EEPE304/3 ELECTRIC VEHICLES LABORATORY

GURUNANAK
INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY

Diploma
Electrical Engineering

ELECTRIC
VEHICLES
LABORATORY

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GURUNANAKINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY
Department of Electrical Engineering

Course Content

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

SL.NO. NAME OF EXPERIMENTS PAGE NO.

1. Develop block diagram of Electric vehicle and identify parts.

2. State of Charge (SOC) estimation by open circuit voltage.

Develop schematic diagram of hybrid electric vehicle and identify the

3.
components.

4. Prepare report on Plug in Electric vehicle by visiting a charging station.

5. Experiment on inverter connected with lead acid/ lithium-ion battery.

6. Experiment on Buck Boost converters.

7. Experiment on bidirectional converter.

8. Lithium-ion battery modeling and fault detection design.

9. Prepare test procedure for equipment used in Electric vehicle.

10. List safety procedures and schedule for handling HEVs and EVs.

11. Assembly of EV charging point and study of charging modes.

12. Experiment on Battery Management System

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LABORATORY PRACTICE
SAFETYRULES
1. SAFETY is of paramount importance in the Electrical Engineering Laboratories.

2. Electricity NEVER EXECUSES careless persons. So, exercise enough care and attention in
handling electrical equipment and follow safety practices in the laboratory. (Electricity is a good
servant but a bad master).

3. Avoid direct contact with any voltage source and power line voltages. (Otherwise, any such
Contact may subject you to electrical shock).

4. Wear rubber-soled shoes. (To insulate you from earth so that even if you accidentally Contact
a live point, current will not flow through your body to earth and hence you will be protected
from electrical shock)

5. Wear laboratory-coat and avoid loose clothing. (Loose clothing may get caught on an
Equipment/instrument and this may lead to an accident particularly if the equipment happens to
be a rotating machine)

6. Girl student’s should have their hair tucked under their coat or have it in a knot.

7. Do not wear any metallic rings, bangles, bracelets, wristwatches and neck chains. (When you
move your hand/body, such conducting items may create a short circuit or may touch live point
and thereby subject you to electrical shock)

8. Be certain that your hands are dry and that you are not standing on wet floor.(Wet parts of the
body reduce the contact resistance thereby increasing the severity of the shock)

9. Ensure that the power is OFF before you start connecting up the circuit.(Otherwise you will be
touching the live parts in the circuit)

10. Get your circuit diagram approved by the staff member and connect up the circuit strictly as
per the approved circuit diagram.

11. Check power chords for any sign of damage and be certain that the chords use safety plugs
and do not defeat the safety feature of these plugs by using ungrounded plugs.

12. When using connection leads, check for any insulation damage in the leads and avoid such
defective leads.

13. Do not defeat any safety devices such as fuse or circuit breaker by shorting across it. Safety
devices protect YOU and your equipment.

14. Switchonthepowertoyourcircuitandequipmentonlyaftergettingthemcheckedupand

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approved by the staff member.

15. Take the measurement with one hand in your pocket. (To avoid shock in case you
accidentally touch two points at different potentials with your two hands)

16. Do not make any change in the connection without the approval of the staff member.

17. In case you notice any abnormal condition in your circuit (like insulation heating up, resistor
heating up etc), switch off the power to your circuit immediately and inform the staff member.

18. Keep hot soldering iron in the holder when not in use.

19. After completing the experiment show your readings to the staff member and switch off the
power to your circuit after getting approval from the staff member.

20. While performing load-tests in the Electrical Machines Laboratory using the brake- drums:
Avoid the brake-drum from getting too hot by putting just enough water into the brake-drum at
intervals; use the plastic bottle with a nozzle (available in the laboratory) to pour the
water.(When the drum gets too hot, it will burnout the braking belts) Do not stand in front of the
brake-drum when the supply to the load-test circuit is switched off. (Otherwise, the hot water in
the brake-drum will splash out on you) After completing the load-test, suck out the water in the
brake-drum using the plastic bottle with nozzle and then dry off the drum with a sponge which is
available in the laboratory.(The water, if allowed to remain in the brake-drum, will corrode it).

