PAGE INDEX

Topic Page No.

ABSTRACT 7

1. INTRODUCTION TO 5G WIRELESS 8

1.1 DEFINITION

1.2 PROPERTIES

2. EVOLUTION FROM 1G TO 5G 11

ST
2.1 1 GENERATION

ND
2.2 2 GENERATION

RD
2.3 3 GENERATION

TH
2.4 4 GENERATION

TH
2.5 5 GENERATION

2.6 COMPARISION OF ALL GENERATION

3. KEY CONCEPT 21

4. ARCHITECTURE OF 5G 23

4.1 TERMINAL DESIGN

4.2 COMPARISION WITH OSI MODEL

4.3 OPEN WIRELESS ARCHITECTURE (OPA)

4.4 NETWORK LAYER

 4.5 OPEN TRANSPORT PROTOCOL (OTP)

4.6 APPLICATION LAYER

4.7 FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURE

5. HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE OF 5G 31

5.1 HARDWARE OF 5G

5.2 SOFTWARE OF 5G

6. FEATURES, ADVANTAGES & APPLICATIONS 32

6.1 FEATURES

6.2 ADVANTAGES

6.3 APPLICATIONS

7. CONCLUSION 35

REFRENCE 36
CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO 5G WIRELESS

The world has seen a lot of changes in the realm of communication. Today we no more use landlines. Everyone
possesses a mobile phone that functions 24X7. Our handsets not only keep us connected with the world
at large but also serve the purpose of entertainment gadget. From 1G to 2.5G and from 3G to 5G this
world of telecommunications has seen a number of improvements along with improved performance with
every passing day.
The 5th generation is envisaged to be a complete network for wireless mobile internet, which has the capability
to offer services for accommodating the application potential requirements without suffering the quality.
The ultimate goal of 5G is to design a real wireless world, that is free from obstacles of the earlier
generations.
5G technology will change the manner in which cellular plans are offered worldwide. A new revolution is about
to begin. The global cell phone is around the corner. The global mobile phone will hit the localities who
can call . The way in which people are communicating will altogether upgrade. The utilization of this
gadget will surely move a step ahead with improved and accessible connectivity around the world. Your
office will shrink into your handset with this cell phone that is going to resemble PDA (personal digital
assistant) of twenty first century.
5G technology has a bright future because it can handle best technologies and offer priceless handset to their
customers. May be in coming days 5G technology takes over the world market. 5G Technologies have an
extraordinary capability to support Software and Consultancy. The Router and switch technology used in
5G network providing high connectivity. The 5G technology distributes internet access to nodes within
the building and can be deployed with union of wired or wireless network connections. The current trend
of 5G technology has a glowing future.

1. DEFINITION

5G Wireless System is a complete wireless communication with almost no limitation; somehow people called it
REAL wireless world. But till present day 5G wireless system concept is only theory and not real, so it
is not applicable for use. 5G (5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless systems) is a
technology used in research papers and projects to denote the next major phase of mobile
telecommunication standards beyond 4G. 5G is not officially used for any specification or official
document yet made public by telecommunication companies or standardization bodies. New standard
releases beyond 4G are in progress by standardization bodies, but are at this time not considered as new
mobile generations but under the 4G umbrella.

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2. PROPERTIES
 Worldwide cellular phone: Phone calls in any country can be done easily like a local phone
call.
 Extraordinary data capabilities : Data capabilities of the 5G system is much more higher than
other generation so you can store more number of data with less problem in storing them.
 High connectivity : Connectivity speed of 5G is almost 25 Mbps.
 More power & features in hand held phones : You'll have all features of PDA & laptops in
your mobile phone, which makes it more powerful.
 Large phone memory, more dialing speed, more clarity in audio & video

4
CHAPTER 2

EVOLUTION FROM 1G TO 5G

ST
1. 1 GENERATION

First Generation wireless technology (1G) is the original analog (An analog or analogue signal is any
continuous signal for which the time varying feature (variable) of the signal is a representation of some
other time varying quantity), voice-only cellular telephone standard, developed in the 1980s. The
prominent ones among 1G system were advanced mobile phone system (AMPS), Nordic mobile
telephone (NMT), and total access communication system (TACS).

