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S4F22
Cost Center and Internal Order
Accounting in SAP S/4HANA
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PARTICIPANT HANDBOOK
INSTRUCTOR-LED TRAINING
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Course Version: 26
Course Duration: 5 Day(s)
Material Number: 50165199
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American English is the standard used in this handbook.
The following typographic conventions are also used.
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vii Course Overview
1 Unit 1: SAP S/4HANA Overview
3 Lesson: Getting an Overview of SAP S/4HANA
19 Unit 2: Organizational Units and Master Data
21 Lesson: Describing the Components of Management Accounting
29 Lesson: Managing Master Data
51 Unit 3: Event-Based Postings
53 Lesson: Entering Primary Postings
61 Lesson: Manage Postings
73 Unit 4: Period-End Closing
75 Lesson: Performing Period-End Closing
99 Unit 5: Internal Order Overview of Master Data
101 Lesson: Using Overhead Orders
109 Lesson: Maintaining Internal Order Master Data
121 Unit 6: Event-Based Postings for Internal Orders
123 Lesson: Creating Event-Based Postings Within and Outside
Management Accounting
131 Unit 7: Period-End Closing of the Internal Orders
133 Lesson: Periodic Debit Postings
137 Lesson: Explaining Periodic Credit Postings
153 Unit 8: Planning
155 Lesson: Planning on Cost Centers and Internal Orders
167 Lesson: Planning with SAP Analytics Cloud
183 Lesson: Additional Planning Techniques for Internal Orders
191 Unit 9: Budgeting and Availability Control
193 Lesson: Budgeting and Availability Control on Internal Orders
199 Lesson: Setting up Budget Availability Control on Cost Centers
207 Lesson: Entering the Budget & Checking the Budget Availability
Control on Cost Centers
213 Lesson: Transferring Budget – Supplementing Budget – Returning
Budget
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[email protected]221 Unit 10: New Commitment Management Solution on Cost Centers
223 Lesson: Modeling Approaches in Commitment Management
231 Lesson: Technical Set up of the New Commitment Management
Solution as part of Predictive Accounting
235 Lesson: Use Case for Commitment Management
241 Lesson: Data Set Development according to the Process Steps in
the Use Case
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[email protected]Course Overview
TARGET AUDIENCE
This course is intended for the following audiences:
● Application Consultant
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[email protected] UNIT 1 SAP S/4HANA Overview
Lesson 1
Getting an Overview of SAP S/4HANA 3
UNIT OBJECTIVES
● Understand the Digitization Challenge
● Get an Overview of SAP HANA and SAP S/4HANA
● Provide an overview of SAP S/4HANA Finance
● Explain SAP Fiori Application and Tools
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[email protected] Unit 1
Lesson 1
Getting an Overview of SAP S/4HANA
LESSON OBJECTIVES
After completing this lesson, you will be able to:
● Understand the Digitization Challenge
● Get an Overview of SAP HANA and SAP S/4HANA
● Provide an overview of SAP S/4HANA Finance
● Explain SAP Fiori Application and Tools
SAP S/4HANA Finance Learning Journey
Figure 1: Financial Accounting Learning Journey
Learning Journeys are visual guides, designed to help you complete the learning path for
particular SAP solutions. The easiest way to find learning journeys is to search for SAP
Learning Journeys in your browser.
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[email protected]Unit 1: SAP S/4HANA Overview
Connected Digital World
Figure 2: Connected Digital World
The world continues to change and present more and more business challenges and
opportunities. Today's world is digital and networked. For example:
● The pace of data generation is accelerating - in the last two years, 90% of world data has
been generated.
● Over the next two years, there will be 40% growth in the adoption of business networks.
● By the end of the decade, 212 billion things, from cars to heavy equipment to consumer
appliances will be connected to the internet.
● By 2020, there will be 9 billion mobile users in the world.
● Last year, 51% of workloads were processed in the cloud, and in the future more workloads
will be processed in the cloud.
