CIVIL ENGINEERING ENHANCEMENT COURSE 1 BY: ENGR. AML CIVIL ENGINEERING ENHANCEMENT COURSE 1 BY: ENGR.

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Module 2 - PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS (c) Population Variance

∑(𝒙 − 𝒙)𝟐
𝝈𝟐 =
This module aims to develop your ability to apply statistical and probabilistic 𝒏
methods to solve engineering problems. You will learn how to analyze data, assess
uncertainties, and make informed decisions. (d) Sample Variance
∑(𝒙 − 𝒙)𝟐
𝒔𝟐 =
Topics included in this module are the following: 𝒏−𝟏
 Statistics
 Basic Principles of Counting: Permutation & Combination (e) Population Standard Deviation
 Probability ∑(𝒙 − 𝒙)𝟐
 Distributions: Binomial, Normal, Poisson, and Hyper geometric 𝝈=
𝒏
STATISTICS (f) Sample Standard Deviation
∑(𝒙 − 𝒙)𝟐
Statistics is the application of mathematical methods to collect, analyze, 𝒔=
interpret, and present data, enabling engineers to make informed decisions, solve 𝒏−𝟏
problems, and improve processes and products.
Problem 1: The table shows the scores of the EC 1 Students during the Quiz 1.
Descriptive Statistics - This is the term given to the analysis of data that helps
describe, show or summarize data in a meaningful way. 24 23 17 17 20 22 21 17 19 21
17 18 23 18 17 19 20 17 20 20
Measures of Position - give a range where a certain percentage of the data fall.
a. Determine the First and Third Quartiles
(a) Quartiles: b. Determine the 70th Percentile
𝒌 c. Determine the Mean
𝑸𝒌 = (𝒏 + 𝟏) d. Determine the Median
𝟒
(b) Percentiles: e. Determine the Mode
𝒌 f. Determine the Range
𝑷𝒌 = (𝒏 + 𝟏) g. Determine IQR
𝟏𝟎𝟎
(c) Median: h. Determine the Population Standard Deviation.

(c) Deciles:
𝒌 Problem 2: Engr. Lanz gives the following scores to his students.
𝑫𝒌 = (𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝟏𝟎 Frequency 1 3 4 12
Number 21 33 45 14
Measures of Central Tendency - A measure of central tendency is a single value that
attempts to describe a set of data by identifying the central position within that set of a. Find the weighted mean of the Numbers.
data. A. 23.4 B. 24.3 C. 32.4 D. 34.2

(a) Mean - is the arithmetic average of data. b. Compute the standard deviation.
A. 12.33 B. 12.56 C. 12.67 D. 13.33
(b) Median - is the middle score for a set of data that has been arranged in
order of magnitude. c. Determine the mode.
A. 21 B. 33 C. 45 D. 14
(c) Mode - is the most frequent score in our data set.
Problem 3: Given the following set of scores:
Measures of Variability - It represents the amount of dispersion in a dataset.
Measures of variability define how far away the data points tend to fall from the S = {3,7,6,6,4,7,7,7,5,3,3,4,1,1,4,7,5,5,4,4,6,6,6,7,7}
center.
1. Determine the IQR.
(a) Range -is the difference between the largest and lowest values. A. 4 B. 3 C. 6 D. 7

(b) Interquartile Range (IQR) – is the difference between the 3rd and 1st 2. Determine the Range.
Quartiles. A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 7

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3. Determine the median.  Not all things are taken at a time - all things distinct or different.
A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 7
𝒏𝑷𝒄𝒓 = 𝒏𝑪𝒓 ∙ (𝒓 − 𝟏)!
Problem 4: A Math Professor gives the following scores to his students.
 Not all things are taken at a time - some things are identical or alike.
Frequency 6 4 2 1
𝒏𝑷𝒄 = 𝑷𝟏 + 𝑷𝟐 + 𝑷𝟑 + ⋯
Number 30 42 50 60
(c) Permutation by Group
4. Find the weighted mean of the Numbers. 𝑷𝑮 = 𝑮! 𝒏𝟏 ! 𝒏𝟐 ! 𝒏𝟑 ! …
A. 41.56 B. 51.85 C. 39.08 D. 55.34

