A

Project Report
On
“REGENERATIVE BRAKING SYSTEM”
submitted in the partial fulfilment of the diploma of
Mechanical ENGINEERING
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education Mumbai
(MSBTE)

Submitted by

Yashwant K. Sahare 317126520119

Alvira S. Sheikh 318126520L16
Shridhar Rumale 318
Ayush S. Vaidya 317126520098

Guided by
Prof. Mrs. Priyanka Dubey

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Wainganga college of Engineering and Management

2024-2025
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We express our deep sense of gratitude to Prof. Mrs. Priyanka Dubey.

Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wainganga college of
Engineering and Management

,for his valuable guidance and encouragement at every stage of work for the
students.
We express our sincere thanks to the non-teaching staff of Mechanical
Engineering for their kind co-operation and support to carry on work.
Lastly, we like to convey our thanks to all who have contributed directly or
indirectly to complete our work.

ABSTRACT
Regenerative braking system is the system in which the kinetic energy of the
vehicle is stored temporarily; during deceleration and is reused as kinetic energy.
Regenerative braking is a step to reduce the use of fossil fuels.

While braking, a large amount of energy is lost in the form of heat. A

regenerative braking system aims to utilize this energy instead of getting it
wasted.
In this mechanism, the electric traction motor uses the vehicle's momentum to
recover energy lost while braking. This contrasts with the conventional braking
system, where the excess kinetic energy gets converted to unwanted heat and is
wasted due to friction in the brakes, or with dynamic brakes. In most of the
regenerative braking systems the energy is recovered by using electric motors as
generators.
 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 :INTRODUCTION 3 - 10
1.1 INTRODUCTION 3

1.2 HISTORY 4

1.3 WORKING PRINCIPLE 7

1.4 APPLICATIONS 8

1.5 ADVANTAGES 10

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 11 - 13

CHAPTER 3: ELEMENTS OF THE SYSTEM 12 - 14

3.1 ELEMENTS 12
3.1.1 ENERGY STORAGE UNIT 12
3.1.2 BATTERY 15
3.1.3 FLY WHEEL 15
3.1.4 SPRING 16
3.1.5 HYDRAULIC 16
3.1.6 ELECTROMAGNETIC FLY WHEEL 16
3.1.7 CONVENTIONAL VARIABLE TRANSMISSION 17
3.1.8 REGENERATIVE BRAKE CONTROLLER 17
3.1.9 CONTROLLER 17
3.2 REGENERATIVE BRAKING ASSISTED WITH 18
FRICTIONAL BRAKING
 2

CHAPTER 4 : METHODOLOGY 19 - 21
4.1 FABRICATION 20
4.1.1 DC MOTOR 20
4.1.2 BRAKE WHEEL 20
4.1.3 BREAK SPINDLE 21
4.1.4 LED 21
4.1.5 ELECTRIC WIRES 21
4.1.6 WOOD 21
4.1.7 SCREWS 21
4.1.8 CLAMPS 21
4.2 EQUIPMENTS USED IN FABRICATION 21
4.2.1 DRILLING 21
4.2.2 CUTTING 21
4.3 PROCEDURE 22
4.4 PRECAUTIONS 22

CHAPTER 5 : RESULT AND DISCUSSION 23 - 24

5.1 RESULT 23
5.2 DISCUSSION 24

CHAPTER 6 : CONCLUSION 29 - 30
6.1 CONCLUSION 29

6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS 29
REFERENCES 31

CHAPTER - I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Brakes are employed to stop or retard the motion of any moving body. In an
automobile, brakes are equally important as the engine.
 3

In a conventional braking system, the motion is retarded or stopped by absorbing

kinetic energy by friction; by making the contact of the moving body with a frictional
rubber pad (called brake liner) which causes the absorption of kinetic energy. This
energy dissipates as heat into surroundings. Each time brakes are applied, the
momentum gets absorbed to re-accelerate, the vehicle has to start from scratch,
redeveloping it using power from the engine. Thus, it will ultimately result in the
wastage of energy.
A regenerative brake is an energy recovery mechanism that slows a vehicle by
converting its kinetic energy into another form, which is used immediately or stored
until needed. Thus, the generated energy during the braking is sent back into the
supply system (in the case of electric trains), whereas, in battery electric and hybrid
electric vehicles, the energy is stored in a battery or bank of capacitors for later use.
Energy can also be stored by compressing air or in a rotating flywheel.

