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A Magical Hexagon for trigonometric identities Shortcut

 corner
 For quotient identities:  =


Clockwise Counterclockwise
tan(x) = sin(x) / cos(x) cos(x) = sin(x) / tan(x)
 sin(x) = cos(x) / cot(x) sin(x) = tan(x) / sec(x)
cos(x) = cot(x) / csc(x) tan(x) = sec(x) / csc(x)
cot(x) = csc(x) / sec(x) sec(x) = csc(x) / cot(x)
csc(x) = sec(x) / tan(x) csc(x) = cot(x) / cos(x)
sec(x) = tan(x) / sin(x) cot(x) = cos(x) / sin(x)
.

Product Identities: *=  

tan(x)cos(x) = sin(x) sin(x)cot(x) = cos(x)
cos(x)csc(x) = cot(x) cot(x)sec(x) = csc(x) 

n
csc(x)tan(x) = sec(x) sec(x)sin(x) = tan(x)

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Product Identities: *= 1
 
sin(x)csc(x) = 1 cos(x)sec(x) = 1 tan(x)cot(x) = 1

da
𝟏
Reciprocal Identities:  = 

sin(x) = 1 / csc(x) cos(x) = 1 / sec(x)
ka
cot(x) = 1 / tan(x) csc(x) = 1 / sin(x)
sec(x) = 1 / cos(x) tan(x) = 1 / cot(x) 

Complementry angles:
vi
sin(x) = cos(90°- x) Ex: sin(30°) = cos(60°)
tan(x) = cot(90°- x) Ex: tan(80°) = cot(10°)
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sec(x) = csc(90°- x) Ex: sec(40°) = csc(50°)

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Identities:
Clockwise Counterclockwise
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sin2(x) + cos2(x) = 1 1 - cos2(x) = sin2(x)

1 + cot2(x) = csc2(x) csc2(x) - cot2(x) = 1
w

tan2(x) + 1 = sec2(x) sec2(x) - 1 = tan2(x)

.
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Trigonometric Hand Trick

𝜋
Example: If you find sin
6
Consider the five angles on
your five fingers of your
hand as shown figure.
Now calculate the
trigonometric values as
follows,
√Number of bottom fingers
sin 𝜃 = Number of top fingers = 3
2
√Number of top fingers
Number of bottom fingers = 1
cos 𝜃 = 𝜋 √1 1
2 sin = =
√Number of bottom fingers 6 2 2
tan 𝜃 =
√Number of top fingers

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STUDY MATERIAL (2021 – 2022)

Way to Success 
th
10 MATHS
SSLC Public Exam

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SPECIAL GUIDE
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(Based on Reduced Syllabus 2021 - 2022)
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NkYk; KOikf;ifNal;bid ngw Way to Success-I mZfTk;.
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A Product from
WAY TO SUCCESS TEAM
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------ For orders ------ -----For subject-related clarifications-----

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Mail us : [email protected] Mail us : [email protected]

Call us : 9787609090, 9787201010 Call us : 7397774508, 7418865975
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Visit us : www.bookade.com Visit us : www.waytosuccess.org

(You can make online purchase) (You can download free study materials)
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10th Maths Special Guide includes…

(Based on Reduced Syllabus 2021 – 2022)
 List of Formulas and Definitions for Fast Revision
Salient  Easy Solution for all Exercise Problems in Textbook
features  Answers for Creative Questions which are asked in
Model, PTA and Government Exam Questions
September 2020, 2021
 For self evaluation, ‘Try Your Self’.
 Text Book MCQ Questions with Simple solution

❖ September-2020 & 2021, 6 sets of PTA Questions, Govt.

Model-2019 questions are included in each section.

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CONTENTS
Chapter TITLE Page No.
List of Formulas and Definitions 5 - 13
1 Relations and Functions 14 - 21
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Ordered Pair Exercise 1.1 14
1.3 Cartesian Product
1.4 Relations Exercise 1.2 17
1.5 Functions Exercise 1.3 Removed
1.6 Representation of Functions
1.7 Types of functions Exercise 1.4 Removed
1.8 Special cases of Functions

n
1.9 Composition of Functions
1.10 Identifying the graphs of Linear, Quadratic, Cubic and Exercise 1.5 Removed

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Reciprocal functions
Text Book MCQ Exercise 1.6 19
2 Numbers and Sequences 22 - 40

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2.1 Introduction
2.2 Euclid’s Division Lemma Exercise 2.1 22
2.3 Euclid’s Division Algorithm ka
2.4 Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic Exercise 2.2 26
2.5 Modular Arithmetic Exercise 2.3 Removed
2.6 Sequences Exercise 2.4 28
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2.7 Arithmetic Progression Exercise 2.5 31
2.8 Series Exercise 2.6 Removed
2.9 Geometric Progression Exercise 2.7 Removed
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2.10 Sum to 𝑛 terms of a Geometric Progression Exercise 2.8 Removed

2.11 Special Series Exercise 2.9 Removed
Text Book MCQ Exercise 2.10 36
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3 Algebra 41 - 93
3.1 Introduction
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Exercise 3.1 41
3.2 Simultaneous Linear Equations in three variables
3.3.1 Greatest Common Divisor (GCD) or Highest Common
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Factor (HCF) of Polynomials Exercise 3.2 46

3.3.2 Least Common Multiple (LCM) of Polynomials
3.3.3 Relationship between LCM and GCD Exercise 3.3 47
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3.4.1 Reduction of Rational Expression

Exercise 3.4 49
3.4.2 Excluded Value
3.4.3 Operations of Rational Expressions Exercise 3.5 50
Addition and Subtraction of Rational Expressions Exercise 3.6 52
3.5.1 Find the Square Root by Factorization Method Exercise 3.7 54
3.5.2 Finding the Square Root of a Polynomial by Division Method Exercise 3.8 56
3.6.1 Zeroes of a Quadratic Polynomial
3.6.2 Roots of Quadratic Equations Exercise 3.9 58
3.6.3 Formation of a Quadratic Equation
3.6.4 Solving Quadratic Equations Exercise 3.10 59
Solving a Quadratic Equation by Completing the Square
Method Exercise 3.11 60
Solving a Quadratic Equation by Formula Method
3.6.5 Solving Problems Involving Quadratic Equations Exercise 3.12 62

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3.6.6 Nature of Roots of a Quadratic Equation Exercise 3.13 68

3.6.7 The Relation between Roots and Coefficients of a
Exercise 3.14 70
Quadratic Equation
3.7 Graph of Variations Exercise 3.15 Removed
3.8 Quadratic Graphs Exercise 3.16 72
3.9.1 Order of a Matrix
Removed
3.9.2 Types of Matrices Exercise 3.17
3.9.3 Operations on Matrices Exercise 3.18 Removed
Multiplication of Matrices Exercise 3.19 Removed
Text Book MCQ Exercise 3.20 86
4 Geometry 94 - 126
4.1 Introduction
Exercise 4.1 94
4.2 Similarity
4.3 Thales Theorem and Angle Bisector Theorem Exercise 4.2 100

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4.4 Pythagoras Theorem Exercise 4.3 109
4.5 Circles and Tangents
Exercise 4.4 111

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4.6 Concurrency Theorems
Text Book MCQ Exercise 4.5 118
5 Coordinate Geometry

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127 - 148
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Area of a Triangle Exercise 5.1 127
5.3 Area of a Quadrilateral ka
5.4 Inclination of a Line Exercise 5.2 132
5.5 Straight Line Exercise 5.3 139
5.6 General Form of a Straight Line Exercise 5.4 Removed
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Text Book MCQ Exercise 5.5 143
6 Trigonometry 149 - 163
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6.1 Introduction - -
6.2 Trigonometric Identities Exercise 6.1 Removed
6.3.1 Problems involving Angle of Elevation Exercise 6.2 149
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6.3.2 Problems involving Angle of Depression Exercise 6.3 152

6.3.3 Problems involving Angle of Elevation and Depression Exercise 6.4 155
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Text Book MCQ Exercise 6.5 158

7 Mensuration 164 - 177
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7.1 Introduction
Exercise 7.1 164
7.2 Surface Area
7.3 Volume Exercise 7.2 167
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7.4 Volume and Surface Area of Combined Solids Exercise 7.3 171
7.5 Conversion of Solids from one shape to another with
Exercise 7.4 Removed
no change in Volume
Text Book MCQ Exercise 7.5 173
8 Statistics and Probability 178 -189
8.1 Introduction
Exercise 8.1 Removed
8.2 Measures of Dispersion
8.3 Coefficient of Variation Exercise 8.2 Removed
8.4 Probability Exercise 8.3 178
8.5 Algebra of Events
Exercise 8.4 185
8.6 Addition Theorem of Probability (Removed)
Text Book MCQ Exercise 8.5 186
Government Public Exam Question Paper - September - 2021 190 -192

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Formulas and Definitions 5

Formulas and Definitions

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Fwpg;G 2: Njh;tpy; rpy 2 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; “tiuaW (Define)> vd;why; vd;d (What is ..)?>
Njw;wj;ij vOJf (State the theorem)” Nghd;w tbtpy; tu tha;g;Gs;sJ. vdNt
gpd;tUk; gFjpapy; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tiuaiwfisAk; (Definitions)
Njw;wq;fisAk; (Theorems) khzth;fs; ed;F kdg;ghlk; nra;J nfhs;sTk;.

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1. Relations and Functions
✓ If 𝑛(𝐴) = 𝑝 and 𝑛(𝐵) = 𝑞 then 𝑛(𝐴 × 𝐵) = 𝑝𝑞

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✓ 𝐴 × 𝐵 = ∅ if and only if 𝐴 = ∅ or 𝐵 = ∅
✓ Distributive property of Cartesian product over Union and Intersection :

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(i) 𝐴 × (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 ) = (𝐴 × 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 × 𝐶 )
(ii) 𝐴 × (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 ) = (𝐴 × 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 × 𝐶 ) ka
Ordered Pairs :
𝐴 × 𝐵 is the set of all possible ordered pairs between the elements of 𝐴 and 𝐵 such that the first
vi
coordinate is an element of 𝐴 and the second coordinate is an element of 𝐵.
Cartesian Product :
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If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are two non-empty sets, then the set of all ordered pairs (𝑎, 𝑏) such that 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵 is
called the Cartesian Product of 𝐴 and 𝐵. Thus 𝐴 × 𝐵 = {(𝑎, 𝑏)|𝑎 ∈ 𝐴, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵}
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Relation (𝑹) :
Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 be any two non-empty sets. A relation (𝑅) from 𝐴 to 𝐵 is a subset of 𝐴 × 𝐵 satisfying
w

some specified conditions. If 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 is related to 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 through R, then we write it as 𝑥 𝑅 𝑦. 𝑥𝑅𝑦 if

and only if (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑅.
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Domain, Co-domain, Range of a relation :

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The domain of the relation 𝑅 = {𝑥 𝜖 𝐴|𝑥 𝑅 𝑦, for some 𝑦 𝜖 𝐵}. The co-domain of the relation 𝑅 is 𝐵.
The range of the relation 𝑅 = {𝑦 𝜖 𝐵|𝑥 𝑅 𝑦, for some 𝑥 𝜖 𝐴}.
Representation of a Relation :
A relation can be represented in the following forms:
(i) Set builder form (ii) Roster form (iii) Arrow diagram (iv) Graph
Null Relation :
A relation which contains no element is called a null relation.
Image, Pre-image, Range:
If 𝑓 (𝑎) = 𝑏, then 𝑏 is called image of under 𝑓 and 𝑎 is called a pre-image of 𝑏. The set of all images
of the elements 𝑋 under 𝑓 is called the range of 𝑓.

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6 Way to Success - 10th Maths

2. Numbers and Sequences
Arithmetic progression
(i) The numbers of the form 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 2𝑑, 𝑎 + 3𝑑, … 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
(ii) 𝑛𝑡ℎ term 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
(iii) Common difference 𝑑 = 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 = 𝑡3 − 𝑡2 = 𝑡4 − 𝑡3 = ⋯ 𝑑 = 𝑡𝑛 − 𝑡𝑛−1,𝑛 = 2,3,4, …
𝑙−𝑎
(iv) Total number of terms 𝑛=( ) + 1 , 𝑙 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
𝑑

Sequences:
A real valued sequence is a function defined on the set of natural numbers and taking real values.
Finite sequence:

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If the number of elements in a sequence is finite [countable]

l.i
Infinite sequence :
If the number of elements in a sequence is infinite. [uncountable]

da
Term:
Each element in the sequence is called a term of the sequence.
ka
Sequence as a function:
A sequence can be considered as a function defined on the set of natural numbers ℕ. In particular
vi
a sequence is a function 𝑓: ℕ → ℝ, where ℝ is the set of all real numbers.
Arithmetic progression:
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Let 𝑎 and 𝑑 be real numbers. Then the numbers of the form 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 2𝑑, 𝑎 + 3𝑑, 𝑎 + 4𝑑, … … is
said to form Arithmetic progression denoted by A.P. The number 𝑎 is called the first term and 𝑑 is
.k

called the common difference.

w

Theorem 1 - Euclid’s division Lemma :

Let 𝑎 and 𝑏 be any two positive integers. Then, there exist unique integers 𝑞 and 𝑟 such that
w

𝑎 = 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑟, 0 ≤ 𝑟 < 𝑏.
Generalised form of Euclid’s division lemma:
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If 𝑎 and 𝑏 (𝑏 ≠ 0) are any two integers then there exist unique integers 𝑞 and 𝑟 such that
𝑎 = 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑟, where 0 ≤ 𝑟 < |𝑏|
Theorem 2:
If 𝑎 and 𝑏 are positive integers such tha 𝑎 = 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑟, then every common divisor of 𝑎 and 𝑏 is 𝑎
common divisor of 𝑏 and 𝑟 and vice–versa.
Theorem 3: If 𝑎, 𝑏 are two positive integers with 𝑎 > 𝑏 then GCD of (𝑎, 𝑏) =GCD of (𝑎 − 𝑏, 𝑏)
Theorem 4: Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
Every positive integer (except the number 1) can be represented in exactly one way apart from
rearrangement as a product of one or more primes.
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Formulas and Definitions 7

3. Algebra
Relationship between LCM and GCD 𝑓 (𝑥 ) × 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝐿𝐶𝑀[𝑓 (𝑥 ) × 𝑔(𝑥 )] × 𝐺𝐶𝐷[𝑓 (𝑥 ) × 𝑔(𝑥 )]
Operations of rational expressions:
𝑝(𝑥) 𝑟(𝑥)
𝑞(𝑥)
, 𝑠(𝑥)
⇒ two rational expressions where 𝑞 (𝑥 ) ≠ 0, 𝑠(𝑥 ) ≠ 0 then
𝑝(𝑥) 𝑟(𝑥) 𝑝(𝑥)×𝑟(𝑥) 𝑝(𝑥) 𝑟(𝑥) 𝑝(𝑥) 𝑠(𝑥) 𝑝(𝑥)×𝑠(𝑥)
Their product : × = and division: ÷ = × =
𝑞(𝑥) 𝑠(𝑥) 𝑞(𝑥)×𝑠(𝑥) 𝑞(𝑥) 𝑠(𝑥) 𝑞(𝑥) 𝑟(𝑥) 𝑞(𝑥)×𝑟(𝑥)

Nature of Roots of a Quadratic The Relation between Roots and Coefficient of a

Equation Quadratic Equation
𝛼, 𝛽 are the roots of 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 then
∆= 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 Nature of Roots
−𝑏+√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 −𝑏−√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
𝛼= ,𝛽 =

n
2𝑎 2𝑎
Real and unequal
∆>0 𝑏
Sum of the roots 𝛼 + 𝛽 = − 𝑎 = Coefficient of 𝑥 2
−Coefficient of 𝑥

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roots
𝑐 Constant term
∆=0 Real and equal roots Product of the roots 𝛼𝛽 = 𝑎 = Coefficient of 𝑥2

