English Vocabulary in Use Yee leae Michael McCarthy Felicity O'Dell CAMBRIDGE 100 units of vocabulary reference and practice Self-study and classroom useMm < At work: colleagues and routines Colleagues Look at this extract of someone talking about their job and their colleagues. Well, Philip is my opposite number [has the same position/does the same job as me] in the company's New York office. He and | have a good working relationship [how we communicate and work together]. Last month we got a new boss, who quickly established a good rapport [/rap'>:/ communication/relationship] with ‘everyone in the office. | do socialise with my workmates informal: colleagues, especially in non- professional jobs] but we try not to talk shop [informal: talk about work]. The company is generally very hierarchical [/hator'a:kikal/ has a structure with powerful and less powerlul people}; there's a pecking-order [a system where some people have the right to get benefits/promotions before others] for everything. | do a job-share [we each have a 50% contract for the same job] with a woman called Rosemary. It suits us both as we each have children to look after. Daily work routines Nancy gets to work at about 8.45. She has to clock in and clock out [use an electronic card to record the time she arrives and leaves each day]. She works fixed hours; she has a nine-to-five job. Brett can come in at any time from eight o'clock till ren in the morning; he works flexi-time / he’s on flexi-time, but his core hours are 10.00 to 12.00 and 2.00 to 4.00. Archie doesn’t go to the office at all. He works from home with his computer; he’s a teleworker. Bert works different times each week; every third week he works nights; he does shift work / he’s a shift worker. Mick has his own company; he’s self-employed and works from home. His wife works for different companies at different times; she’s freelance / she works freelance. During the day (different work-patterns) (Most of the day I do routine tasks, but occasionally there’. Thave a glamorous job [very exciting, 2 crisis or I have to meet a deadline [have something which everyone admires}. I'm a pilot. The finished by a fixed day or time]. At certain times of the hours are irregular and antisocial [do not year I have a very heavy workload [amount of work enable one to have a normal social life), but \\Thave to do} but at other times it can be quite light. _/ I'm not stuck behind a desk [informal: | sitting in an office all day] and there's a lot | of variety. The stress levels can be quite ga whan are oe gh wrt eons een (jeakicects tent and eee niga 8 Youd Seal s0is) Sor people aio. are all sed cake libs une ne rey oc ees ee ee rsa All Lever think about is knocking off at three =o 7 a jobs [informal: finishing work]. The shift I hate most (jobs with no prospects of promotion}. 7 s the night shift, I start at ten and work all night NY ‘| till six in the morning. The job’s a bit monotonous [boring because it never changes] ‘a Ib B od HEED Types of work hin Thave a lot of paperwork to do by tomorrow. [letters/reports to write, forms to complete] My father did manual work all his life and was very fit. [hard and physical] I think I'd like vocational work, like being a nurse or a teacher, [which helps people] 32. English Vocabulary in Use (Advanced)7A 7.3 Exercises Correct the mistakes in this paragraph. | think | have a good work relationship with most of my colleagues. | tried to establish a good report with them from the very beginning. The person | like most is my opposite member in our office in Paris. Generally, when | socialise to my colleagues outside of work we try not to talk about shop, but it’s not easy and sometimes we have a good gossip about people who are not there. Give three adjectives which you think describe each of these jobs (for example, stressful, glamorous, dead-end). Think of words you would use in your own language, then try to translate them into English. Use a dictionary if necessary. 1 assembly-line worker 5 lifeguard 2 shop steward 6 trawlerman 3 PR officer 7 private eye 4 bodyguard 8 refuse collector Use words and phrases from B and C on the opposite page to complete these sentences. 1 would get bored if Thad a nine sm 2. When I arrive in the morning and leave the office in the evening I use this card to I'm very tired; recently Pve had a very heavy : I don’t want an office job. I don’t want to spend all day stuck 7 . I can clock in any time between eight and ten and clock out between four and six; I'm on Td hate to feel trapped in my job and to be stuck in ae . He’s not here this evening, he’s working nights; you see, he does .... I work for different companies at different times as it suits me. 