21. Determine the correct rating of the fuse/s to be connected in the circuit after understanding
correctly the type of the experiment to be performed: no-load test or full-load test, the maximum
current expected in the circuit and accordingly use that fuse-rating. (While an over-rated fuse
will damage the equipment and other instruments like ammeters and watt-meters in case of over
load, an under-rated fuse may not allow one even to start the experiment).

22. At the time of starting a motor, the ammeter connected in the armature circuit overshoots, as
the starting current is around 5 times the full load rating of the motor. Moving coil ammeters
being very delicate may get damaged due to high starting current. A switch has been provided on
such meters to disconnect the moving coil of the meter during starting. This switch should be
closed after the motor attains full speed. Moving iron ammeters and current coils of watt meters
are not so delicate and hence these can stand short time overload due to high starting current. No
such switch is therefore provided on these meters. Moving iron meters are cheaper and more
rugged compared to moving coil meters. Moving iron meters can be used for both A.C. and D.C.
measurement. Moving coil instruments are however more sensitive and more accurate as
compared to their moving iron counterparts and these can be used for D.C. measurements only.
Good features of moving coil instruments are not of much consequence for you as other sources
of errors in the experiments are many times more than those caused by these meters.

23. Some students have been found to damage meters by mishandling in the following ways:
Keeping unnecessary material like books, lab records, and unused meters etc. causing meters to
fall down the table. Putting pressure on the meter (especially glass) while making connections or

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while talking or listening somebody.

STUDENTS ARE STRICTLY WARNED THAT FULL COST OF THE METER WILL BE
RECOVERED FROM THE INDIVIDUAL WHO HAS DAMAGED IT IN SUCH A
MANNER.

Copy these rules in your Lab Record. Observe this yourself and help your friends to observe I
have read and understand these rules and procedures. I agree to abide by these rules and
procedures at all times while using these facilities. I understand that failure to follow these rules
and procedures will result in my immediate dismissal from the laboratory and additional
disciplinary action may be taken.

GUIDELINESFORLABORATORYNOTEBOOK
The laboratory notebook is a record of all work pertaining to the experiment. This record should
be sufficiently complete so that you or anyone else of similar technical background can duplicate
the experiment and data by simply following your laboratory notebook. Record everything
directly into the note book during the experiment. Do not use scratch paper for recording data.
Do not trust your memory to fill in the details at a later time.

Organization in your notebook is important. Descriptive headings should be used to separate and
identify the various parts of the experiment. Record data in chronological order. A neat,
organized and complete record of an experiment is just as important as the experimental work.

1. Heading:
The experiment identification (number) should be at the top of each page. Your name and date should be
at the top of the first page of each day's experimental work.

2. Object:
A brief but complete statement of what you intend to find out or verify in the experiment should be at the
beginning of each experiment.

3. Diagram:
A circuit diagram should be drawn and labeled so that the actual experiment circuitry could be easily
duplicated at any time in the future. Be especially careful to record all circuit changes made during the
experiment.

4. Equipment List:
List those items of equipment which have a direct effect on the accuracy of the data. It may be necessary
later to locate specific items of equipment for rechecks if discrepancies develop in the results.

5. Procedure:
In general, lengthy explanations of procedures are unnecessary. Be brief. Short commentaries alongside
the corresponding data may be used. Keep in mind the fact that the experiment must be reproducible from
the information given in your notebook.

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6. Data:
Think carefully about what data is required and prepare suitable data tables. Record instrument readings
directly. Do not use calculated results in place of direct data; however, calculated results maybe recorded
in the same table with the direct data. Data tables should be clearly identified and each data column
labeled and headed by the proper units of measure.

7. Calculations:
Not always necessary but equations and sample calculations are often given to illustrate the treatment of
the experimental data in obtaining the results.