Fig. 1G Mobile

 Developed in 1980s & completed in early 1990s Based on analog

system
 Speed up to 2.4 kbps
 AMPS (Advance Mobile Phone System) was launched by the US & it was the 1G mobile system
 Allows user to make voice calls in 1 country

5
 ND
2. 2 GENERATION

2G (or 2-G) is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology. Second generation 2G cellular
telecom networks were commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland in 1991. 2G network
allows for much greater penetration intensity. 2G technologies enabled the various mobile phone
networks to provide the services such as text messages, picture messages and MMS (Multi Media
Messages). 2G technology is more efficient. 2G technology holds sufficient security for both the sender
and the receiver. All text messages are digitally encrypted. This digital encryption allows for the transfer
of data in such a way that only the intended receiver can receive and read it.
Second generation technologies are either time division multiple access (TDMA) or code division
multiple access (CDMA). TDMA allows for the division of signal into time slots. CDMA allocates each
user a special code to communicate over a multiplex physical channel. Different TDMA technologies are
GSM, PDC, iDEN, IS-136. CDMA technology is IS-95. GSM (Global system for mobile
communication) is the most admired standard of all the mobile technologies. GSM technology was the
first one to help establish international roaming. This enabled mobile subscribers to use their mobile
digital signals ,unlike 1G technologies which were used to transfer analogue signals. GSM has enabled
the users to make use of the short message services (SMS) to any mobile network at any time. SMS is a
cheap and easy
way to send a message to anyone, other than the voice call or conference. This technology is beneficial to
both the network operators and the ultimate users at the same time. In comparison to 1G's analog signals,
2G's digital signals are very reliant on location and proximity. If a 2G handset made a call far away from
a cell tower, the digital signal may not be enough to reach it. While a call made from a 1G handset had
generally poor quality than that of a 2G handset, it survived longer distances. This is due to the analog
signal having a smooth curve compared to the digital signal, which had a jagged, angular curve. As
conditions worsen, the quality of a call made from a 1G handset would gradually worsen, but a call made
from a 2G handset would fail completely.

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 Fig. 2G Mobile
 Developed in late 1980s & completed in late 1990s
 Based on digital system
 Speed up to 64 kbps
 Services such are digital voice & SMS with more clarity
 Semi global facility

3.3 3RD GENERATION

International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT--2000), better known as 3G or 3rd Generation, is a
generation of standards for mobile phones and mobile telecommunications services fulfilling specifications
by the International Telecommunication Union. The use of 3G technology is also able to transmit packet
switch data efficiently at better and increased bandwidth. 3G mobile technologies proffers more advanced
services to mobile users. The spectral efficiency of 3G technology is better than 2G technologies. Spectral
efficiency is the measurement of rate of information transfer over any communication system.

Fig. 3G Mobile

 Developed between late 1990s & early 2000s until present day

 In 2005, 3G is ready to live up to its performance in computer networking (WCDMA, WLAN and
Bluetooth) and mobile devices area (cell phone and GPS)
 Transmission speed from 125 kbps to 2 Mbps
 Superior voice quality
 Good clarity in video conference
 Data are sent through technology called packet switching Voice calls are
interpreted using circuit switching

7
 Fast Communication, Internet, Mobile T.V, E-mail, PDA, information surfing, on-line shopping/
banking, Multi Media Messaging Service (MMS), 3D gaming, multi-gaming etc

8
3. 4TH GENERATION

4G refers to the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards. It is a successor to 3G and 2G families
of standards. The fourth generation (4G) is a conceptual framework and a discussion point to address
future needs of a high speed wireless network that can transmit multimedia and data to and interface with
wire-line backbone network perfectly just raised in 2002. The speeds of 4G can theoretically be promised
up to 1Gbps.
Some of the applications of 4G are:

 Mobile TV a provider redirects a TV channel directly to the subscriber's phone

where it can be watched.
 Video on demand a provider sends a movie to the subscriber's phone.

 Video conferencing subscribers can see as well as talk to each other.

 Tele-medicine a medical provider monitors or provides advice to the potentially

isolated subscriber.
 Location-based services a provider sends localized weather or traffic conditions to the
phone, or the phone allows the subscriber to find nearby businesses or friends.
 Mobile ultra-broadband (gigabit speed) access and multi-carrier transmission.
 Mobile WiMAX(Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access).

