CE 3221:PRINCIPLES OF

REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DESIGN

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DOUBLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM

 ANALYSIS OF DOUBLY REINFORCED
RECTANGULAR BEAM
b

𝑑′ 𝐶𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠′𝑓𝑠′
𝐶𝑐 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏

𝑁. 𝐴.

𝑎 𝑑 − 𝑑′
h 𝑑−
2

𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝑑 = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑇 = 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑑 ′ = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎 = 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘
𝐶𝑠 = 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐶𝑐 = 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝐴𝑠 ′ = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑏 = 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
ℎ = ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑓𝑠 ′ = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
CASE 1a: TENSION AND COMPRESSION STEEL BOTH AT YIELD STRESS
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
b
𝑑′ 𝜀𝑢
𝐶𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠′𝑓𝑦 𝜀𝑦 𝑑′
𝐶𝑐 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏 𝑐
𝑐 − 𝑑′
𝑁. 𝐴.

h 𝑎 𝑑
𝑑− 𝑑 − 𝑑′
2
𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝜀𝑦
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 − 𝐴𝑠 ′ 𝑓𝑦 − 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏 𝑏 = 0
𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝝨𝐹ℎ = 0:
𝑐𝑏 𝑑 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 𝐴𝑠 ′ 𝑓𝑦 + 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏 𝑏 𝜀𝑢
= 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 − 𝐴𝑠 ′ 𝑓𝑦 − 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝛽1 𝑑 𝑏 =0
𝜀𝑢 𝜀𝑢 + 𝜀𝑦 𝜀𝑢 + 𝜀𝑦
𝑎𝑏 = 𝛽1 𝑐𝑏
𝜀𝑢 (𝑑) 𝜀𝑢
𝑐𝑏 = 𝜀𝑢 𝜌𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑦 − 𝜌′ 𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑦 − 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝛽1 𝑑 𝑏 =0
𝜀𝑢 + 𝜀𝑦 𝑎𝑏 = 𝛽1 𝑑 𝜀𝑢 + 𝜀𝑦
𝜀𝑢 𝜀𝑢 + 𝜀𝑦
𝑐𝑏 = 𝑑 𝜀𝑢 1
𝜀𝑢 + 𝜀𝑦 𝐴𝑠 𝜌𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑦 − 𝜌′ 𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑦 − 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝛽1 𝑏𝑑 = 0 ( )
𝜌= 𝜀𝑢 + 𝜀𝑦 𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑦
𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠′ 𝒇𝒄′ 𝜺𝒖
𝜌′ = 𝝆𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝜷𝟏 + 𝝆′ 𝝆 𝒃 = 𝝆𝒃 + 𝝆′
𝑏𝑑 𝒇𝒚 𝜺𝒖 + 𝜺𝒚
CASE 1a: TENSION AND COMPRESSION STEEL BOTH AT YIELD STRESS
b
𝑑′ 𝜀𝑢
𝐶𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠′𝑓𝑦 𝜀𝑦 𝑑′
𝐶𝑐 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏 𝑐
𝑐 − 𝑑′
𝑁. 𝐴.