There are many existing applications of regenerative braking

1. Many metro trains across the globe, are equipped with regenerative braking
which returns about 25% of the electrical energy to the power source.

1. The Škoda transportation is producing electric trams equipped with

regenerative braking system; which are widely being used across Europe.

2. Some of vehicles using regenerative brake:-

a) The electric car manufacturing giant, TESLA, equipped most of
its models with regenerative braking system.
b) Audi E-TRON, BMW I8
c) MG ZS EV and HYUNDAI KONA
d) Toyota Prius
e) Ford FUSION

The concept of this regenerative brake is better understood from a bicycle fitted with
a Dynamo. If a bicycle is fitted with a dynamo (a small electricity generator) for
powering the lights, it's harder to peddle when it is engaged than disengaged. That's
because some of the energy is being "used" by the dynamo which gets converted into
electrical energy used for lighting. If a bicycle, going with a particular velocity, stops
peddling followed by turning on the dynamo, it'll stop the vehicle quicker than it
would normally (without using brakes). Now imagine a bicycle with a bigger and
powerful dynamo equipped with a battery. It will bring the bike to a halt relatively
quickly by converting the kinetic energy into electricity which can be stored in a
battery. This is the basic idea behind regenerative brakes.
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Fig, 1.1: a bicycle with a dynamo

1.2 HISTORY
Early examples of this system were the front-wheel drive conversions of horsedrawn
cabs by Louis Antoine Krieger in Paris in the 1890s. The Krieger electric landaulet
had a drive motor in each front wheel with a second set of parallel windings (bifilar
coil) for regenerative braking.
In 1908 the first car equipped with regenerative braking was patented by C.J. Paulson.

Fig 1.2: the first car patented for regenerative braking

In England, "automatic regenerative control" was introduced to tramway operators
by John S. Raworth's Traction Patents 1903–1908, offering them economic and
operational benefits as explained in some detail by his son Alfred Raworth. These
included tramway systems at Devonport (1903), Rawtenstall, Birmingham, Crystal
Palace-Croydon (1906), and many others. Slowing the speed of the cars or keeping
it in control on descending gradients, the motors worked as generators and stopped
the vehicles. The tram cars also had wheel brakes and track slipper brakes which
could stop the tram should the electric braking systems fail. In several cases the tram
car motors were shunt wound instead of series wound, and the systems on the Crystal
Palace line utilized series-parallel controllers. Following a serious accident at
Rawtenstall, an embargo was placed on this form of traction in 1911; the regenerative
braking system was reintroduced twenty years later.
 5

Fig 1.3: an article in England about RBS in trains

1.3 WORKING PRINCIPLE

Regenerative braking is a braking method that utilizes the mechanical energy from
the motor by converting kinetic energy into electrical energy and fed back into the
battery source. Theoretically, the regenerative braking system can convert a good
fraction of its kinetic energy to charge up the battery, using the same principle as an
alternator. In regenerative braking mode, it uses the motor to slow down the car.
When the driver applies force to the brake pedal, the electric motor works in reverse
direction thus, slowing it.

Fig 1.7: Normal forward driving Fig 1.8: Regenerative action during braking
The figure (1.7) shows the car in normal running condition where the motor is
producing torque by taking energy from the battery. While running backwards, the
motor acts as a generator and recharges the batteries as shown in figure (1.8). By
using regenerative braking, it vastly reduces the reliance on fuel, boosting fuel
 6

economy and lowering emissions. These types of brakes work effectively in driving
environment such as stop-and-go driving situations especially in urban city.

Fig 1.9: a simple representation of regenerative braking system

1.4 APPLICATIONS
Hybrid and Electric Cars:
Modern hybrid and electric cars both utilize an electric engine to power the car which
makes applying regenerative braking very simple and efficient.