Fig. 4G Mobile

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  Developed in 2010

 Faster & more reliable Speed up

to 100 Mbps
 Both cellular and broadband multimedia services everywhere
 High performance
 Easy global roaming
 Low cost

4. 5TH GENERATION

5G Technology stands for 5th Generation Mobile technology. 5G technology has changed the means to use
cell phones within very high bandwidth. User never experienced ever before such a high value
technology. The 5G technologies include all type of advanced features which makes 5G technology most
powerful and in huge demand in near future.
The gigantic array of innovative technology being built into new cell phones is stunning. 5G
technologies which are on hand held phone offering more power and features than at least 1000 lunar
modules. A user can also hook their 5G technology cell phone with their Laptop to get broadband.
internet access. 5G technology including camera, MP3 recording, video player, large phone memory,
dialling speed, audio player and much more you never imagine.

Fig. 5G Mobile

 Next major phase of mobile telecommunication & wireless system

 10 times more capacity than others
 Expected speed up to 1 Gbps

 More faster & reliable than 4G

10
  Lower cost than previous generations

5. COMPARISION OF ALL GENERATION

5.1. Comparision in Tabular Form

Generation 1G 2G 3G 4G 5G

Features
Years 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s
Data kbps 64 kbps 2 Mbps 200 Mbps Gbps

Bandwidth
Standards AMPS TDMA, WCDMA Single unified Single unified
CDMA, standard standard
GSM, GPRS
Technology Analog Digital Broadband Unified IP & Unified IP &

cellular cellular with CDMA, IP seamless seamless

technology combination combination
of of
broadband, broadband,
LAN, LAN,
WAN & WAN,
WLAN WLAN &
WWWW
Services Mobile Digital voice, Integrated Dynamic Dynamic

technology (Voice)
SMS, Higher high qualityinformation information
Capacity audio, video access, access,
packetized & data wearable wearable
Devices Devices with
AI
capabilities
Multiplexing FDMA TDMA, CDMA CDMA CDMA

CDMA
Switching Circuit Circuit & Packet All packet All packet

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 Packet
Core PSTN PSTN Packet Internet Internet

Network network
Handoff Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal & Horizontal &

Vertical Vertical

 WWWW: A World Wide Wireless Web is capable of supporting a comprehensive wireless-based

Web application that includes full graphics and multimedia capability at beyond 4G speeds.

 WDM: Wavelength Division Multiplexing allows many independent signals to be transmitted

simultaneously on one fiber with each signal located at a different wavelength. Routing and
detection of these signals require devices that are wavelength selective, allowing for the
transmission, recovery, or routing of specific wavelengths in photonic networks.

 WCDMA: Wideband CDMA is a technology for wideband digital radio communications of

multimedia and other capacity demanding applications.

 PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network is a regular voice telephone network.

 Spread Spectrum: It is a form of wireless communication in which the frequency of the

transmitted signal is deliberately varied over a wide range. This results in a higher bandwidth of the
signal than the one without varied frequency.

 TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access is a technology for sharing a medium by several users by
dividing into different time slots transmitting at the same frequency.

 UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecommunications System is the third generation mobile telephone
standard in Europe.

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5.3. Summary in Tabular Form

Generation 1G 2G 3G 4G 5G
Years 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s
Keywords Analog Digital Global world High data High data

personal standards rates rates

High mobility High mobility
IP Based IP Based

Systems Analog Digital 3G cellular 4G cellular 5G cellular

cellular cellular
Max data Broadband Min data rate:
Analog Digital rate: 2 Mbps access 20-100 Mbps
cordless cordless
Min data rate:
Mobile 2-20 Mbps
Satellite

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CHAPTER 3
KEY CONCEPT

 Real wireless world with no more limitation with access and zone issues.
 Wearable devices with AI (Artificial Intelligence) capabilities.
 Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6), where a visiting care-of mobile IP address is assigned
according to location and connected network.
 One unified global standard.
 Dynamic Ad hoc Wireless Networks (DAWN), essentially identical to Mobile ad hoc network
(MANET), Wireless mesh network (WMN) or wireless grids, combined with smart antennas,
cooperative diversity and flexible modulation.
 User centric (or cell phone developer initiated) network concept instead of operator-initiated (as in
1G) or system developer initiated (as in 2G, 3G and 4G) standards.
 World Wide wireless web (WWWW), i.e. comprehensive wireless- based web applications that
include full multimedia capability beyond 4G speeds.