'm 7 Lused to work for someone else, but now I’m my own boss; I'm I stopped working in the hamburger restaurant. It was just a dead- é When I was working in the factory, all | could think of all day was the moment ‘when T could knock 12. Being a nurse is a good job, but you can’t Gegee go out much with friends. The hours are a USATODAY Snapshots® bit é Using a dictionary if necessary, give one example of ... wae FS cna a manual job a vocational job sit = | a job with great variety a job with irregular hours a job with routine tasks a job with regular deadlines a job with lots of paperwork Nauaune Copyright 2000, USATODAY. Reprinted with permission English Vocabulary in Use (Advanced) 33| At work: career and promotion Getting a job Look at this job ad (informal)/advertisement (formal) for the IT (Information Technology) industry. Ambitious Se Achievers with a diverse’ range of clients. Ideally you will possess some previous IT sales experience® and a good knowledge 2 2 Up to £30k’ basic of computers. Most importantly you will Money motivated, eager, looking to work | have a strong desire to succeed. arma eemeearE eee Ifyou fit this description’ and are seeking ‘We are looking for ambitious, dynamic sales | a lucrative'° career in IT sales then call professionals with the talent and drive" to Claire Walden or Graham Keen on 01960 develop a rewarding’ career within the IT | 479 6021. ' people determined to succeed and achieve great things 2 thirty thousand pounds > guaranteed minimum salary without overtime or bonuses 4 strong motivation 5 giving you a lot back ® working in a close relationship 7 of different types ® experience selling things * have these qualities 1 producing a lot of money The text has some words with similar meanings in connection with work; learn them in pairs: motivated and eager (person) dynamic and fast moving (industry/profession) to seek a career in ... and to look to work in ... (note look fo, meaning consider or hope, not look for) During your working life In some countries, women are allowed maternity leave and men paternity leave if they're having a child. [time away from work to have a new baby] What perks (informal) / (extra) benefits (formal) do you get in your job? [extra things apart from salary, e.g. a car] How important is job satisfaction to you? [the feeling that your job is worth d fulfils you} What's your holiday entitlement? [number of days you have the right to take as holiday] Do you get regular salary increments? [formal: increases/rises] Most people don’t want to reach/hit a glass ceiling. [reach a level where you cannot get further promotion, even if you deserve it] ‘Most people think they are overworked and underpaid. [often said together as a humorous fixed expression] and 34 English Vocabulary in Use (Advanced)8.2 8.3 8.4 8.6 Exercises Make these rather informal sentences more formal by using words and phrases from the opposite page. 1 Do you often look at the job ads? 2 Thaven’t worked in sales before. 3. There’s a lot of money in selling computers. I made 70k last year. 4 We sell quite a mixed range of products. 5 I thought I would apply for the job since it sounded just like me. Find expressions on the left-hand page which mean the opposite of the underlined words or phrases. 1a very loosely organised team 2 a very frustrating job 3 to have low motivation 4 a rather static and slow-moving profession 5a drop in your salary Read the text and answer the questions. | An exciting outdoor career } % - Hf you're an out-of-the-ordinary person who is} 1 Why does ‘a career” sound better than eon one cbuwe are ofering ‘a job’? unique career that requires you to use your 2. What are ‘ambiguous’ situations? amen eeetralance and resporstty you 3. What expression means ‘not Ihave an adventurous spirit,a strong, positive | depending on other people’? personality, a tough mind and a high level of | 4 What is the abstract noun that means personal integrity, and if you think you can deal ‘with rapidly-changing, ambiguous and unpredictable situations that will test your resourcefulness to the limit, then contact us now. | Phone 070037652, or e-mail | [email protected] { a ‘your ability to find clever or imaginative ways of doing things’? 5 What mental quality do you need for this job? 6 What job do you think this advertisement is for? Put these expressions into two groups: usually negative (-) and usually positive (+). Some of them are new expressions not on the opposite page. 1 to hit a glass ceiling 5. to be passed over for promotion 2 to have a lot of perks 6 to get turned down for a job 3 to be snowed under 7 to be short-listed for a job 4 to be demoted 8 to be a high-flyer Some words here are not used correctly or in their usual way, Correct them. 1 I started studying French at university, but I didn’t finish my career and left after one year. 2. My boss rose my salary with £2,000 a year. I was delighted. 3 I’m underpaid and overworked, like everybody! And I’m always stressed up. 4 My holiday titlement is four weeks a year. 5. He got maternity leave when his wife had a baby. Imagine you are a careers adviser. What advice would you give to someone who is ... 1 money motivated and who is prepared to take risks? 2 a very talented musician who is not necessarily money motivated? 3. an achiever who has a background in IT and is a very confident person? 