Fig 1.10: AUDI E- TRON Fig 1.11: HYUNDAI KONA

Railways:
As regenerative brakes conserve a lot of energy, they are applicable in railways
locomotives. Jaipur metro system uses the regenerative braking system and saves up
to 35% of electric energy.
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fig 1.12: DELHI METRO fig 1.13: LONDON METRO fig 1.14: SKODA TRAMS

Industrial applications:
Can be used in industries that use conveyor system to move material from one
workstation to another and halt at a certain distance after a prescribed interval.

Fig 1.15: Regenerative braking integrated MACK trucks and E-CATERPILLAR

Other applications:
Regenerative braking systems are used in electric elevators, crane lifting motors and
kinetic energy recovery mechanisms.
 8

Fig 1.16: Regenerative braking integrated Mitsubishi elevators

Fig 1.17: Regenerative braking system integrated in DANIELI cranes

1.5 ADVANTAGES OF REGENERATIVE BRAKING

Energy conservation:
The flywheel absorbs energy when braking via a clutch system slowing the car down
and speeding up the wheel. To accelerate, another clutch system connects the
flywheel to the drive train, speeding up the car and slowing down the flywheel.
Energy is therefore conserved rather than wasted as heat and light which is what
normally happens in the contemporary shoe/disc system. Fuel economy:
The amount of fuel consumed can be dramatically reduced with this type of braking
system. The energy efficiency of a conventional car is only about 20%, with the
remaining 80% of its energy being converted to heat through friction. The miraculous
thing about regenerative braking is that it may be able to capture as much as half of
that wasted energy and put it back to work. This could reduce fuel consumption by
10 to 25%.

Recharging the battery:

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Once the energy is captured by the regenerative brakes, the energy is used to recharge
the batteries of the vehicle. Because this energy would normally be lost, it allows
each vehicle to experience a prolonged charge while driving.

Wear Reduction:
In regenerative braking, when the motor is not receiving power from the battery pack,
it resists the turning of the wheels, capturing some of the energy of motion as if it
were a generator and returning that energy to the battery pack. Because an electric
drive train is part of this system, the greater efficiency given to the braking allows
for a reduced level of wear on the brakes of the vehicle. With standard friction brakes,
there is no way to accomplish this benefit.

Reduced Brake costs:

Cutting down the replacement brake linings cost, the cost of labour for installation,
and machine downtime.

CHAPTER - II LITERATURE
REVIEW

Sayed Nashit, Sufiyan Adhikari, Shaikh Farhan, Srivastava Avinash and

Amruta Gambhire, ‘Design, Fabrication and Testing of Regenerative Braking
Test Rig for BLDC Motor’, 2016, 1881-84.
In this paper (1) a test bench for testing of regenerative braking capability of a
Brushless DC Motor is design and then fabricated. The project creates awareness to
engineers towards energy efficiency and energy conservation. It concludes that the
regenerative braking systems are more efficient at higher speed and it cannot be used
as the only brakes in a vehicle. The definite use of this technology described as in the
project in the future automobiles can help us to a certain level to sustainable and
bright future of energy efficient world as a part of power that is lost can be regained
by using the regenerative braking system.

Tushar L. Patil, Rohit S. Yadav, Abhishek D. are, Mahesh Saggam, Ankul

Pratap, ‘Performance Improvement of Regenerative braking system’,
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 9, Issue 5,
(2018). 2229-5518.
In this paper (2) the techniques to increase the efficiency of the regenerative braking
system is mentioned. The technique mentioned was to reduce the weight of the
 10

automobile which increase performance, using super capacitor also improves the
conversion rate of energy in regenerative braking system, making the automobile
compact also tends to increase the efficiency of the system.

C. Jagadeesh Vikram, D. Mohan Kumar, Dr. P. Naveen Chandra,

‘Fabrication of Regenerative Braking System’, International Journal of Pure
and Applied Mathematics Volume 119, (2018). 9973-9982.
In this paper (3) the Fabrication process on the Regenerative Braking System
had been implemented as per the prescribed measures has been taken and the future
enhancements should be processed on basis of the need of the study. The
Implementation of the regenerative braking system be quite essential in automotive
transportation with maximized performance in braking.