h 𝑎
𝑑− 𝑑 − 𝑑′
2
𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝜀𝑦
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 − 𝐴𝑠 ′ 𝑓𝑦 − 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏 𝑏 = 0
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜, 𝜌𝑐𝑦 : 𝝨𝐹ℎ = 0:
𝑐 𝑑′ 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 𝐴𝑠 ′ 𝑓𝑦 + 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏 𝜀𝑢
= 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 − 𝐴𝑠 ′ 𝑓𝑦 − 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝛽1 𝑑′ 𝑏 = 0
𝜀𝑢 𝜀𝑢 − 𝜀𝑦 𝜀𝑢 − 𝜀𝑦
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐
𝜀𝑢 𝑑′ 𝜀𝑢
𝑐= 𝜀𝑢 𝜌𝑐𝑦 𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑦 − 𝜌′ 𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑦 − 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝛽1 𝑑′ 𝑏 = 0
𝜀𝑢 − 𝜀𝑦 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑑′ 𝜀𝑢 − 𝜀𝑦
𝜀𝑢 𝜀𝑢 − 𝜀𝑦
𝑐= 𝑑′ 𝜀𝑢 1
𝜀𝑢 − 𝜀𝑦 𝐴𝑠 𝜌𝑐𝑦 𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑦 − 𝜌′ 𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑦 − 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝛽1 𝑏𝑑′ = 0 ( )
𝜌𝑐𝑦 = 𝜀𝑢 − 𝜀𝑦 𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑦
𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠′ 𝒇𝒄′ 𝒅′ 𝜺𝒖 𝒇𝒄′ 𝒅′ 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝜌′ = 𝝆𝒄𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝜷𝟏 + 𝝆′ 𝝆𝒄𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝜷𝟏 + 𝝆′
𝑏𝑑 𝒇𝒚 𝒅 𝜺𝒖 − 𝜺𝒚 𝒇𝒚 𝒅 𝟔𝟎𝟎 − 𝒇𝒚
 CASE 1a: TENSION AND COMPRESSION STEEL BOTH AT YIELD STRESS
b
𝑑′ 𝜀𝑢
𝐶𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠′𝑓𝑦 𝜀𝑦 𝑑′
𝐶𝑐 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏 𝑐
𝑐 − 𝑑′
𝑁. 𝐴.

h 𝑎
𝑑− 𝑑 − 𝑑′
2
𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝜀𝑦 𝒅−𝒄
𝒇𝒔 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝒄
𝝆𝒃 = 𝝆𝒃 + 𝝆′ 𝝆 < 𝝆𝒃 ∶ 𝒇𝒔 = 𝒇𝒚 𝒄 − 𝒅′
𝒇𝒔′ = 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝒄
𝒇𝒄′ 𝒅′ 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝑵𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝝆𝒄𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝜷𝟏 + 𝝆′ 𝝆 > 𝝆𝒄𝒚 : 𝒇𝒔′ = 𝒇𝒚
𝒇𝒚 𝒅 𝟔𝟎𝟎 − 𝒇𝒚 ′
𝒂
𝑴𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 𝒂𝒃 𝒅 − + 𝑨𝒔′ 𝒇𝒚(𝒅 − 𝒅′ )
𝟐
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝝆𝒃 = 𝑟ℎ𝑜 𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝐷𝑅𝑅𝐵 ′
𝒂
𝑴𝒏 = 𝑨𝒔𝒇𝒚 𝒅 − 𝒅′ − 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 𝒂𝒃 − 𝒅′
𝝆𝒃 = 𝑟ℎ𝑜 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑅𝑅𝐵 𝟐
𝝆 = 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝐷𝑅𝑅𝐵
𝝆𝒄𝒚 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
𝒂 𝒂
𝑴𝒏 = 𝑨𝒔𝒇𝒚 𝒅 − + 𝑨𝒔′ 𝒇𝒚( − 𝒅′)
𝑴𝒏 = 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝟐 𝟐
 CASE 1b: TENSION STEEL AT YIELD STRESS & COMPRESSION STEEL
BELOW YIELD STRESS
b
𝑑′ 𝜀𝑢 𝜀𝑠′
𝐶𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠′𝑓𝑠′ 𝑑′
𝐶𝑐 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏 𝑐
𝑐 − 𝑑′
𝑁. 𝐴.

