUSING 139 FACTORS THAT PRESERVE MEMORY 171
ASSISTED LIVING 139
Adult Development in Action 172
Adult Development in Action 141
6.4 Self-Evaluations of Memory Abilities 172
5.3 Living in Nursing Homes 141 ASPECTS OF MEMORY SELF-EVALUATIONS 173
TYPES OF NURSING HOMES 141 AGE DIFFERENCES IN METAMEMORY
Current Controversies: Financing Long-Term Care 142 AND MEMORY MONITORING 173

WHO IS LIKELY TO LIVE IN NURSING HOMES? 143 Adult Development in Action 174
CHARACTERISTICS OF NURSING HOMES 144 6.5 Memory Training 174
SPECIAL CARE UNITS 145 TRAINING MEMORY SKILLS 174
CAN A NURSING HOME BE A HOME? 146
Adult Development in Action 176
COMMUNICATING WITH RESIDENTS 147
6.6 Clinical Issues and Memory Testing 176
How Do We Know?: Identifying Different Types
of Elderspeak in Singapore 148 NORMAL VERSUS ABNORMAL MEMORY AGING 177
MEMORY AND PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH 178
DECISION-MAKING CAPACITY AND
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES 150 Current Controversies: Concussions and Athletes 178
NEW DIRECTIONS FOR NURSING HOMES 152 MEMORY AND NUTRITION 179
Adult Development in Action 153 Adult Development in Action 180
Social Policy Implications 153 Social Policy Implications 180

SUMMARY 154 SUMMARY 180

REVIEW QUESTIONS 155 REVIEW QUESTIONS 182
INTEGRATING CONCEPTS IN DEVELOPMENT 156 INTEGRATING CONCEPTS IN DEVELOPMENT 183
KEY TERMS 156 KEY TERMS 183
RESOURCES 156 RESOURCES 184

Chapter 6 Chapter 7
Attention and Memory 157 Intelligence, Reasoning, Creativity,
6.1 Information Processing and Attention 159 and Wisdom 185
INFORMATION-PROCESSING MODEL 159 7.1 Defining Intelligence 187
ATTENTION: THE BASICS 160 INTELLIGENCE IN EVERYDAY LIFE 187

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viii CONTENTS

THE BIG PICTURE: A LIFE-SPAN VIEW 187 Adult Development in Action 222
RESEARCH APPROACHES TO INTELLIGENCE 189
8.2 Social Knowledge Structures and Beliefs 223
Discovering Development: How Do People Show
UNDERSTANDING AGE DIFFERENCES
Intelligence? 190 IN SOCIAL BELIEFS 223
Adult Development in Action 190 SELF-PERCEPTION AND SOCIAL BELIEFS 224