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∆<0 No real root ∴ Quadratic Equation ⇒ 𝑥 2 − (𝛼 + 𝛽 )𝑥 + 𝛼𝛽 = 0
Linear equation in two variables: ka
Any first degree equation containing two variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 is called a linear equation in two
variables. Its general form is 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0, where atleast one of 𝑎, 𝑏 is non-zero and 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are
real numbers.
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Linear equation in three variables:
The general form of a linear equation in three variables 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 is 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 + 𝑑 = 0 where
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𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 are real numbers, and atleast one of 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 is non-zero. General form of a system of linear
equations in three variables 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 are
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𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1𝑧 + 𝑑1 = 0 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2𝑧 + 𝑑2 = 0 𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑏3 𝑦 + 𝑐3 𝑧 + 𝑑3 = 0
Rational Expressions:
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𝑝(𝑥)
An expression is called a rational expression if it can be written in the form where 𝑝(𝑥) and
𝑞(𝑥)
𝑞(𝑥) are polynomials and 𝑞(𝑥 ) ≠ 0. A rational expression is the ratio of two polynomials.
w

Excluded value:
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A value that makes a rational expression (in its lowest form) undefined is called excluded value.
Quadratic Expression:
An expression of degree 2 is called a Quadratic Expression. It is expressed as
𝑝(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are real numbers.
Zeroes of a quadratic expression:
For a polynomial 𝑝(𝑥 ), if 𝑝(𝑎) = 0 then 𝑥 = 𝑎 is called zero of 𝑝(𝑥 ).
Roots of the quadratic equation:
The values of 𝑥 such that the expression 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 becomes zero are called roots of the
quadratic equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0.
−𝑏±√𝑏2−4𝑎𝑐
The roots are 𝑥 = 2𝑎

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8 Way to Success - 10th Maths

4. Geometry
Two figures are said to be similar if every aspect of one figure is proportional to other figure.
Congruent triangle: If three angles and their corresponding sides of two triangles are same,
then the two triangles are said to be congruent.
Example:
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑃𝑄
𝐵𝐶 = 𝑄𝑅
𝐴𝐶 = 𝑃𝑅

Similar triangle: If three angles of two triangles are same and their corresponding sides are
proportional, then the two triangles are said to be Similar.

n
Example:

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𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐶
𝑃𝑄
= 𝑄𝑅 = 𝑃𝑅

da
ka
Theorems
Basic Proportionality Theorem (BPT) or Thales theorem: A straight line drawn parallel to a side of
triangle intersecting the other two sides, divides the sides in the same ratio.
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Converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem: If a straight line divides any two sides of a triangle in
the same ratio, then the line must be parallel to the third side.
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Angle Bisector Theorem: The internal bisector of an angle of a triangle divides the opposite side
internally in the ratio of the corresponding sides containing the angle.
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Converse of Angle Bisector Theorem: If a straight line through one vertex of a triangle divides the
opposite side internally in the ratio of the other two sides, then the line bisects the angle internally
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at the vertex.
Pythagoras Theorem: In a right angle triangle, the square on the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of
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the squares on the other two sides.

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Converse of Pythagoras Theorem: If the square of the longest side of a triangle is equal to sums of
squares of other two sides, then the triangle is a right angle triangle.
Alternate Segment theorem: If a line touches a circle and from the point of contact a chord is drawn,
the angles between the tangent and the chord are respectively equal to the angles in the
corresponding alternate segments.
Ceva’s Theorem: Let 𝐴𝐵𝐶 be a triangle and let 𝐷, 𝐸, 𝐹 be points on lines 𝐵𝐶, 𝐶𝐴, 𝐴𝐵 respectively.
𝐵𝐷 𝐶𝐸 𝐴𝐹
Then the cevians 𝐴𝐷, 𝐵𝐸, 𝐶𝐹 are concurrent if and only if 𝐷𝐶 × 𝐸𝐴 × 𝐹𝐵 = 1 where the lengths are
directed. This also works for the reciprocal of each of the ratios as the reciporcal of 1 is 1.
Menelaus Theorem: A necessary and sufficient condition for points 𝑃, 𝑄, 𝑅 on the respective sides
𝐵𝐶, 𝐶𝐴, 𝐴𝐵 (or their extension) of a triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 to be collinear is that 𝐵𝑃𝑃𝐶
𝐶𝑄 𝐴𝑅
× 𝑄𝐴 × 𝑅𝐵 = −1 where all
segments in the formula are directed segments.
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Formulas and Definitions 9

5. Coordinate Geometry
Two points ⇒ 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ),𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
Distance between two points
|𝐴𝐵| = 𝑑 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 .
Two points ⇒ 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) , 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
Mid – point of line segment 𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
Mid – point 𝑀 ( , )
2 2

𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) ⇒ two distinct points Ratio ⇒ 𝑚: 𝑛

Formula
Section

𝑚𝑥2 +𝑛𝑥1 𝑚𝑦2 +𝑛𝑦1

Internal Division 𝑃( , )
𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛
𝑚𝑥2 −𝑛𝑥1 𝑚𝑦2 −𝑛𝑦1
External Division 𝑃( , )
𝑚−𝑛 𝑚−𝑛

n
Points ⇒ 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) , 𝐶(𝑥3 , 𝑦3 )
Centroid of a triangle

l.i
𝑥 +𝑥 +𝑥 𝑦 +𝑦 +𝑦
𝐺 ( 1 32 3 , 1 32 3)
1
= 2 {𝑥1 (𝑦2 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )} Sq. units (or)

da
Area of a Triangle 1
= 2 {(𝑥1 𝑦2 + 𝑥2 𝑦3 + 𝑥3 𝑦1 ) − (𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑥3 𝑦2 + 𝑥1 𝑦3 )} Sq. units

Collinearity of three points

ka
Area ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 0 then the points are collinear.
1
= {(𝑥1 𝑦2 + 𝑥2 𝑦3 + 𝑥3 𝑦4 + 𝑥4 𝑦1 ) − (𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑥3 𝑦2 + 𝑥4 𝑦3 + 𝑥1 𝑦4 )}
2
Area of the quadrilateral
vi
Sq. units

Equation of Straight line in various forms Slope:

al

Form Name If 𝜃 is the angle of inclination of a non-vertical

straight line, then tan 𝜃 is called the slope or
.k

1 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 General form
gradient of the line and is denoted by 𝑚.
2 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) Point – slope form
w

∴ The slope of the straight line is

3 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 Slope – intercept
𝑚 = tan 𝜃 , 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 180° , 𝜃 ≠ 90°
w

𝑦−𝑦1 𝑥−𝑥1
4 =𝑥 Two point form
𝑦2 −𝑦1 2 −𝑥1
Slope of a straight line 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 + 𝒄 = 𝟎
w

𝑥 𝑦
5 +𝑏 =1 Intercept form − coefficient of 𝑥 𝑎
𝑎
(i) Slope 𝑚 = =−
coefficient of 𝑦 𝑏
6 𝑥=𝑐 Parallel to 𝑌 axis
− constant term 𝑐
(ii) 𝑦 intercept = = −𝑏
7 𝑦=𝑏 Parallel to 𝑋 axis coefficient of 𝑦

➢ Let 𝑙1 and 𝑙2 be two lines with well-defined slopes 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 respectively, then
(i) 𝑙1 is parallel to 𝑙2 if and only if 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 .
(ii) 𝑙1 is perpendicular to 𝑙2 if and only if 𝑚1 𝑚2 = −1.
Straight line:
Any first degree equation in two variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 of the form 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are
real numbers and at least one of 𝑎, 𝑏 is non-zero is called “Straight line” in 𝑥𝑦 plane.
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10 Way to Success - 10th Maths

Values of slopes
S. No Condition Slope Diagram

The line is parallel to

(i) 𝜃 = 0° the positive direction
of 𝑋 axis.

The line has positive

slope (A line with
(ii) 0 < 𝜃 < 90°
positive slope rises
from left to right)
The line has negative
slope (A line with
90° < 𝜃 < 180°

n
(iii)
negative slope falls
from left to right).

l.i
The line is parallel to

da
(iv) 𝜃 = 180° the negative direction
of 𝑋 axis.
ka
(v) 𝜃 = 90° The slope is undefined.
vi
6. Trigonometry
al

Trigonometric Ratios : Let 0° < 𝜃 < 90°

𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑀𝑃 sin 𝜃 1 1
sin 𝜃 = = tan 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 (or) cosec 𝜃 = sin 𝜃
.k

𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑂𝑃 cot 𝜃
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑂𝑀 cos 𝜃 1 1
cos 𝜃 = = cot 𝜃 = (or)tan 𝜃 sec 𝜃 = cos 𝜃
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑂𝑃 sin 𝜃
w

Line of sight:
w

The line of sight is the line drawn from the eye of an observer to the point in the object viewed
by the observer.
w

Angle of elevation: Angle of Depression : Clinometer :

The angle of elevation is an The angle of depression is an The angle of elevation
angle formed by the line of angle formed by the line of sight
and depression are
sight with the horizontal when with the horizontal when the
the point being viewed is above point is below the horizontal usually measured by a
the horizontal level. That is, the level. That is, the case when we device called
case when we raise our head to lower our head to look at the clinometer.
look at the object. point being viewed.
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Formulas and Definitions 11

7. Mensuration
Sl.No Solid Figure CSA (sq.units) TSA (sq.units) Volume (cu.units)

Right
1 circular 2𝜋𝑟ℎ 2𝜋𝑟(ℎ + 𝑟) 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
cylinder

Hollow 2𝜋 (𝑅 + 𝑟)
2. 2𝜋ℎ(𝑅 + 𝑟) 𝜋 ℎ (𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2 )
cylinder (𝑅 − 𝑟 + ℎ)

n
𝜋𝑟𝑙
Right

l.i
2 2
(𝑙 = √ℎ + 𝑟 )
1
3 circular 𝜋𝑟(𝑙 + 𝑟) 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
3
𝑟 = √𝑙 2 − ℎ2
cone

da
𝑙 → slant height

4
4𝜋𝑟 2 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝜋𝑟 3
4 Sphere
ka 3
vi
2
5 Hemisphere 2𝜋𝑟 2 3𝜋𝑟 2 𝜋𝑟 3
3
al
.k

Hollow 2
6 2𝜋(𝑅2 + 𝑟 2 ) 𝜋(3𝑅2 + 𝑟 2 ) 3
𝜋(𝑅3 − 𝑟 3 )
hemisphere
w
w

𝜋(𝑅 + 𝑟)𝑙 𝜋𝑙(𝑅 + 𝑟) + 𝜋𝑅2 1

7 Frustum 3
𝜋ℎ(𝑅2 + 𝑟2 + 𝑅𝑟)
w

(𝑙 = √ℎ2 + (𝑅 − 𝑟)2 ) + 𝜋𝑟 2

4𝜋𝑅2 = Outer 4
8 Hollow 4𝜋(𝑅2 + 𝑟 2 ) 𝜋 (𝑅 3 − 𝑟 3 )
Surface area 3
sphere

9 Cuboid 2ℎ(𝑙 + 𝑏) 2(𝑙𝑏 + 𝑏ℎ + 𝑙ℎ) 𝑙×𝑏×ℎ

10 Cube 4𝑎2 6𝑎2 𝑎3

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12 Way to Success - 10th Maths

8. Statistics and Probability
Verbal description of the event Equivalent set theoretical notation
Not 𝐴 𝐴
𝐴 or 𝐵 (at least one of 𝐴 or 𝐵) 𝐴∪𝐵
𝐴 and 𝐵 𝐴∩𝐵
𝐴 but not 𝐵 𝐴∩𝐵
Neither 𝐴 nor 𝐵 𝐴∩𝐵
At least one of 𝐴, 𝐵 or 𝐶 𝐴∪𝐵∪𝐶
Exactly one of 𝐴 and 𝐵 (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
All three of 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 𝐴∩𝐵∩𝐶

n
Exactly two of 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)

l.i
Probability of an event:
Number of outcomes favourable to occurence of 𝐸 𝑛(𝐸)
𝑃 (𝐸 ) = =
Number of all possible outcomes 𝑛(𝑆)

da
𝑛(𝑆)
➢ 𝑃 (𝑆 ) = = 1. The probability of sure event is 1.
𝑛(𝑆)
𝑛(∅) 0
➢ 𝑃 (∅ ) = = = 0. The probability of impossible event is 0.
𝑛(𝑆) 𝑛(𝑠)
ka
Algebra of events:
In a random experiment, 𝑆 ⇒ Sample space.
vi
𝐴 ⊆ 𝑆 and 𝐵 ⊆ 𝑆 be the events in 𝑆.
al
.k
w
w

(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) is an event that
w

(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) is an event that occurs 𝐴 is an event that occurs

occurs when either one of 𝐴
only when both 𝐴 and 𝐵 occurs. only when 𝐴 doesn’t occur.
or 𝐵 occurs.

✓ 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃 (only 𝐴)= 𝑃(𝐴) − 𝑃 (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)

✓ 𝑃( 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(only 𝐵)= 𝑃 (𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)

✓ 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)

✓ If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are mutually exclusive events then 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃 (𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵)

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Formulas and Definitions 13

Random experiment:
A random experiment is an experiment in which
(i) The set of all possible outcomes are known
(ii) Exact outcome is not known
Sample space:
The set of all possible outcomes in a random experiment is called a sample space.
Sample point:
Each element of a sample space is called a sample point.
Tree diagram:
Tree diagram allow us to see visually all possible outcomes of an random experiment. Each branch
in a tree diagram represent a possible outcome.

n
Probability of an event:

l.i
In a random experiment, let 𝑆 be the sample space and 𝐸 ⊆ 𝑆. Then if 𝐸 is an event, the probability
𝑛(𝐸)
of occurrence of 𝐸 is defined as 𝑃(𝐸) where 𝑃 (𝐸) = .
𝑛(𝑆)

da
Types of Events
Events ka Example
Equally likely events:
Head and tail are equally likely
Two or more events are said to be equally likely if each
events in tossing a coin.
vi
one of them has an equal chance of occurring.
Certain events/ Sure Event: When we roll a die, the event of
al

In an experiment, the event which surely occur is called getting any natural number from 1 to
certain event. 6 is a certain event.
.k

Impossible events / NULL Event: When we toss two coins, the event of
In an experiment if an event has no scope to occur then it getting three heads is an impossible
w

is called an impossible event. event.

w

Mutually exclusive events:

When we roll a die the events of getting
Two or more events are said to be mutually exclusive if
w

odd numbers and even numbers are

they don’t have common sample points. i.e., events 𝐴, 𝐵
mutually exclusive events.
are said to be mutually exclusive if, 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = ∅.
Exhaustive events: When we toss a coin twice, the
collection of events of getting two
The collection of events whose union is the whole sample
heads, exactly one head, no head are
space are called exhaustive events. exhaustive events.
Complementary events: The complement of an event 𝐴 is
the event representing collection of sample points not in When we roll a die, the event ‘rolling
5 or 6’ and the event of rolling 1, 2, 3
𝐴. It is denoted 𝐴′ or 𝐴𝑐 or 𝐴̅. The event 𝐴 and its
or 4 are complementary events.
complement 𝐴′ are mutually exclusive and exhaustive.