h 𝑎
𝑑− 𝑑 − 𝑑′
2
𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝜀𝑦
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 − 𝐴𝑠 ′ 𝑓𝑦 − 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏 𝑏 = 0
𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝝨𝐹ℎ = 0:
𝑐𝑏 𝑑 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 𝐴𝑠 ′ 𝑓𝑠′ + 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏 𝑏 𝜀𝑢
= 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 − 𝐴𝑠 ′ 𝑓𝑠′ − 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝛽1 𝑑 𝑏
𝜀𝑢 𝜀𝑢 + 𝜀𝑦 𝜀𝑢 + 𝜀𝑦
𝑎𝑏 = 𝛽1 𝑐𝑏
𝜀𝑢 (𝑑) =0
𝑐𝑏 = 𝜀𝑢
𝜀𝑢 + 𝜀𝑦 𝜀𝑢 𝜌𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑦 − 𝜌′ 𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑠′ − 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝛽1 𝑑 𝑏 =0
𝑎𝑏 = 𝛽1 𝑑 𝜀𝑢 + 𝜀𝑦
𝜀𝑢 𝜀𝑢 + 𝜀𝑦
𝑐𝑏 = 𝑑 𝜀𝑢 1
𝜀𝑢 + 𝜀𝑦 𝐴𝑠 𝜌𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑦 − 𝜌′ 𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑠 − 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝛽1 𝑏𝑑 = 0 ( )
𝜌= 𝜀𝑢 + 𝜀𝑦 𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑦
𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠′ 𝒇𝒄′ 𝜺𝒖 𝒇𝒔′ 𝒇𝒔′
𝜌′ = 𝝆𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝜷𝟏 + 𝝆′ 𝝆𝒃 = 𝝆 𝒃 + 𝝆′
𝑏𝑑 𝒇𝒚 𝜺𝒖 + 𝜺𝒚 𝒇𝒚 𝒇𝒚
 CASE 1b: TENSION STEEL AT YIELD STRESS & COMPRESSION STEEL
BELOW YIELD STRESS
b
𝑑′ 𝜀𝑢
𝐶𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠′𝑓𝑠′ 𝜀𝑠’ 𝑑′
𝐶𝑐 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏 𝑐
𝑐 − 𝑑′
𝑁. 𝐴.

h 𝑎
𝑑− 𝑑 − 𝑑′
2
𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝜀𝑦
𝒅−𝒄
𝒇𝒔 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑠 ′ 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝜌𝑏 𝒄
𝑑 𝑑′
= 𝒇𝒔′ 𝒄 − 𝒅′
𝜀𝑢 + 𝜀𝑦 𝜀𝑢 − 𝜀𝑠 ′ 𝝆𝒃 = 𝝆𝒃 + 𝝆′ 𝒇𝒔′ = 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝒇𝒚 𝒄
(𝜀𝑢 +𝜀𝑦 )𝑑′ 𝑵𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝜀𝑢 − 𝜀𝑠 ′ =
𝑑 𝝆 < 𝝆𝒃 ∶ 𝒇𝒔 = 𝒇𝒚 𝒂
(𝜀𝑢 +𝜀𝑦 ′)𝑑′ 𝑓𝑠′ 𝑴𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄′ 𝒂𝒃 𝒅 − + 𝑨𝒔′ 𝒇𝒔′(𝒅 − 𝒅′ )
′ 𝟐
𝜀𝑠 = 𝜀𝑢 − =
𝑑 𝐸𝑠 𝒂
𝑴𝒏 = 𝑨𝒔𝒇𝒚 𝒅 − 𝒅′ − 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄′ 𝒂𝒃 − 𝒅′
𝑑′ 𝟐
𝑓𝑠 ′ = 𝐸𝑠 𝜀𝑢 − (𝜀 +𝜀 ) ≤ 𝑓𝑦 𝒂 𝒂
𝑑 𝑢 𝑦 𝑴𝒏 = 𝑨𝒔𝒇𝒚 𝒅 − ′
+ 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒔′( − 𝒅′)
𝟐 𝟐
 CASE 2a: TENSION STEEL BELOW YIELD STRESS & COMPRESSION
STEEL AT YIELD STRESS
b
𝑑′ 𝜀𝑢
𝐶𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠′𝑓𝑦 𝜀𝑦 𝑑′
𝐶𝑐 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏 𝑐
𝑐 − 𝑑′
𝑁. 𝐴.