5. Compute the standard deviation. Problem 5: A developer of a new subdivision offers a prospective home buyer a choice
A. 9.63 B. 9.13 C. 10.12 D. 8.33 of 4 designs, 3 different heating systems, a garage or a carport, and a patio or a
screened porch. How many different plans are available to this buyer?
6. Determine the mode. Ans. 48
A. 30 B. 42 C. 50 D. 60
Problem 6: How many 4 digit numbers can be formed using digits 0 to 9 if the digits
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF COUNTING are distinct?
Ans. 4536
The fundamental counting principle states that if there are n ways to do one thing,
and m ways to do another thing, then there are n×m ways to do both things. Problem 7: How many distinct permutations can be made from the letters of the word
ENGINEERING.
1. Permutation - an arrangement of objects in a definite order. Grouping of things Ans. 277200
whose arrangement is important.
Problem 8: What is the number of permutations of the letters in the word
PHILIPPINES?
(a) Linear Permutation - permutation in a straight line 1,108,800
Problem 9: It is required to seat 5 different men and 4 different women in a row so
 Taken all at a time - all things distinct or different. that the women occupy the even places. How much arrangements are possible?
2,880
𝒏𝑷𝒏 = 𝒏!
Problem 10: Miya, Layla, Lesley, Guison, Clint and Alucard were called to attend a
 Taken r at a time is - all things distinct or different. meeting in the Land of Dawn. Find the number of ways in which they can be seated
𝒏! in a round table such that:
𝒏𝑷𝒓 =
( − 𝒓)!
𝒏
a. All six are seated in no particular arrangement.
 Taken all at a time - some things are identical. Ans. 120
b. Guison and Lesley must always sit together.
𝒏! Ans. 48
𝒏𝑷𝒏𝒊 =
𝒊𝟏 𝒊𝟐 𝒊𝟑 ! … 𝒊𝒎 c. Alucard and Clint must not sit together.
Ans. 72
(b) Circular Permutation - permutation in circular arrangement d. No two women are seated together.
Ans. 12
 Taken all at a time - all things distinct or different.
Problem 11: A group of musicians is composed of 3 drummers, 4 trumpet players,
𝒏𝑷𝒄𝒏 = (𝒏 − 𝟏)! and 5 pianists. In how many ways can a trio be formed consisting of 1 drummer, 1
trumpet player, and 1 pianist?
 Taken all at a time - some things are identical. A. 36 B. 48 C. 60 D. 75

(𝒏 − 𝟏)! Problem 12: How many four-digit even numbers can be written by using the digits 1
𝒏𝑷𝒄𝒏𝒊 = up to 9?
𝒊𝟏 𝒊𝟐 𝒊𝟑 ! … 𝒊𝒎
A. 1,144 B. 1,244 C. 1,344 D. 1,444

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2. Combination - grouping of things whose arrangement is not important. PROBABILITY

 All things distinct or different. Probability is the level of expectation in number form (0% to 100%) that certain
outcome will happen. A probability of 0% means that surely, said outcome will not
𝒏! happen. While a probability of 100% indicates that the said outcome will surely
𝒏𝑪𝒓 = happen.
𝒓! (𝒏 − 𝒓)!
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝒑
𝑷= =
 Combination of things taken 1, 2, 3 and so on until n at a time. 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝒑 + 𝒒
Where:
𝑪 = 𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏 𝑝 = 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑛
𝑞 = 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝒏𝒐𝒕 ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑛
Problem 13: The lotto uses numbers 1 to 42. A winning number uses 6 different
numbers in any order. How many possible combinations can be drawn?
Ans. 5245786

Problem 14: In how many ways can a student select a set of 4 Structural Design books
and 3 Hydraulics books from a set of 9 Structural Design books and 5 Hydraulics
books?
Ans. 1260

Problem 15: Alice G. has 11 close friends for a special party at her farm.

a. In how many ways can she invite 5 of them?

Ans. 462

b. In how many ways if two of the friends are couples and will not attend separately?
Ans. 210
(a) Mutual Exclusive Events - events are mutually exclusive if it is impossible for
c. In how many ways if two of them are not on speaking terms and will not attend more than one of them to happen in a single trial.
together?
Ans. 378 (b) Independent Events - if the happening of one does not affect the probability of
happening of the other.
Problem 16: A class contains 9 boys and 6 girls.
(c) Dependent Events - if the happening of one affects the probability of happening
1. In how many ways can the teacher choose a committee of 10? of the other.
A. 3,003 B. 4,004 C. 2,002 D. 1,001 Conditional Probability - the probability of an event occurring given that another
event has already occurred. The conditional probability of event B occurring, given
2. How many of them will contain at least one girl in a committee of 8? that event A has occurred is denoted by P (B/A).
A. 216 B. 6,426 C. 1,088,640 D. 362,880