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14 Way to Success  - 10 th
Maths

1. Relations and Functions

Exercise 1.1

Practice these book example problems : 1.1 to 1.3

1. Find 𝑨 × 𝑩, 𝑨 × 𝑨 and 𝑩 × 𝑨
(i) 𝑨 = {𝟐, −𝟐, 𝟑} and 𝑩 = {𝟏, −𝟒}
𝐴 × 𝐵 = {2, −2, 3} × {1, −4}
= {(𝟐, 𝟏), (𝟐, −𝟒), (−𝟐, 𝟏), (−𝟐, −𝟒), (𝟑, 𝟏), (𝟑, −𝟒)}
𝐴 × 𝐴 = {2, −2,3} × {2, −2, 3}

n
= {(𝟐, 𝟐), (𝟐, −𝟐), (𝟐, 𝟑), (−𝟐, 𝟐), (−𝟐, −𝟐), (−𝟐, 𝟑), (𝟑, 𝟐), (𝟑, −𝟐), (𝟑, 𝟑)}

l.i
𝐵 × 𝐴 = {1, −4} × {2, −2,3}
= {(𝟏, 𝟐), (𝟏, −𝟐), (𝟏, 𝟑), (−𝟒, 𝟐), (−𝟒, −𝟐), (−𝟒, 𝟑)}

da
(ii) 𝑨 = 𝑩 = {𝒑, 𝒒}
Try Your Self…
𝐴 × 𝐵 = {𝑝, 𝑞} × {𝑝, 𝑞 } 1. Find 𝐴 × 𝐵, 𝐵 × 𝐴 and 𝐵 × 𝐵. i) 𝐴 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐} and 𝐵 = {𝑎, 𝑒}
= {(𝒑, 𝒑), (𝒑, 𝒒), (𝒒, 𝒑), (𝒒, 𝒒)} ii) 𝐴 = 𝐵 = {1, 3}
ka iii) 𝐴 = { } and 𝐵 = {2, 5}
𝐴 × 𝐵 = {(𝑎, 𝑎) (𝑎, 𝑒) (𝑏, 𝑎) (𝑏, 𝑒) (𝑐, 𝑎) (𝑐, 𝑒)}
𝐴 × 𝐴 = {𝑝, 𝑞} × {𝑝, 𝑞 } Ans: (i)
𝐵 × 𝐴 = {(𝑎, 𝑎), (𝑎, 𝑏), (𝑎, 𝑐), (𝑒, 𝑎), (𝑒, 𝑏), (𝑒, 𝑐)}
= {(𝒑, 𝒑), (𝒑, 𝒒), (𝒒, 𝒑), (𝒒, 𝒒)} 𝐵 × 𝐵 = {(𝑎, 𝑎), (𝑎, 𝑒), (𝑒, 𝑎)(𝑒, 𝑒)}
𝐵 × 𝐴 = {𝑝, 𝑞} × {𝑝, 𝑞 } (ii) 𝐴 × 𝐵 = {(1,1), (1,3), (3,1), (3,3)}
vi
= {(𝒑, 𝒑), (𝒑, 𝒒), (𝒒, 𝒑), (𝒒, 𝒒)} 𝐵 × 𝐴 = {(1,1), (1,3), (3,1), (3,3)}
𝐵 × 𝐵 = {(1,1), (1,3), (3,1), (3,3)}
(iii) 𝑨 = {𝒎, 𝒏}; 𝑩 = ∅ PTA-1 (iii) we can’t find Cartesian product of A and B.
al

𝐴×𝐵 ={ } Because A is an empty set.

𝐴 × 𝐴 = {𝑚, 𝑛} × {𝑚, 𝑛}
.k

= {(𝒎, 𝒎), (𝒎, 𝒏), (𝒏, 𝒎), (𝒏, 𝒏)}

𝐵×𝐴 ={ }
w

2. Let 𝑨 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑} and 𝑩 = {𝒙|𝒙 is a prime number less than 10}. Find 𝑨 × 𝑩 and 𝑩 × 𝑨.
𝐴 = {1,2,3}
w

Try Your Self…

𝐵 = {𝑥|𝑥 is a prime number less than 10} 2. Let 𝐴 = {1,2,5} and 𝐵 = {𝑥/𝑥 is an even prime number less than 10}
w

find 𝐴 × 𝐵 and 𝐵 × 𝐴.
= {2,3,5,7}
Ans: 𝐴 × 𝐵 = {(1,2), (2,2), (5,2)}; 𝐵 × 𝐴 = {(2,1), (2,2), (2,5)}
𝐴 × 𝐵 = {1,2,3} × {2,3,5,7}
= {(𝟏, 𝟐), (𝟏, 𝟑), (𝟏, 𝟓), (𝟏, 𝟕), (𝟐, 𝟐), (𝟐, 𝟑), (𝟐, 𝟓), (𝟐, 𝟕), (𝟑, 𝟐), (𝟑, 𝟑), (𝟑, 𝟓), (𝟑, 𝟕)}
𝐵 × 𝐴 = {2,3,5,7} × {1,2,3}
= {(𝟐, 𝟏), (𝟐, 𝟐), (𝟐, 𝟑), (𝟑, 𝟏), (𝟑, 𝟐), (𝟑, 𝟑), (𝟓, 𝟏), (𝟓, 𝟐), (𝟓, 𝟑), (𝟕, 𝟏), (𝟕, 𝟐), (𝟕, 𝟑)}
3. If 𝑩 × 𝑨 = {(−𝟐, 𝟑), (−𝟐, 𝟒), (𝟎, 𝟑), (𝟎, 𝟒), (𝟑, 𝟑), (𝟑, 𝟒)} Find 𝑨 and 𝑩.
𝐵 = set of all first co-ordinates of elements of 𝐵 × 𝐴
Try Your Self…
𝑩 = {−𝟐, 𝟎, 𝟑}
3. If 𝐵 × 𝐴 = {(1,2) (1,3) (3,2) (3,3) (5,2) (5,3)}
𝐴 = set of all second co-ordinates of elements of 𝐵 × 𝐴 find 𝐴 and 𝐵
𝑨 = {𝟑, 𝟒} Ans: 𝐴 = {2, 3}, 𝐵 = {1, 3, 5}

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Chapter 1 – Relations and Functions 15

4. If 𝑨 = {𝟓, 𝟔}, 𝑩 = {𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔}, 𝑪 = {𝟓, 𝟔, 𝟕}, show that 𝑨 × 𝑨 = (𝑩 × 𝑩) ∩ (𝑪 × 𝑪).
𝐴 × 𝐴 = (𝐵 × 𝐵 ) ∩ (𝐶 × 𝐶)
Try Your Self…
LHS: 𝐴 × 𝐴 = {5,6} × {5,6} 4. If 𝐴 = {1, 2} 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3} 𝐶 = {1, 2, 4} show that
𝐴 × 𝐴 = (𝐵 × 𝐵) ∩ (𝐶 × 𝐶).
= {(𝟓, 𝟓), (𝟓, 𝟔), (𝟔, 𝟓), (𝟔, 𝟔)} ……….(1)
Ans: 𝐴 × 𝐴 = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2,2)}
RHS: 𝐵 × 𝐵 = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1),
𝐵 × 𝐵 = {4,5,6} × {4,5,6} (2, 2) , (2, 3), (3, 1) , (3, 2) , (3, 3)}
𝐶 × 𝐶 = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 4), (2, 1),
= {(4,4), (4,5), (4,6), (5,4), (𝟓, 𝟓), (2, 2), (2, 4), (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 4)}
(𝟓, 𝟔), (6,4), (𝟔, 𝟓), (𝟔, 𝟔)} (𝐵 × 𝐵) ∩ (𝐶 × 𝐶) = {(1,1), (1,2), (2,1), (2,2)}

𝐶 × 𝐶 = {5,6,7} × {5,6,7} = {(𝟓, 𝟓), (𝟓, 𝟔), (5,7), (𝟔, 𝟓), (𝟔, 𝟔), (6,7), (7,5), (7,6), (7,7)}
(𝐵 × 𝐵 ) ∩ (𝐶 × 𝐶 ) = {(𝟓, 𝟓), (𝟓, 𝟔), (𝟔, 𝟓), (𝟔, 𝟔)}……….(2)
From (1) and (2), 𝑨 × 𝑨 = (𝑩 × 𝑩) ∩ (𝑪 × 𝑪)

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5. Given 𝑨 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑}, 𝑩 = {𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟓}, 𝑪 = {𝟑, 𝟒} and 𝑫 = {𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟓}, check if

l.i
(𝑨 ∩ 𝑪) × (𝑩 ∩ 𝑫) = (𝑨 × 𝑩) ∩ (𝑪 × 𝑫) is true?

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𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 = {1,2, 𝟑} ∩ {2, 𝟑, 5} = {3}
𝐵 ∩ 𝐷 = {2, 𝟑, 𝟓} ∩ {1, 𝟑, 𝟓} = {3,5} Try Your Self…
LHS: 5. Given 𝐴 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐}, 𝐵 = {𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑}, 𝐶 = {𝑐, 𝑑} and
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(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 ) × (𝐵 ∩ 𝐷 ) = {3} × {3,5} 𝐷 = {𝑎, 𝑐, 𝑑} check if
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) × (𝐵 ∩ 𝐷) = (𝐴 × 𝐵) ∩ (𝐶 × 𝐷) is true?
= {(3,3), (3,5)} ………….(1) Ans: 𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 = {𝑐}, 𝐵 ∩ 𝐷 = {𝑐, 𝑑}
RHS: 𝐴 × 𝐵 = {1,2,3} × {2,3,5} (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) × (𝐵 ∩ 𝐷) = {(𝑐, 𝑐), (𝑐, 𝑑)}
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= {(1,2), (1,3), (1,5), (2,2), 𝐴 × 𝐵 = {(𝑎, 𝑏), (𝑎, 𝑐), (𝑎, 𝑑), (𝑏, 𝑏), (𝑏, 𝑐)
(2,3), (2,5), (3,2), (𝟑, 𝟑), (𝟑, 𝟓)} (𝑏, 𝑑), (𝑐, 𝑏), (𝑐, 𝑐), (𝑐, 𝑑)}
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𝐶 × 𝐷 = {(𝑐, 𝑎), (𝑐, 𝑐), (𝑐, 𝑑), (𝑑, 𝑎), (𝑑, 𝑐), (𝑑, 𝑑)}
𝐶 × 𝐷 = {3,4} × {1,3,5} (𝐴 × 𝐵) ∩ (𝐶 × 𝐷) = {(𝑐, 𝑐) (𝑐, 𝑑)}
= {(3,1), (𝟑, 𝟑), (𝟑, 𝟓), (4,1), (4,3), (4,5)}
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(𝐴 × 𝐵 ) ∩ (𝐶 × 𝐷 ) = {(3,3), (3,5)} ……….(2)

From (1) and (2), (𝑨 ∩ 𝑪) × (𝑩 ∩ 𝑫) = (𝑨 × 𝑩) ∩ (𝑪 × 𝑫) is true.
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6. Let 𝑨 = {𝒙 ∈ 𝕎|𝒙 < 𝟐}, 𝑩 = {𝒙 ∈ ℕ|𝟏 < 𝒙 ≤ 𝟒} and 𝑪 = {𝟑, 𝟓}. Verify that
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(i) 𝑨 × (𝑩 ∪ 𝑪) = (𝑨 × 𝑩) ∪ (𝑨 × 𝑪) PTA-2
𝐴 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝕎|𝑥 < 2} = {0,1}, 𝐵 = {𝑥 ∈ ℕ|1 < 𝑥 ≤ 4} = {2,3,4}, 𝐶 = {3,5}
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LHS: 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = {2,3,4} ∪ {3,5} = {2,3,4,5}

𝐴 × (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 ) = {0,1} × {2,3,4,5}
= {(𝟎, 𝟐), (𝟎, 𝟑), (𝟎, 𝟒), (𝟎, 𝟓), (𝟏, 𝟐), (𝟏, 𝟑), (𝟏, 𝟒), (𝟏, 𝟓)} ……..(1)
RHS:
𝐴 × 𝐵 = {0,1} × {2,3,4} = {(0,2), (0,3), (0,4), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4)}
𝐴 × 𝐶 = {0,1} × {3,5} = {(0,3), (0,5), (1,3), (1,5)}
(𝐴 × 𝐵 ) ∪ (𝐴 × 𝐶 ) = {(0,2), (0,3), (0,4), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4)} ∪ {(0,3), (0,5), (1,3), (1,5)}
= {(𝟎, 𝟐), (𝟎, 𝟑), (𝟎, 𝟒), (𝟎, 𝟓), (𝟏, 𝟐), (𝟏, 𝟑), (𝟏, 𝟒), (𝟏, 𝟓)} ……….(2)
From (1) and (2), 𝑨 × (𝑩 ∪ 𝑪) = (𝑨 × 𝑩) ∪ (𝑨 × 𝑪)

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16 Way to Success  - 10 th
Maths
(ii) 𝑨 × (𝑩 ∩ 𝑪) = (𝑨 × 𝑩) ∩ (𝑨 × 𝑪) SEP-21, PTA-5
LHS: 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = {2,3,4} ∩ {3,5} = {3}
𝐴 × (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 ) = {0,1} × {3}
= {(𝟎, 𝟑), (𝟏, 𝟑)} …………..(1)
RHS: 𝐴 × 𝐵 = {0,1} × {2,3,4}
= {(𝟎, 𝟐), (𝟎, 𝟑), (𝟎, 𝟒), (𝟏, 𝟐), (𝟏, 𝟑), (𝟏, 𝟒)}
𝐴 × 𝐶 = {0,1} × {3,5}
= {(0,3), (0,5), (1,3), (1,5)}
(𝐴 × 𝐵 ) ∩ (𝐴 × 𝐶 )
= {(0,2), (𝟎, 𝟑), (0,4), (1,2), (𝟏, 𝟑), (1,4)} ∩ {(𝟎, 𝟑), (0,5), (𝟏, 𝟑), (1,5)}
= {(0,3), (1,3)} ……………(2)

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From (1) and (2), 𝑨 × (𝑩 ∩ 𝑪) = (𝑨 × 𝑩) ∩ (𝑨 × 𝑪)

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(iii) (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) × 𝑪 = (𝑨 × 𝑪) ∪ (𝑩 × 𝑪)
LHS: 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {0,1} ∪ {2,3,4} = {0,1,2,3,4}

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(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ) × 𝐶 = {0,1,2,3,4} × {3,5}
= {(𝟎, 𝟑), (𝟎, 𝟓), (𝟏, 𝟑), (𝟏, 𝟓), (𝟐, 𝟑), (𝟐, 𝟓), (𝟑, 𝟑), (𝟑, 𝟓), (𝟒, 𝟑), (𝟒, 𝟓)} ……..(1)
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RHS:
𝐴 × 𝐶 = {0,1} × {3,5} = {(0,3), (0,5), (1,3), (1,5)}
𝐵 × 𝐶 = {2,3,4} × {3,5} = {(2,3), (2,5), (3,3), (3,5), (4,3), (4,5)}
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(𝐴 × 𝐶 ) ∪ (𝐵 × 𝐶 ) = {(0,3), (0,5), (1,3), (1,5)} ∪ {(2,3), (2,5), (3,3), (3,5), (4,3), (4,5)}
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= {(𝟎, 𝟑), (𝟎, 𝟓), (𝟏, 𝟑), (𝟏, 𝟓), (𝟐, 𝟑), (𝟐, 𝟓), (𝟑, 𝟑), (𝟑, 𝟓), (𝟒, 𝟑), (𝟒, 𝟓)} …(2)
From (1) and (2), (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) × 𝑪 = (𝑨 × 𝑪) ∪ (𝑩 × 𝑪)
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7. Let 𝑨 = The set of all natural numbers less than 8, 𝑩 = The set of all prime numbers less than 8,
𝑪 = The set of even prime number, Verify that
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𝐴 = The set of all natural numbers less than 8 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}

𝐵 = The set of all prime numbers less than 8 = {2, 3, 5, 7}
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𝐶 = The set of even prime number = {2}

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(i) (𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) × 𝑪 = (𝑨 × 𝑪) ∩ (𝑩 × 𝑪) SEP-20
LHS: 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {1,2,3,4,5, 6,7} ∩ {2,3,5,7}
= {2,3,5,7}
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ) × 𝐶 = {2,3,5,7} × {2} = {(𝟐, 𝟐), (𝟑, 𝟐), (𝟓, 𝟐), (𝟕, 𝟐)} ………….(1)
RHS:
𝐴 × 𝐶 = {1,2,3,4,56,7} × {2}
= {(1,2), (2,2), (3,2), (4,2), (5,2), (6,2), (7,2)}
𝐵 × 𝐶 = {2,3,5,7} × {2} = {(2,2), (3,2), (5,2), (7,2)}
(𝐴 × 𝐶 ) ∩ (𝐵 × 𝐶) = {(𝟐, 𝟐), (𝟑, 𝟐), (𝟓, 𝟐), (𝟕, 𝟐)} ……………(2)
From (1) and (2), (𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) × 𝑪 = (𝑨 × 𝑪) ∩ (𝑩 × 𝑪)
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Chapter 1 – Relations and Functions 17