h 𝑎
𝑑− 𝑑 − 𝑑′
2
𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠 𝒇 𝑺
𝜀𝑠
𝒅−𝒄
𝒇𝒔 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝒄
𝒄 − 𝒅′
𝒇𝒔′ = 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝒄
𝑵𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝒂
𝑴𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄′ 𝒂𝒃 𝒅 − + 𝑨𝒔′ 𝒇𝒚 (𝒅 − 𝒅′ )
𝟐
′
𝒂
𝑴𝒏 = 𝑨𝒔𝒇𝒔 𝒅 − 𝒅′ − 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 𝒂𝒃 − 𝒅′
𝟐
𝒂 𝒂
𝑴𝒏 = 𝑨𝒔𝒇𝒔 𝒅 − + 𝑨𝒔′ 𝒇𝒚 − 𝒅′
𝟐 𝟐
CASE 2b: TENSION STEEL & COMPRESSION STEEL BELOW YIELD
b STRESS
𝑑′ 𝜀𝑢
𝐶𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠′𝒇𝒔′ 𝜀𝑠’ 𝑑′
𝐶𝑐 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏 𝑐
𝑐 − 𝑑′
𝑁. 𝐴.

h 𝑎
𝑑− 𝑑 − 𝑑′
2
𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠 𝒇 𝑺
𝜀𝑠
𝒅−𝒄
𝒇𝒔 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝒄
𝒄 − 𝒅′
𝒇𝒔′ = 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝒄
𝑵𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝒂
𝑴𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄′ 𝒂𝒃 𝒅 − + 𝑨𝒔′ 𝒇𝒔′ (𝒅 − 𝒅′ )
𝟐
′
𝒂
𝑴𝒏 = 𝑨𝒔𝒇𝒔 𝒅 − 𝒅′ − 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 𝒂𝒃 − 𝒅′
𝟐
𝒂 𝒂
𝑴𝒏 = 𝑨𝒔𝒇𝒔 𝒅 − + 𝑨𝒔′ 𝒇𝒔′ − 𝒅′
𝟐 𝟐
ANALYSIS OF DOUBLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR CONCRETE BEAM
1. 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜌 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑖𝑓 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑆𝑅𝑅𝐵
𝑖𝑓𝜌 ≥ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝐷𝑅𝑅𝐵

𝑪𝑨𝑺𝑬 𝟏: 𝑻𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑭𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒇𝒔 = 𝒇𝒚

′
2. 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝜌 𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝜌𝑐𝑦 𝝆 𝒃 = 𝝆𝒃 + 𝝆 𝒂) 𝒇𝒔′ = 𝒇𝒚
𝑖𝑓 𝜌 ≥ 𝜌𝑐𝑦 ; 𝑓𝑠 ′ = 𝑓𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑎 𝝆 ≤ 𝝆𝒃 ; 𝒇𝒔 = 𝒇𝒚 − 𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝟏 𝒃) 𝒇𝒔′ < 𝒇𝒚
𝑖𝑓 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑐𝑦 ; 𝑓𝑠 ′ < 𝑓𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑏
𝝆 > 𝝆𝒃 ; 𝒇𝒔 < 𝒇𝒚 − 𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝟐

3. 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝜌 𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝜌𝑏
𝑖𝑓 𝜌 ≥ 𝜌𝑐𝑦 ; 𝑓𝑠 ′ = 𝑓𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑎
𝑖𝑓 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑐𝑦 ; 𝑓𝑠 ′ < 𝑓𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑏 𝒇𝒔′ 𝑪𝑨𝑺𝑬 𝟐: 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑭𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒇𝒔 < 𝒇𝒚
𝝆𝒃 = 𝝆𝒃 + 𝝆′ 𝒂) 𝒇𝒔′ = 𝒇𝒚
𝒇𝒚
𝑑′ 𝒃) 𝒇𝒔′ < 𝒇𝒚
4. 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 𝑓𝑠 ′ = 𝐸𝑠 𝜀𝑢 − (𝜀 +𝜀 ) ≤ 𝑓𝑦
𝑑 𝑢 𝑦
5. 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ∅
𝝆 ≤ 𝝆𝒃 ; 𝒇𝒔 = 𝒇𝒚 − 𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝟏
6. 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑛
𝝆 > 𝝆𝒃 ; 𝒇𝒔 < 𝒇𝒚 − 𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝟐
Sample Problem
Given : b= 300mm,d = 450mm , As’ = 2D25mm, d’=65mm, fc’ =28MPa,
and fy = 415MPa, solve for Nominal moment Capacity of the beam if :
a) As = 4D32mm (2-layers)
b) As = 6D28mm (2-layers)
c) As = 6D32mm (2-layers)
d) As = 6D36mm (2-layers)
 Solution(a)
𝐴𝑠 ′ = 2 𝑑25𝑚𝑚
𝑑′
𝐶𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠′𝑓𝑠′

