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Chapter 04 -HYPOTHESIS & CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK

The document outlines the importance of a theoretical framework in research, particularly in hypothesis development and testing. It defines a hypothesis as a testable statement predicting relationships between variables and describes characteristics of a good hypothesis. Additionally, it explains different types of hypotheses, including inductive, deductive, directional, non-directional, null, and alternative, along with the process of hypothesis testing through statistical methods.

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13 views22 pages

Chapter 04 -HYPOTHESIS & CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK

The document outlines the importance of a theoretical framework in research, particularly in hypothesis development and testing. It defines a hypothesis as a testable statement predicting relationships between variables and describes characteristics of a good hypothesis. Additionally, it explains different types of hypotheses, including inductive, deductive, directional, non-directional, null, and alternative, along with the process of hypothesis testing through statistical methods.

Uploaded by

nadeeshaprabodani75
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK &

HYPOTHESIS
Theoretical framework

• A theoretical framework is the foundation of hypothetico-


deductive research and it is basis for hypothesis.

• It represents belief on how certain phenomena are related to


each other and an explanation of why you believe that these
variables associated with each other.
Theoretical framework
▪ The development of a theoretical framework is crucial in deductive, theory‐testing,
causal research (but not in exploratory or descriptive research where one does not
develop a theoretical framework to develop and test hypotheses).
• Formulation of the research problem and developing hypothesis are key preliminary
steps in the research process. A problem is a question posed for solutions.

Generation of Hypotheses
Hypotheses definition
• It can be defined as a logically conjectured relationship between two or
more variables expressed in the form of testable statement.
Hypothesis
• A hypothesis is a prediction about the relationship between two or more
variables.
• A hypothesis thus translates a quantitative research question in to a precise
prediction of expected outcomes.
• A proposition that is empirically testable. It is an empirical statement
concerned with the relationship among variables.

The hypothesis is an important part of the scientific method and research


studies.
Hypothesis
• Formulating testable statement is called Hypothesis
development.
• A hypothesis should provide what we expect to find in the chosen
research problem. That is, the expected or proposed solutions
based on available data and tentative explanations constitute the
hypothesis.
• Hypothesizing is done only after survey of relevant literature and
learning the present status of the field of research. It can be
formulated based on previous research and observation. To
formulate a hypothesis the researcher should acquire enough
knowledge in the topic of research and a reasonably deep insight
about the problem.
Characteristics of a good hypothesis

1. Testable
2. Logical
3. Directly related to the research problem
4. Represents a single unit or subject of the problem
5. Factually or theoretically based
6. States relationship between variables
7. Sets the limits of the study
8. Stated in such a form that it can be accepted or
rejected
A hypothesis is composed of an independent variable
(cause) and a dependent variable (effect)
The derivation of hypothesis
There are two types of developing hypothesis
➢ Induction
➢ Deduction

Inductive hypothesis-is a generalization based on observed


relationships.
Researchers observe certain patterns, trends or associations among
phenomena and then use the observations as a basis for predictions.
Deductive hypotheses -Through deductive reasoning, a researcher can
develop hypotheses based on general theoretical principles. Deductive
reasoning have as a starting point theories that are applied to particular
situations.
Statement of Hypotheses: Format

➢Propositions and If‐Then Statements:


▪ Proposition:
A proposition that is empirically testable. It is an empirical statement concerned
with the relationship among variables.
Ex: Employees who are more healthy will take sick leave less frequently

▪ If‐Then:
Can be used to test whether there are differences between two groups. It takes
two forms:
Ex:
✓ If employees are more healthy, Then they will take sick leave less frequently.
✓ Employees who are more healthy will take sick leave less frequently.
Statement of Hypotheses: Format

➢ Directional and Non‐directional:


Directional hypothesis is one that specifies not only the existence but the
expected direction of the relationship between variables.
In stating the relationship between two variables or comparing two groups,
terms such as positive, negative, more than, less than, and the like are used, then
these are directional hypotheses because the direction of the relationship
between the variables (positive/negative) is indicated,

▪ Directional: Ex. The greater the stress experienced in the job, the lower the
job satisfaction of employees.
Statement of Hypotheses: Format

• Non-directional hypothesis by contrast does not stipulate the direction


of the relationship.are those that do postulate a relationship or
difference, but offer no indication of the direction of these
relationships or differences. In other words, though it may be
conjectured that there is a significant relationship between two
variables, we may not be able to say whether the relationship is
positive or negative
▪ Non‐directional: Ex. There is a relationship between age and job satis
faction
Statement of Hypotheses: Format

➢ Null and Alternative Hypotheses

Null hypotheses: is a proposition that stats a definitive, exact relationship


between two variables. The null statement is expressed as no significant
relationship between two variables or no significant difference between two
groups.

Alternate Hypotheses: Is the opposite of null, it is a statement expressing a


relationship between two variables or indicating difference between groups.

Ex.
Hypothesis Testing
Hypotheses are formally tested through statistical procedures. Researchers
seek to determine through statistics whether their hypotheses have a high
probability of being correct. However, hypotheses are never proved through
hypothesis testing. Rather, they are accepted or supported.

Having formulated the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis ,the


appropriate statistical tests (t-test ,f-test)can then be applied, which indicate
whether or not support has been found for the alternative hypothesis.

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