Pervasive networks providing ubiquitous computing: The user can simultaneously be connected to several
wireless access technologies and seamlessly move between them (See Media independent handover or
vertical handover, IEEE 802.21, also expected to be provided by future 4G releases). These access
technologies can be a 2.5G, 3G, 4G or 5G mobile networks, Wi-Fi, WPAN or any other future access
technology. In 5G, the concept may be further developed into multiple concurrent data transfer paths.
Cognitive radio technology, also known as smart-radio: allowing Different radio technologies to share the
same spectrum efficiently by Adaptively finding unused spectrum and adapting the transmission scheme to
the requirements of the technologies currently sharing the spectrum. This dynamic radio resource
management is achieved in a distributed fashion, and relies on software defined radio.
High altitude stratospheric platform station (HAPS) systems. Group cooperative relay: A major issue in
beyond 4G systems is to make the high bit rates available in a larger portion of the cell, especially to users
in an exposed position in between several base stations. In current research, this issue is addressed by
cellular repeaters and macro-diversity techniques, also known as group cooperative relay, as well as by
beam division.

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CHAPTER 4
ARCHITECTURE OF 5G

1. TERMINAL DESIGN

Fig. Mobile Terminal Design of 5G

15
2. COMPARISION WITH OSI MODEL

Let us compare the protocol stack of 5G wireless with the OSI Model using the

fig. below.

Fig. Comparison with OSI Model

3. OPEN WIRELESS ARCHITECTURE (OWA)

Physical layer + Data link layer = OWA

 OSI layer 1 i.e. Physical layer & OSI layer 2 i.e. Data link layer define the wireless
technology.

 For these two layers the 5G mobile network is likely to be based on Open Wireless
Architecture (OWA)

4. NETWORK LAYER

 All mobile networks will use mobile IP.

 Each mobile terminal will be FA (Foreign Agent).

 A mobile can be attached to several mobiles or wireless networks at the same time.
 The fixed IPv6 will be implemented in the mobile phones.

 Separation of network layer into two sub-layers:

(i) Lower network layer (for each interface)

16
(ii) Upper network layer (for the mobile terminal)

17
 Fig. Network layer of 5G wireless

5. OPEN TRANSPORT PROTOCOL (OTP)

Transport layer + Session layer = OTP

 Wireless network differs from wired network regarding the transport layer.

 In all TCP versions the assumption is that lost segments are due to network congestion.
 In wireless, the loss is due to higher bit error ratio in the radio interface.

 5G mobile terminals have transport layer that is possible to be downloaded & installed
which is based on Open Transport Protocol.

6. APPLICATION LAYER

Presentation layer + Application layer = Application layer (5G)

 Provides intelligent QoS (Quality of Service) management over variety of networks.

 Provides possibility for service quality testing & storage of measurement information
ininformation database in the mobile terminal.
 Select the best wireless connection for given services.

 QoS parameters, such as, delay, losses, BW, reliability, will be stored in DB (Database) of 5G
mobile.

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7. FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURE

Below figure shows the system model that proposes design of network architecture for 5G mobile
systems, which is all-IP based model for wireless and mobile networks interoperability. The system
consists of a user terminal (which has a crucial role in the new architecture) and a number of
independent, autonomous radio access technologies. Within each of the terminals, each of the radio
access technologies is seen as the IP link to the outside Internet world. However, there should be
different radio interface for each Radio Access Technology (RAT) in the mobile terminal. For an
example, if we want to have access to four different RATs, we need to have four different access -
specific interfaces in the mobile terminal, and to have all of them active at the same time, with aim to
have this architecture to be functional applications and servers somewhere on the Internet. Routing of
packets should be carried out in accordance with established policies of the user.

Fig. Functional Architecture of 5G Wireless

Application connections are realized between clients and servers in the Internet via sockets. Internet
sockets are endpoints for data communication flows. Each socket of the web is a unified and unique
combination of local IP address and appropriate local transport communications port, target IP address and
target appropriate communication port, and type of transport protocol.
Considering that, the establishment of communication from end-to-end between the client and server
using the Internet protocol is necessary to raise the appropriate Internet socket uniquely determined by
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 the application of the client and the server. This means that in case of interoperability between
heterogeneous networks and for the vertical handover between the respective radio technologies, the
local IP address and destination IP address should be fixed and unchanged. Fixing of these two
parameters should ensure handover transparency to the Internet connection end-to-end, when there is a
mobile user at least on one end of such connection. In order to preserve the proper layout of the packets
and to reduce or prevent packets losses, routing to the target destination and vice versa should be
uniquely and using the same path. Each radio access technology that is available to the user in achieving
connectivity with the relevant radio access is presented with appropriate IP interface. Each IP interface in
the terminal is characterized by its IP address and net mask

Fig. protocol layout for the elements of the proposed architecture of 5G

and parameters associated with the routing of IP packets across the network. In regular inter-system
handover the change of access technology (i.e., vertical handover) would mean changing the local IP
address. Then, change of any of the parameters of the socket means and change of the socket, that is,
closing the socket and opening a new one. This means, ending the connection and starting e new one.
To enable the functions of the applied transparency and control or direct routing of packets through
the most appropriate radio access technology, in the proposed architecture we introduce a control system
in the functional architecture of the networks, which works in complete coordination.