3. How many of them will contain at most 5 girls in a committee of 12?

A. 216 B. 135 C. 792 D. 371

Problem 17: In how many ways can you color a poster if there are 5 different colors
available?
Ans. 31

Problem 18: In how many ways can a reviewee choose reference books if 6 different
books of different authors are available?
A. 60 ways B. 61 ways C. 63 ways D. 64 ways

Problem 19: How many triangles are determined by three non collinear points from Problem 20: A card is drawn from a deck of 52 cards. What is the probability of
10 points? drawing an ace?
A. 720 B. 120 C. 90 D. 100 A. 0.0763 B. 0.0765 C. 0.0767 D. 0.0769

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Problem 21: A class has 12 boys and 4 girls. If three students are selected at random DISTRIBUTIONS
from the class, what is the probability that they are all boys?
Ans. 11/28 1. Binomial Probability Distributions

Problem 22: A bag contains 9 balls numbered 1 to 9. Two balls are drawn at random. 𝑷(𝒙) = 𝒏𝑪𝒙 𝒑𝒙 𝒒𝒏 𝒙

Find the probability that one is odd and the other is even.
A. 7/9 B. 5/9 C. 6/9 D. 4/9 Feature of a binomial experiment:
 There are fixed number of trials (n).
Problem 23: Five cards are drawn one at a time from an ordinary deck of 52 cards.  The n trials are independent and repeated under identical conditions.
 Each trial has only two outcomes: success (S) and failure (F).
a. Find the probability that exactly two diamonds are drawn.  For each individual trial, the probability of success is the same. The
Ans. 0.0274 probability of success is denoted by p and the failure as q.
 The central problem of a binomial experiment is to find the probability of x
b. Find the probability that exactly three red cards are drawn. successes in n trials.
Ans. 0.0325
Problem 30: A safety engineer claims that only 40% of all workers wear safety
c. Find the probability that at least one face card is drawn. helmets when they eat lunch at the workplace. Assuming that his claim is right, what
Ans. 0.1179 is the probability that 4 of 6 workers randomly chosen will be wearing their helmets
while having lunch at the workplace?
Problem 24: An experiment consists of observing the sum of the dice when two fair Ans. 0.13824
dice are thrown.
Problem 31: Three fair coins are flipped. Find the probability of obtaining 2 heads and
a. Find the probability that the sum is 7. 1 tail.
Ans. 1/6 A. 1/8 B. 2/8 C. 3/8 D. 1/2
b. Find the probability that the sum is greater than 10. Problem 32: In the CE Board Examinations, the probability that an examinee will pass
Ans. 1/12 each subject is 0.8. What is the probability that an examinee will pass at least two
subjects out of three board subjects?
c. If the two fair dice are thrown behind you, and then you are informed that the sum A. 70.9% B. 80.9% C. 85.9% D. 89.6%
is not greater than 3, find the probability of the event that two faces are the same.
Ans. 1/3 Problem 33: A baseball player’s hitting average is 40%. If he comes to hit 6 times,
what is the probability that he will get four (4) hits?
Problem 25: Two balls are drawn from a bag containing 9 balls numbered from 1 to A. 0.075 B. 0.138 C. 0.346 D. 0.455
9. Find the probability that both balls drawn are numbered even.
A. 1/4 B. 1/5 C. 1/6 D. 1/7 Problem 34: A coin is tossed 5 times. What is the probability of getting 3 heads?
A. 0.3125 B. 0.125 C. 0.5 D. 0.2125
Problem 26: A basketball player averages 65% in a free-throw line. What is the
probability of missing one for two free throws? Problem 35: In a basketball game, the free throw average is 0.65. Find the probability
A. 0.2275 B. 0.455 C. 0.6825 D. 0.91 that a player misses one shot of the three free throws?
A. 0.441 B. 0.422 C. 0.444 D. 0.451
Problem 27: Box A contains nine cards number 1 through 9, and box B contains five
cards numbered 1 through 5. A box is chosen at random and a card drawn. If the 2. Normal Probability Distribution – is the most important and widely used of all
number is even, find the probability that the card came from box A. probability distributions. When plotted, it gives a bell-shaped curve such that:
A. 10/19 B. 11/19 C. 2/9 D. 5/9  the total area under the curve is 1.0,
 the curve is symmetric about the mean, and
Problem 28: A box contains 5 black, 3 white and 4 blue marbles. A sample of six
 the two tails of the curve extend indefinitely.
marbles is drawn. Find the probability that 3 are black, 2 are white and 1 is blue.
A. 0.0650 B. 0.1299 C. 0.2394 D. 0.4315
𝒙−𝝁
z-score 𝒛=
Problem 29: The probability that Ms. Judy, a sales agent, will make a sale in one house 𝝈
is 3/5 and the probability that she will make a sale in another house is 2/3. Find the mean 𝝁 = 𝒑𝒏
probability that she will make a sale in one house only.
A. 2/5 B. 2/15 C. 1/5 D. 7/15 Standard
𝝈= 𝒑𝒏𝒒
deviation