8. Graphs:
Graphs are used to present large amounts of data in a concise visual form. Data to be presented in
graphical form should be plotted in the laboratory so that any questionable data points can be checked
while the experiment is still set up. The grid lines in the notebook can be used for most graphs. If special
graph paper is required, affix the graph permanently into the notebook. Give all graphs a short descriptive
title. Label and scale the axes. Use units of measure. Label each curve if more than one on a graph.

9. Results:
The results should be presented in a form which makes the interpretation easy. Large amounts of
numerical results are generally presented in graphical form. Tables are generally used for small amounts
of results. Theoretical and experimental results should be on the same graph or arrange in the same table
in a way for easy correlation of these results.

10. Conclusion:
This is your interpretation of the results of the experiment as an engineer. Be brief and specific. Give
reasons for important discrepancies.

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Experiment No: 01

Title: Develop block diagram of Electric vehicle and identify parts.

Objective: To develop a functional block diagram of an electric vehicle (EV) and identify the key
components involved in its operation.

IDENTIFIED PARTS AND FUNCTIONS:

Block Name Function

AC Grid Power Source Supplies electricity to charge the EV.
AC to DC
Onboard Charger Converts AC power from the grid to DC to charge the battery.
Converter
Battery Pack Energy Storage Stores electrical energy; powers the vehicle.
BMS (Battery Management Battery
Manages battery health, safety, and charging.
System) Supervisor
DC to AC Converts DC from the battery to AC for the motor; controls
Inverter / Controller
Converter motor speed/torque.
Electric Motor Power train Converts electrical energy into mechanical motion.
Wheels Drive Receive mechanical power from the motor to move the vehicle.
Coordinates subsystems like throttle, braking, motor control,
Vehicle Control Unit (VCU) Main Brain
etc.

NAME PLATE DETAILS OR DEVICE UNDER TEST:

1. ELECTRIC MOTOR

Electric Motor
Rated Power
Rated Voltage
Rated Current
Frequency

2. BATTERY PACK

Battery Pack
Rated Power
Rated Voltage
Rated Current

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Theory:

What is an Electric Vehicle?

As the name implies, an electric vehicle is a type of vehicle i.e., car or bike, that uses an electric motor to produce
the power required for its propulsion.

In an electric vehicle, there can be one or more electric motors to propel it. These motors receive electric power
from an onboard source of electrical energy like batteries, ultra capacitors, fuel cells, etc.

In conventional vehicles like cars and bikes, there is an internal combustion engine used to produce power by
burning gases or liquid fuels like petrol, diesel, etc. Since, the combustion of petrol or diesel causes several
environmental issues such as global warming, air pollution, etc.

Hence, it is necessary to find a new concept that can address all these issues. The electric vehicle can be considered
the one.

Today, industries are manufacturing different types of electric vehicles to meet different driving requirements.

Let us now understand the basic structure of a four-wheel electric vehicle.

Block Diagram of Electric Vehicle

Electric vehicle is an umbrella term that includes all types of electricity-powered vehicles, such as two-wheelers,
three-wheelers, cars, buses, trucks, and more.

The basic block diagram of an electric car is shown in the following figure.

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Types of Electric Vehicles

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When it comes to electric vehicles, we mostly think about an electric motor and a battery. However, electric
vehicles are built on advanced technology and a combination of components to provide a smooth and efficient
driving experience. Here’s a list of all the components of an electric car:

Battery Pack
The battery pack in an EV stores the electrical energy to power the electric motor. The size and capacity of the
battery determine the range an EV can travel on a full charge. Lithium-ion batteries are commonly used in modern
electric vehicles due to their high energy density and longer lifespan.

Electric Motor
The electric motor in an EV converts electrical energy from the battery into mechanical energy to propel the
vehicle. Electric motors offer instant torque, providing quick acceleration and a smooth driving experience.