4 suffering from a lack of job satisfaction in their present job? English Vocabulary in Use (Advanced) 35academic work Study and exams BB: ‘an exam you can revise or cram! for | it. If the exam happens every year, you can look at past papers®. Some things can be memorised or learnt off by heart, But rote: | learning? is not sufficient for most subjects. It) is also possible to use mnemonies*, But tricks | alone are not enough, and the best idea isto | bury yourself in your books until you know. ; the subject inside outs. J Cramming for success: study and study intensively for a short time exam papers from previous years learning purely by repetition [/nr'montks/] tricks that help you remember something, for example: “i” after ‘e” except after ‘c’ is a mnemonic for English spelling (e.g. friend, but receive) spend the maximum time studying know it completely Written work for courses, etc. word ‘description composition could be just 50-100 words, often used to refer to children’s work essay Jonger than a composition, more serious, hundreds or even thousands of words assignment | along essay, often part of a course, usually thousands of words project like an assignment, but emphasis on student's own material and topic portfolio a collection of individual pieces of work, not necessarily written dissertation | a long, research-based work, perhaps 10-15,000 words. for a degree or diploma thesis a very long, original research-based work, perhaps 80-100,000 words, for a higher degree (e.g. PhD) The writing process and evaluation mi It’s a good idea to start with a mind § | map! when preparing an essay. Always } write a first draft? before writing up the | | final version. Your essay should be all your own work; plagiarism? is a very serious offence in most colleges and universities.) There is usually a deadline’. After the [ essay is submitted’, it will be assessed* | and usually you can get feedback’. Aspects of higher academic study University academics carry out [less formal ‘do’] research and are expected to read academic journals [note: not magazines}, which publish papers/articles on specialised subjects. Ifa library does not have a book or joumal, you can usually get it through Inte-ibrary loan [eystem where libraries genet ——— 40. English Vocabulary in Use (Advanced) diagram that lays out ideas for the topic and how they are connected to one another first, rough version ‘pleidgarizam/ using other people's work as if it was yours date by which you must hand in the work handed in (formal) evaluated and given a grade ‘comments from the teacher/tutor ‘exchange books/journals with one another. ‘Academic study can be very demanding and intensive, and some students drop out [leave the course before the end because they cannot cope], but the majority survive tll finals [the last exams before receiving a degree}. a11.2 11.3 114 Exercises Correct the wrong usage of words to do with written work in these sentences. 1 His PhD assignment was 90,000 words long and was on the history of US place names. 2 Little Martha did her first dissertation in school today. It was called ‘My family’. 3. We have to hand in an essay at the end of the course. It can consist of up to five different pieces of work. 4 The teacher gave us the title of this week’s project today. We have to write 1,000 words ‘on the topic of ‘If I ruled the world’ and han next Monday. 5. At the end of this course you have to do a 5,000-word thesis which will be assessed, and the grade will contribute to your final degree. 6 [think I'll do a study of people’s personal banking habits for my MSc composition. It has to be about 12,000 words. 7 ve chosen to do the portfolio instead of the two exams, because I like to do one single piece of work where I can research something that interests me personally. Rewrite this short text using words and phrases from A instead of the underlined words. When I'm preparing intensively for an exam, | don't see any point in looking up exam papers from previous years, nor is there any point in just learning things by memory. | know some people develop very clever memory tricks to help them remember the material, but there’s no real substitute for re-reading and going over the term's work. It's a good idea to have some sort of diagram to organise your ideas, and memory-learning is useful, but in a limited way. At the end of the day, you just have to read a huge amount until you feel you know the subject 100 per cent. Here are some idiomatic expressions about studying and exams which are not on the ‘opposite page. Use the context to guess what they mean and choose the right answer. 