A. Eswaran, S Ajith, V Karthikeyan, P Kavin, S Loganandh, ‘Design and

Fabrication of Regenerative Braking System’, International Journal of Advance
Research and Innovative Ideas in Education-Vol-4 Issue-3 (2018). 2395-4396.
In this paper (4) the regenerative braking system used in the vehicles satisfies the
purpose of saving a part of the energy lost during braking. Also, it can be operated at
high temperature range and are efficient as compared to conventional braking system.
Regenerative braking systems require further research to develop a better system that
captures more energy and stops faster. All vehicles in motion can benefit from these
systems by recapturing energy that would have been lost during braking process. The
use of more efficient systems could lead to huge savings in the economy of any
country.

Ketan Warake, Dr. S. R. Bhahulikar, Dr. N. V. Satpute, ‘Design &

Development of Regenerative Braking System at Rear Axle’, International
Journal of Advanced Mechanical Engineering. Volume 8, Number 2 (2018),
2250-3234.
In this paper (5) the regenerative braking system used in the vehicles satisfies the
purpose of saving a part of the energy lost during braking. The regenerative braking
system is designed to partially recover the battery charge wasted in braking of the
vehicle. The energy is converted into heat by friction brake which is dissipated to the
environment. This Energy is utilized to rotate the rotor of generator converting
mechanical energy of wheels into useful charge of battery. The regenerative braking
system cannot be used as main braking system of vehicle as it cannot bring the
vehicle to rest. Experimentation shows that minimum 11% battery energy can be
 11

recovered using the regenerative braking system which would otherwise be wasted
to heat in friction brakes. Hence the distance travelled between two successive
charging requirements can be increase to 10 to 15 % using this regenerative braking,
when installed in actual vehicles.

Siddharth K Sheladia, Karan K Patel, V raj D Savalia, Rutvik G Savaliya, ‘A

Review on Regenerative Braking Methodology in Electric Vehicle’,
International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts, Volume 6, Issue 1 (2018).
2320-2882.
In this paper (6) it is mentioned that Regenerative braking can save up to 25% to
28% of waste energy. The systems have been enhanced with advanced power
electronic components such as ultra-capacitors, DC-DC converters (Buck-Boost) and
flywheels. Ultra-capacitors, which help improve the transient state of the car during
start up, provide a smoother charging characteristic of the battery and improve the
overall performance of the electric vehicle system. Buck-boost converters help
maintain power management in regenerative braking systems, such as boosting
acceleration. Finally, flywheels are used to improve the power recovery process
through automotive wheels. We have learnt the recommendation and conclusion from
the previous researcher and then we have utilized in our experiment. We have also
changed the components and methods as the researcher suggested to make the
experiment more practical and efficient.

Khushboo Rahim, and Mohd. Tanveer, ‘Regenerative Braking System: Review

Paper’, International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing
and Communication, 5.5 (2018), 736-39.
In this paper (7) the advantages of regenerative braking system over conventional
braking system has been mentioned. Regenerative braking systems can work at the
high temperature ranges and are highly efficient when compared to the conventional
brakes. They are more effective at higher momentum. The more frequently a vehicle
stops, the more it can benefit from this braking system. Large and heavy vehicles that
movies at high speeds builds up lots of kinetic energy, so they conserve energy more
efficiently. It has broad scope for further advancements and the energy conservation.

Yimin Gao and Mehrdad Ehsani. SAE Transactions. Vol. 110, Section 7:
JOURNAL OF PASSENGER CARS: ELECTRONIC AND ELECTRICAL
SYSTEMS (2001), pp. 576-582 (7 pages). Published By: SAE International.
 12

In paper (8) proposed electronic braking system for EV and HEV integrates the
regenerative braking, automatically controlled mechanical braking together. This
braking system can recover most of braking energy. Therefore, the energy efficiency
of the vehicle can be significantly improved. Meanwhile, the braking system can
realize wheel antilock function by controlling the electric motor and/or the
electrically powered braking actuators.