𝑁. 𝐴.
𝐶𝑐 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏

d = 450mm 𝑎 𝑑 − 𝑑′
𝐴𝑠 = 4𝑑32𝑚𝑚
𝑑−
2
𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠

b = 300
𝑓𝑐 ′ 0.003 𝐴𝑠
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85𝛽1 𝜌=
𝑓𝑦 0.003 + 0.004 𝑏𝑑
𝜋
28 0.003 (4) (322 ) 𝝆 > 𝝆 𝐦𝐚𝐱 − 𝑫𝑹𝑹𝑩
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85 0.85 𝜌= 4
415 0.003 + 0.004 300(450)

𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.02089156627 𝜌 = 0.02382956205

 𝐴𝑠 ′ = 2 𝑑25𝑚𝑚
𝑑′
𝐶𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠′𝑓𝑠′

𝑁. 𝐴.
𝐶𝑐 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏

d = 450mm 𝑎 𝑑 − 𝑑′
𝐴𝑠 = 4𝑑32𝑚𝑚
𝑑−
2
𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠

b = 300 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑑′ 600
𝜌𝑐𝑦 = 0.85 𝛽1 + 𝜌′
𝑓𝑦 𝑑 600 − 𝑓𝑦
2. 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝜌 𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝜌𝑐𝑦
𝜋
𝑖𝑓 𝜌 ≥ 𝜌𝑐𝑦 ; 𝑓𝑠 ′ = 𝑓𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑎 (2) 4 (252 )
𝜌′ = 𝜌′ = 0.007272205
𝑖𝑓 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑐𝑦 ; 𝑓𝑠 ′ < 𝑓𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑏 300(450)

𝜌 = 0.02382956205 28 65 600
𝜌𝑐𝑦 = 0.85 0.85 + 0.007272205
415 450 600 − 415

𝜌𝑐𝑦 = 0.030108632
𝝆 < 𝝆𝒄𝒚 𝒇𝒔′ < 𝒇𝒚 − 𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒃
 𝐴𝑠 ′ = 2 𝑑25𝑚𝑚
𝑑′
𝐶𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠′𝑓𝑠′

𝑁. 𝐴.
𝐶𝑐 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏

d = 450mm 𝑎 𝑑 − 𝑑′
𝐴𝑠 = 4𝑑32𝑚𝑚
𝑑−
2
𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦

b = 300
65 415
𝑓𝑠 ′ = 200000(0.003 − [ 0.003 + ]
450 200000
𝒇𝒔′ < 𝒇𝒚 − 𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒃

𝝆𝒃 = 𝝆𝒃 + 𝝆′
𝒇𝒔′ 𝑓𝑠 ′ = 453.388𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 𝑓𝑦 − 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑦 = 415
𝒇𝒚

𝒅′ 28 600 415 𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝟏𝒃

𝒇𝒔′ = 𝑬𝒔 𝜺𝒖 − (𝜺 +𝜺 )
𝒅 𝒖 𝒚 𝜌𝑏 = 0.85 0.85
415 600 + 415
+ 0.007272205
415 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦
𝜌𝑏 = 0.036088158 𝑓𝑠 ′ < 𝑓𝑦

𝜌 = 0.02382956205 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑏 − 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 1