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Problem 42: Suppose 2% of the people on the average are left-handed. Find the
probability that exactly 3 are left-handed among 100 people.
A. 0.1804 B. 0.1791 C. 0.1922 D. 0.1167

Problem 43: A secretary makes 2 errors per page on the average. What is the
probability that the page she makes will have 4 or more errors?
A. 0.1428 B. 0.1234 C. 0.2122 D. 0.1122

Problem 44: On the average, a certain intersection results in 3 traffic accidents per
month.

1. What is the probability that in any given month at this intersection, exactly 5
accidents will occur?
A. 0.0091 B. 0.2112 C. 0.1221 D. 0.1008

2. What is the probability that less than 3 accidents will occur?

A. 0.4232 B. 0.4442 C. 0.3322 D. 0.4276

4. Hypergeometric Distribution

𝒎 𝒎−𝟏 𝒎−𝟐 𝒎−𝒓

𝑷(𝒙) = …
Problem 36: The temperature T during June is normally distributed with mean 68 𝒏 𝒏−𝟏 𝒏−𝟐 𝒏−𝒓
degrees and standard deviation 6 degrees. Find the probability “p” that the temperature
Problem 45: From a lot of 10 missiles, 4 are selected at random and fired. If the lot
is between 70 degrees and 80 degrees.
contains 3 defective missiles that will not fire, what is the probability that:
Ans. 0.34669
a. all 4 will fire.
Ans. 1/6
Problem 37: The scores in an examination are normally distributed with a mean of 48
b. at most 2 will not fire.
and a standard deviation of 8. Approximately what percent of the scores fall between
Ans. 29/30
40 and 56?
Problem 46: A lot of 100 semi-conductor chips contain 20 that are defective. Two
A. 64 % B. 68 % C. 95 % D. 72 %
chips are selected at random, without replacement, from the lot.
Problem 38: A binomial probability distribution involves 60 trials with a probability
1. What is the probability that the first one selected is defective?
of failure of 0.26, find the standard deviation of this probability distribution.
A. 10% B. 20% C. 30% D. 40%
A.4.3 B. 3.4 C. 2.6 D. 5.2
2. What is the probability that both are defective?
Problem 39: The scores in an examination are normally distributed with a mean of 19
A. 0.0368 B. 0.0380 C. 0.0400 D. 0.0384
and a standard deviation of 5. Approximately what percent of the scores fall between
20 and 30?
Problem 47: Three machines A, B and C produce respectively 50%, 30% and 20% of
A. 2.28% B. 47.73% C. 40.68% D. 22.75%
the total number of items of a factory. The percentages of defective output of these
machines are 3%, 4% and 5%.
Problem 40: IQ scores have a normal distribution with a mean of 100 and a standard
deviation of 15. What two IQs separate the middle 90% form the remainder of the
1. If an item is selected at random, find the probability that the item is defective.
distribution?
A.0.037 B. 0.012 C. 0.045 D. 0.047
A. 78.41 and 121.59 C. 77.86 and 122.14
B. 70.60 and 129.40 D. 75.33 and 124.67
2. Suppose an item is selected at random and found to be defective, find the probability
that the item was produced by machine A.
3. Poisson Distribution
A. 15/37 B. 10/37 C. 11/37 D. 18/37
𝝁𝒙 𝒆 𝝁
𝑷(𝒙) = Problem 48: If a die is thrown once, what is the probability of getting a prime number?
𝒙! A. 1/2 B. 1/3 C. 1/4 D. 1/6
Problem 41: There is an average of 2 suicides per year per 50,000 population. In a city
Problem 49: In a family of five children, what is the chance that there are three boys
of 100,000. Find the probability that in a given year there is one suicide.
and two girls?
Ans. 0.0733
A. 7/32 B. 7/16 C. 3/16 D. 5/16

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