7.2 Developmental Trends in Adult Development in Action 225

Psychometric Intelligence 190 How Do We Know?: Age Differences in
THE MEASUREMENT OF INTELLIGENCE 190 Self-Perception 225
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY MENTAL ABILITIES 191 8.3 Social Judgment Processes 226
FLUID AND CRYSTALLIZED INTELLIGENCE 192
IMPRESSION FORMATION 226
NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH AND INTELLIGENCE
KNOWLEDGE ACCESSIBILITY
IN YOUNG AND MIDDLE ADULTHOOD 194
AND SOCIAL JUDGMENTS 228
MODERATORS OF INTELLECTUAL CHANGE 195
A PROCESSING CAPACITY EXPLANATION FOR
Current Controversies: Problems in Detecting Education AGE DIFFERENCES IN SOCIAL JUDGMENTS 229
and Life Style Effects on Intellectual Functioning 196 ATTRIBUTIONAL BIASES 230
MODIFYING PRIMARY ABILITIES 197 Adult Development in Action 232
Adult Development in Aging 199 8.4 Motivation and Social Processing Goals 232
7.3 Qualitative Differences in Adults’ Thinking 199 PERSONAL GOALS 233
PIAGET’S THEORY 200 EMOTION AS A PROCESSING GOAL 233
GOING BEYOND FORMAL OPERATIONS: COGNITIVE STYLE AS A PROCESSING GOAL 234
THINKING IN ADULTHOOD 201 Adult Development in Action 235
INTEGRATING EMOTION AND LOGIC 203
8.5 Personal Control 235
Adult Development in Action 205
MULTIDIMENSIONALITY OF PERSONAL CONTROL 235
7.4 Everyday Reasoning and Problem Solving 205
Discovering Development: How Much Control Do You
DECISION MAKING 206 Have over Your Cognitive Functioning? 236
How Do We Know?: Age Differences in Information CONTROL STRATEGIES 236
Search and Decision Making 206 SOME CRITICISMS REGARDING
PROBLEM SOLVING 207 PRIMARY CONTROL 237
EXPERTISE 209 Adult Development in Action 238
CREATIVITY AND WISDOM 210
8.6 Social Situations and Social Competence 238
Adult Development in Action 212
COLLABORATIVE COGNITION 238
Social Policy Implications 212 SOCIAL CONTEXT OF MEMORY 240
Adult Development in Action 240
SUMMARY 212
REVIEW QUESTIONS 214 Social Policy Implications 240
INTEGRATING CONCEPTS IN DEVELOPMENT 214
KEY TERMS 215 SUMMARY 241
RESOURCES 215 REVIEW QUESTIONS 242
INTEGRATING CONCEPTS IN DEVELOPMENT 243
KEY TERMS 243
Chapter 8 RESOURCES 244

Social Cognition 216

8.1 Stereotypes and Aging 217 Chapter 9
CONTENT OF STEREOTYPES 218 Personality 245
AGE STEREOTYPES AND PERCEIVED COMPETENCE 219
9.1 Dispositional Traits across Adulthood 247
ACTIVATION OF STEREOTYPES 220
STEREOTYPE THREAT 221 THE CASE FOR STABILITY:
THE FIVE-FACTOR MODEL 248
Current Controversies: Are Stereotypes of Aging WHAT HAPPENS TO DISPOSITIONAL TRAITS
Associated with Lower Cognitive Performance? 221 ACROSS ADULTHOOD? 250