CHAPTER - III ELEMENTS

OF THE SYSTEM

3.1 ELEMENTS OF THE SYSTEM

There are four elements required which are necessary for the working of regenerative
braking system, these are
 Energy Storage Unit (ESU)
 Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT)
 Controller
 Regenerative Brake Controllers

3.1.1 Energy Storage Unit (ESU):

The ESU performs two primary functions
a) To recover & store braking energy
b) To absorb excess engine energy during light load operation The
selection criteria for effective energy storage include:
i. High specific energy storage density
ii. High energy transfer rate
iii. Small space requirement
The energy recaptured by regenerative braking might be stored in:

• An electromagnetic battery
• A flywheel
• hydraulic accumulator
• spring
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3.1.2 Battery:
In electromagnetic system, the drive shaft of the vehicles is connected to an electric
generator which uses magnetic fields to restrict the rotation of the drive shaft, slowing
the vehicle and generating electricity. In the case of electric and hybrid vehicles, the
electricity generated is sent to the batteries giving them a recharge. In gas powered
vehicles, the electricity can be used to power the cars electronics or sent to a battery
where it can later use to give the vehicle an extra boost of power.

3.1.3 Flywheel:
In flywheel RBS, the system collects the kinetic energy of the vehicle to spin a
flywheel that is connected to the drive shaft through a transmission and gear box.
The spinning flywheel can then provide torque to the drive shaft, giving the vehicle
a power boost. It is usually used as KERS in sports vehicles.

3..1.8 Regenerative Brake Controllers:

Brake controllers are electronic devices that can control brakes remotely, deciding
when braking begins ends, and how quickly the brakes need to be applied. During
the braking operation, the brake controller directs the electricity produced by the
motor into the batteries or capacitors. It makes sure that an optimal amount of power
is received by the batteries, but also ensures that the inflow of electricity isn't more
than the batteries can handle.

3.1.9 Controller:

An “ON-OFF” engine control system is used. That means that the engine is “ON”
until the energy storage unit has been reached the desired charge capacity and then is
decoupled and stopped until the energy storage unit charge fall below its minimum
requirement.

3.2 REGENERATIVE BRAKING SYSTEM WITH FRICTION BRAKING

Traditional friction-based braking is used in conjunction with mechanical

regenerative braking for the following reasons:
 14

Fig : a traditional disc brake

⮚ The regenerative braking effect drops off at lower speeds; therefore the friction
brake is still required in order to bring the vehicle to a complete halt. Physical
locking of the rotor is also required to prevent vehicles from rolling down hills.

⮚ The friction brake is a necessary back-up in the event of failure of the

regenerative brake.

⮚ The amount of electrical energy capable of dissipation is limited by either the

capacity of the supply system to absorb this energy or on the state of charge of
the battery or capacitors. No regenerative braking effect can occur if another
electrical component on the same supply system is not currently drawing
power and if the battery or capacitors are already charged. For this reason, it
is normal to also incorporate dynamic braking to absorb the excess energy.

⮚ Under emergency braking it is desirable that the braking force exerted be the
maximum allowed by the friction between the wheels and the surface without
slipping, over the entire speed range from the vehicle's maximum speed down
to zero.

CHAPTER – IV
METHODOLOGY
There are certain necessary requirements for regenerative braking, irrespective of the
method of regeneration. They are:- • Sufficient momentum in the vehicle
• A system capable of storing energy
• A controller
 15