 𝐴𝑠 ′ = 2 𝑑25𝑚𝑚
𝑑′
𝐶𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠′𝑓𝑠′

𝑁. 𝐴.
𝐶𝑐 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏

d = 450mm 𝑎 𝑑 − 𝑑′
𝐴𝑠 = 4𝑑32𝑚𝑚
𝑑−
2
𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦

b = 300
𝝨𝐹ℎ = 0:
𝒅−𝒄 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 𝐴𝑠 ′ 𝑓𝑠′ + 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏
𝒇𝒔 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝒄
𝒄 − 𝒅′ 𝜋 2
𝜋 2
𝑐 − 65
𝒇𝒔′ = 𝟔𝟎𝟎 (32) (4)(415) = (25) 2 600 + 0.85(28)(0.85)(𝑐)(300)
𝒄 4 4 𝑐
𝑵𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑐 = 161.890𝑚𝑚
𝒂 𝑎 = 0.85 161.890
𝑴𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄′ 𝒂𝒃 𝒅 − + 𝑨𝒔′ 𝒇𝒔′(𝒅 − 𝒅′ ) 𝑎 = 137.607𝑚𝑚
𝟐
𝒂 ′ = 600
161.890 − 65
′
𝑴𝒏 = 𝑨𝒔𝒇𝒚 𝒅 − 𝒅′ − 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 𝒂𝒃 − 𝒅′ 𝑓𝑠 = 359.095𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝑓𝑦
𝟐 161.890
𝒂 𝒂 450 − 161.890
𝑴𝒏 = 𝑨𝒔𝒇𝒚 𝒅 − ′
− 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒔′( − 𝒅′) 𝑓𝑠 = 600 = 1067.799 > 𝑓𝑦 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦
𝟐 𝟐 161.890
 𝐴𝑠 ′ = 2 𝑑25𝑚𝑚
𝑑′
𝐶𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠′𝑓𝑠′

𝑁. 𝐴.
𝐶𝑐 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏

d = 450mm 𝑎 𝑑 − 𝑑′
𝐴𝑠 = 4𝑑32𝑚𝑚
𝑑−
2
𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦

b = 300
137.607 𝜋
𝒇𝒔 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝒅−𝒄 𝑀𝑛 = 0.85 28 137.607 300 450 − + 25)2 2 359.095 450 − 65
𝒄 2 4
𝑴𝒏 = 𝟓𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝟗𝑲𝑵 − 𝒎
𝒄 − 𝒅′
𝒇𝒔′ = 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝒄 𝜋 137.607
𝑀𝑛 = (32)2 4 415 450 − 65 − 0.85 28 137.607 300 − 65
𝑵𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 4 2
𝒂
𝑴𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄′ 𝒂𝒃 𝒅 − + 𝑨𝒔′ 𝒇𝒔′(𝒅 − 𝒅′ ) 𝑴𝒏 = 𝟓𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝟕𝑲𝑵 − 𝒎
𝟐

𝒂 𝜋 137.607 𝜋 137.607
𝑴𝒏 = 𝑨𝒔𝒇𝒚 𝒅 − 𝒅′ − 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄′ 𝒂𝒃 − 𝒅′
𝟐 𝑀𝑛 = (32)2 4 415 450 − + 25)2 2 (359.095 − 65
4 2 4 2
𝒂 𝒂
𝑴𝒏 = 𝑨𝒔𝒇𝒚 𝒅 − + 𝑨𝒔′ 𝒇𝒔′( − 𝒅′)
𝟐 𝟐 𝑴𝒏 = 𝟓𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝟖𝑲𝑵 − 𝒎
 DESIGN OF DOUBLY REINFORCED
RECTANGULAR BEAM
b

𝑑′ 𝐶𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠′𝑓𝑠′ 𝐶𝑐 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏 𝑑′ 𝐶𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠′𝑓𝑠′

𝐶𝑐 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏

𝑁. 𝐴.

h 𝑑−
𝑎
2 = 𝑑−
𝑎
2 + 𝑑 − 𝑑′

𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 𝑇1 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑠
𝑇2 = 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑠
DESIGN OF DOUBLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM
b

𝐶𝑐 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏 𝑑′ 𝐶𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠′𝑓𝑠′

𝑁. 𝐴.