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 CONTENTS ix

CONCLUSIONS ABOUT DISPOSITIONAL TRAITS 251 AREAS OF MULTIDIMENSIONAL ASSESSMENT 279

Current Controversies: Intraindividual Change and FACTORS INFLUENCING ASSESSMENT 280
the Stability of Traits 251 ASSESSMENT METHODS 281
DEVELOPMENTAL ISSUES IN THERAPY 281
Adult Development in Action 252
Adult Development in Action 282
9.2 Personal Concerns and Qualitative Stages in
Adulthood 252 10.3 The Big Three: Depression, Delirium,
and Dementia 282
WHAT’S DIFFERENT ABOUT PERSONAL CONCERNS? 252
JUNG’S THEORY 253 DEPRESSION 282
ERIKSON’S STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DELIRIUM 287
DEVELOPMENT 254 DEMENTIA 287
THEORIES BASED ON LIFE TRANSITIONS 258 Current Controversies: New Diagnostic Criteria for
CONCLUSIONS ABOUT PERSONAL CONCERNS 260 Alzheimer’s Disease 293
Adult Development in Action 260 How Do We Know?: Training Persons with
9.3 Life Narratives, Identity, Dementia to Be Group Activity Leaders 297
and the Self 260 Adult Development in Action 301
Discovering Development: Who Do You Want to 10.4 Other Mental Disorders and Concerns 301
Be When You “Grow Up”? 261
ANXIETY DISORDERS 301
MCADAMS’S LIFE-STORY MODEL 261 PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS 302
WHITBOURNE’S IDENTITY THEORY 262 SUBSTANCE ABUSE 304
SELF-CONCEPT AND WELL-BEING 264
Discovering Development: What Substance
How Do We Know?: Well-Being Reflected in Abuse Treatment Options Are Available
Brain Function in Emotion and Depression 265 in Your Area? 305
POSSIBLE SELVES 268
Adult Development in Action 305
RELIGIOSITY AND SPIRITUAL SUPPORT 268
CONCLUSIONS ABOUT NARRATIVES, IDENTITY, Social Policy Implications 305
AND THE SELF 270
Adult Development in Action 270 SUMMARY 306
REVIEW QUESTIONS 308
Social Policy Implications 270
INTEGRATING CONCEPTS IN DEVELOPMENT 308
KEY TERMS 308
SUMMARY 270
RESOURCES 309
REVIEW QUESTIONS 272
INTEGRATING CONCEPTS IN DEVELOPMENT 272
KEY TERMS
RESOURCES
273
273
Chapter 11
Relationships 310
11.1 Relationship Types and Issues 311
Chapter 10 FRIENDSHIPS 311
LOVE RELATIONSHIPS 314
Clinical Assessment, Mental Health,
How Do We Know?: Patterns and Universals
and Mental Disorders 274 of Romantic Attachment Around the World 315
10.1 Mental Health and the Adult Life Course 276 VIOLENCE IN RELATIONSHIPS 316
DEFINING MENTAL HEALTH Adult Development in Action 318
AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY 276
A MULTIDIMENSIONAL LIFE-SPAN APPROACH 11.2 Lifestyles and Love Relationships 318
TO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY 277 SINGLEHOOD 319
ETHNICITY, GENDER, AGING, COHABITATION 319
AND MENTAL HEALTH 278
GAY AND LESBIAN COUPLES 320
Adult Development in Action 279
MARRIAGE 321
10.2 Developmental Issues in Assessment DIVORCE 325
and Therapy 279

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x CONTENTS

Current Controversies: Do Marriage Education 12.4 Work and Family 360

Programs Work? 326 THE DEPENDENT CARE DILEMMA 360
REMARRIAGE 327 JUGGLING MULTIPLE ROLES 361
WIDOWHOOD 328 Adult Development in Action 363
Adult Development in Action 328
12.5 Leisure Activities 363
11.3 Family Dynamics and the Life Course 328 TYPES OF LEISURE ACTIVITIES 364
THE PARENTAL ROLE 329 DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN LEISURE 364
MIDLIFE ISSUES: ADULT CHILDREN CONSEQUENCES OF LEISURE ACTIVITIES 365
AND CARING FOR AGING PARENTS 332
Adult Development in Action 366
Discovering Development: Caring for Aging Parents 335
12.6 Retirement and Work in Late Life 366
GRANDPARENTHOOD 335
WHAT DOES BEING RETIRED MEAN? 366
Adult Development in Action 337
WHY DO PEOPLE RETIRE? 367
Social Policy Implications 337 ADJUSTMENT TO RETIREMENT 368
EMPLOYMENT AND VOLUNTEERING 369
SUMMARY 338 Adult Development in Action 370
REVIEW QUESTIONS 340
INTEGRATING CONCEPTS IN DEVELOPMENT 340 Social Policy Implications 370
KEY TERMS 340
RESOURCES 341 SUMMARY 371
REVIEW QUESTIONS 372
INTEGRATING CONCEPTS IN DEVELOPMENT 373