Regenerative energy can be produced only when the vehicle is in motion. The axles
must have enough momentum which will be utilized by the system.
The energy (electricity) produced using regenerative braking, should either be
utilized immediately or be stored in a battery for future use.
There must be a controller which turns ON or OFF the process of regeneration based
on the requirement and availability.
There must be a provision of frictional braking to stop the vehicle, which should be
used when regenerators fail or during an emergency.
Regenerative braking system may not suffice the basic requirement of braking system
alone. This is because of limitation of energy dissipation at very high power. The
storage and generation systems may not be capable to operate at those levels due to
design limitations. Due to critical level of safety involved with the system, reliability
becomes debatable and it necessitates a frictional braking system to co-exist with
electrical regenerative braking system. This forms a hybrid braking system, which
means:
1. Just like hybrid propulsion systems, there can be many design
configurations and control strategies.
2. Design and control of system should be such that they ensure vehicle’s
desired braking performance while at the same time capturing as much energy
as possible.
During developing strategies, a careful consideration of braking behaviour and its
characteristics with respect to speed, braking power, deceleration rate etc. must be
made.

4.1 FABRICATION

list of materials used

S. No Name of the part Quantity

1 D.C. MOTOR 3

2 BRAKE WHEEL 2

3 Disc plate 1

4 LED 1

5 WIRES Required

6 Metal stand Required

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7 Nut & bolts Required

8 CLAMPS Required

4.1.1 D.C. MOTOR

One of the two motors is used as the main motor. This is connected to the gear using
a spindle shaft. The motor’s tip is connected to a gear which can be meshed with the
braking gear. It has a capacity of 12v.
The other motor is used as the dynamo. The motor tip is connected to another gear
and when the gears mesh, the motor spindle rotates. The rotating spindle has kinetic
energy and due electro-magnetic force the kinetic energy is converted into electrical
energy. The motor has the capacity of 12v.

4.1.2 BREAK WHEEL

Boyh brake wheels are connected to the two small DC motor . It is in stable motion
along with the wheel of the vehicle. It has diameter of 12 mm and is made of rubber
.

4.1.3 Disk plate

The disk plate for the wheel which will rotate and brake will applied to it.
4.1.4 LED

These are used in order to show the power generated from the regenerative brakes.

4.1.5 ELECTRIC WIRES

The inner wire is made of with copper and it is insulated. They are used in order to
transfer the power from the motor to the LEDs.
4.1.6 Metal stand

Metal stand for making the frame for the system.

4.1.7 Nut & bolts

Nut & bolts, to fix the frame and the parts in place.

4.1.8 CLAMPS

Clamps to fix the motors to the stand and the spindle.

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4.2 EQUIPMENTS USED IN FABRICATION

4.2.1 DRILLING

Drilling is a metal removal process that uses a drill bit to cut or enlarge a hole of
circular cross section in solid materials. The drill bit is a rotary cutting tool, often
multipoint. The bit is pressed against the work piece and rotated at rates from
hundreds to thousands of revolutions per minute. This forces the cutting edge against
the work piece, cutting off chips from what will become the hole being drilled.

4.2.2 CUTTING

Cutting is a process by which the excess material is removed from the work piece.
There process we used in order to get the work piece of the required dimension was
by using a hacksaw blade.
4.3 PROCEDURE
1. First the metal frame is cut to the required dimensions for plank and stands.
2. Metal rod of the required size are cut for the stand and the rod for braking.
3. The main motor is fixed with the stand and disc plate using a clamp.
4. The braking motor is attached to the spindle using a clamp and screws.
5. The main stand is fixed with the base and a spindle stand is fixed to the base.
6. The brake rod fixed in stand for braking system.
7. LEDs are connected to the braking motor with the wires.
8. The main motor is supported by an additional spindle.
9. The brake wheel is attached to the motors.

4.4 PRECAUTIONS
1. The Apron is worn at every process during Fabrication.
2. Gloves are used to protect one’s hands during drilling and grinding.
3. All the connections must be soldiered and well insulated.
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CHAPTER – V RESULT AND

DISCUSSION
5.1 RESULT
A model of regenerative braking system is fabricated .After successful testing, the
system is able to stop the vehicle by producing energy in return.