Power Electronics
Power electronics convert the DC (direct current) from the battery pack to AC (alternating current) that powers the
electric motor. Power electronics also regulate the EV charging process when the vehicle is plugged into an EV
charger.

Onboard Converter
The onboard converter allows the electric vehicle to be charged from any external power source. It converts the AC
power from a charging station or a regular electric outlet into DC power, which is stored in the battery pack. The
DC-DC converter provides the desired level of power to the electric motor.

Regenerative Braking System

Regenerative braking system in electric vehicles captures and stores energy that is typically lost during braking, by
converting the kinetic energy into electrical energy. It helps to improve overall energy efficiency and extends the
vehicle’s range.

Thermal Management System

The thermal management system maintains an optimal working temperature for the battery pack, electric motor,
and power electronics while driving to ensure longevity and performance. It mostly uses liquid cooling or air
cooling methods.

Charging Port
The charging port connects the electric vehicle to an external power source for charging. It is typically located on
the exterior of the vehicle and comes in different types, such as Type 1 (J1772) or Type 2 (Mennekes), depending
on the countrywide EV charging standards.

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Vehicle Control Unit (VCU)

The Vehicle Control Unit is the brain of electric vehicles, as it combines the battery management system, power
electronics, and motor control, to ensure seamless operation and optimal performance.

Now we know the types of electric vehicles and their components, let’s understand the advantages of electric
vehicles.

Advantages of Electric Vehicles

The adoption of electric vehicles offers lots of advantages for the environment, economics, and the job sector. Since
their launch, EVs have gained significant popularity because of the benefits of electric vehicles. Here are all the
major advantages of electric vehicles:

Energy Efficiency
The major advantage of electric vehicles is that they are energy-efficient. It is because they convert a higher
percentage of energy from the electrical grid into actual wheel power. In comparison, the fuel-powered car wastes
lots of energy through heat dissipation. This efficiency leads to lower energy consumption and decreased
dependence on fossil fuels.
Clean Environment
Electric vehicles run on electricity stored in batteries, producing zero tailpipe emissions, thereby significantly
reducing air pollution and combating climate change. The main benefit of electric vehicles is that they are
environmentally friendly and offer a sustainable mode of transport.

Low running costs

Electric vehicles are cost-effective in the long run. The cost of EV charging is significantly lower than the cost of
petrol, diesel, and gasoline, resulting in lower running costs. The major advantage of electric vehicles is that you do
not need to worry about running fuel prices.

Government Incentives
To promote the adoption of EVs and fully utilize the benefits of electric vehicles, the Indian Government offers
friendly incentives and subsidies under schemes such as FAME II and PLI. These incentives are offered on the
purchase cost, GST reductions, and reduced loan interest, making EVs more affordable and accessible to a wider
range of consumers.

Currently, there are 23 FAME-approved electric car models in India with a maximum subsidy of up to Rs 2.5 lakh,
depending on the variant selected. These subsidies are provided for consumers to fully utilize the advantages of
electric cars and scooters.

Quiet and Smooth Driving Experience

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Electric vehicles are the best solution for noisy urban environments since they operate very quietly. The main
advantage of electric vehicles is that there is no engine noise and they reduce noise pollution. Moreover, the benefit
of an electric car is that the electric motor delivers instant torque and a smooth driving experience.

Energy Independence
Transition to electric vehicles enhances energy independence by reducing the reliance on the import of fuels, which
ideally costs 12 trillion Indian rupees yearly. One of the important advantages of electric vehicles in India is
becoming self-sufficient in meeting energy needs.
Health Benefits
Since electric vehicles produce zero tailpipe emissions, they contribute to improved air quality, resulting in
significant health benefits. Reduced air pollution leads to lower respiratory problems like asthma and bronchitis. By
choosing electric vehicles, we can create cleaner and healthier communities for ourselves and our future
generations.