𝑎
h 𝑑− 𝑑 − 𝑑′
2

𝑇2 = 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦 𝑇1 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦

′
𝑎 ∅𝑀𝑛1 = 𝐴𝑠 ′ 𝑓𝑠′(𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
∅𝑀𝑛2 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 𝑎𝑏 𝑑 −
2
∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅𝑀𝑛2 + ∅𝑀𝑛1 𝑎
∅𝑀𝑛2 = 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑠 𝑑 − ∅𝑀𝑛1 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑠 𝑑 − 𝑑′
2
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2 𝐴𝑠1 = 𝐴𝑠 ′
𝐴𝑠2 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑑
DESIGN OF DOUBLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM
1. Calculate the maximum moment that can be resisted by the under-reinforced section with 𝜌 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 or 𝜌 < 𝜌𝜖𝑡 to
ensure that ∅ = 0.90. The corresponding tensile steel area 𝐴𝑠2 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑑, and as usual:
𝐶𝑐 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏
𝑎
𝑀𝑛2 = 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 −
2
𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ:
𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦
𝑎=
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏
𝑎
𝑑−
2

𝑇1 = 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦
2. Find the excess moment, if any, that must be resisted using:

𝑀𝑢
𝑀𝑛1 = − 𝑀𝑛2
∅
DESIGN OF DOUBLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM
3. Tentatively assume fs’=fy then: 𝑑′ 𝐶𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠′𝑓𝑦

𝑀𝑛1
𝐴𝑠1 = 𝐴′𝑠 =
𝑓𝑦(𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
𝑑 − 𝑑′

𝑇2 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦

4.Solve for the total area As

𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2
DESIGN OF DOUBLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM
5. Analyze the doubly reinforced beam to see if fs’=fy; that is, check the tensile reinforcement ratio, ρ against
ρcy .

6. If ρ < ρcy , then the compression steel stress is less than fy and the compression steel area must be
Increased to provide the needed force. This can be done approximately as follows:
a. Determine c = a/β1
b. Calculate fs’:
𝑐 − 𝑑 ′
𝑓𝑠 ′ = 600
𝑐
c. The revised compression steel area, As’rev acting at fs’ must provide the same force as the trial steel area,
As, that was assumed to act as fy
′
𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑣 = 𝐴𝑠1
𝑓𝑠 ′
7.The tensile steel area need not to be revised even if fs’ < fy
 Design Problem
Design a rectangular beam to carry a factored moment of 240 KN-m. the beam
width is 250mm and its effective depth is 400mm. Use fy = 415MPa and fc’ =
20.7MPa. Use d’ = 60mm.
𝑑′
𝐶𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠′𝑓𝑠′ 𝑑′ 𝐶𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠 ′ 𝑓𝑠′
𝐶𝑐 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏
𝑁. 𝐴.

d = 400mm 𝑎 𝑑 − 𝑑′
𝑑− 𝑑 − 𝑑′
2
𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑠

b =350mm
 Design Problem
Calculate the maximum moment that can be resisted by the under reinforced section with ρ = ρmax. The corresponding tensile
steel area is:
𝑓𝑐 ′ 0.003
𝜌 max = 0.85𝛽1 ( )
𝑓𝑦 0.003 + 0.004
20.7 0.003
𝜌 max = 0.85 0.85 = 0.01544483649
415 0.003 + 0.004

𝐴𝑠2 = 0.01544483649 250 400

𝐴𝑠2 = 1544.484𝑚𝑚2

𝑎
𝑀𝑛2 = 𝐴𝑠2𝑓𝑦(𝑑 − )
2
 Design Problem
Calculate the maximum moment that can be resisted by the under reinforced section with ρ = ρmax. The corresponding tensile
steel area is:
𝑎
𝐴𝑠2 = 1544.484𝑚 2 𝑀𝑛2 = 𝐴𝑠2𝑓𝑦(𝑑 − )
2

ΣFh = 0
𝐴𝑠2𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏
1544.484 415 = 0.85 20.7 𝑎(250)
𝑎 = 145.714𝑚𝑚