(ii) 𝑨 × (𝑩 − 𝑪) = (𝑨 × 𝑩) − (𝑨 × 𝑪)
LHS: 𝐵 − 𝐶 = {2,3,5,7} − {2} = {3,5,7}
𝐴 × (𝐵 − 𝐶 ) = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7} × {3,5,7}
= {(𝟏, 𝟑), (𝟏, 𝟓), (𝟏, 𝟕), (𝟐, 𝟑), (𝟐, 𝟓), (𝟐, 𝟕), (𝟑, 𝟑), (𝟑, 𝟓), (𝟑, 𝟕), (𝟒, 𝟑), (𝟒, 𝟓), (𝟒, 𝟕),
(𝟓, 𝟑), (𝟓, 𝟓), (𝟓, 𝟕), (𝟔, 𝟑), (𝟔, 𝟓), (𝟔, 𝟕), (𝟕, 𝟑), (𝟕, 𝟓), (𝟕, 𝟕)}…………(1)
RHS: 𝐴 × 𝐵 = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7} × {2,3,5,7}
= {(1,2), (1,3), (1,5), (1,7), (2,2), (2,3), (2,5), (2,7), (3,2), (3,3), (3,5), (3,7), (4,2), (4,3),
(4,5), (4,7), (5,2), (5,3), (5,5), (5,7), (6,2), (6,3), (6,5), (6,7), (7,2), (7,3), (7,5), (7,7)}
𝐴 × 𝐶 = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7} × {2} = {(1,2), (2,2), (3,2), (4,2), (5,2), (6,2), (7,2)}
(𝐴 × 𝐵 ) − (𝐴 × 𝐶 )
= {(1,2), (1,3), (1,5), (1,7), (2,2), (2,3), (2,5), (2,7), (3,2), (3,3), (3,5), (3,7), (4,2), (4,3),
(4,5), (4,7), (5,2), (5,3), (5,5), (5,7), (6,2), (6,3), (6,5), (6,7), (7,2), (7,3), (7,5), (7,7)}
− {(1,2), (2,2), (3,2), (4,2), (5,2), (6,2), (7,2)}

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= {(𝟏, 𝟑), (𝟏, 𝟓), (𝟏, 𝟕), (𝟐, 𝟑), (𝟐, 𝟓), (𝟐, 𝟕), (𝟑, 𝟑), (𝟑, 𝟓), (𝟑, 𝟕), (𝟒, 𝟑), (𝟒, 𝟓), (𝟒, 𝟕),
(𝟓, 𝟑), (𝟓, 𝟓), (𝟓, 𝟕), (𝟔, 𝟑), (𝟔, 𝟓), (𝟔, 𝟕), (𝟕, 𝟑), (𝟕, 𝟓), (𝟕, 𝟕)}…………(2)

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From (1) and (2), 𝑨 × (𝑩 − 𝑪) = (𝑨 × 𝑩) − (𝑨 × 𝑪)

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Creative Question
1. Let 𝑨 = {𝒙 ∈ 𝑾/𝟎 < 𝒙 < 𝟓}, 𝑩 = {𝒙 ∈ 𝑾/𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐}, 𝑪 = {𝒙 ∈ 𝑾/𝒙 < 𝟑} then verify that
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𝑨 × (𝑩 ∩ 𝑪) = (𝑨 × 𝑩) ∩ (𝑨 × 𝑪) PTA-3
𝐴 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑊|0 < 𝑥 < 5} = {1, 2, 3, 4}, 𝐵 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑊|0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2} = {0, 1, 2},
𝐶 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑊|𝑥 < 3} = {0, 1, 2}
𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = {0, 1, 2} ∩ {0, 1, 2} = {0, 1, 2}
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𝐴 × (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 ) = {1, 2, 3, 4} × {0, 1, 2}
= {(1, 0), (1,1), (1,2), (2,0), (2,1), (2,2), (3,0), (3,1), (3,2), (4,0), (4,1), (4,2)}…… (1)
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𝐴 × 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 4} × {0, 1, 2}
= {(1, 0), (1,1), (1,2), (2,0), (2,1), (2,2), (3,0), (3,1), (3,2), (4,0), (4,1), (4,2)}
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𝐴 × 𝐶 = {1, 2, 3, 4} × {0, 1, 2}
= {(1, 0), (1,1), (1,2), (2,0), (2,1), (2,2), (3,0), (3,1), (3,2), (4,0), (4,1), (4,2)}
(𝐴 × 𝐵 ) ∩ (𝐴 × 𝐶 ) = {(1, 0), (1,1), (1,2), (2,0), (2,1), (2,2), (3,0), (3,1), (3,2), (4,0), (4,1), (4,2)} ∩
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{(1, 0), (1,1), (1,2), (2,0), (2,1), (2,2), (3,0), (3,1), (3,2), (4,0), (4,1), (4,2)}
= {(1, 0), (1,1), (1,2), (2,0), (2,1), (2,2), (3,0), (3,1), (3,2), (4,0), (4,1), (4,2)} …(2)
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From (1) and (2), 𝐴 × (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 ) = (𝐴 × 𝐵 ) ∩ (𝐴 × 𝐶 ) is verified.

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Exercise 1.2

Practice these book example problems : 1.4, 1.5

1. Let 𝑨 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟕} and 𝑩 = {𝟑, 𝟎, −𝟏, 𝟕}, which of the following are relation from 𝑨 to 𝑩?
(i) 𝑅1 = {(2,1), (7,1)}
𝐴 × 𝐵 = {1,2,3,7} × {3,0, −1,7}
= {(1,3), (1,0), (1, −1), (1,7), (2,3), (2,0), (2, −1), (2,7), (3,3), (3,0),
(3, −1), (3,7), (7,3), (7,0), (7, −1), (7,7)}
We know that, (2,1) and (7,1)∈ 𝑅1 but (2,1), (7,1) ∉ 𝐴 × 𝐵 So, 𝑅1 is not a relation from 𝐴 to 𝐵.
(ii) 𝑅2 = {(−1,1)}
Here (−1,1) ∈ 𝑅2 but (−1,1) ∉ 𝐴 × 𝐵
So 𝑅2 is not a relation from 𝐴 to 𝐵
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18 Way to Success  - 10 th
Maths
(iii) 𝑅3 = {(2, −1), (7,7), (1,3)}
Here 𝑅3 ⊆ 𝐴 × 𝐵
Hence 𝑅3 is a relation from 𝐴 to 𝐵
(iv) 𝑅4 = {(7, −1), (0,3), (3,3), (0,7)}
Here (0,3) and (0,7) ∈ 𝑅4 but (0,3) and (0,7) ∉ (𝐴 × 𝐵)
So, 𝑅4 is not a relation from 𝐴 to 𝐵.
2. Let 𝑨 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, … , 𝟒𝟓} and 𝑹 be the relation defined as “is square of a number” on 𝑨.Write 𝑹 as
a subset of 𝑨 × 𝑨. Also, find the domain and range of 𝑹. SEP-21
Given 𝐴 = {1,2,3,4, … ,45}
Try Your Self…
𝐴 × 𝐴 = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4) … … (45,45)} 6. Let 𝐴 = {1,2,3,4 … … … … .25} and 𝑅 be the
Then, 𝑅 be the relation defined as is “square of a relation defined as “is multiple of 5 ” on 𝐴 .
number ” on 𝐴. write 𝑅 as a subset of 𝐴 × 𝐴. Also, find the
domain and range of 𝑅.

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Hence,𝑅 = {(1,1), (2,4), (3,9), (4,16), (5,25), (6,36)} Ans:𝐴 × 𝐴 = (1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,4)… . . .. . . (25,25)}
So 𝑅 ⊆ 𝐴 × 𝐴 𝑅 = {(1,5) (2,10) (3,15) (4,20) (5,25)}

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The domain of 𝑅 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔} 𝑅 ⊆ 𝐴 × 𝐴. The domain 𝐷 = {1,2,3,4,5}
The range of 𝑅 = {5,10,15,20,25}
The range of 𝑅 = {𝟏, 𝟒, 𝟗, 𝟏𝟔, 𝟐𝟓, 𝟑𝟔}

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3. A Relation 𝑹 is given by the set {(𝒙, 𝒚)/𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝟑, 𝒙 ∈ {𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓}}. Determine its domain and range.
𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)/𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3, 𝑥 ∈ {0,1,2,3,4,5}} ka PTA-5
Here domain (𝑥) = {0,1,2,3,4,5}
Co-domain (𝑦) = 𝑥 + 3 Try Your Self…
7. Let 𝐴 = {1,2,3,4} and 𝐵 = {−1,2,3,4,5,6,7,9,10}. A relation
𝑦0 = 0 + 3 = 3 , 𝑦1 = 1 + 3 = 4
𝑅 = {(1,3) (2,6) (3,10) (4,9)}. Find its range.
vi
𝑦2 = 2 + 3 = 5 , 𝑦3 = 3 + 3 = 6 Ans: The range = {3,6,10,9}
𝑦4 = 4 + 3 = 7 𝑦5 = 5 + 3 = 8
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𝑅 = {(0,3), (1,4), (2,5), (3,6), (4,7), (5,8)}

Domain = {𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓}
.k

Range = {𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔, 𝟕, 𝟖}
4. Represent each of the given relation by (a) an arrow diagram (b) a graph and (c) a set in roster form,
w

wherever possible.
(i) {(𝒙, 𝒚)|𝒙 = 𝟐𝒚, 𝒙 ∈ {𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓}, (ii) {(𝒙, 𝒚)|𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝟑, 𝒙, 𝒚 are natural numbers <10}
Given, 𝑥, 𝑦 are natural numbers < 10
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𝒚 ∈ {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒}}
𝑋 = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} , 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3
(a) An arrow (b) a graph
Here 𝑅(1) = 4, 𝑅(2) = 5, 𝑅(3) = 6,
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diagram
𝑅(4) = 7, 𝑅(5) = 8, 𝑅(6) = 9
(a) An arrow (b) graph
diagram

Given, 𝑥 = 2𝑦
If 𝑦 = 1
⇒𝑥=2 (c) a set in roster form
If 𝑦 = 2 𝑅 = {(2,1), (4,2)} (c) Roster Form :
⇒𝑥=4 𝑅 = {(1,4), (2,5), (3,6), (4,7), (5,8), (6,9)}
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Chapter 1 – Relations and Functions 19

5. A company has four categories of employees given by Assistants (𝑨), Clerks (𝑪), Managers (𝑴) and
an Executive Officer (𝑬). The company provide D 10,000, D 25,000, D 50,000, D 1,00,000 as salaries
to the people who work in the categories 𝑨, 𝑪, 𝑴 and 𝑬 respectively. If 𝑨𝟏 , 𝑨𝟐 , 𝑨𝟑 , 𝑨𝟒 and 𝑨𝟓 where
Assistants; 𝑪𝟏 , 𝑪𝟐 , 𝑪𝟑 , 𝑪𝟒 were Clerks; 𝑴𝟏 , 𝑴𝟐 , 𝑴𝟑were managers and 𝑬𝟏 , 𝑬𝟐 were Executive officers
and if the relation 𝑹 is defined by 𝒙𝑹𝒚, where 𝒙 is the salary given to person 𝒚, express the relation
𝑹 through an ordered pair and an arrow diagram.
Salaries (S) = {10000, 25000, 50000, 100000}
Employees (E) = {𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , 𝐴3 , 𝐴4 , 𝐴5 , 𝐶1 , 𝐶2 , 𝐶3 , 𝐶4 , 𝑀1 , 𝑀2 , 𝑀3 , 𝐸1 , 𝐸2 }
(a) Ordered Pairs:
𝑅 = {(10000, 𝐴1 ), (10000, 𝐴2 ), (10000, 𝐴3 ), (10000, 𝐴4 ), (10000, 𝐴5 ), (25000, 𝐶1 ), (25000, 𝐶2 ),
(25000, 𝐶3 ), (25000, 𝐶4 ), (50000, 𝑀1 )(50000, 𝑀2 ), (50000, 𝑀3 ), (100000, 𝐸1 ), (100000, 𝐸2 )}
(b) An arrow diagram:

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l.i
da
ka
Creative Question
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1. A Relation 𝑹 is given by the set {(𝒙, 𝒚)/𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑, 𝒙 ∈ {𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓}}. Determine its domain
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and range PTA-2

𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)/𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3, 𝑥 ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}}
Here domain (𝑥 ) = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, Co-domain (𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 3
.k

𝑦0 = 0 + 3 = 3 𝑦1 = 1 + 3 = 4 𝑦2 = 4 + 3 = 7
𝑦3 = 9 + 3 = 12 𝑦4 = 16 + 3 = 19 𝑦5 = 25 + 3 = 28
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𝑅 = {(0,3), (1,4), (2,7), (3,12), (4,19), (5,28)}

w

Domain = {0,1,2,3,4,5}
Range = {3,4,7,12,19,28}
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(Exercises 1.3, 1.4 and 1.5 are removed based on reduced syllabus 2021 - 2022)

Exercise 1.6
Multiple Choice Questions:
1. If 𝑛(𝐴 × 𝐵 ) = 6 and 𝐴 = {1, 3} then 𝑛(𝐵) is SEP-21
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 6
𝑛(𝐴 × 𝐵 ) = 6, 𝑛(𝐴) = 2
𝑛(𝐴 × 𝐵 ) = 𝑛(𝐴) × 𝑛(𝐵 )
𝑛(𝐴×𝐵) 6
𝑛(𝐵 ) = 𝑛(𝐴)
=2=3

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20 Way to Success  - 10 th
Maths
2. 𝐴 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑞}, 𝐵 = {2, 3}, 𝐶 = {𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟, 𝑠} then 𝑛[(𝐴 ∪ 𝐶 ) × 𝐵 ] is PTA-3
(A) 8 (B) 20 (C) 12 (D) 16
𝐴 ∪ 𝐶 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑞} ∪ {𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟, 𝑠} = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟, 𝑠}
𝑛(𝐴 ∪ 𝐶 ) = 6, 𝑛(𝐵 ) = 2
𝑛[(𝐴 ∪ 𝐶 ) × 𝐵 ] = 𝑛(𝐴 ∪ 𝐶 ) × 𝑛(𝐵 )
= 6 × 2 = 12
3. If 𝐴 = {1, 2}, 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 4}, 𝐶 = {5, 6} and 𝐷 = {5, 6, 7, 8} then the state which of the following
statement is true SEP-20
(A) (𝑨 × 𝑪) ⊂ (𝑩 × 𝑫) (B)(𝐵 × 𝐷) ⊂ (𝐴 × 𝐶) (C) (𝐴 × 𝐵) ⊂ (𝐴 × 𝐷) (D) (𝐷 × 𝐴) ⊂ (𝐵 × 𝐴)
𝐴 × 𝐶 = {1,2} × {5,6} = {(1,5), (1,6), (2,5), (2,6)}
𝐵 × 𝐷 = {1,2,3,4} × {5,6,7,8}
= {(1,5), (1,6), (1,7), (1,8), (2,5), (2,6), (2,7), (2,8), (3,5), (3,6), (3,7), (3,8), (4,5), (4,6), (4,7), (4,8)}

n
𝐴 × 𝐵 = {1,2} × {1,2,3,4}
= {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4)}

l.i
𝐴 × 𝐷 = {1,2} × {5,6,7,8}
= {(1,5), (1,6), (1,7), (1,8), (2,5), (2,6), (2,7), (2,8)}

da
We observe that the Cartesian products(𝐴 × 𝐶) ⊂ (𝐵 × 𝐷) is true
4. If there are 1024 relations from a set 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} to a set 𝐵, then the number of element in 𝐵 is
ka
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 8 PTA-2
Number of relations = 2𝑚𝑛
2𝑚𝑛 = 1024
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25𝑛 = 1024
25𝑛 = 210
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5𝑛 = 10
10
𝑛= =2
2
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5. The range of the relations 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑥 2 )|𝑥 is a prime number less than 13} is PTA-4
(A){2, 3, 5, 7} (B) {2, 3, 5, 7, 11} (C) {4, 9, 25, 49, 121} (D) {1, 4, 9, 25, 49, 121}
w

2
Given, 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑥 )|𝑥 is a prime number less than 13}
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2
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𝑓 (2) = 22 = 4 𝑓(3) = 32 = 9
𝑓 (5) = 52 = 25 𝑓(7) = 72 = 49
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𝑓(11) = 112 = 121

Range of 𝑅 = {4,9,25,49,121}
6. If the ordered pairs (𝑎 + 2, 4) and (5, 2𝑎 + 𝑏) are equal then (𝑎, 𝑏) is PTA-6
(A) (2, −2) (B) (5, 1) (C) (2, 3) (D) (𝟑, −𝟐)
Given, (𝑎 + 2, 4) = (5, 2𝑎 + 𝑏) 2(3) + 𝑏 = 4 ⇒ 6 + 𝑏 = 4
Now 𝑎 + 2 = 5 ⇒ 𝑎 = 5 − 2 = 3 𝑏 = 4 − 6 = −2
Then, 2𝑎 + 𝑏 = 4 (𝑎, 𝑏) = (3, −2)
7. Let 𝑛(𝐴) = 𝑚 and 𝑛(𝐵 ) = 𝑛 then the total number of non-empty relations that can be defined from
𝐴 to 𝐵 is
(A) 𝑚𝑛 (B) 𝑛𝑚 (C) 𝟐𝒎𝒏 − 𝟏 (D) 2𝑚𝑛
(Questions 8 - 15 are removed based on reduced syllabus 2021 - 2022)
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Chapter 1 – Relations and Functions 21

0

Creative MCQ

1. If 𝑛(𝐴) = 𝑝, 𝑛(𝐵 ) = 𝑞 then the total number of relations that exist between 𝐴 and 𝐵 is PTA-1
(A) 2𝑝 (B) 2𝑞 (C) 2𝑝+𝑞 (D) 𝟐𝒑𝒒
2. Let 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥, then 𝑓(𝑥 − 1) − 𝑓(𝑥 + 1) is SEP-20
(A) 4𝑥 (B) 2 − 2𝑥 (C) 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 (D) 4𝑥 − 2
2
Given 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 − 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥 − 1) = (𝑥 − 1)2 − (𝑥 − 1) = 𝑥 2 + 1 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2
𝑓(𝑥 + 1) = (𝑥 + 1)2 − (𝑥 + 1) = 𝑥 2 + 1 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 − 1 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥 − 1) − 𝑓 (𝑥 + 1) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 = 2 − 4𝑥

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Unit Exercise - 1

l.i
1. If the ordered pairs (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙, 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟒𝒚) and (−2, 5) are equal, then find 𝒙 and 𝒚.
The ordered pairs (𝑥 2 − 3𝑥, 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦) and (−2, 5) are equal.