Enhanced technology
The rise of electric vehicles has enhanced the technologies and innovations in the automotive industry of India. EV
manufacturers are constantly improving battery technology, and developing more efficient electric motors. These
advancements not only benefit electric vehicles but also influence other sectors, such as renewable energy and
energy storage.

Investment Opportunities
Electric vehicles present a great investment opportunity for individuals and businesses. As the demand for EVs
continues to rise, investing in electric vehicle companies, battery manufacturers, and charging infrastructure offers
good returns.

Job Opportunities
The adoption of electric vehicles has opened up new job opportunities across various EV sectors in India. As the
demand for EVs increases, there is a growing need for skilled professionals in manufacturing, research and
development, battery technology, and charging infrastructure development.

While there are numerous advantages of electric vehicles in terms of sustainability and reduced emissions, they also
come with several disadvantages that should be carefully addressed. Let’s have a look at the drawbacks of electric
vehicles.

Disadvantages of electric vehicles

Being a new and cleaner technology, electric vehicles offer lots of environmental and economic advantages.
However, like any other new technology, electric vehicles also have their drawbacks. Here’s a list of disadvantages
of electric vehicles

Limited Driving Range

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One of the major disadvantages of electric vehicles is their limited driving range. While newer EV models come
with enhanced range, most EVs still provide a lower range compared to ICE vehicles. It is a concern for those who
live in areas with limited charging infrastructure or travel long distances often. Currently, most affordable EVs in
India provide a range between 100-210 km, on a full charge.

Longer Charging Times

Another drawback of electric vehicles is the longer time required for charging. Even with fast-charging options, it
may take several hours to fully charge an electric vehicle. This creates a problem for the use of EVs in sectors such
as ride-hailing and last-mile deliveries.

Limited Charging Infrastructure

While efforts are being made by the Indian government to expand the charging infrastructure for electric vehicles,
their numbers are still low. This is a major disadvantage of electric vehicles in India, especially in rural or remote
areas, where finding a charging station can be a difficult task. Currently, there are only 1575 DC fast charging
stations in India, which is clearly not enough.

Higher Initial Cost

For a price-sensitive country, the initial cost of buying an electric vehicle in India is very high due to the imported
EV batteries and the use of high-end technologies. The price of a normal conventional car starts from Rs 4 lakh in
India, while the price of EVs starts from Rs 6 lakh – Rs 7 lakh in India.
Limited Models
As of now, the numbers of mass-market electric cars and electric scooter models are very limited in India. This
limitation can make it challenging for buyers to find an electric vehicle that meets their specific requirements,
preferences, or budget.

Higher battery replacement cost

Electric vehicle battery degrades over time due to factors like temperature, usage patterns, and charging habits. It
results in a reduced driving range and decreased efficiency of the vehicle. Replacing these EV batteries costs a lot
of money, which is another big disadvantage of electric vehicles.

Pressure on the grid

Supporting the growing number of electric vehicles in India is a major challenge for the electricity grid. EV
charging during peak hours creates a lot of pressure on the grid since they are not upgraded to support the EV
ecosystem. It can lead to power outages or reduced charging efficiency.

Impact of battery production and Disposal

The production and disposal of electric vehicle batteries impact the environmental impact negatively, as the mining
of Lithium, cobalt, and nickel to make these EV batteries release toxic fumes. According to a report by earth.org,
the production of a single electric car battery releases 4 tones of CO2, and producing 1 tone of Lithium requires 2
million tones of water. Similar fumes are released from the battery recycling industry in India.

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Low Resale Value

Due to the rapid advancement of EV technology and the introduction of newer EV models with improved features,
the resale value of older electric vehicles is too low. Buyers hesitate to purchase a used electric vehicle due to their
lower range and underdeveloped technologies.

Conclusion
In conclusion, an electric vehicle is an electricity-powered vehicle having electric motors to produce
propulsion power instead of internal combustion engines.

Electric vehicles are becoming popular due to several benefits, mostly eco-friendly and low-cost operation.

