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1/7
Let's go through each problem systematically and solve them.
Problem 4: Forward Converter Analysis
Given Data:
Vs=100V
Transformer ratios: N1/N2=5, N1/N3=1
Lm=333μH
R=2.5Ω
C=10μF
D=0.25
Switching frequency: fs=375kHz
(a) Output Voltage Calculation
The output voltage for a forward converter is given by:
Vo=D⋅N1N2⋅Vs
Substituting values:
Vo=0.25×51×100V=5V
(a) Output Voltage Ripple Calculation
The ripple voltage is given by:
ΔVo=fsCIoD
where Io=Vo/R=5V/2.5Ω=2A.
ΔVo=375000×10−62×0.25
ΔVo≈0.133V
(b) Sketch the Currents
iLxis continuous and triangular.
i1follows switch operation (on/off).
i2is transformer secondary current.
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i3is tertiary winding current.
iLmis magnetizing current.
isis the input current.
Power Returned to the Source
The power recovered by tertiary winding can be calculated using magnetizing inductance
energy:
Prec=21LmILm2fs
Problem 5: Forward Converter Design
Given Data:
Vs=125V
Vo=50V
R=25Ω
fs=250kHz
D=0.3
(a) Transformer Turns Ratio
Using:
Vo=D×N1N2×Vs
Solving for N1/N2:
N2N1=VoDVs=500.3×125=0.75
N1/N2=3/4
(b) Inductance Lx
Io=RVo=2550=2A
Minimum current is:
ILx(min)=0.4Io=0.8A
ΔIL=2Io−1.6=2.4A
Lx=fsΔILVo(1−D)
Lx=250000×2.450(1−0.3)=58.3μH
(c) Capacitance Calculation
Ripple voltage is limited to 0.5% of Vo:
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ΔVo=0.005×50=0.25V
C=fsΔVoIoD
C=250000×0.252×0.3=9.6μF
Problem 6: Forward Converter Design
Given Data:
Vs=170V
Vo=48V
Output power = 150W
ΔVo<1%
Solution:
1. Turns Ratio:
N1/N2=VoDVs
Assume D=0.3,
N2N1=480.3×170≈1.06
2. Inductance Lx(Assume Continuous Mode):
Io=Po/Vo=150/48=3.125A
Using 40% minimum current,
ILx(min)=0.4×3.125=1.25A
Using previous equations:
Lx=fs×(3.125−1.25)48(1−0.3)
3. Capacitance Calculation:
ΔVo=0.01×48=0.48V
C=fsΔVoIoD
Problem 8: Forward Converter with Regulation
Given Data:
Vo=30V
Vs=150V−175V
Po=20−50W
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ΔVo<0.2%
Solution:
1. Duty Ratio Range:
D=N2/N1×VsVo
With varying Vs, compute Dmin,Dmax.
2. Turns Ratio:
N2N1=VoDVs
3. Inductor Lxand Capacitance:
Use previous formulas ensuring ΔVo<0.2%.
🚀
These solutions outline the main calculations. Let me know if you need further
clarifications or detailed step-by-step derivations!
solve me these questions
I see that you uploaded several images containing problems related to forward
converters. I will solve them step by step. Let's start with Problem 1 and move forward
from there.
Problem 1 Solution:
Given Data:
Vs=100V
Transformer turns ratio: N1/N2=N1/N3=1
Magnetizing inductance: Lm=1mH
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Output filter inductor: Lx=70μH
Load resistance: R=20Ω
Output capacitor: C=33μF
Duty ratio: D=0.35
Switching frequency: fs=150kHz
(a) Output Voltage and Voltage Ripple
The output voltage in a forward converter is given by:
Vo=D⋅(N1N2)Vs
Since N1=N2, we get:
Vo=0.35×100=35V
The output voltage ripple is calculated using the capacitor equation:
ΔVo=fsCIo⋅D
where:
Io=RVo=2035=1.75A
ΔVo=(150×103)(33×10−6)(1.75)(0.35)
ΔVo=4.950.6125≈0.124V
So the output voltage ripple is 0.124 V.
(b) Current in Lx
To find the average current:
ILx,avg=Io=1.75A
The peak-to-peak current ripple is given by:
ΔILx=fsLxVo⋅(1−D)
ΔILx=(150×103)(70×10−6)35×(1−0.35)
ΔILx=10.522.75≈2.17A
So:
ILx,max=ILx,avg+2ΔILx=1.75+1.085=2.835A
ILx,min=ILx,avg−2ΔILx=1.75−1.085=0.665A
(c) Peak Current in Lm
The magnetizing current is:
ILm,peak=fsLmVs⋅D
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ILm,peak=(150×103)(1×10−3)100×0.35
ILm,peak=0.1535=233.3mA
(d) Peak Current in Switch and Transformer Primary
The primary current is:
Iprimary=Io×N1N2=1.75A
The switch current is:
Iswitch=Iprimary+ILm,peak=1.75+0.233=1.983A
So the peak current in the switch is 1.983 A.
This is the solution for Problem 1. Do you want me to proceed with Problem 2?
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