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Now, 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 = −2 Then 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 = 5
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 = 0 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 − 5 = 0
(𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 − 2) = 0 ka (𝑦 − 1) (𝑦 + 5) = 0
𝑥 = 1 (or) 𝑥 = 2 𝑦 = 1 (or) 𝑦 = −5
𝑥 = 1, 2 𝑦 = −5, 1
2. The Cartesian product 𝑨 × 𝑨 has 𝟗 elements among which (−𝟏, 𝟎) and (𝟎, 𝟏) are found. Find the
vi
set 𝑨 and the remaining elements of 𝑨 × 𝑨.
𝑛(𝐴 × 𝐴) = 𝑛(𝐴) × 𝑛(𝐴) = 9 ⇒ 𝑛(𝐴) = 3
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we observe that the Cartesian products which are (−1, 0) (0,1)

we conclude 𝐴 = {−1, 0, 1}
.k

then 𝐴 × 𝐴 = {−1, 0, 1} × {−1, 0, 1}

= {(−1, −1) , (−1, 0) , (−1, 1), (0, −1) , (0, 0) , (0, 1), (1, −1), (1, 0), (1, −1)}
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7. Let 𝑨 = {𝟏, 𝟐} and 𝑩 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒}, 𝑪 = {𝟓, 𝟔} and 𝑫 = {𝟓, 𝟔, 𝟕, 𝟖}. Verify whether 𝑨 × 𝑪 is a
subset of 𝑩 × 𝑫?
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𝐴 = {1, 2} , 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 4}, 𝐶 = {5, 6} and 𝐷 = {5, 6, 7, 8}

w

Now,
𝐴 × 𝐶 = {1, 2} × {5, 6} = {(1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 5), (2, 6)} …... (1)
𝐵 × 𝐷 = {1, 2, 3, 4} × {5, 6, 7, 8}
= {(1, 5), (1, 6), (1, 7), (1, 8),(2, 5), (2, 6), (2, 7), (2, 8), (3, 5), (3, 6), (3, 7), (3, 8),
(4,5), (4, 6), (4, 7), (4, 8)} …… (2)
we observe from (1) and (2) 𝐴 × 𝐶 ⊆ 𝐵 × 𝐷.

(Questions 3 – 6 and 8 – 10 are removed based on reduced syllabus 2021 - 2022)

Important Example Questions:

2 Marks: Example 1.1 (iii) (SEP-21)

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22 Way to Success  - 10 th
Maths

2. Numbers and Sequences

Exercise 2.1

Practice these book example problems : 2.1 to 2.6

1. Find all positive integers, when divided by 3 leaves remainder 2.
Let 𝑞 is a positive integers given,
The divisor = 3 and remainder = 2
By Euclid’s division lemma,

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𝑎 = 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑟, 0 ≤ 𝑟 < 𝑏 Try Your Self…

l.i
Let 𝑞 = 0,1,2,3,4 … (∵ 𝑏 = 3, 𝑟 = 2) 1. Find all positive integers, when divided by 4
leaves remainder 3.
3𝑞 + 2 = 𝑎

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Ans: The positive integers are 3, 7, 11, 15,…
𝑞 = 0 ⇒ 3(0) + 2 = 0 + 2 = 2
𝑞 = 1 ⇒ 3(1) + 2 = 3 + 2 = 5 ka
𝑞 = 2 ⇒ 3(2) + 2 = 6 + 2 = 8
𝑞 = 3 ⇒ 3(3) + 2 = 9 + 2 = 11
∴ The positive integers are, 𝟐, 𝟓, 𝟖, 𝟏𝟏 …
vi
2. A man has 532 flower pots. He wants to 3. Prove that the product of two consecutive
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arrange them in rows such that each row positive integers is divisible by 2.
contains 21 flower pots. Find the number of Let 𝑛 and 𝑛 + 1 be the two consecutive
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completed rows and how many flower pots positive integers.

are left over. PTA-1 𝑛(𝑛 + 1) = 𝑛2 + 𝑛
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Given: A man has 532 flower pots.

Let 𝑛 = 2𝑚 + 1 be odd number.
Each row contains 21 flower pots.
𝑛2 + 𝑛 = (2𝑚 + 1)2 + (2𝑚 + 1)
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Thus, Dividend = 532

= 4𝑚2 + 2(2𝑚)(1) + 12 + 2𝑚 + 1
Divisor = 21
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= 4𝑚2 + 4𝑚 + 1 + 2𝑚 + 1
By Euclid division lemma,
𝑎 = 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑟 , 0 ≤ 𝑟 < 𝑏 = 4𝑚2 + 6𝑚 + 2
532 = 21(25) + 7 = 2(2𝑚2 + 3𝑚 + 1)
Try Your Self…
The quotient = 25, remainder= 7 ∴ It is divisible by 2
3. Prove that the
∴ 𝟐𝟓 rows are completed and Let 𝑛 = 2𝑚 be an even number. product of
2 2
𝟕 flower pots are left over. 𝑛 + 𝑛 = (2𝑚) + 2𝑚 three
consecutive
= 4𝑚2 + 2𝑚 positive
Try Your Self…
2. When the positive integer 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are divided by = 2(2𝑚2 + 𝑚). integer is
17, the respective remainders are 9, 11 and 14. It is divisible by 2 divisible by 6 .
Show that 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 is divisible by 17.
∴ Hence proved.
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Chapter 2 – Numbers and Sequences 23

4. When the positive integers 𝒂, 𝒃 and 𝒄 are 5. Prove that square of any integer leaves the
divided by 13, the respective remainders remainder either 0 or 1 when divided by 4
are 9, 7 and 10 show that 𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 is Given: divisor = 4
divisible by 13.
Let 𝑛 = 2𝑥 be an even
Given: The positive integers 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are
𝑛2 = (2𝑥 )2 = 4𝑥 2
divided by 13, leaves remainders are 9,7
and 10 respectively . It is divisible by 4
To show that 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 is divisible by 13. ∴ The remainder is zero
Thus, divisor =13 Let 𝑛 = 2𝑥 + 1 be an odd
By Euclid’s Division Lemma, 𝑛2 = (2𝑥 + 1)2
𝑎 = 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑟 ,0 ≤ 𝑟 < 𝑏

n
= 4𝑥 2 + 2(2𝑥 ) + 12
𝑎 = 13𝑞1 + 9
= 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 1

l.i
𝑏 = 13𝑞2 + 7
= 4(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 ) + 1
𝑐 = 13𝑞3 + 10

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𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 = 4𝑞 + 1
= 13𝑞1 + 9 + 13𝑞2 + 7 + 13𝑞3 + 10 (𝑞 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 is some integer)
∴ The remainder is 1
= 13𝑞1 + 13𝑞2 + 13𝑞3 + 26
ka
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 13(𝑞1 + 𝑞2 + 𝑞3 + 2) + 0 Any even number squared, when divided
(∵ Remainder = 0) by 4 leaves the remainder is zero. Every
vi
∴ 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 is multiple of 13. odd number squared, when divided by 4
∴ It is divisible by 13. leaves the remainder is 1.
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6. Use Euclid’s Division Algorithm to find the Highest Common Factor (HCF) of
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(i) 340 and 412 (ii) 867 and 255 (iii) 10224 and 9648 (iv) 84,90 and 120
(i) 340 and 412
w

Let 𝑎 =412 and 𝑏 = 340

𝑎>𝑏
w

Using Euclid’s division lemma,

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𝑎 = 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑟, 0 ≤ 𝑟 < 𝑏
Try Your Self…
412 = 340(1) + 72; 72 ≠ 0 4. Use Euclid’s Division
340 = 72(4) + 52; 52 ≠ 0 Algorithm to find the
Highest Common Factor
72 = 52(1) + 20; 20 ≠ 0 (HCF) of (i) 210 and 55
52 = 20(2) + 12; 12 ≠ 0 (ii) 196 and 38220
20 = 12(1) + 8; 8≠0 (iii) 441, 567 and 693
Ans:
12 = 8(1) + 4 ; 4≠0
(i) 5 (ii) 196 (iii) 63
8 = 4(2) + 0.
The remainder is Zero.
∴ HCF of 340 and 412 is 4.
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24 Way to Success  - 10 th
Maths

(ii) 867 and 255 (iii) 10224 and 9648

Let 𝑎 = 867 Let 𝑎 = 10224
and 𝑏 = 255 and 𝑏 = 9648
𝑎 > 𝑏, 𝑎>𝑏

𝑎 is dividend, Using Euclid’s

division lemma,
𝑏 is divisor.
𝑎 = 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑟, 0 ≤ 𝑟 < 𝑏.
By Euclid’s division lemma
10224 = 9648 (1) + 576
𝑎 = 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑟; 0 ≤ 𝑟 < 𝑏
The remainder 576 ≠ 0
867 = 255 (3) + 102

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9648 = 576 (16) + 432
The remainder is 102 ≠ 0

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The remainder is 432 ≠ 0
255 = 102(2) + 51
576 = 432 (1) + 144

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The remainder is 51 ≠ 0 The remainder is 144 ≠ 0
102 = 51(2) + 0 432 = 144 (3) + 0
The remainder is 0.
ka The remainder is 0
∴ The HCF of 867 and 255 is 51 ∴ The HCF of 10224 and 9648 is 144.
vi
(iv) 𝟖𝟒, 𝟗𝟎 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟏𝟐𝟎 7. Find the largest number which divides 1230
Let 𝑎 = 120, 𝑏 = 90, 𝑐 = 84 and 1926 leaving remainder 12 in each case.
al

HCF of 𝑎, 𝑏; 𝑎 > 𝑏. Given, 1230 and 1926 leaving remainder 12

in each case, when divided by largest number.
By Euclid’s division lemma,
1230 − 12 = 1218 and 1926 − 12 = 1914.
.k

𝑎 = 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑟, 0 ≤ 𝑟 < 𝑏
Let 𝑎 = 1914 and 𝑏 = 1218 𝑎 > 𝑏
120 = 90(1) + 30
By using Euclid’s lemma, Try Your Self…
w

The remainder is 30 ≠ 0
𝑎 = 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑟, 0 ≤ 𝑟 < 1 5. Find the
90 = 30(3) + 0
w

1914 = 1218(1) + 696 largest

The remainder is 0. number which
The remainder 696 ≠ 0 divides 245
w

∴ The HCF of 120 and 90 is 30. 1218 = 696(1) + 522 and 1029
Next to find HCF of 𝑑 = 30 and 𝑐 = 84. The remainder 522 ≠ 0 leaving
By using Euclid’s remainder 5 in
696 = 522 (1) + 174 each case.
division lemma, 𝑐 > 𝑑 The remainder 174 ≠ 0 Ans: 16
84 = 30(2) + 24 522 = 174 (3) + 0
The remainder 24 ≠ 0 The remainder is 0
30 = 24(1) + 6 ∴ The largest number is
The remainder 6 ≠ 0 174 which divides
24 = 6(4) + 0 1230 and 1926.
The remainder is 0 Leaves remainder 12.
∴ The HCF of 84,90 and 120 is 6
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Chapter 2 – Numbers and Sequences 25

8. If 𝒅 is the Highest Common Factor of 𝟑𝟐 and 𝟔𝟎, find 𝒙 and 𝒚 satisfying 𝒅 = 𝟑𝟐𝒙 + 𝟔𝟎𝒚.
Given:
HCF of 32 and 60 is 𝑑
Using Euclid’s lemma, 𝑎 = 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑟 , 0 ≤ 𝑟 < 𝑏
Let 𝑎 = 60, 𝑏 = 32, 𝑎 > 𝑏
60 = 32 (1) + 28 ………..(1)
The remainder 28 ≠ 0.
32 = 28 (1) + 4 ………….(2)
4≠0
28 = 4(7) + 0
The remainder is 0
Try Your Self…
∴ HCF of 32 and 60 is 4

n
6. If 𝑑 is the HCF of 56 and 72 find 𝑥, 𝑦
𝑑=4 satisfying 𝑑 = 56𝑥 + 72𝑦. Also, show

l.i
From equation (2) is that 𝑥 and 𝑦 are not unique.
4 = 32 − 28 × 1 [from equation (1)]
Ans: 𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = −3

da
4 = 32 − (60 − (32 × 1))
= 32 − 60 + 32
4 = 32(2) + 60(−1) ka
Comparing 𝑑 = 32𝑥 + 60𝑦 (given)
∴ 𝒙 = 𝟐, 𝒚 = −𝟏
9. A positive integer when divided by 88 gives the remainder 61. What will be the remainder when
vi
the same number is divided by 11?
Let 𝑛 be a positive integer.
al

Given that, The number (𝑛) is divided by 88 gives the remainder 61.
Using Euclid division lemma, Try Your Self…
.k

𝑎 = 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑟, 0 ≤ 𝑟 < 𝑏. 7. A positive number when divided

𝑛 = 88𝑞 + 61 (Where 𝑞 is any integer) by 88 gives, the remainder 8.
Let’s divide (88𝑞 + 61) by 11.
w

What will the remainder when

Thus, we get same remainder that is 61 the number is divided by 11?
Since, 88𝑞 is divisible by 11
w

Ans: 8
Again divide 61 by 11
61 = 11(5) + 6.
w

∴ The remainder is 𝟔.
10. Prove that two consecutive positive integers are always coprime.
Let 𝑛, (𝑛 + 1) be the consecutive terms.
Using Euclid lemma,
𝑎 = 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑟 , 0 ≤ 𝑟 < 𝑏
𝑛 + 1 > 𝑛. Then
(𝑛 + 1) = 𝑛(1) + 1
𝑛 = (1)(𝑛) + 0
remainder = 0. divisor = 1.
HCF = 1.
∴ It is always coprime.
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26 Way to Success  - 10 th
Maths

Exercise 2.2
Practice these book example problems : 2.7 to 2.10

1. For what values of natural number 𝒏, 𝟒𝒏 can 2. If 𝒎, 𝒏 are natural numbers, for what
end with the digit 𝟔? values of 𝒎, does 𝟐𝒏 × 𝟓𝒎 ends in 𝟓?
Given: 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁 and 4𝑛 Given: 𝑚, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁 and 2𝑛 × 5𝑚 SEP-20

𝑛 = 1,2,3,4 …. 𝑛 = 1, 𝑚 = 1 ⇒ 21 × 51 = 2 × 5 = 10

41 = 4 𝑛 = 1, 𝑚 = 2 ⇒ 21 × 52 = 2 × 25 = 50

42 = 16 𝑛 = 2, 𝑚 = 3 ⇒ 22 × 53 = 4 × 125

n
Try Your Self… = 500
43 = 64

l.i
8. Check whether 6𝑛 can end with
∴ 2𝑛 is always even.
44 = 256 digits 0 for any natural
number 𝑛.

da
So that, the product of 5 is in always end
45 = 1024 Ans: 6𝑛 can never end with the
digit is 0. Hence, No value of 2𝑛 × 5𝑚 end
6 digit 0 for any natural number.
4 = 4096 ka with the digit 5.
⋮ Try Your Self…
9. If 𝑚, 𝑛 are natural numbers, for what values of 𝑚,
4𝑛 can end with the digit 6, then the value of does 3𝑛 × 5𝑚 ends in 0?
vi
𝑛 is even number. Ans: No value of 3𝑛 × 5𝑚 end with the digit 0

3. Find the HCF of 𝟐𝟓𝟐𝟓𝟐𝟓 and 𝟑𝟔𝟑𝟔𝟑𝟔.

al

Factorize of 252525
.k

= 5 × 5 × 10101
w

Factorize of 363636
= 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 10101
w

Try Your Self…

∴ The HCF of 252525 and 363636 is 10101 10. Find the HCF of 494949 and 818181.
w

Ans: 10101

4. If 𝟏𝟑𝟖𝟐𝟒 = 𝟐𝒂 × 𝟑𝒃 then 𝒂 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝒃.

Given 13824 = 2𝑎 × 3𝑏
The number 13824 can be factorized Try Your Self…

As, 13824 = 29 × 33 11. If 6272 = 2𝑎 × 7𝑏 then 𝑎 and 𝑏.