1 It’s very easy to fall behind with your studies if you miss even just a few classes. a) stay close behind other students) find yourself far behind other students c) get ahead of other students 2. She seemed to just breeze through the exams. Everyone else was in such a panic and almost had nervous breakdowns. a) do them calmly and efficiently __b) not take them seriously _¢) cheat in them 3. I just can’t seem to get the hang of English prepositions. Just when I think I've learnt them I make new mistakes. a) memorise —_b) understand —_c) enjoy 4 When I sat down and looked at the exam paper my mind just went blank. Everyone else seemed to be writing away quite happily. a) became confused) became very focused _c) became empty Answer these questions. What do we call the first attempt at writing something, e.g. an essay? What word means ‘the date by which you must do something’? What word means ‘using someone else’s ideas as if they were yours ‘What are more formal words for ‘to hand in’ and for ‘to mark’? What verb do we use when someone doesn’t complete their course? What is another word for an academic article? Where can you read them? ‘What is the name of the system for getting books from other libraries? What word means ‘the comments you get back from the teacher about your work’? eUAnaune English Vocabulary in Use (Advanced) 41"12 Education: debates and issues =—— HEA «= Opportunity, equality, etc. Read the text and note the phrases and collocations in bold. ‘All education systems may ultimately be judged in terms of equality of opportunity'. This is not the ¢ same as the debates over selective? versus comprehensive? schooling’. It is rather a matter whether everyone has the same opportunities for educational achievement or whether elitism: of of sort or another is inherent in‘ the system. League tables? for schools and colleges may actually hel unintentionally to perpetuate’ inequalities, while claiming to promote the raising of standards. Inevitably, league tables divide the world into good and bad, success and failure, resulting in a two-ti system’, even if that is only how the public perceives'® it. The ability of the better-off'! parents and well-endowed'” schools to push children towards the institutions at the top of the Jeague may, in the long term, have the effect of depressing? opportunity for the less well-off 4 or for children from home environments that do not provide the push and motivation to excel'®. HEEB «Other debates and issues } when everyone has the same chances pupils take exams for entry everyone enters without exams education received at school when you favour a small, privileged group existing as a basic part of something lists of schools or colleges from the best down to the worst make something continue forever f of | ‘ ¢ ne Pp ier | > a system with two separate levels, © one of which is better than the other 2 © sees, considers ("richer } receiving a lot of money in grants, | gifts from rich people, etc reducing f« poorer achieve an excellent standard ‘example sentence ‘meaning of words in bold Some people think we should return to an emphasis on the three Rs. ‘reading, writing and arithmetic, the traditional, basic skills Literacy and numeracy are skills no one can afford to be without. = the ability to read = the ability to count / do basic maths ‘Curriculum reform is often done for political reasons rather than for good educational ones. ‘changes to the educational programme, e.g, the rational syllabus ‘Nowadays, lifelong/continuing education is an issue, and creating opportunities for mature students is important. = education for all ages ~ adule students older than the average student Special needs education is expensive because class sizes need to be small or one-to-one. — education for children who cannot learn in the normal way, because they have some disability — one teacher and one pupil, not a group He was unhappy at his new school because the ‘older boys were bullying him. frightening or threatening “Leadership and learning are indispensable to each other’ (US President John F Kennedy) 42. English Vocobulary in Use (Advanced)12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Exercises Complete the collocations by filling in the missing words according to the meaning given in brackets. 1 -n- tables (lists of schools from best to worst) 2: education (entry to schools is decided by exam results) 3 equality of (when everyone has the same chances) 4 vn inequalities (making inequalities continue forever) Change the underlined words, using more formal and more appropriate words from A. Make any other changes that are necessary. 1 Inequality is built into the education system. 2. Giving access only to privileged groups is bad for the country in the long term. 3. Education where everyone gets into the same type of school without exams is a basic political ideal in many countries. 4 A system where there are two levels of schools reduces the opportunities for children from poorer families and favours those from richer families. 5 Some private schools have lots of wealth and receive gifts of money, and this means they can have better resources. 6 All parents want their children to achieve the best possible results at school. 7 Emphasis on the three Rs is considered by parents to be the key to success. Which words or expressions from B mean ... the ability to read? the ability to count and do basic maths? changes made to the official programme of education in a country? the traditional basic skills of reading, writing and maths? a student who is older than the typical age, for example, in a university? teaching with one teacher and just one pupil? Auer Answer these questions for your own country. 