Ultrasonics

By
Dr. Ravindra Nikam
Dept. Of Applied Physics
Pillai College of Engineering
 Ultrasonics
• Introduction
• Production of Ultrasonic waves:
Magnetostriction effect, Piezoelectric effect
(Direct and Inverse)
• Magnetostriction Oscillator, Piezoelectric
oscillator.
• Applications of Ultrasonics: Echo-Sounder,
SONAR, Cavitation effect, NDT
• Numerical problems
 Ultrasonics
•
 Ultrasonics
• Production of ultrasonic waves:
• Ultrasonic waves are produced by two different
methods
• 1. Magnetostriction method, which is based on
magnetostriction effect and it is used to generate
ultrasonic waves of frequencies upto 100 KHz.
• 2. Piezoelectric method, which is based on
piezoelectric effect and used to generate
ultrasonic waves of frequencies greater than 100
KHz.
Magnetostriction Effet
 Magnetostriction Effect
• When rod of ferromagnetic material ( like iron , Nickel) is
kept in steady magnetic field with its length parallel to the
direction of magnetic field, it suffers change in length. This
effect is called as magnetostriction effect.
• The change in length depends on strength of magnetic field
and nature of the material. It is independent of direction of
magnetic field.
• Among various ferromagnetic materials ,nickel shows
greater magnetostriction effect.
• When rod is kept in alternating magnetic field it vibrates
with a frequency twice the frequency of applied ac voltage.
Magnetostiction Effect
Magnetostriction Oscillator
 Magnetostriction Oscillator
• This is based on the principle of magnetostriction effect. A
ferromagnetic rod MN is clamped in the middle. Two coils L1 and
L2 are wound round its two halves.
• The coil L1 is connected in the plate – cathode circuit and the coil
L2 is connected in the grid cathode circuit of a triode valve
oscillator.
• The capacitor C has a variable capacitance .
• As the circuit is switched on the plate current Ip starts flowing
through coil L1 producing a magnetic field B along the axis of the
rod as shown
• Now the rod is placed in a magnetic field along its length as a
result of which its overall length will change by a small amount.
• As the length changes the flux linked withL1 and L2 also changes
giving rise to an induced emf , e=−dφ/dt across L2
•
• By varying the capacitance C of the variable
capacitor the oscillator frequency,Fosc can be adjusted
to the natural frequency of the rod Frod. In the case
• i.e. Fosc = Frod
• And resonance takes place.
• At resonance the rod vibrates vigorously emitting
ultrasonic waves from both its ends.
• By adjusting the length of the rod and the capacitance
of the variable capacitor ultrasonic waves of
frequency up to 100 KHz can be produced .
Structure of Quartz crystal
 Structure of Quartz crystal
• The natural quartz crystal has the shape of a
hexagonal prism with a pyramid attached to each
end.
• The axis along the longest dimension of the
natural crystal is called as optical axis or Z-axis.
• The three lines, which pass through the opposite
corners of the crystal, constitute its three x-axes or
electrical axes.
• The three lines, which are perpendicular to sides
of hexagon forms three y-axes or mechanical
axes.
X-cut and Y-cut crystal
• Thin slice of a crystal cut perpendicular to x
axis is called as x-cut crystal.
• Thin slice of a crystal cut perpendicular to y
axis is called as y-cut crystal.
• Piezoelectric properties of quartz crystal
depends on cut of the crystal.
Direct Piezoelectric effect
 Direct Piezoelectric effect
• When mechanical foresees like pressure or
tension are applied on opposite faces of
quartz crystal, a potential difference is
developed across the remaining pair of
opposite faces. This effect is called as direct
piezoelectric effect.
• When direction of deforming forces are
reversed the voltage polarities gets reversed.
 Inverse Piezoelectric effect
• When potential difference is applied across the
opposite faces of quartz crystal, the
strain/deformation (contraction /elongation) is
produced across the remaining pair of opposite faces
of the crystal. This effect is called as inverse
piezoelectric effect.
• When voltage polarities are reversed nature of
deformation also gets reversed.
• When a. c. voltage is applied across the quartz crystal
it vibrates with a frequency of applied a.c.
• This effect is used in the production of ultrasonic
waves
Piezoelectric Oscillator
 Piezoelectric Oscillator
•
 Piezoelectric Oscillator
•
Applications of ultrasonic waves
(Echo-Sounder)
 Echo-Sounder
•
•
 SONAR
•
 Cavitation effect
•
 Ultrasonic non destructive testing
• The principle of ultrasonic NDT is to transmit a wave
signal into a structure, and then to detect defects by
receiving and examining subsequent signals.
• Non-destructive testing (NDT) is widely used to
evaluate the properties of a material or system
without causing damage.
• NDT can save both money and time in product
evaluation. NDT is essential and unavoidable for
expensive parts used for high safety applications.
•
Non Destructive Testing
 NDT
• When ultrasonic waves are passed in to a standard
specimen which is defect free we get two pulses on
CRO screen, one from transmitted signal and second
due to signal reflected from back wall of the standard
specimen as shown in LHS of the figure.
• When ultrasonic waves are passed through test piece
and if it contains defect we get third pulse on the CRO
screen which reduces the amplitude of reflection from
back wall as shown in RHS of the figure.
• Thus by comparing CRO output with standard
specimen we can detect the defect/flaw in the given
test piece.