fig 5.1: when RBS brake is not applied

Fig 5.2: when RBS brake is applied

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5.2 DISCUSSION
With the markets for hybrid, electric and highly efficient, low emission
conventionally- powered vehicles set to grow rapidly, the pace of development of
regenerative braking systems looks similarly set to increase. The two key barriers to
the market for battery- electric vehicles (BEVs) are currently their high cost
(particularly of the battery packs) and limited range. For system developers, future
challenges will include reducing costs, increasing vehicle range and meeting stricter
safety and emissions standards. The braking regulation will need to be applied to
advanced systems that not only stop the vehicle but recover lost braking energy. In
summary, the analysis suggests that current, “first-generation” regenerative braking
systems do not compromise braking safety. The tests carried out on one such system,
fitted to a hybrid vehicle, did not raise any safety issues. The primary determinant of
how powerful the regenerative braking system might be the power capacity of the
battery or other energy storage device/system, that is its ability to quickly convert the
kinetic energy of the vehicle into its stored form. Basic mechanical engineering
theory suggests for current systems, which can only operate at quite low power levels
(< 30KW, say), the regenerative braking component is likely to be quite small,
particularly at high speeds. Such systems thus need a substantial additional source of
braking torque for medium-high deceleration stops from such speeds, i.e. a
conventional friction braking system.

CHAPTER - VI CONCLUSION
6.1 CONCLUSION

The regenerative braking system used in vehicles satisfies the purpose of saving a
part of the energy lost during braking. The regenerative braking system is designed
to partially recover the battery charge wasted in braking of the vehicle. The energy is
converted into heat by friction brakes which are dissipated to the environment. This
Energy is utilized to rotate the rotor of generator converting mechanical energy of
wheels into useful charge of battery. The regenerative braking system cannot be used
as main braking system of vehicle as it cannot bring the vehicle to rest.
These types of brakes also extend the driving range of fully electric or hybrid
vehicles. In fact, this technology has already helped bring us car manufactures like
the Tesla, which runs entirely on battery power. Sure, these cars may use fossil fuels
at the recharging stage. That is, if the source of the electricity comes from a fossil
fuel such as coal but when they're out there on the road, they can operate with no use
of fossil fuels at all, and that's a big step forward. As designers and engineers perfect
 20

regenerative braking systems, they will become more and more common. All
vehicles in motion can benefit from utilizing regeneration to recapture energy that
would otherwise be lost.
Regenerative braking system have significant room for improvement. Regenerative
braking is still very limited and dependent on uncontrollable variables. Also, danger
can arise if regenerative braking is applied to two-wheel-drive brake systems.
However, regenerative braking does have various benefits. A proper implementation
of regenerative braking system extends driving range, improves braking efficiency,
reduces brake wear, and improves energy conservation.

6.2 RECCOMENDATION
As this project is completely based on the experimental test rig and if this system is
applied in the current working vehicles there are may be some problems which may
cause uncomfortable for drivers. As regenerative braking system don’t provide
braking at high speed so this system should be implemented with other forms of
Braking system like Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS). Implementing this system in
the current working vehicle will increase the mass of the vehicle and occupies
additional space. So this factor should be considered before design of the vehicle so
that this factor could be overcome. Integrating regenerative braking into a vehicle
requires some changes in the driving style which depends on the technical
configuration of the system. This takes some time getting used to, but studies have
shown that drivers respond positively and try to maximize the energy they can
recapture and hereby extend their range. Additionally, the usage of regenerative
braking is closely linked to eco-driving. If eco-driving strategies are applied by a
large number of drivers, this could have considerable effects on traffic flow.
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iii. Hewko L. O. Automotive traction drive CVTs – An overview. SAE paper
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iv. Juan W. Dixon, Micah Ortúzar, Eduardo Wiechmann. Regenerative
Braking for an Electric Vehicle Using
v. Ultracapacitors and a Buck-Boost Converter
vi. Chris Brockbank. Development of Full-Toroidal Traction Drives in
Flywheel Based Mechanical Hybrids”
vii. Ziqiang Chen, Jiaxi Qiang, Jianhui He, Lin Yang. Intelligent
Regenerative Braking Control of Hybrid Buses
viii. S. J. Clegg. A Review of Regenerative Braking System. Institute
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ix. Working paper of 471, 1996
x. Regenerative braking boosts green credentials. Railway Gazette
International. 2 July 2007