However, electric vehicles have several limitations such as limited top speed and distance range per charge
that make them a non-ideal choice for long-distance transportation.

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Experiment No: 02
Title: State of Charge (SOC) estimation by open circuit voltage.

Objective: To estimate the State of Charge (SOC) of a battery using the Open Circuit Voltage
(OCV) method by analyzing the correlation between the battery’s terminal voltage at rest and its
SOC.

Theory:

What Is Battery State of Charge?

Battery state of charge (SOC) is a normalized quantity between 0 and 1 that indicates the charge level in the battery
at the moment. An SOC of 1 means the battery is fully charged, while an SOC of 0 means it is completely
discharged.

SOC for electric vehicles is analogous to the fuel gauge in conventional internal combustion engine vehicles,
providing drivers with an indication of how much energy is left in the battery; a higher SOC means a longer driving
range. Knowing the battery SOC enables drivers to plan their trips and charging stops more effectively. Battery
SOC can be calculated as:

Where:

 SOC (t1) is the battery SOC at time t1 in seconds.

 SOC (t0) is the battery SOC at time t0 in seconds.
 i(t) is the battery current in A, with negative sign when the battery is discharging.
 η is the Coulombic efficiency factor without unit.
 Ctotal is the battery total capacity in Ah. It is defined as the charge removed from the battery from fully charged
state (SOC = 1) to fully discharged state (SOC = 0). The battery total capacity decreases as the battery degrades
over time.
State of Charge
The state of charge of a battery measures the current charge level of the battery as a percentage of its total capacity.
The SOC defines how much more charge the battery can store or how much charge you can use before recharging
the battery. To calculate the SOC value as a percentage, you divide the current charge of the battery by its total
capacity, and multiply this value by 100:

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Where
Creleasable is the current charge level of the battery, in Ah, and
Crated is the battery rated capacity, in Ah.
Manufacturers provide the value of the rated capacity, which represents the maximum amount of charge in the
battery. For example, if a battery has a capacity of 200 Ah and currently contains 100 Ah of charge, the SOC is
equal to 50%.

The SOC is important for managing battery systems in many applications, including electric vehicles (EV) and
renewable energy storage systems. If you know the SOC value of your battery, you can manage energy efficiently,
prolong the life of the battery by preventing deep discharge cycles, and ensure system reliability.
Connection of SOC of Battery Kit (Model No. PZEM)

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During Charging

During Discharging

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PZEM Wiring Diagram

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OBSERVATION TABLE

1. During Charging

Voltage Current (mA) Power Capacity Ex. Resistance Int.

SL.NO. (V) (W) (Wh) Resistance

2. During Discharging

Voltage Current (mA) Power Capacity Ex. Resistance Int.

SL.NO. (V) (W) (Wh) Resistance

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MATLAB SIMULINK MODEL

Importance of Accurate Estimation of Battery State of Charge

Battery management systems (BMSs) use the SOC estimate to inform the user of the expected usage until the next
recharge, keep the battery within the safe operating window, implement control strategies, and ultimately improve
battery life in many applications, including electric vehicles (EVs) and energy storage systems. For example, state
of health (SOH) estimation requires SOC information to estimate battery SOH accurately. BMS uses estimated
SOC for cell balancing algorithms.

Challenges in Accurately Estimating Battery State of Charge

Estimating SOC accurately is crucial for the effective management and operation of battery power systems.
However, there are several challenges associated with it:

 Nonlinear discharge curves: Batteries often have nonlinear discharge characteristics, making it difficult to
estimate SOC based solely on voltage measurements.
 Current measurement errors: Accurate SOC estimation often relies on precise current measurements. Errors in
current sensing can lead to cumulative errors in SOC estimation, especially in methods such as Coulomb
counting.
 Aging, degradation, and SOH dependency: SOC is often dependent on the battery’s state of health. Over time,
batteries degrade, which affects their capacity and internal resistance. This degradation can lead to inaccuracies
in SOC estimation if not properly accounted for.
 Self-discharge: Batteries can lose charge over time even when not in use, which can lead to discrepancies in
SOC estimation if not considered.
 Dynamic load profiles: Fluctuating loads can complicate SOC estimation, as they can lead to rapid changes in
battery voltage and current, making it difficult to track the true state of charge.