1. Under what circumstances do school closures occur? 2. What are typical discipline problems in your country? What do teachers do? 3. What special needs provision is there in typical schools? 4 What provisions are there for lifelong education? ‘Match the words on the left with the definitions on the right. The words refer to people involved in education. Use a dictionary if necessary. 1 PTA a) teacher who works in a school when needed (e.g. if someone is sick) 2. school governors b) group consisting of teachers and parents who meet regularly 3. supply teacher c) teacher who works in different schools and travels between them 4 peripatetic teacher d) group which oversees all the business of the school /pertpa'tetik/ Eq To continue learning vocabulary about education, read The Times Higher Educational Supplement, the Education Guardian or a similar newspaper devoted to educational issues. Alternatively, you could visit their websites at wwrwthes.co.uk and www.guardian.couk/education reer English Vocabulary in Use (Advanced) 4355 Health and illness | HE «a Phrasal verbs and verb-preposition collocations for health and illness I'm fighting off a cold at the moment. [trying to get rid of] Marge isn’t in today; she’s gone down with flu. [has caught, usually a non-serious illness] I won't be going today. I've come down with a dreadful cold. [with I we say come down not go down} Thad a virus last week, but I got over it quite quickly. [got better/recovered] ‘My sister's recovering from a major operation, [getting better: used for more serious illnesses] Harry suffers from hay fever and sneezes a lot if he is near grass or flowers. [used for more long-term problems] He died offfrom lung cancer. [Not: He died-with lung cancer] Health systems ‘n Britain, healthcare! is paid for enough. Hospital treatment and visits to [ive taxes and national insurance? _ family doctor (or GP)* at a surgery* payments taken directly from wages __oF clinic® are free, but there is a and salaries. The government decides prescription charge’. Dentists and opticians how much will be spent on the charge fees. Private healthcare is available National Health Service, but a lot and a large number of insurance schemes of people feel they do not spend exist to enable people to ‘go private’®. ' general expression for all of the services offered by hospitals, clinics, dentists, opticians, etc 2 tax paid by most adults which covers the costs of healthcare for everyone > British name for the service that covers hospitals, clinics, dentists, etc. + doctor who looks after people’s general heath: GP means general practitioner 5 small centre with just two or three doctors © large centre with several doctors and kinds of services 7 charge for the medication the doctor prescribes, which you pay at a pharmacy ® choose private healtheare Serious illnesses and health problems Here are some serious illnesses, with the word-stress underlined, Make sure you know the stress-pattern when learning longer words or phrases. It is a good idea to make a note of it. diabetes: disease where the body does not properly absorb sugar and starch bronchitis: inflammation in the breathing system, causing you to cough heart disease: serious illness connected with the heart which can lead to a heart attack skin cancer / lung cancer / breast cancer: harmful tumours in those areas ‘TB (or tuberculosis): _ infectious disease in the lungs cholera: an intestinal disease that can be caused by bad drinking water hepa inflammation of the liver typhoid: fever, with red spots on the chest and abdomen heart attack/failure: when the heart fails 128 English Vocabulary in Use (Advanced)55.1 55.2 55.3 Exercises Which is the odd one out in each group, in terms of the main word stress? Use a dictionary if you are not sure about words which are not on the opposite page. EXAMPLE tablets medicine _ prescription (answer: prescription; stress on second syllable) diabetes bronchitis cholera heart attack sore throat lung cancer hepatitis typhoid tuberculosis illness disease sickness consultant doctor surgeon hospital ambulance transfusion heart disease surgery TB Nauaune Sort these everyday phrasal verbs and expressions connected with health and illness into two groups, depending on whether they have positive or negative meanings with regard to health, Use a dictionary if necessary. be poorly feel a bit under the weather be over the worst fight off be on the mend —_be back on one’s feet again _get over. come down with Now fill the gaps using the expressions above. rather ..... 0PM. EXAMPLE _ [Nurse to visitor in a hospital] ‘I'm sorry, Mr Pickerin; today and we're not allowing visitors.” 