Ans: 𝑎 = 7, 𝑏 = 2
Hence, 2𝑎 × 3𝑏 = 29 × 33
∴ 𝑎 = 9 and 𝑏 = 3

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Chapter 2 – Numbers and Sequences 27

𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
5. If 𝒑𝟏𝟏 × 𝒑𝟐𝟐 × 𝒑𝟑𝟑 × 𝒑𝟒𝟒 = 𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟒𝟎𝟎 where 𝒑𝟏 , 𝒑𝟐 , 𝒑𝟑 , 𝒑𝟒 are primes in ascending order and
𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒙𝟑 , 𝒙𝟒 are integers, find the value of 𝒑𝟏 , 𝒑𝟐 , 𝒑𝟑 , 𝒑𝟒 and 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒙𝟑 , 𝒙𝟒 .
The number 113400 can be factorized as
113400 = 5 × 5 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 7 Try Your Self…
12. If 𝑝1𝑥1 × 𝑝2𝑥2 × 𝑝3𝑥3 × 𝑝4𝑥4 × 𝑝5𝑥5 × 𝑝6𝑥6 = 556920
= 52 × 23 × 34 × 71 where 𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , 𝑝3 , 𝑝4 , 𝑝5 , 𝑝6 are primes in
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 ascending order and 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4 , 𝑥5 , 𝑥6 are
Given, 113400 = 𝑝1 1 × 𝑝2 2 × 𝑝3 3 × 𝑝4 4 integers, find the value of 𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , 𝑝3 , 𝑝4 , 𝑝5 , 𝑝6
𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , 𝑝3 , 𝑝4 are primes in ascending, and 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4 , 𝑥5 , 𝑥6
Ans:
𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4 are integers. 𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , 𝑝3 , 𝑝4 , 𝑝5 , 𝑝6 = 2,3,5,7,13,17 and
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4 , 𝑥5 , 𝑥6 = 3,2,1,1,1,1
𝑝1 1 × 𝑝2 2 × 𝑝3 3 × 𝑝4 4

n
= 23 × 34 × 52 × 71

l.i
This implies,
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑝1 1 = 23 𝑝2 2 = 34 𝑝3 3 = 52 𝑝4 4 = 71

da
𝑝1 = 2; 𝑥1 = 3 𝑝2 = 3, 𝑥2 = 4 𝑝3 = 5, 𝑥3 = 2 𝑝4 = 7, 𝑥4 = 1
∴ 𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , 𝑝3 , 𝑝4 = 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟓, 𝟕 ka
𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4 = 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟐, 𝟏
6. Find the LCM and HCF of 408 and 170 by applying the fundamental theorem of arithmetic.
vi
Given: The numbers 408 and 170 can be factorized as,
408 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 17 Try Your Self…
al

3
= 2 × 3 × 17 and 13. Find the HCF and LCM
of 144, 180 and 192 by
170 = 2 × 5 × 17
.k

prime factorization
LCM of 408 and 170 = 23 × 3 × 5 × 17 method
w

Ans: HCF = 12, LCM = 2880

= 8 × 15 × 17
= 𝟐𝟎𝟒𝟎
w

HCF of 408 and 170 = 2 × 17

w

= 𝟑𝟒
7. Find the greatest number consisting of 6 digits which is exactly divisible by 24,15,36?
Given: The number is exactly divisible by 24,15,36.
Thus, LCM of 24,15,36 is 360.
The number is exactly divisible by 360. 3 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 3 = 360

Greatest number of 6 digits is 999999 Try Your Self…

14. Find the greatest number
∴ The greatest number = 99999 − 279 consisting of 5 digits which is
= 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟕𝟐𝟎 exactly divisible by 21, 14, 49.
Ans: 99960
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28 Way to Success  - 10 th
Maths

8. What is the smallest number that when divided by three numbers such as 35,56 and 91 leaves
remainder 7 in each case?
The number divided by 35,56 and 91 leaves remainder 7 in each case.
LCM of 35, 56 and 91= 3640
By Euclid’s lemma,
𝑎 = 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑟, 0 ≤ 𝑟 < 𝑏 7 × 5 × 8 × 13 = 3640
𝑛 = 35𝑞1 + 7 (∵ leaves remainder is 7)
Try Your Self…
𝑛 = 56𝑞2 + 7
15. Find the smallest number which
𝑛 = 91𝑞3 + 7
when increased by 17 is exactly
𝑛 = 3640 + 7 divisible by both 520 and 468.

n
𝑛 = 3647 Ans: 4663

l.i
∴ The smallest number is 3647.
9. Find the least number that is divisible by the first ten natural numbers

da
The first ten natural numbers are, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.
Given: the number is divisible by first ten natural numbers.
Thus, LCM of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 Try Your Self…
3
=1×2 ×3 ×5×7 2
ka 16. Find the least number that is divisible by
= 8 × 9 × 35 = 2520 the first 15 natural numbers.
Ans: 360360
vi
∴ The least number is 2520.
(Exercise 2.3 is removed based on reduced syllabus 2021 - 2022)
al

Exercise 2.4
.k

Practice these book example problems : 2.19 to 2.22

w

1. Find the next three terms of the following sequence.

𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
(i) 8, 24, 72,… (ii) 5, 1, −3,… (iii) 𝟒 , 𝟗 , 𝟏𝟔 , …
w

(i) 8,24,72, … (ii) 5,1, −3, … 1 2 3

(iii) 4 , 9 , 16
w

𝑛
In the above sequence, Above the sequence, each 𝑎𝑛 = (𝑛+1)2
each term is multiply by 3. term is decreased by 4. 1 1 1
𝑛 = 1 ⇒ (1+1)2 = 22 = 4
8 × 3 = 24 5−4=1 2 2 2
𝑛 = 2 ⇒ (2+1)2 = 32 = 9
24 × 3 = 72 1 − 4 = −3 3 3 3
𝑛=3⇒ (3+1)2
= 42 = 16
72 × 3 = 216 −3 − 4 = −7
4 4 4
𝑛=4⇒ = 52 = 25
216 × 3 = 648 −7 − 4 = −11 (4+1)2
5 5 5
−11 − 4 = −15 𝑛=5⇒ = =
648 × 3 = 1944 (5+1)2 62 36
6 6 6
∴ The next three terms are ∴ The next three terms 𝑛=6⇒ (6+1)2
= 72 = 49
𝟐𝟏𝟔, 𝟔𝟒𝟖, 𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟒. are −𝟕, −𝟏𝟏, −𝟏𝟓. ∴ The next three terms are
𝟒
,
𝟓
,
𝟔
.
𝟐𝟓 𝟑𝟔 𝟒𝟗
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Chapter 2 – Numbers and Sequences 29

2. Find the first four terms of the sequences whose 𝒏𝒕𝒉 terms are given by.
(i) 𝒂𝒏 = 𝒏𝟑 − 𝟐 (ii) 𝒂𝒏 = (−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏) (iii) 𝒂𝒏 = 𝟐𝒏𝟐 − 𝟔
(i) 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛3 − 2
Try Your Self…
Given, 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛3 − 2
17. Find the first four terms of the sequence
𝑛 = 1 ⇒ 𝑎1 = (1)3 − 2 = 1 − 2 = −1 whose nth terms are given by
𝑛 = 2 ⇒ 𝑎2 = 23 − 2 = 8 − 2 = 6 3𝑛−2
(i) 𝑎𝑛 = (ii) 𝑎𝑛 = 2𝑛2 − 3𝑛 + 1
𝑛 = 3 ⇒ 𝑎3 = 33 − 2 = 27 − 2 = 25 5
𝑛 = 4 ⇒ 𝑎4 = 43 − 2 = 64 − 2 = 62. Ans:
1 4 6
∴ The first four terms are, −𝟏, 𝟔, 𝟐𝟓, 𝟔𝟐. (i) , , , 2
5 5 5
(ii) 0, 3, 10, 21
𝑛+1
(ii) 𝑎𝑛 = (−1) 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
𝑛 = 1 ⇒ 𝑎1 = (−1)1+1 (1)(1 + 1) = (−1)2 (1)(2) = 2

n
𝑛 = 2 ⇒ 𝑎2 = (−1)2+1 (2)(2 + 1) = (−1)3 (2)(3) = −6
𝑛 = 3 ⇒ 𝑎3 = (−1)3+1 (3)(3 + 1) = (−1)4 (3)(4) = 12

l.i
𝑛 = 4 ⇒ 𝑎4 = (−1)4+1 (4)(5) = (−1)5 (20) = −20
∴ The first four terms are 𝟐, −𝟔, 𝟏𝟐, −𝟐𝟎.

da
(iii) 𝑎𝑛 = 2𝑛2 − 6
Given 𝑎𝑛 = 2𝑛2 − 6
𝑛 = 1 ⇒ 𝑎1 = 2(1)2 − 6 = 2(1) − 6 = −4 ka
𝑛 = 2 ⇒ 𝑎2 = 2(2)2 − 6 = 2(4) − 6 = 8 − 6 = 2
𝑛 = 3 ⇒ 𝑎3 = 2(3)2 − 6 = 2(9) − 6 = 18 − 6 = 12
𝑛 = 4 ⇒ 𝑎4 = 2(4)2 − 6 = 2(16) − 6 = 32 − 6 = 26
vi
∴ The first four terms are −𝟒, 𝟐, 𝟏𝟐, 𝟐𝟔
3. Find the 𝒏𝒕𝒉 term of the following sequences.
al

𝟏 𝟐
(i) 𝟐, 𝟓, 𝟏𝟎, 𝟏𝟕, … (ii) 𝟎, 𝟐 , 𝟑 , … (iii) 𝟑, 𝟖, 𝟏𝟑, 𝟏𝟖, …
(i) Given, 2, 5, 10, 17, … 1 2 (iii) Given 3, 8, 13, 18, …
.k

(ii) Given 0, 2 , 3 , …
12 + 1 = 2 1−1 3 = 5(1) − 2
=0
1
22 + 1 = 5
w

2−1 1 8 = 5(2) − 2
=
32 + 1 = 10 2 2 13 = 5(3) − 2
3−1 2
w

42 + 1 = 17 = 18 = 5(4) − 2
3 3
⋮ ⋮ ⋮
w

𝑛−1
2
𝑛 + 1 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑛
= 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛 = 5(𝑛) − 2
∴ The 𝑛𝑡ℎ term is 𝒏𝟐 + 𝟏 ∴ The 𝑛𝑡ℎ term is
𝒏−𝟏 ∴ The 𝑛𝑡ℎ term is 𝟓𝒏 − 𝟐
𝒏
4. Find the indicated terms of the sequences whose 𝒏𝒕𝒉 terms are given by.
𝟓𝒏
(i) 𝒂𝒏 = 𝒏+𝟐 ; 𝒂𝟔 and 𝒂𝟏𝟑 (ii) 𝒂𝒏 = −(𝒏𝟐 − 𝟒); 𝒂𝟒 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝒂𝟏𝟏
5𝑛
(i) 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛+2 ; 𝑎6 and 𝑎13 Try Your Self…
5(6) 30 15 18. Find the indicated terms of the sequence whose 𝑛𝑡ℎ terms
𝑛 = 6 ⇒ 𝑎6 = = = are given by
6+2 8 4
5(13) 65 13 3𝑛−2
𝑛 = 13 ⇒ 𝑎13 = = = (i) 𝑎𝑛 = , Find 𝑎7 and 𝑎8
4𝑛+5
13+2 15 3
(ii) 𝑎𝑛 = (𝑛 − 1)(2 − 𝑛)(3 + 𝑛); 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3
𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟑 19 22
∴ 𝒂𝟔 = , 𝒂𝟏𝟑 = Ans: (i) 𝑎7 = , 𝑎8 = (ii) 𝑎1 = 0, 𝑎2 = 0, 𝑎3 = −12
𝟒 𝟑 33 37

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30 Way to Success  - 10 th
Maths

(ii) 𝑎𝑛 = −(𝑛2 − 4); 𝑎4 and 𝑎11

Given,𝑎𝑛 = −(𝑛2 − 4)
𝑛 = 4 ⇒ 𝑎4 = −[(4)2 − 4] = −(16 − 4) = −12
𝑛 = 11 ⇒ 𝑎11 = −[(11)2 − 4] = −(121 − 4) = −117
∴ 𝒂𝟒 = −𝟏𝟐, 𝒂𝟏𝟏 = −𝟏𝟏𝟕
𝒏𝟐 −𝟏
; 𝒏 𝐢𝐬 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧, 𝒏 ∈ ℕ
5. Find 𝒂𝟖 and 𝒂𝟏𝟓 whose 𝒏𝒕𝒉 term is 𝒂𝒏 = { 𝒏+𝟑𝟐
𝒏
; 𝒏 𝐢𝐬 𝐨𝐝𝐝, 𝒏 ∈ ℕ
𝟐𝒏+𝟏
𝑛2 −1
; 𝑛 is even, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁
Given, 𝑎𝑛 = { 𝑛+3 , To find 𝑎8 and 𝑎15 Try Your Self…

n
𝑛2
; 𝑛 is odd, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁 19. Find 𝑎18 and 𝑎7 whose 𝑛𝑡ℎ
2𝑛+1
term is

l.i
𝑛 = 8 (even) 𝑛 = 15, (odd ) 𝑛(𝑛−3)
𝑛+4
; 𝑛 is even
2 2 𝑎 = {

da
𝑛 −1 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛(𝑛−2)
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛+3 𝑎𝑛 = 2𝑛+1 ; 𝑛 is odd
3
82 −1 64−1 (15)2 135 35
𝑎8 = = 𝑎15 = Ans: 𝑎18 = , 𝑎7 =
8+3 11 2(15)+1
ka 11 3
63 225 225
= = 30+1 =
11 31

𝟔𝟑 𝟐𝟐𝟓
vi
∴ 𝒂𝟖 = 𝟏𝟏 , 𝒂𝟏𝟓 = 𝟑𝟏
6. If 𝒂𝟏 = 𝟏, 𝒂𝟐 = 𝟏 and 𝒂𝒏 = 𝟐𝒂𝒏−𝟏 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟐 , 𝒏 ≥ 𝟑, 𝒏 ∈ 𝑵, then find the first six terms of the sequence.
al