Please see the following resources:
1. https://www.accenture.com/nl-en/insights/technology/_acnmedia/Thought-
Leadership-Assets/PDF-2/Accenture-Technology-Vision-2020-Full-Report.pdf
2. https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2020-01-23-gartner-
predicts-69--of-routine-work-currently-done-b
3. https://www.ventanaresearch.com/digitaltechnology?
utm_source=hs_email&utm_medium=email&utm_content=60916286&_hsenc=p2ANqtz
-86lhkaCQ8Mze3slTB0g-84d8SFt9granKEPTUZ2RLwo1dNaBgIRBFw3psoqybqHBCkssg
g41ncxIR4D0_UNlJHahYYVQ&_hsmi=60916286
4. https://www.pwc.de/de/consulting/pwc-consumer-intelligence-series-customer-
experience.pdf
5. https://www.bcg.com/publications/2019/most-innovative-companies-collaborative-
platforms-ecosystems-changing-nnovation
6. https://www.bcg.com/de-de/capabilities/operations/digital-supply-chain
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Figure 3: The SAP Approach to Intelligent Enterprise Technologies
SAP delivers an intelligent integrated automation suite so that customers can focus on
leveraging the next level potential of robotic process automation (RPA). RPA can offer a great
opportunity to analyze the process level data that it executes. Combined with the integration
of intelligent technologies, such as machine learning the robots are more relevant than ever.
You can think of RPA as the Hands and the Legs of the Robot, whereas Machine Learning acts
as the Brain that makes decisions, and Conversational AI can play an interfacing role to
receive and disseminate instructions from users digitally.
Definitions of these key terms are:
● Conversational AI assists users with access to peers for guidance and interaction or smart
support with automated conversational bots.
● Intelligent RPA bots automate standard processes via recorded transactions to execute
repetitive & time consuming tasks automatically going forward. You can use SAP Business
Technology Platform for cross system automation.
● Machine Learning uses your customer specific history and exceptions to predict, support,
automate or optimize business user decisions.
● Internet of Things integration provides insights to real-time sensor data to facilitate and
improve existing business processes and also allow business users to take pro-active
decisions.
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[email protected]Unit 1: SAP S/4HANA Overview
SAP HANA
Figure 4: Time to Rebuild the Business Suite for the Digital World
Since the beginning of enterprise computing, SAP have been rebuilding the business
applications whenever major technology shifts have occurred.
Some key moments in SAP’s application development history include:
● 1979 – SAP invents ERP. SAP builds standard business software based on mainframe
technology. The name, SAP R/2 supports and integrates major business functions in real
time and handles multi-country and multi-currency implementations. (R means real time,
and although there was an R/1, this is not regarded as the first major release.)
● 1992 – With the rise of the personal computer, the introduction of client/server
architecture means another rewrite of the applications to exploit the power of a layered,
three-tier architecture approach, in which processing is split across three layers - client,
application, and database. It is the end of the mono-chromatic, text-based, messy green
screens and the start of a new graphical interface to improve the end user experience. This
is the birth of SAP R/3.
● 2004 – Now the Web is firmly established as the common business network and
customers demand better integration between their business applications and the Web.
SAP develops a new integration application platform called SAP NetWeaver in order to
enable this. All SAP applications run on a common platform, and customers and partners
can build and integrate existing applications easily using widely adopted Web standards,
such as service-oriented architecture (SOA). Additionally, a little later, a new switch
framework is introduced to allow customers to selectively enable only the new functions
developed by SAP in order to avoid disrupting their core processes. The SAP R/3 name is
now replaced by SAP ERP. ERP is part of a larger family known as SAP Business Suite,
which also contains many other line of business (LOB) applications from SAP, such as SAP
CRM.
● 2015 – A new wave of advances in hardware architecture brings massive computing power
at decreasing costs. Huge memory and multi-core processors arrive to offer massive
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computing power. The underlying design of existing SAP applications does not fully exploit
the power of the new hardware. A rewrite of the complete Business Suite is required. The
new business suite is called SAP S/4HANA.