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routing of packets based on defined policies. At the same time this control system is an essential element
through which it can determine the quality of service for each transmission technology. He is on the Internet
side of the proposed architecture, and as such represents an ideal system to test the qualitative characteristics
of the access technologies, as well as to obtain a realistic picture regarding the quality that can be expected
from applications of the user towards a given server in Internet (or peer). Protocol setup of the new levels
within the existing protocol stack, which form the proposed architecture, is presented in Figure (Protocol
Layout for the Elements of the Proposed Architecture). The network abstraction level would be provided by
creating IP tunnels over IP interfaces obtained by connection to the terminal via the access technologies
available to the terminal (i.e., mobile user). In fact, the tunnels would be established between the user
terminal and control system named here as Policy Router, which performs routing based on given policies.
In this way the client side will create an appropriate number of tunnels connected to the number of radio
access technologies, and the client will only set a local IP address which will be formed with sockets
Internet communication of client applications with Internet servers. The way IP packets are routed through
tunnels, or choosing the right tunnel, would be served by policies whose rules will be exchanged via the
virtual network layer protocol. This way we achieve the required abstraction of the network to the client
applications at the mobile terminal. The process of establishing a tunnel to the Policy Router, for routing
based on the policies, are carried out immediately after the establishment of IP connectivity across the radio
access technology, and it is initiated from the mobile terminal Virtual Network-level Protocol. Establishing
tunnel connections as well as maintaining them represents basic functionality of the virtual network level (or
network level of abstraction).

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CHAPTER 5

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE OF 5G

1. HARDWARE OF 5G
 It uses UWB (Ultra Wide Band) networks with higher BW at low energy levels.

o wireless networks.

 It uses smart antenna either Switched Beam Antennas or Adaptive Array Antennas.
 It uses CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access).

2. SOFTWARE OF 5G
 5G will be single unified standard of different wireless networks, including LAN technologies,
LAN/WAN, WWWW- World Wide Wireless Web, unified IP & seamless combination of
broadband.

 Software defined radio, Packet layer, Implementation of Packets, Encryption, Flexibility, Anti-
Virus.

CHAPTER-6

FEATURES, ADVANTAGES & APPLICATIONS

1. FEATURES

 5G technology offer high resolution for crazy cell phone user and bi- directional large
bandwidth shaping.
 The advanced billing interfaces of 5G technology makes it more attractive and
effective.
 5G technology also providing subscriber supervision tools for fast action.
 The high quality services of 5G technology based on Policy to avoid error.
 5G technology is providing large broadcasting of data in Gigabit which supporting almost
65,000 connections.
 5G technology offer transporter class gateway with unparalleled
consistency.
 Through remote management offered by 5G technology a user can get better and fast
solution.

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6.2 ADVANTAGES

5G provides data bandwidth of 1 Gbps or higher. 5G is globally

accessible.
5G provides dynamic information access beneficial to domestic user. 5G is available at low
cost.
6.3 APPLICATIONS

 Media independent handover. Radio resource

management.
 High Altitude Stratospheric Platform Station (HAPS) systems.
th
 VoIP (Voice over IP) enabled device. With 6 sense technology.

CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION

 3G- Operator Centric,

 4G- Service Centric whereas 5G- User Centric

 We have proposed 5G wireless concept designed as an open platform on different layers.
 A new revolution of 5G technology is going to give tough completion to normal computer and
laptops whose marketplace value will be effected.
 The new coming 5G technology is available in the market in affordable rates, high peak future and
much reliability than its preceding technologies.
 This technology helps to promotes stronger links between people working in different fields
creating future concepts of mobile communication , internet services , cloud computing , all pie
network , and nanotechnology.
REFERENCE
 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G

 www.seminarsonly.com/Labels/5g-Wireless-System.php

 www.authorstream.com/Presentation/anusha556-1323176-5g-ppt1

 http://123seminarsonly.com/Seminar-Reports/012/51468486-5g.pdf

 http://123seminarsonly.com/Seminar-Reports/012/64740495-REPORT- 5G-TECNOLOGY.pdf

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