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 Battery model parameterization: Battery models are typical equivalent circuit models. Accurate SOC
estimation requires accurate model fitting and tuning covariance if using a Kalman filter. The model
parameterization can be time-consuming and challenging.
How to Calculate Battery State of Charge

Methods to estimate SOC range from simple current integration (Coulomb counting) and voltage monitoring to
sophisticated model-based and data-driven methods, such as Kalman filters and neural networks.

Accurate battery models are vital to the development of algorithms for model-based SOC estimation in a battery
management system. Traditional approaches to SOC estimation in a battery management system, such as open-
circuit voltage (OCV) lookup and current integration (Coulomb counting), are easy to implement and reasonably
accurate in some cases. However, the OCV-based approach requires OCV measurement, which needs to be
preceded by an extended resting period. Coulomb counting suffers from issues of poor initialization and
accumulation of current measurement noise. The extended Kalman filter (EKF) and unscented Kalman filter (UKF)
approaches have been shown to provide accurate results for a reasonable computational effort in real-world BMS
implementations.

Simscape Battery, modeling software for designing and simulating battery and energy storage systems, provides
several SOC estimators for BMS development and supports code generation:

 SOC Estimator (Coulomb Counting): State of charge estimator with Coulomb counting
 SOC Estimator (Coulomb Counting, Variable Capacity): State of charge estimator with Coulomb counting and
variable capacity
 SOC Estimator (Kalman Filter): State of charge estimator with Kalman filter
 SOC Estimator (Kalman Filter, Variable Capacity): State of charge estimator with Kalman filter and variable
capacity
 SOC Estimator (Adaptive Kalman Filter): State of charge and terminal resistance estimator with adaptive
Kalman filter
 SOC Estimator (Adaptive Kalman Filter, Variable Capacity): State of charge and terminal resistance estimator
with adaptive Kalman filter and variable capacity
Compared with the Kalman Filter SOC Estimator, the Adaptive Kalman Filter SOC Estimator has terminal
resistance as an additional state. Both the Adaptive Kalman Filter SOC Estimator and the Kalman Filter SOC
Estimator have the options to select EKF or UKF to develop an observer for estimating SOC. Such observers in a
battery management system typically include a model of the nonlinear battery system, which uses the current and
voltage measured by the BMS from the battery as inputs, as well as a recursive algorithm that calculates the internal
states of the system (SOC among them) based on a two-step prediction and correction process.

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Experiment No: 03
Title: Experiment on Buck Boost converters

Objective: To observe the converter's voltage regulation behavior, measure efficiency, and
understand the impact of key parameters such as switching frequency and load resistance."

Apparatus Required:
SL.NO. APPRATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY SL.NO. MAKERS
NAME NAME
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Theory:

A Buck-Boost Converter is a type of DC-DC converter that can step up (boost) or step down (buck) an input
DC voltage to a desired output level. It combines the features of both buck and boost converters and is commonly
used in battery-powered systems, renewable energy systems, and electric vehicles.

Operating Principle

The Buck-Boost converter works by storing energy in an inductor during the ON period of a switch (usually a
MOSFET), and then releasing that energy to the load through a diode and capacitor during the OFF period.

Two Modes of Operation:

1. ON-State (Switch Closed)

 The inductor is connected directly to the input voltage source.

 The inductor stores energy (current increases linearly).
 The diode is reverse-biased; the load is powered by the capacitor.

2. OFF-State (Switch Open)

 The inductor is disconnected from the source.

 Stored energy in the inductor is released to the load and capacitor through the diode.
 The inductor current decreases.