Chapter 12 KEY TERMS

RESOURCES
373
374
Work, Leisure, and Retirement 342
12.1 Occupational Selection and Development 343
THE MEANING OF WORK 344 Chapter 13
OCCUPATIONAL CHOICE REVISITED 344
OCCUPATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 345 Dying and Bereavement 375
JOB SATISFACTION 347 13.1 Definitions and Ethical Issues 376
How Do We Know?: Cross-Cultural Aspects SOCIOCULTURAL DEFINITIONS OF DEATH 376
of Teachers’ Job Satisfaction 348 LEGAL AND MEDICAL DEFINITIONS 377
Adult Development in Action 350 ETHICAL ISSUES 378
Current Controversies: The Terri Schiavo Case 380
12.2 Gender, Ethnicity, and Discrimination Issues 350
THE PRICE OF LIFE-SUSTAINING CARE 382
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN OCCUPATIONAL
SELECTION 351 Adult Development in Action 383
WOMEN AND OCCUPATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 352
13.2 Thinking About Death: Personal Aspects 383
ETHNICITY AND OCCUPATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 353
BIAS AND DISCRIMINATION 353 Discovering Development: A Self-Reflective Exercise
on Death 383
Current Controversies: Do Women Lean Out When
They Should Lean In? 354 A LIFE-COURSE APPROACH TO DYING 383
DEALING WITH ONE’S OWN DEATH 384
Adult Development in Action 356 DEATH ANXIETY 385
12.3 Occupational Transitions 356 Adult Development in Action 387
RETRAINING WORKERS 357
13.3 End-of-Life Issues 387
OCCUPATIONAL INSECURITY 357
CREATING A FINAL SCENARIO 387
COPING WITH UNEMPLOYMENT 358
THE HOSPICE OPTION 388
Discovering Development: What Unemployment Benefits MAKING YOUR END-OF-LIFE INTENTIONS
Are Available in Your Area? 358 KNOWN 390
Adult Development in Action 360 Adult Development in Action 392

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 CONTENTS xi

13.4 Surviving the Loss: The Grieving Process 392 14.2 Health Issues and Quality of Life 414
THE GRIEF PROCESS 392 HEALTH PROMOTION AND QUALITY OF LIFE 414
NORMAL GRIEF REACTIONS 394 A FRAMEWORK FOR MAINTAINING
COPING WITH GRIEF 395 AND ENHANCING COMPETENCE 415
HEALTH PROMOTION AND DISEASE PREVENTION 416
How Do We Know?: Grief Processing and Avoidance
LIFESTYLE FACTORS 418
in the United States and China 396
COMPLICATED OR PROLONGED GRIEF DISORDER 397
Adult Development in Action 422
ADULT DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF GRIEF 398 14.3 Successful Aging 422
CONCLUSION 400
Discovering Development: What Is Successful Aging? 422
Adult Development in Action 400 APPROACHES TO SUCCESSFUL AGING 422
Social Policy Implications 400 CRITIQUES OF THE SUCCESSFUL AGING
FRAMEWORK 423
SUMMARY 401 EPILOGUE 424
REVIEW QUESTIONS 403
SUMMARY 424
INTEGRATING CONCEPTS IN DEVELOPMENT 403
REVIEW QUESTIONS 425
KEY TERMS 403
INTEGRATING CONCEPTS IN DEVELOPMENT 425
RESOURCES 404
KEY TERMS 425
RESOURCES 426

Chapter 14
Successful Aging 405 REFERENCES R-1
14.1 Demographic Trends and Social Policy 406
NAME INDEX I-1
DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS: 2030 407
SOCIAL SECURITY AND MEDICARE 409 GLOSSARY/SUBJECT INDEX I-9
Current Controversies: What to Do About Social Security
and Medicare 413
Adult Development in Action 414