Figure 5: Advances in Technology
With so much memory available, we can now store the entire database of even the largest
organizations, completely in memory. This gives you instant access to all data, and eliminates
wait times caused by data loading to memory from disk to memory. We can lose the
mechanical spinning disk and the latency it brings, and rely on memory to provide all data
instantly to the CPU. Even though Solid State Devices (SSD) storage is faster than disk it still
can not compete with memory. So memory is no longer the bottleneck it once was. To
address large amounts of memory, we also use 64-bit operating systems. Traditional 32-bit
operating systems cannot address the large amounts of memory now available. In addition to
huge memory, CPU performance continues to improve at a phenomenal rate. We now have
high-speed, multi-core CPUs that can take on complex tasks and break them up so then can
be processed in parallel to provide incredible response times. This means that response times
for even the most complex analytical tasks, such as predictive analysis, can be carried out in
real time. So with huge memory and faster multi-core CPUs we have now have access to huge
amounts of computing power. We can now easily slot more servers into our landscape to add
more processing power or memory in order to scale to any size.
SAP rewrote its business application software to fully exploit the new hardware. SAP worked
closely with leading hardware partners who shared the product blueprints of their new CPU
architectures, so that SAP knew how to write the very best modern software to extract as
much power as possible.
Cloud computing technology has matured in the last few years and is now a compelling
deployment option for our customers who do not want to take on the complexity and cost of
the installation and maintenance of IT landscapes. Virtualizing machines means lower costs
associated with running enterprise-wide applications. Public cloud services based on
subscription models increase access to everyone to the latest solutions, reducing the costs
and simplifying everything.
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Figure 6: Bringing OLTP and OLAP Back Together
In the past, it was necessary to move data away from transactional applications into
dedicated systems so that data could be harmonized and cleaned. As a result, multiple copies
of the data were created. But even worse, there was latency between the systems while data
was transferred. This means that we did not have a consistent picture of data across the
enterprise at any moment.
In many business landscapes today, transactions are managed in systems where both the
hardware architecture, database design and the data models are built around fast read/write
processing at the record level. Analysis systems take on a different design approach. The
hardware, database, and data models are built around batch loading, aggregated storage, and
a focus on read-intensive queries and caching. That is why online transaction systems (OLTP)
and online analytical processing systems (OLAP) are often separated and linked through
interfaces through which data is lifted and shifted periodically. This approach means delays in
analysis on the transactional data. It is not unusual to have to wait the next day before
analysis can begin on the transactional data.
SAP HANA is able to bring transactional and analysis requirements into one platform. The
acronym for this type of consolidated system is Hybrid Transaction/Analytical Processing
(HTAP). The database, hardware, and data model of SAP HANA are built to handle combined
transactional and analysis processing. No movement of data is necessary and transactional
and analytical users work from the same, single copy of the data. This means we have live
data available to all applications in real time. This reduces the complexity by removing the
need to move data using separate software and interfaces. It also means that new innovative
applications can be built that combine transactions and analytics such as those found in SAP
S/4HANA.
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SAP S/4HANA - Deployment Options
Figure 7: SAP S/4HANA Consistent Choice for Cloud and On-Premise
SAP S/4HANA's simplified data model and modern user experience are consistent for both
cloud and on premise. When it's time to deploy SAP S/4HANA, the choices are on premise or
in the cloud. Either way, SAP S/4HANA maintains consistency with the data model, user
experience, and code line. SAP S/4HANA and SAP S/4HANA Cloud offer a consistent
solution, allowing you to benefit in any scenario or combination.
There are many factors in making the on premise or cloud deployment decision, but they can
be simplified into a few major dimensions:
● IT Strategy: Increasingly, customers are taking a "cloud first" approach to their ERP
system landscape. It is important to verify that the scope of the standard best practices in
S/4HANA Cloud will serve your business requirements, and whether this should be
complemented with extended functionality (Lines of business, industry-specific) via a co-
deployment with S/4HANA Cloud, single-tenant edition, for example.
● Innovation Cycles: Updates to S/4HANA Cloud are provided on a quarterly innovation
cycle. SAP regularly delivers the latest in machine learning, natural language processing,
predictive analytics, and more in a non-disruptive, easy-to-consume manner. S/4HANA
Cloud, single-tenant edition is offered with two upgrades per year, while S/4HANA on
premise is offered with one annual upgrade.
● Business Functionality: The available scope for each deployment option will vary, allowing
choices for licensing and deployment.
● Deployment times: The deployment of S/4HANA can be accelerated in the cloud for many
customers, since they do not need to acquire and maintain infrastructure.