Given, 𝑎1 = 1, 𝑎2 = 1 and 𝑎𝑛 = 2𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛−2 , 𝑛 ≥ 3, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁. Try Your Self…

𝑛 = 3 ⇒ 𝑎3 = 2𝑎3−1 + 𝑎3−2 = 2𝑎2 + 𝑎1 = 2(1) + 1 = 3 20. If 𝑎1 = 4,
.k

𝑎𝑛 = 4𝑎𝑛−1 + 3 , 𝑛 > 1
𝑛 = 4 ⇒ 𝑎4 = 2𝑎4−1 + 𝑎4−2 = 2𝑎3 + 𝑎2 = 2(3) + 1 = 6 + 1 = 7 then find the 1st five terms
of the sequence.
w

𝑛 = 5 ⇒ 𝑎5 = 2𝑎4 + 𝑎3 = 2(7) + 3 = 14 + 3 = 17
Ans: 4, 19, 79, 319, 1279
𝑛 = 6 ⇒ 𝑎6 = 2𝑎6−1 + 𝑎6−2 = 2𝑎5 + 𝑎4 = 2(17) + 7
w

= 34 + 7 = 41
∴ The first six terms are 𝟏, 𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟕, 𝟏𝟕, 𝟒𝟏.
w

Creative Question
𝒏𝟐 , 𝐢𝐟 𝒏 𝐢𝐬 𝐨𝐝𝐝
1. Find the 3rd and 4th terms of a sequence, if 𝒂𝒏 = {𝒏𝟐 SEP-20
, 𝐢𝐟 𝒏 𝐢𝐬 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧
𝟐
𝑛2 , if 𝑛 is odd
Given, 𝑎𝑛 = {𝑛2
, if 𝑛 is even
2
𝑛2
𝑛 = 3 is odd, 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛2 𝑛 = 4 is even, then 𝑎𝑛 =
2
42 4×4
𝑎3 = 32 = 3 × 3 = 9 𝑎4 = = =8
2 2

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Chapter 2 – Numbers and Sequences 31

Exercise 2.5

Practice these book example problems : 2.23 to 2.30

1. Check whether the following sequences are in 𝑨. 𝑷. (i) 𝒂 − 𝟑, 𝒂 − 𝟓, 𝒂 − 𝟕, …
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
(ii) 𝟐 , 𝟑 , 𝟒 , 𝟓 , … (iii) 𝟗, 𝟏𝟑, 𝟏𝟕, 𝟐𝟏, 𝟐𝟓, … (iv) 𝟑 , 𝟎, 𝟑 , 𝟑 , … (v) 𝟏, −𝟏, 𝟏, −𝟏, 𝟏, −𝟏, …
(i) 𝑎 − 3, 𝑎 − 5, 𝑎 − 7, … (iii) 9,13,17,21,25, …
Given: Given, 9,13,17,21,25, …
𝑎 − 3, 𝑎 − 5, 𝑎 − 7 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 = 13 − 9 = 4
𝑡3 − 𝑡2 = 17 − 13 = 4
𝑑 = 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 𝑡4 − 𝑡3 = 21 − 17 = 4
= 𝑎 − 5 − (𝑎 − 3) 𝑡5 − 𝑡4 = 25 − 21 = 4

n
= 𝑎−5−𝑎+3 ∴ 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 = 𝑡3 − 𝑡2 = ⋯
𝑑 = −2…………………(1) Hence given sequence is an 𝑨. 𝑷.

l.i
−1 1 2
𝑑 = 𝑡3 − 𝑡2 (iv) 3 , 0, 3 , 3 , …
−1 1 2
= 𝑎 − 7 − (𝑎 − 5) Given: 3 , 0, 3 , 3 , …

da
= 𝑎−7+5−𝑎 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 = 0 − ( ) =
−1 1
3 3
𝑑 = −2 ………………..(2) 1 1
𝑡3 − 𝑡2 = − 0 =
From (1) &(2), 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 = 𝑡3 − 𝑡2 3 3
ka 𝑡4 − 𝑡3 = − =
2 1 2−1
=
1
∴ Given sequences is an 𝑨. 𝑷. 3 3 3 3
1 1 1 1 ∴ 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 = 𝑡3 − 𝑡2 = 𝑡4 − 𝑡3
(ii) 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , … Hence the given sequence is an 𝑨. 𝑷.
vi
1 1 1 1
Given: 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , … (v) 1, −1,1, −1,1, −1, …
1 1 2−3 −1
Given: 1, −1,1, −1,1, −1, …
al

𝑡2 − 𝑡1 = − = = 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 = −1 − 1 = −2.
3 2 6 6
1
𝑡3 − 𝑡2 = − =
1 3−4
=
−1 𝑡3 − 𝑡2 = 1 − (−1) = 1 + 1 = 2
4 3 12 12
.k

𝑡4 − 𝑡3 = −1 − 1 = −2
∴ 𝑡3 − 𝑡2 ≠ 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 ∴ 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 ≠ 𝑡3 − 𝑡2
Hence, Given sequence is not an 𝑨. 𝑷. Hence given sequence is not an 𝑨. 𝑷.
w

2. First term 𝒂 and common difference 𝒅 are given below. Find the corresponding 𝑨. 𝑷.
𝟑 𝟏
(i) 𝒂 = 𝟓, 𝒅 = 𝟔 (ii) 𝒂 = 𝟕, 𝒅 = −𝟓 (iii) 𝒂 = 𝟒 , 𝒅 = 𝟐
w

(i) 𝑎 = 5, 𝑑 = 6 Try Your Self…

Given: 𝑎 = 5, 𝑑 = 6
w

21. First term 𝑎 and common difference 𝑑 are

In general term of 𝐴. 𝑃. 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 2𝑑, 𝑎 + 3𝑑, … given below. Find the corresponding A.P.
5, (5 + 6), (5 + (2 × 6)), 5 + 3(6), … 1
(i) 𝑎 = −1, 𝑑 = 2 (ii) 𝑎 = −1.5, 𝑑 = −0.5
5, 11, 5 + 12, 5 + 18, … 1
Ans: (i) −1, − 2 , 0, …. (ii) −1.5, −2, −2.5, …
5, 11, 17, 23, …
(ii) 𝑎 = 7, 𝑑 = −5 3 1
(iii) 𝑎 = , 𝑑 =
4 2
Given: 𝑎 = 7, 𝑑 = −5. Given: 𝑎
3
= ,
𝑑=
1
4 2
In general term of 𝐴. 𝑃. In the general term of 𝐴. 𝑃. 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 2𝑑, 𝑎 + 3𝑑, …
𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 2𝑑, 𝑎 + 3𝑑, … 3 3 1 3 1 3 1
, ( + ) , ( + 2 ( )) , ( + 3 ( )) , …
4 4 2 4 2 4 2
7,7 − 5, 7 + 2(−5), 7 + 3(−5), … 3 3+2 3 3 3
, ( ) , ( + 1) , ( + ),…
7,2,7 − 10,7 − 15, … 4 4 4
3 5 7 9
4 2

7,2, −3, −8, … , , , ,…

4 4 4 4

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32 Way to Success  - 10 th
Maths

3. Find the first term and common difference of the Arithmetic progressions whose 𝒏𝒕𝒉 terms are
given below. (i) 𝒕𝒏 = −𝟑 + 𝟐𝒏 (ii) 𝒕𝒏 = 𝟒 − 𝟕𝒏
(i) 𝑡𝑛 = −3 + 2𝑛 (ii) 𝑡𝑛 = 4 − 7𝑛
Given: 𝑡𝑛 = −3 + 2𝑛 Given: 𝑡𝑛 = 4 − 7𝑛
First term 𝑎 = 𝑡1 𝑛=1⇒ Try Your Self…
= −3 + 2(1) 𝑡1 = 4 − 7(1) 22. Find the first term and
= −3 + 2 = 4−7 common difference of the
𝒂 = −𝟏 A.P whose 𝑛𝑡ℎ terms are
= −3
𝑛 = 2 ⇒ 𝑡2 = −3 + 2(2) given below:
𝑛=2⇒ (i) 5𝑛 − 12 (ii) 3𝑛 + 6
= −3 + 4 𝑎 = −7, 𝑑 = 5
(
𝑡2 = 4 − 7 2 ) Ans:(i)
𝑡2 = 1 (ii) 𝑎 = 9, 𝑑 = 3

n
= 4 − 14
Common difference
= −10

l.i
𝑑 = 𝑡2 − 𝑡1
= 1— 1 𝑑 = 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 = −10 + 3 = −7
∴ First term 𝒂 = −𝟑,

da
=1+1
𝒅=𝟐 common difference 𝒅 = −𝟕.

4. Find the 𝟏𝟗𝒕𝒉 term of an 𝑨. 𝑷. 5. Which term of an 𝐀. 𝐏. 𝟏𝟔, 𝟏𝟏, 𝟔, 𝟏, … is −𝟓𝟒 ?

−𝟏𝟏, −𝟏𝟓, −𝟏𝟗, …
MDL
ka
Given: 𝐴. 𝑃 is 16,11,6,1, …
Given, 𝐴. 𝑃 is −11, −15, −19, … 𝑡𝑛 = −54 , 𝑎 = 16,
vi
𝑎 = −11, 𝑑 = 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 = −15 + 11 𝑑 = 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 = 11 − 16 = −5
𝑑 = −4 𝑙−𝑎
𝑛=( )+1
al

𝑡ℎ 𝑑
𝑛 term of 𝐴. 𝑃 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
−54−16
𝑛 = 19 =( ) + 1 Try Your Self…
.k

−5
⇒ 𝑡19 = −11 + (19 − 1)(−4) −70 23. Which term of an A.P
= ( −5 ) + 1 84, 80, 76,…. is 0?
= −11 + 18(−4)
w

Ans: 𝑛 = 22
𝑛 = 14 + 1 = 15
= −11 − 72
w

𝑡19 = −83 ∴ 𝒕𝟏𝟓 = −𝟓𝟒

6. Find the middle term(s) of an 𝑨. 𝑷. 𝟗, 𝟏𝟓, 𝟐𝟏, 𝟐𝟕, … , 𝟏𝟖𝟑. PTA-1
w

Given: 𝐴. 𝑃 is 9,15,21,27, … 183. 30 30

The middle term = term and + 1 term
2 2
𝑎 = 9, 𝑑 = 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 = 15 − 9 = 15𝑡ℎ term and 16𝑡ℎ term
𝑙 = 183, 𝑑 = 6 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
The number of term in 𝐴. 𝑃. 𝑛 = 15 ⇒
𝑙−𝑎
𝑛= +1 𝑡15 = 9 + (15 − 1)(6) = 9 + (14)(6) = 93
𝑑
183−9 174 𝑛 = 16 ⇒
= +1= +1 𝑡16 = 9 + (16 − 1)(6) = 9 + (15)(6) = 99
6 6
= 29 + 1 ∴ The middle terms are 𝒕𝟏𝟓 = 𝟗𝟑, 𝒕𝟏𝟔 = 𝟗𝟗
𝑛 = 30 Try Your Self…
𝑛 = 30 even, 24. Find the 17th term of an A.P 18, 15 2 , 13, …
1
𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑛 𝑡ℎ
The middle term = term and ( + 1) term Ans: 𝑡17 = −22
2 2
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Chapter 2 – Numbers and Sequences 33

7. If nine times ninth term is equal to the fifteen times fifteenth term, show that six times twenty
fourth term is zero.
Given:
9𝑡9 = 15𝑡15 (∵ 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
9[𝑎 + (9 − 1)]𝑑 = 15[𝑎 + (15 − 1)𝑑]
9(𝑎 + 8𝑑 ) = 15 (𝑎 + 14𝑑)
9𝑎 + 72𝑑 = 15𝑎 + 210𝑑
Try Your Self…
9𝑎 − 15𝑎 + 72𝑑 − 210𝑑 = 0
−6𝑎 − 188𝑑 = 0 25. If five times the fifth term of an A.P
−6(𝑎 + 23𝑑 ) = 0 is equal to 8 times its eighth term,
6[𝑎 + (24 − 1)𝑑] = 0 show that is 13th term is zero.

n
6𝑡24 = 0
∴ Hence proved.

l.i
8. If 𝟑 + 𝒌, 𝟏𝟖 − 𝒌, 𝟓𝒌 + 𝟏 are in 𝑨. 𝑷. then find 𝒌. SEP-21, PTA-3, 5

da
Given: 3 + 𝑘, 18 − 𝑘, 5𝑘 + 1 are in 𝐴. 𝑃.
ie, 𝑑 = 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 = 𝑡3 − 𝑡2
18 − 𝑘 − (3 + 𝑘 ) = 5𝑘 + 1 − (18 − 𝑘 ) ka
18 − 𝑘 − 3 − 𝑘 = 5𝑘 + 1 − 18 + 𝑘
15 − 2𝑘 = 6𝑘 − 17
15 + 17 = 6𝑘 + 2𝑘
vi
32 = 8𝑘
𝒌=𝟒
al

9. Find 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒛 given that the numbers 𝒙, 𝟏𝟎, 𝒚, 𝟐𝟒, 𝒛 are in 𝑨. 𝑷.

Given: 𝑥, 10, 𝑦, 24, 𝑧 are in 𝐴. 𝑃.
.k

𝑡2 − 𝑡1 = 𝑡3 − 𝑡2
10 − 𝑥 = 𝑦 − 10 …..…(1) Try Your Self…
w

𝑡3 − 𝑡2 = 𝑡4 − 𝑡3 26. If 2𝑥, 𝑥 + 10, 3𝑥 + 2 are in A.P, find the

𝑦 − 10 = 24 − 𝑦 value of 𝑥.
w

𝑦 + 𝑦 = 24 + 10 Ans: 𝑥 = 6
2𝑦 = 34 27. The sum of three numbers in A.P is −3 and
w

𝑦 = 17 their product is 8. Find the numbers

Sub 𝑦 = 17 in (1) Ans: 2, −1, −4
10 − 𝑥 = 17 − 10
−𝑥 = 7 − 10
−𝑥 = −3
⇒𝑥 = 3
Also, 𝑡4 − 𝑡3 = 𝑡5 − 𝑡4
24 − 𝑦 = 𝑧 − 24
24 − 𝑦 + 24 = 𝑧 (sub 𝑦 = 17)
48 − 17 = 𝑧
𝑧 = 31
∴ 𝒙 = 𝟑, 𝒚 = 𝟏𝟕, 𝒛 = 𝟑𝟏
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34 Way to Success  - 10 th
Maths

10. In a theatre, there are 20 seats in the front row and 30 rows were allotted. Each, successive row
contains two additional seats than its front row. How many seats are there in the last row?
Given: 30 rows were allotted in the theatre, 𝑛 = 30 PTA-4
20 seats in the front row then 𝑎 = 20
2 seats increased in each row.
Thus, 1𝑠𝑡 , 2𝑛𝑑 , 3𝑟𝑑 , … 30 rows are 20, 22, 24, … respectively.
It forms an 𝐴. 𝑃.
𝑑 = 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 Try Your Self…
= 22 − 20 = 2 28. Find the middle terms of an A.P 7, 13, 19,…241.
Ans: 𝑡20 = 121 , 𝑡21 = 127

n
To find: 𝑡30
𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑

l.i
𝑡30 = 20 + (30 − 1)2

da
= 20 + (29)(2)
= 20 + 58
𝑡30 = 78
ka
78 seats in the last row.
11. The sum of three consecutive terms that are in 𝑨. 𝑷. is 27 and their product is 288. Find the three
vi
terms. SEP-21
Let the three consecutive terms be 𝑎 − 𝑑, 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑
al