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 PREFACE xiii

Preface
People’s experiences growing older in the 21st century Changes in Adult Development and Aging
differ dramatically from their parents’ and grandpar- Seventh Edition
ents’ experience. The complex issues confronting indi-
A new feature, Adult Development in Action, chal-
viduals and societies are the reason a solid grounding
lenges students to think critically about decisions they
in research and theory about adult development and
might make as career professionals such as health care
aging is essential for even understanding news events.
workers, gerontologists, and activities directors.
The health care debates from 2009 to the present bring
We also include more glossary terms highlighted
many issues to the forefront, including Medicare, end-
throughout each chapter to increase accessibility and
of-life issues, and longevity and the possibility of signifi-
provide additional study tools.
cant intergenerational policy issues. Other news stories
about genetic breakthroughs, stem cell research, brain- Chapter-by-Chapter Additions and Enhancements
imaging techniques, and the latest breakthroughs in
Chapter 1
treating dementia happen regularly. To understand why
these issues are so critical, one must understand aging in Introduces “emerging adulthood,” the period
a broader, rapidly changing context. That is why Adult between adolescence and full adulthood.
Development and Aging is now in its seventh edition.
The first few decades of this century will witness Chapter 2
a fundamental change in the face of the population— “Neuroimaging Techniques” explains how and
literally. Along with many countries in the industrialized why the ability to see inside the brain of living
world, the United States will experience an explosive people has revolutionized our understanding of
growth in the older adult population due to the aging relations between the brain and our behavior.
of the baby-boom generation. Additionally, the propor- Increased explanation of the distinctions
tion of older adults who are African American, Latino, between structural neuroimaging and functional
Asian American, and Native American will increase neuroimaging.
rapidly. To deal with these changes, new approaches
need to be created through the combined efforts of Description of the brain’s structure includes expla-
people in many occupations—academics, gerontolo- nation of neurons, dendrites, axon, neurofibers,
gists, social workers, health care professionals, finan- terminal branches, neurotransmitters, and synapse.
cial experts, marketing professionals, teachers, factory A new diagram of a neuron illustrates dendrites,
workers, technologists, government workers, human axon, neurofibers, and terminal branches.
service providers, and nutritionists, to mention just a “What Age-Related Changes Occur in Neurons?”
few. Every reader of this book, regardless of his or her discusses the decrease in neurons as the brain
area of expertise, needs to understand older adults in declines.
order to master the art of living.
This seventh edition of Adult Development and Increased discussion on neurotransmitters, their
Aging continues to provide in-depth coverage of the involvement in brain processes and cognitive
major issues in the psychology of adult development aging especially in Alzheimer’s patients.
and aging. The seventh edition adds numerous topics The section on “Age-Related Changes in Brain Struc-
and provides expanded coverage of many of the ones tures” is enhanced so it now includes a discussion of
discussed in earlier editions. white matter and the study of its structural health.

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
xiv PREFACE

New to the chapter is “Linking Structural Changes Cardiovascular health as it relates to ethnicity.
with Executive Functioning” examining older The factors leading to hypertension including
adults’ ability to focus on relevant information and heredity, sodium intake, and obesity.
control their thoughts.
Menopausal hormone therapy and how decreasing
“Linking Structural Changes with Memory” raises levels of estrogen can contribute to osteoporosis,
the question of whether Alzheimer’s is an accelera- urinary incontinence, and cardiovascular disease.
tion of aging rather than a separate process.
Updated “Current Controversies: Menopausal Hor-
Another section has been added; “Linking Struc- mone Therapy” now discusses the circumstances
tural Changes with Emotion” under which a physician might recommend HRT.
“How Do We Know?: The Aging Emotional Brain”
The nervous system builds on the age-related
studies Winecoff ’s research findings.
changes to the brain discussed in chapter 2.
“Linking Structural Changes with Socio-economic
“Social Policy Implications” discusses preventing
Cognition” examines how the aging brain pro-
falls.
cesses complex situations such as those involving
moral judgment. Chapter 4
“Complex Development in the Prefrontal Cortex” New examples of how self-ratings of health reflect
examines the critical role of the prefrontal cortex socio-economic background.
plays on human behavior.
Enhanced discussion of how psychoneuroimmu-
Investigation of how older adults attempt to com- nology is being used as a framework to predict
pensate for age-related changes to the brain. health outcomes.
“The Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory” exam- New discussion of the way Verbrugge and Jette’s
ines the notion that intelligence comes from a dis- model is being used to identify disability in China.
tributed and integrated network of neurons in the
parietal and frontal areas of the brain. “How Does Disability in Older Adults Differ Glob-
ally?” discusses how adults with disabilities or func-
“Theories of Brain-Behavior Changes Across tional limitations are on the rise around the world.
Adulthood” includes discussion of the HAROLD,
CRUNCH, STAC methods. Chapter 5
Section 2.4 “Neural Plasticity and the Aging Brain” New section titled “Preventive and Corrective
has been significantly revised to include informa- Proactivity (PCP) Model.”
tion on how nutrition influences brain changes
Additional key words: preventative and corrective
and cognitive activity.
adaptations.
“Current Controversies: Are Neural Stem Cells the
New discussion on high-tech approaches to home
Solution to Brain Aging?”
modification, including “Granny pods.”
“Social Policy Implications” asserts the importance
A discussion of “elderspeak” used in nursing homes.
of policymakers supporting neuroscience research.
“How Do We Know?: Identifying different types of
Chapter 3 elderspeak in Singapore.”
Discussion of how chronic stress can accelerate
Chapter 6
changes in telomeres while moderate exercise can
actually slow the rate at which telomeres shorten. New Chapter opening vignette about Harry
Lorayne’s book “Ageless Memory.”
Discussion and accompanying figure of cardiovas-
cular disease as the leading cause of death in the Additional emphasis on automatic and effortful
United States. processing.

Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 PREFACE xv

“Age Differences in Encoding versus retrieval” Social Policy Implications now has discussion of
compares the differences in the attention pro- interaction between government policy and the
cesses of older and younger adults. experience of aging.
“Neuroscience Evidence” discusses neuroimag- Chapter 10
ing and cognitive neuroscience findings that
show age related differences in encoding and New figure: Action of beta-amyloid and tau pro-
retrieval. teins in relation to neurons.
Discussion of proposed new diagnostic criteria for
Enhanced discussion on memory includes a study
Alzheimer’s disease.
of differences in age with regard to prospective
memory, evidence of how memory changes across New figure: 12-month prevalence of depression
adulthood, and information on ways to preserve among all U.S. residents by age.
memory as we age. New figure: Clinical continuum of Alzheimer’s
“How Do We Know?: Failing to Remember I Did disease showing types of changes over time.
What I Was Supposed to Do.”
Chapter 11
Discussion of memory self-efficacy, the belief one New figure on the vulnerability-stress-adaptation
will be able to perform a specific task. model.
Stronger discussion of memory and health New figure: Family expenditures on a child, by
includes physical implications like temporary income level and age of child, 2011.
global amnesia.
“Current Controversies: New Diagnostic Criteria
New “Current Controversies: Concussions and for Alzheimer’s Disease.”
Athletes.”
Chapter 12
Chapter 7 “Current Controversies: Do women lean out when
“Neuroscience Research and Intelligence in Young they should lean in?”
and Middle Adulthood.” Updated discussion about unemployment during/
Discussion of the neural efficiency hypothesis after the Great Recession.
that intelligent people process information more
Chapter 13
efficiently.
Expanded discussion on “brain death” and how
“How Do We Know?: Age Differences in Informa-
it is perceived in both the medical profession and
tion Search and Decision Making.”
also religion.
Chapter 8 “Discovering Development: A Self-Reflective
“Self-Perception and Social Beliefs” examines our Exercise on Death.”
self-perception of aging. Discussion of neuroimaging research about death
anxiety.
“Attributional Biases” examines whether there are
age differences in the tendency to rely more on Discussion of insurance coverage with regard to
dispositional attributions, situational attributions, Hospice.
or a combination of both when making casual “Patient Self-Determination and Competency Eval-
attributions. uation” describes the Patient Self-Determination
Act and why financial reimbursement for indi-
Chapter 9 vidual physician’s discussion with patients about
“How Do We Know?: Well-being reflected in brain this issue was not included in the Affordable Care
function in emotion and depression.” Act 2010.

Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.