1 [Someone speaking to a colleague just returned to work after an illness] ‘Hello, Frank, good to see you .. : 2 [Person ringing their place of work] ‘Jo, I won't be in today, I've a cold.” 3 [Person in hospital, just beginning to get better, talking to a visitor] ‘Oh, I'm OK. I'm now. I still feel bad, but I should be out within a week or so.” 4 [Parent to a child with a cold] ‘Don’t worry, darling. Everyone has a cold now and then. You'll : it? 5 [Someone to their partner, who is worried about them] ‘Don’t worry. It’s nothing serious. I’m just feeling ...... » that’s all.” 6 [Someone ringing a workmate] ‘I'm trying to wow the flu, but nothing seems to help. I don’t think I'll be in work tomorrow.’ 7 Hilary was quite ill last week, but she’s now and should be back at work next week. Which of these collocations are normal, and which are not normal? Correct the inappropriate ones. Her mother died with skin cancer. Is there a prescription price in your country? In Britain, national security is a separate tax from income tax. Healthcare is the biggest item in the nation’s budget. Are there insurance societies for private healthcare in your country? Private dentists charge very high fees. She suffers of a severe allergy and can’t be in a smoky room. NaQuURUNe English Vocabulary in Use (Advanced) 129Health and illness 2 Minor ailments and ways of talking about minor problems Note that hurt is different from ache: My arm hurts where I banged it against the car door. [gives pain caused by an injury] My wrists ache from too much typing at the computer. The fixed expression (the usual) aches and pains is often used to refer in a non-serious way to minor problems. a: How’'ve you been keeping recently, Mona? &: Oh fine, you know, just the usual aches and pains. (Juse-thessual-paineand-aches) The fixed expression cuts and bruises can refer to minor injuries. 4: [hear you fell off your bicycle. Are you all right? B: Yeah, fine, just a few cuts and bruises, nothing serious. (uste-few-bruises-and-euts) Some other kinds of physical discomfort: My hand is stinging since I touched that plant. [sudden, burning pain] My head is throbbing. (beating with pain] Thave a stiff neck from turning round to look at the computer screen all day. I'll have to move the monitor to a better position. [pain and difficulty in moving your neck round] | feel a bit dizzy. I think I should sit down. [a feeling that you are spinning round and can’t balance] She was a bit feverish this morning, so I told her to stay in bed. [with a high temperature] had a terrible nauseous feeling after taking the medicine, but it passed. [/'no:sios/ feeling that you want to vomit] He was trembling all over; I knew it must be something serious. [shaking] My nose is all bunged up today with this horrible cold. [blocked] Other informal expressions that mean ‘not well, but not seriously ill’: You look a bit off-colour today. Are you all right? I was feeling a bit under the weather, so I stayed home that day. I'm just feeling a bit out of sorts, it’s nothing to worry about. Pll be fine tomorrow. Alternative medicine Nowadays a lot of people prefer alternative medicine (different from typi systems). For example: acupuncture /'akjupankt fa chiropractic /kairau'praektik/ herbal medicine homeopathy /houmi'opobi/: taking tiny amounts of natural substances to treat an illness aromatherapy /2r20mo'erspi/: using aromatic oils and massage 130 English Vocabulary in Use (Advanced)56.1 56.2 56.3 56.4 56.5 Exercises Correct the mistakes in these sentences. 1 She was feeling out of the weather and a bit fevering so she took the day off. 2 [felt really off my colour yesterday and my head was throwing, so I took a tablet. 3 1 felt a bit off the sorts and seemed to have more pains and aches than usual. 4. My arms are hurting after carrying that heavy suitcase of yours. Rewrite the underlined parts of these sentences using words and phrases from A. 1 Iwas feeling quite as if Lhad a high temperature. 2 The drugs always gave her a feeling t want : 3 1 felt as if my head was spinning and went and lay down for an hour. 4 My nose was blocked so I got a spray from the chemist. 5 Tgot a pain in my neck from driving a long time in an awkward position: 6 Joanna was shaking and looked unwell, so I asked her if she needed help. Complete these sentences with words from the box. Use a dictionary if necessary. dosage prescription allergic to. medication symptoms vaccinations __sick note 1 T can't take penicillin; P'm ... scan its 2 Before you take those pills, read the label to see what the correct .... is. 3 I'm going abroad next month so I have to get the necessary : 4 If you consult a new doctor you should tell him or her if you are already on any 5. Did the doctor give you a > Do you want me to take it to the chemist’s for you? 6 told the doctor my ... _.., but I don’t think she was listening. 