● Regulatory, industry, and regional requirements: Some customers may have requirements
in these areas that make cloud unsuitable. If this is the case, then they can continue with
traditional on premise deployment. Alternatively, if they have differing requirements for
various subsidiaries, they can mix-and-match cloud and on premise deployment in a 2-tier
strategy and still maintain consistency for IT and business users.
SAP believes all customers will eventually run their ERP in the public cloud to take advantage
of the power of agile standardization.
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Not every company is ready to make that move today, so SAP provides some options:
● S/4HANA Cloud: The fastest path to the intelligent enterprise.
● S/4HANA: Offers the customer complete control - on premise, through hyperscalers, on
SAP HANA Enterprise Cloud.
● All options utilize the same code line, data model, and user experience.
Figure 8: Three SAP S/4HANA Deployment Options
With SAP S/4HANA, you can choose the environment – from software as a service (SaaS) to
private cloud supported by hyperscale computing to on premise – that uses the best aspects
of the cloud to accelerate your time to value and increase business agility, while balancing
customization, standardization, and control:
● Cloud - Maximize agility with standardized processes built from proven best practices in
every industry, new innovations as frequently as four times per year, fast time to value,
and lower TCO. Available as private or public cloud solution with the characteristics shown
in the figure.
● Any premise - Optimize your capacity for specialization by deploying SAP S/4HANA in
your own datacenter or utilizing an infrastructure-as-a-service provider and customize and
extend SAP S/4HANA with complete control of your environment.
Overview of Finance with SAP S/4HANA
The customer value proposition of SAP S/4HANA can be summarized as follows:
● Instant insight-to-action:
- In-memory-enabled single financial data source across transactional and analytical
data.
- Enables real-time processes for instant insight across finance and controlling to make
timely and relevant decisions.
● Accelerated close:
- Enable a soft close by solving issues throughout the month.
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- Integrated financial and managerial reporting.
- Reduces duplications and errors minimizing the need for reconciliations.
● Real-time cash management:
- Automated payment processes.
- Provide rich analysis dimensions and drill-down features for better insights into cash
daily operations.
- Bank Account Management.
● Higher productivity:
- Intuitive and role-based user experience for higher employee productivity.
- Real-time receivables and payables reconciliation avoiding the manual work.
● Pre-delivered integration (for example with HR):
- Employee and cost center data integrated immediately across SAP SuccessFactors
and SAP S/4HANA Cloud.
- Integration scenarios leveraging Intelligent Services and Machine Learning are
constantly in development.
Figure 9: The Universal Journal Enables Continuous Accounting
The Universal Journal is the central line item table offering a common line item persistence for
General Ledger, Profit Center Accounting, Fixed Asset Accounting, Controlling, Material
Ledger, and Margin Analysis. The table contains the superset of all attributes needed by those
application. Transaction data is stored only once. As all the applications now share the journal
entries, also the logic for how currencies are converted, how attributes are derived and so on,
is common for all applications. Differing values and results requiring reconciliations and
corrections are no longer required by design.
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SAP Fiori
Scenario
Why is focusing on the User Experience important? Because having a great User experience
has an impact on business value. User Experience is not simply about colors and fonts. With a
great User Experience people gain productivity and can work faster and more efficiently. It
also helps to increase application adoption, decrease errors, and save training costs. All
benefits with an immediately impact on the overall business value.
SAP Fiori offers a collection of apps, created based on the rules of the SAP User Experience.
Each SAP Fiori app is designed to cover an individual step for a specific role. Several apps
combined represent therefore a complete process covering different enterprise solutions and
systems. This is a shift from monolithic solutions to activity-based apps providing a role-
based simplification of business processes. A role-based user experience means that end
users get all information and functions they need for their daily work – but are not overborne
by more.
The SAP Fiori Launchpad is at the center of this strategy, offering a single entry point for
users to interact with different enterprise solutions.
Figure 10: SAP Fiori User Experience Paradigm
The three dimensions of SAP Fiori are Design, Concept, and Technology. In each dimension,
rules and guidelines starting with optic, handling, interactions, and architectures up to
technologies in development and system landscape are in place to set the definition about
what SAP Fiori really is.
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