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Key Equation (Continuous Conduction Mode)

Where:

 Vout = Output voltage

 Vin = Input voltage
 DDD = Duty cycle (ratio of ON time to total switching period)

Note: The negative sign indicates the output voltage is inverted (polarity is opposite to the input)

Applications

 Battery-powered systems (where input voltage varies)

 Electric vehicles
 Solar charge controllers
 Portable devices requiring regulated voltage

Modes of Conduction

 Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM): Inductor current never reaches zero.

 Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM): Inductor current falls to zero during part of the switching cycle.

Connection Diagram:

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Circuit Diagram

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OBSERVATION TABLE

1. Buck Converter

Input Input Current Input Output Output Current Output Power

SL.NO. Voltage (A) Power Voltage (V) (A) (W)
(V) (W)

2. Boost Converter

Input Input Current Input Output Output Current Output Power

SL.NO. Voltage (A) Power Voltage (V) (A) (W)
(V) (W)

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Experiment: 04
Title: Experiment on Battery Management System

Objective: The experiment aims to understand how a BMS manages parameters such as State of
Charge (SOC), State of Health (SOH), voltage, current, temperature, and cell balancing, ensuring
safe and efficient battery operation."

Apparatus Required:

SL.NO. APPRATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY SL.NO. MAKERS

NAME NAME
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.

Theory

A Battery Management System (BMS) is a sophisticated electronic control system designed to monitor, manage,
and protect the battery pack in real-time. It ensures that the battery operates within safe limits and optimizes
performance by providing the following key functions:

1. Monitoring: The BMS continuously monitors critical battery parameters such as:
o Voltage: Across individual cells and the entire battery pack.
o Current: The charging and discharging current.
o Temperature: To prevent overheating and ensure the battery operates within safe temperature limits.
o State of Charge (SOC): To provide an accurate estimate of the remaining battery capacity.
o State of Health (SOH): To assess the overall condition and remaining useful life of the battery.
2. Cell Balancing: In multi-cell battery packs, differences in cell chemistry and degradation can lead to
voltage imbalances between cells. The BMS ensures that all cells charge and discharge evenly through
passive or active cell balancing, preventing weaker cells from limiting the overall pack performance and
extending battery life.
3. Safety Protections:
o Overcharge and Over-discharge Protection: The BMS ensures that no individual cell is charged beyond its
voltage limit or discharged too deeply, which can cause irreversible damage.
o Thermal Management: By monitoring temperature, the BMS can trigger cooling systems or reduce the
power load to prevent overheating.
o Short-circuit and Over current Protection: The BMS detects abnormal currents that could lead to cell
damage or hazardous situations and disconnects the battery if needed.

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4. Energy Management: The BMS works in conjunction with the vehicle's power train control system to
manage energy flow during charging and discharging, optimizing efficiency, and providing regenerative
braking support.
5. Communication: The BMS interfaces with the vehicle’s onboard computer system and external charging
stations, relaying important data about the battery’s state, enabling the vehicle to display the remaining
range, charging status, and other relevant information to the driver.

Importance in Electric Vehicle Performance

The BMS is crucial not only for battery safety but also for enhancing the overall performance of an electric vehicle.
It ensures that:

 Battery Longevity: By operating within optimal parameters and preventing over-stress, the BMS significantly
extends the lifespan of the battery pack, reducing the need for costly replacements.
 Range Optimization: Through accurate SOC estimation and efficient energy management, the BMS helps maximize
the vehicle’s driving range.
 Charging Efficiency: The BMS regulates the charging process, enabling fast charging without damaging the battery
and ensuring compatibility with various charging infrastructures.
 Safety and Reliability: With comprehensive safety measures in place, the BMS protects the battery from potential
hazards, contributing to the overall reliability and safety of the EV.

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OBSERVATION TABLE

Types Cell Charge Fast Charge Storage Discharge

SL.NO. of No.
Battery
Current Voltage Current Voltage Current Voltage Current Voltage
(A) (V) (A) (V) (A) (V) (A) (V)

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