7 The doctor gave me a «_... for my employer. I was off work for two weeks. ‘What do we call the type of alternative medicine which ... uses herbs and other natural plants? uses oils which smell nice and are rubbed into your body? uses needles to stick into specific parts of your body? uses tiny amounts of substances which cause the illness the doctor is trying to cure? manipulates your spine and bones to ease backache and other pains? wane Here are four pictures of things to do with health and medicine which are not on the opposite page. Can you match them with the labels? a) donate blood ¢) get contact lenses b) have physiotherapy —_d) have a filling English Vocabulary in Use (Advanced) 131Ns Health and illness 3 Medical information leaflets Read these extracts from a leaflet contained in a packet of headache pill I your answer to any of the following + Are you asthmatic? questions is YES, then you should tell + Are you suffering from dehydration”? a doctor or pharmacist before taking * Do you suffer from or have you suffered these pills. from a stomach ulcer"? + Are you pregnant or breastfeeding? ae + Are you sensitive to any of the ingredients in these pills? DO NOT EXCEED THE STATED DOSE * Do you suffer from liver, kidney or heart Medicines may cause unwanted side problems? effects‘ in some people. If, after taking this + Do you suffer from haemophilia medicine for the first time, you have an (problems with your blood not clotting! asthma attack or bronchiospasm (difficulty Properly]? in breathing), gastro-intestinal + Are you taking any other medicines ~ haemorrhage (vomiting of blood or Particularly for blood pressure, Passing of dark, tarry stools’), stop taking anticoagulants for thinning the blood, these pills and consult a doctor or antidepressants, cortico-steroids, anti- pharmacist. epileptic drugs? ec ge te ft lh ' forming a partly solid lump * unwanted effects in addition to the intended ? not having enough water in your body one * painful infected area on the skin or 5 medical term for (formal) excrement or inside your body (informal, childish) pooh Medical metaphors Problems and bad situations in society or other aspects of people’s lives are often talked about as if they were illnesses. The word symptom is often used when talking about problems in society. The current spate of car thefts is a symptom of a deeper underlying problem. This behaviour is symptomatic of his general lack of self-confidence. The causes of a problem can be diagnosed and the outlook for a situation can also be referred to as the prognosis in the same way as we talk about the prognosis of an illness [how experts expect it to develop]. Here are some other examples of medical metaphors: an ailing organisation [one that has a lot of problems] The economy has been ailing for some time, but it is hoped that the new government will improve things. a rash of burglaries [a number of similar things happening at the same time] World Cup fever election fever [great excitement] at fever pitch to reach fever pitch [a point of very high intensity] With a week to go before Anne's wedding, preparations had reached fever pitch. Experts in the history of the area take a rather jaundiced view of the likely success of the peace talks. [unenthusiastic or sceptical because of previous bad experiences] to carry the scars of / be scarred by [be permanently affected by a negative experience] I'm afraid that children will always be scarred by having experienced war at so young an age. 132 English Vocabulary in Use (Advanced)Exercises Complete the word formation table. Use a dictionary if necessary. verb noun adjective pregnant, breastfeed sensitive lot drug dehydration - leer effect 57.2 Replace the underlined expressions with one of the metaphors from B. Make any other necessary changes. Excitement grew extremely strong as the day of the final match dawned. Unfortunately, a number of our investments are weak at the moment. There has been a sudden large number of car thefts in our part of town. Unfortunately, she is still affected in a negative way by her divorce. Ralph’s jealousy is a characteristic feature of a person with general low self-esteem. What do you think the prospects are for the peace talks? Aueone 57.3 The medical words in the box below can also be used in a metaphorical way. Fill the gaps gy in the following text using these words. Use a dictionary if necessary. paralysed ailing fatal rash disease prognosis fever contagious The country has been usm (1) by the latest rail strike, with no rail services at all running today. The railway service has been (2) for some time, but if today’s action is prolonged it may prove . (3) to the rail industry. The Minister for Transport commented, ‘The country has been suffering from a ~ (4) of local strikes since the first one in Nortown last month. It was (5) and one strike led to another. Things reached (6) pitch last week and we can only hope that this 7 snow. (7) will come to an end soon,’ The minister’s (8) is thar things will only start to improve once people appreciate the seriousness of the situation. Eq Learn more medical vocabulary by going to the following website which provides information on behalf of the UK National Health Service: www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk FOLLOW English Vocabulary in Use (Advanced) 133| Diet, sport and fitness Cholesterol and health Cholesterol! only becomes a problem when you have too much of it and it starts to Promote the production of a fatty plaque? that ‘can clog the arteries. Interruption