145.714
𝑀𝑛2 = 1544.484 415 400 − = 209.686𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
2
 Design Problem
Find the excess moment, if any that must be resisted:
𝐶𝑐 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏 𝑑′ 𝐶𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠 ′ 𝑓𝑠′
𝑀𝑢 = ∅(𝑀𝑛1 + 𝑀𝑛2)

240 = 0.90 𝑀𝑛1 + 209.686

𝑀𝑛1 = 56.981𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑎 𝑑 − 𝑑′
𝑑−
𝑀𝑛1 = 𝐴𝑠 ′ 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ 2
56.981𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚 = 𝐴𝑠1 415 400 − 60
𝐴𝑠 ′ = 𝐴𝑠1 = 403.834𝑚𝑚2 𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑠 𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑠

𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2
𝐴𝑠 = 403.834𝑚𝑚2 + 1544.484𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠 = 1948.318𝑚𝑚2
5. Analyze the doubly reinforced beam to see if fs’=fy; that is, check the tensile reinforcement ratio, ρ
against ρcy .
𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑑 ′ 𝜖𝑢
𝜌𝑐𝑦 = 0.85𝛽1 + 𝜌′
𝑓𝑦 𝑑 𝜖𝑢 − 𝜖 𝑦
𝑀𝑛1 = 56.981𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑀𝑛2 = 209.686𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚 20.7 60 600
𝜌𝑐𝑦 = 0.85 0.85 + 0.00403834
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2 415 400 600 − 415
𝐴𝑠 = 403.834𝑚𝑚2 + 1544.484𝑚𝑚2 𝜌𝑐𝑦 = 0.02157031655
𝐴𝑠 = 1948.318𝑚𝑚2
𝝆 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟖𝟑𝟏𝟖 < 𝝆𝒄𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟏𝟓𝟕𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟔𝟓𝟓
𝐴𝑠
𝜌=
𝑏𝑑 171.429 − 60
1948.318𝑚𝑚2 𝑓𝑠 ′ = 600 = 𝟑𝟗𝟎𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝜌= 171.429
250(400)
𝜌 = 0.01948318
𝑓𝑦
403.834𝑚𝑚2 𝐴𝑠 ′ 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑑 = 𝐴𝑠 ′
𝜌′ = = 0.00403834 𝑓𝑠′
250(400) 415
𝐴𝑠 ′ 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑑 = 403.834
390
𝑨𝒔 𝑹𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒆𝒅 = 𝟒𝟐𝟗. 𝟕𝟐𝟏𝒎𝒎𝟐
′
7. The tensile steel are need not to be revised even if fs’<fy 𝜀𝑠′
𝑑′
𝐶𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠 ′ 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑑𝑓𝑠′
𝑐 − 𝑑′ 𝑐
′
𝑁. 𝐴.
𝐶𝑐 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 𝑎𝑏 𝑁. 𝐴.

h 𝑎
𝑑− 𝑑 − 𝑑′
2
𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦

𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝜌′ 𝑖𝑓 𝑓𝑠 ′ = 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 = 1947.18𝑚𝑚2 𝐴𝑠 ′ 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑑 = 429.721𝑚𝑚2

𝑓𝑠′
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝜌′ 𝑖𝑓 𝑓𝑠 ′ < 𝑓𝑦 429.721𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 𝜌′ = = 0.00429721
250(400)
20.70 3 390
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85 0.85 + 0.00429721 𝜌 = 0.0194718
415 7 415
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.01948317842
 𝐴𝑠 = 1947.18𝑚𝑚2 𝐴𝑠 ′ 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑑 = 429.721𝑚𝑚2

Db nAs nAs1
25mm 4 2 d’ = 64.50mm

𝑆 = 250 − 2 40 − 2 12 − 2(25)
𝑆 = 96𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑘! d = 410.50mm

25
𝑡 = 400 + + 25 + 12 + 40
2
𝑡 = 489.50mm say t = 500

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑, 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜

25
𝑑 = 500 − 40 − 12 − 25 −
2
b =250mm
𝑑 = 410.50𝑚𝑚
25
𝑑 ′ = 40 + 12 +
2
′
𝑑 = 64.5𝑚𝑚