of blood flow to a main heart vessel can cause a heart attack; a blocked blood vessel on the way to the brain could cause a stroke. ‘Some say that cholesterol-rich foods such as eggs, shellfish and offal? should be banished from the diet, but these foods don't a ' fatty substance found in the body tissue and blood of all animals 2 unwanted substance that forms on the surface of the arteries 3 organs from inside animals which are eaten as food (brains, heart, kidneys, liver) Running and calories Riese sit waking, uses the major muscle groups, making it the most efficient form of cardiovascular! exercise. It has been shown to have a positive effect on blood fats by reducing cholesterol levels. It also lowers blood pressure and helps diabetics? by improving glucose? tolerance and reducing insulin‘ resistance. Running is a very efficient way to burn calories. Converting your significantly raise cholesterol levels. The | cholesterol in them is broken down quite efficiently and then excreted’, so they are fine to eat in moderation. Fibre’ produces substances that help to clear the blood of bad cholesterol and acts as. a ‘buffer’s, so less fat is brought into contact with blood vessels and less is absorbed. Fibre also keeps bad cholesterol within the gut” from where it can be excreted. eg + got rid of from the body § substance in food that travels through the body as waste, helping digestion © something (or someone) that helps protect from harm weight into pounds’ and then multiplying the result by 75 per cent will give you the amount you bur per mile. The average is ‘about 500 calories for every three miles. If you did this three times a week, you'd lose } Ib a week, 2 Ib a month or 24 Ib a year. This all-round form of exercise is used in the treatment of mental illness and depression, because it is thought to raise levels of the mood enhancer*, serotonin, Sport and fitness metaphors I scored an own goal when I told my boss it had only taken me a day to write the report. Now she wants me to write several a week. [made things worse rather tha My boss always seems to be moving the goalposts, which makes it very what he wants. [changing the rules} ‘The new EU laws aim to provide a level playing field for all member states. [fair situation] He's too young to be in the running for such a job. [seriously considered] ‘The two main parties in the election are still neck and neck in the opinion polls. [level with each other and equally likely to win] Politicians often skate around a subject. [don’t talk directly about] The students all sailed through their exams. [passed very easily] 134 English Vocabulary in Use (Advanced) 7 tubes that carry food from the stomach ' affecting the heart and blood circulation 224 people suffering from diabetes, an illness in which the body cannot cope with glucose [sugar] because it does not produce enough insulin {hormone that controls the level of sugar in the body] 5 measure of weight, 1 pound (Ib) = 454 grams © hormone that makes you feel happier in. better] icult to know58.2 58.3 58.4 58.5 58.7 Exercises Answer these questions about text A. 1 What two health problems may be caused by too much cholesterol? 2 Plaque can also form on teeth. Do you try to encourage or prevent this? 3 What do eggs, shellfish and offal have in common? 4 What sorts of food contain fibre? 5. Why is fibre useful? Answer these questions about text B. 1 For what three conditions might doctors recommend running as a form of exercise? 2 How far on average does someone have to run to use up 500 calories? 3 In what way does this vary from person to person? 4 What mental health problem is also improved by running? 5 Why does running help with this problem? Suggest opposites for the underlined words using vocabulary from A and B. 1 can unblock the arteries 4 a mood depressant 2 glucose intolerance 5 gentle walking 3. to lower serotonin levels 6 gain 2 Ibs a week What sports do each of the metaphors in C come from? Rewrite these sentences using metaphors from C. 1 Sarah passed her exams without any difficulty at all. 2. I wish he'd ger directly to the point. 3. I’ve been told that they are seriously considering me for the job of supervisor. 4 Although he meant it as a compliment, Rick didn’t improve his chances with Helen when he told her she looked as if she had put on some weight. 5 The n is hardly fair when 18-year-olds take the same exam as 15-year-olds. 6 It’s hard to know what to do when the regulations seem to be constantly changing. These words from texts A and B can also be used in contexts different from dict and fitness. Write them in example sentences showing their use in different contexts. Use a dictionary if necessary. 1 interruption 6 tolerance 2 banish 7 resistance 3 efficiently 8 convert 4 buffer 9 burn 5 vessels 10 depression Write five pieces of advice relating to diet and fitness. In each sentence use at least one vocabulary item worked on in this uni Find a magazine article on the theme of diet and fitness. Read it and write a summary of it English Vocabulary in Use (Advanced) 135