Given: 𝑎 − 𝑑 + 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑑 = 27
.k

3𝑎 = 27 ⇒ 𝑎 = 9
Also, (𝑎 − 𝑑 )(𝑎)(𝑎 + 𝑑 ) = 288
w

(𝑎2 − 𝑑 2 )𝑎 = 288
288
w

(92 − 𝑑 2 ) =
9
2
81 − 𝑑 = 32
w

−𝑑 2 = 32 − 81
−𝑑 2 = −49
𝑑 = ±7
When 𝑎 = 9, 𝑑 = 7 the 𝐴. 𝑃 is
9 − 7, 9, 9 + 7
𝟐, 𝟗, 𝟏𝟔
When 𝑎 = 9, 𝑑 = −7
9 + 7, 9, 9 − 7
𝟏𝟔, 𝟗, 𝟐.
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Chapter 2 – Numbers and Sequences 35

12. The ratio of 𝟔𝒕𝒉 and 𝟖𝒕𝒉 term of an 𝑨. 𝑷 is 𝟕: 𝟗. 14. Priya earned E𝟏𝟓, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 in the first month.
Find the ratio of 𝟗𝒕𝒉 term to 𝟏𝟑𝒕𝒉 term. Thereafter her salary increased by E1500
𝑡 7
Given: 𝑡6 : 𝑡8 = 7: 9 ⇒ 6 = 9 per year. Her expenses are E 13,000 during
𝑡8
𝑎+(6−1)𝑑 7
the first year and the expenses increases by
= [∵ 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 ] E900 per year. How long will it take for her
𝑎+(8−1)𝑑 9
9(𝑎 + 5𝑑 ) = 7(𝑎 + 7𝑑) Try Your Self… to save E20,000 per months.
9𝑎 + 45𝑑 = 7𝑎 + 49𝑑 29. If the 10th term Priya first month salary is E15,000. It’s
9𝑎 − 7𝑎 = 49𝑑 − 45𝑑 of an A.P is 52
increased by E1500 per year. The salary
2𝑎 = 4𝑑 and 17th term
is 20 more for 1𝑠𝑡 , 2𝑛𝑑 , 3𝑟𝑑 … years are
𝑎 = 2𝑑 ………(1)
𝑡9
than the 13th 15000, 16500, 18000, … respectively.
To find, 𝑡9 : 𝑡13 = 𝑡 terms, find the
13 A.P It forms an 𝐴. 𝑃.

n
𝑎+(9−1)𝑑
= Ans:
Her expenses are E13,000 during the
𝑎+(13−1)𝑑
7, 12, 17, 22, …

l.i
𝑎+8𝑑
= 𝑎+12𝑑 1𝑠𝑡 year. It’s increased by E900 per year.
=
2𝑑+8𝑑
(Sub 𝑎 = 2𝑑) ∴ The expenses 1𝑠𝑡 , 2𝑛𝑑 , 3𝑟𝑑 years are

da
2𝑑+12𝑑
10𝑑 5 13000,13900,14800, … .. respectively.
= =
14𝑑 7 Her savings 1𝑠𝑡 , 2𝑛𝑑 , 3𝑟𝑑 , … years are
∴ 𝒕𝟗 : 𝒕𝟏𝟑 = 𝟓: 𝟕
15000 − 13000 = 2000,
13. In a winter season let us take the
ka 16500 − 13900 = 2600,
temperature of Ooty from Monday to
Friday to be in 𝑨. 𝑷. The sum of 18000 − 14800 = 3200, …
vi
temperatures from Monday to Wednesday
is 𝟎°𝑪 and the sum of the temperatures E2000, E2600, E3200,…
from Wednesday to Friday is 𝟏𝟖°𝑪. Find It is in the form of 𝐴. 𝑃.,
al

the temperature on each of the five days. 𝑎 = 2000, 𝑑 = 2600 − 2000 = 600
Let 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 2𝑑, 𝑎 + 3𝑑, 𝑎 + 4𝑑 be
𝑡𝑛 = 20000, 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
.k

the temperature of Ooty from Monday to

Friday respectively. 2000 + (𝑛 − 1)600 = 20000
w

Given: the sum of temperatures from (𝑛 − 1)600 = 20000 − 2000

Monday to Wednesday,
(𝑛 − 1)600 = 18000
𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑑 + 𝑎 + 2𝑑 = 0
w

18000
3𝑎 + 3𝑑 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑑 = 0 𝑛−1= 600
𝑎 = −𝑑 …………….(1)
w

𝑛 − 1 = 30
Also, The sum of Temperatures from
Wednesday to Friday. 𝑛 = 31
𝑎 + 2𝑑 + 𝑎 + 3𝑑 + 𝑎 + 4𝑑 = 18 ∴ 31 years will take for her to save E 20000
3𝑎 + 9𝑑 = 18
(Sub 𝑎 = −𝑑) −3𝑑 + 9𝑑 = 18 ⇒ 6𝑑 = 18 Try Your Self…
𝑑=3 30. Gobi Krishnan started work in 1995 at an
Sub 𝑑 = 3 in (1) , 𝑎 = −3 annual salary of E5000 and received a
The temperatures on each day, E 200 raise each year. In which year did
𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 2𝑑, 𝑎 + 3𝑑, 𝑎 + 4𝑑 his annual salary will reach E 7000?
(−3), (−3 + 3), (−3 + 2(3)), (−3 + 3(3)), (−3 + 3(4))
−3,0, −3 + 6, −3 + 9, −3 + 12, Ans: Year 2005
= −𝟑°𝑪, 𝟎°𝑪, 𝟑°𝑪, 𝟔°𝑪, 𝟗°𝑪
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36 Way to Success  - 10 th
Maths

Creative Questions

1. Find the common difference of an A.P. in which 𝒕𝟏𝟖 − 𝒕𝟏𝟒 = 𝟑𝟐 PTA-6

𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
𝑡18 − 𝑡14 = 32
𝑎 + 17𝑑 − [𝑎 + 13𝑑 ] = 32
𝑎 + 17𝑑 − 𝑎 − 13𝑑 = 32
17𝑑 − 13𝑑 = 32
4𝑑 = 32
𝑑=8

n
2. If the sum of the first 𝒑 terms of an A.P. is 3. Which term of the A.P 𝟐𝟏, 𝟏𝟖, 𝟏𝟓, … is −𝟖𝟏?
𝒂𝒑𝟐 + 𝒃𝒒. Find its common difference. State with reason is there any term 0 in this A.P.?

l.i
21,18,15, … . , −81
𝑆𝑝 = 𝑎𝑝2 + 𝑏𝑞 PTA-6 PTA-5
𝑎 = 21, 𝑑 = 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 = 18 − 21 = −3,

da
𝑆1 = 𝑎(1)2 + 𝑏(1) = 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑡1 𝑡𝑛 = −81
𝑆2 = 𝑎(2)2 + 𝑏(2) = 4𝑎 + 2𝑏 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
𝑆2 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 ka −81 = 21 + (𝑛 − 1)(−3)
𝑡1 + 𝑡2 = 4𝑎 + 2𝑏 −81 = 21 − 3𝑛 + 3
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑡2 = 4𝑎 + 2𝑏 3𝑛 = 105 ⇒ 𝑛 = 35
Reason: If 𝑡𝑛 = 0
𝑡2 = 4𝑎 + 2𝑏 − 𝑎 − 𝑏
vi
21 + (𝑛 − 1)(−3) = 0
𝑡2 = 3𝑎 + 𝑏
21 − 3𝑛 + 3 = 0
al

Common difference 𝑑 = 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 3𝑛 = 24
= 3𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑛=8
.k

= 2𝑎 Yes, 8th term in a A.P is zero.

(Exercises 2.6 – 2.9 are removed based on reduced syllabus 2021 - 2022)
w

Exercise 2.10
w

1. Euclid's division lemma states that for positive integers 𝑎 and 𝑏, there exist unique integers 𝑞
w

and 𝑟 such that 𝑎 = 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑟, where 𝑟 must satisfy

(A) 1 < 𝑟 < 𝑏 (B) 0 < 𝑟 < 𝑏 (C) 𝟎 ≤ 𝒓 < 𝒃 (D) 0 < 𝑟 ≤ 𝑏
2. Using Euclid’s division lemma, if the cube of any positive integer is divided by 9 then the
possible remainders are PTA-5, SEP-20
(A) 0, 1, 8 (B) 1, 4, 8 (C) 0, 1, 3 (D) 1, 3, 5
By Euclid’s division lemma, 33 = 9(3) + 0
𝑎 = 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑟 , 0 ≤ 𝑟 < 𝑏 43 = 9(7) + 1
13 = 9(0) + 1 53 = 9(13) + 8
23 = 9(0) + 8 We observe that, The remainder are 0, 1, 8.

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Chapter 2 – Numbers and Sequences 37

3. If the HCF of 65 and 117 is expressible in the form of 65𝑚 − 117, then the value of 𝑚 is
(A) 4 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 3
HCF of 65 and 117 is 13.
65𝑚 − 117 = 13
65𝑚 = 13 + 117
130
𝑚 = 65 ⇒ 𝑚 = 2
4. The sum of the exponents of the prime factors in the prime factorization of 1729 is
(A)1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 SEP-21,PTA-4
1 1 1
Prime factorization of 1729 = 7 × 13 × 19
Sum of exponents = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3

n
5. The least number that is divisible by all the numbers from 1 to 10 (both inclusive) is

l.i
(A)2025 (B)5220 (C) 5025 (D) 2520
3 2
LCM of 1 to 10 = 2 × 3 × 5 × 7
= 8 × 9 × 35 = 2520

da
∴ The least number is 2520

7. Given 𝐹1 = 1, 𝐹2 = 3 and 𝐹𝑛 = 𝐹𝑛−1 + 𝐹𝑛−2 then 𝐹5 is

(A)3 (B)5 (C) 8
ka (D)11
SEP-21,MDL

𝐹1 = 1, 𝐹2 = 3 and 𝐹𝑛 = 𝐹𝑛−1 + 𝐹𝑛−2 𝑛 = 4 ⇒ 𝐹4 = 𝐹3 + 𝐹2 = 4 + 3 = 7

𝑛 = 3 ⇒ 𝐹3 = 𝐹2 + 𝐹1 = 3 + 1 = 4 𝑛 = 5 ⇒ 𝐹5 = 𝐹4 + 𝐹3 = 7 + 4 = 11
vi
8. The first term of an arithmetic progression is unity and the common difference is 4. Which of
al

the following will be a term of this A.P.

(A) 4551 (B) 10091 (C) 7881 (D) 13531
Given, First term =1, common difference 𝑡𝑛 = 4𝑛 − 3
.k

𝑑=4 𝑡𝑛 + 3 = 4𝑛
𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 𝑡𝑛 + 3 is a multiple of 4
w

𝑡𝑛 = 1 + (𝑛 − 1)4
∴ 7881 + 3 = 7884 is multiple of 4
= 1 + 4𝑛 − 4
w

9. If 6 times of 6th term of an A.P is equal to 7 times the 7th term, then the 13th terms of the A.P is
(A) 0 (B) 6 (C) 7 (D) 13 PTA-4
w

Given, 6𝑡6 = 7𝑡7 𝑎 + 12𝑑 = 0

6(𝑎 + 5𝑑 ) = 7(𝑎 + 6𝑑) 𝑎 + (13 − 1)𝑑 = 0
6𝑎 + 30𝑑 = 7𝑎 + 42𝑑
7𝑎 − 6𝑎 + 42𝑑 − 30𝑑 = 0 𝑡13 = 0

10. An A.P consists of 31 terms. It is 16th term is 𝑚, then the sum of all the terms of this A.P is
31
(A)16m (B) 62m (C) 31m (D) 2 m PTA-5
Given, 𝑛 = 31 and 𝑡16 = 𝑚 31 31
𝑆31 = [2𝑎 + (31 − 1)𝑑 ] = [2𝑎 + 30𝑑 ]
2 2
𝑡16 = 𝑚 = 𝑎 + (16 − 1)𝑑 31
= (2)[𝑎 + 15𝑑]………..(1)
2
𝑚 = 𝑎 + 15𝑑
𝑛
Sub 𝑚 = 𝑎 + 15𝑑 in (1)
𝑆𝑛 = 2 [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 ] 𝑆31 = 31𝑚
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38 Way to Success  - 10 th
Maths

14. If the sequence 𝑡1 , 𝑡2 , 𝑡3 , …. are in A.P then the sequence 𝑡6 , 𝑡12 , 𝑡18, … is
(A) a Geometric Progression (B) an Arithmetic Progression
(C) neither an Arithmetic Progression nor a Geometric Progression (D) a constant sequence
𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 in A.P
𝑡12 − 𝑡6 = (𝑎 + 11𝑑 ) − (𝑎 + 5𝑑 ) = 𝑎 + 11𝑑 − 𝑎 − 5𝑑 = 6𝑑
𝑡18 − 𝑡12 = (𝑎 + 17𝑑 ) − (𝑎 + 11𝑑 ) = 𝑎 + 17𝑑 − 𝑎 − 11𝑑 = 6𝑑
∴ 𝑡6 , 𝑡12 , 𝑡18 are in an A.P
(Questions 6, 11 – 13, 15 are removed based on reduced syllabus 2021 - 2022)

Creative MCQ
1. If 𝑎 and 𝑏 are two positive integers where 𝑎 > 0 and 𝑏 is a factor of 𝑎, then HCF of 𝑎 and 𝑏 is

n
𝑎
(A) 𝒃 (B) 𝑎 (C) 3𝑎𝑏 (D) 𝑏 PTA-4

l.i
𝑎−𝑏
2. If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are in A.P then 𝑏−𝑐 is equal to
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎
PTA-6
(A) (B) (C) (D) 𝟏

da
𝑏 𝑐 𝑐

Unit Exercise - 2
ka
𝟐
1. Prove that 𝒏 − 𝒏 divisible by 2 for every positive integer 𝒏.
Let 2𝑘 and 2𝑘 + 1 be positive integer.
Given, 𝑛2 − 𝑛
vi
Put 2𝑘 (even) = (2𝑘 )2 − (2𝑘 ) = 4𝑘 2 − 2𝑘 = 2𝑘(2𝑘 − 1)
It is a multiple of 2. Hence divisible by 2.
al

Put 2𝑘 + 1 (odd) = (2𝑘 + 1)2 − (2𝑘 + 1)

= 4𝑘 2 + 2(2𝑘 )(1) + 12 − 2𝑘 − 1
.k

= 4𝑘 2 + 4𝑘 + 1 − 2𝑘 − 1 = 4𝑘 2 + 4𝑘 − 2𝑘
= 4𝑘 2 + 2𝑘 = 2(2𝑘 2 + 𝑘)
w

This is multiple of 2. Hence divisible by 2

𝑛2 − 𝑛 is divisible by 2. Hence proved.
2. A milk man has 175 litres of cow’s milk and 105 litres of buffalow’s milk. He wishes to sell the
w

milk by filling the two types of milk in cans of equal capacity. Calculate the following
(i) capacity of a can (ii) Number of cans of cow’s milk (iii) Number of cans buffalow’s milk
w

(i) A milk man has 175 liters of cow’s milk and 105 liters of buffalow’s milk.
He fill equal capacity in can.
So take HCF of 175, 105 = 5 × 7 = 35
The equal capacity of can’s is 35 litres
(ii) Cow’s milk
By Euclid lemma,
𝑎 = 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑟, 0 ≤ 𝑟 < 𝑏
175 = 35(5) + 0
∴ 𝟓 cans has cow’s milk
(iii) Buffalow’s milk
By Euclid lemma, 105 = 35(3) + 0
∴ 𝟑 cans has buffalow’s milk.
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Chapter 2 – Numbers and Sequences 39

3. When the positive integers 𝒂, 𝒃 and 𝒄 are divided by 13 the respective remainders are 9, 7 and
10. Find the remainder when 𝒂 + 𝟐𝒃 + 𝟑𝒄 is divided by 13.
Given, 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are divided by 13 leaves remainder are 9, 7 and 10 respectively.
By Euclid lemma, 𝑎 = 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑟, 0 ≤ 𝑟 < 𝑏
𝑎 = 13𝑞1 + 9 , 𝑏 = 13𝑞2 + 7, 𝑐 = 13𝑞3 + 10
𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 3𝑐
= 13𝑞1 + 9 + 2(13𝑞2 + 7 ) + 3(13𝑞3 + 10)
= 13𝑞1 + 9 + 26𝑞2 + 14 + 39𝑞3 + 30
= 13(𝑞1 + 2𝑞2 + 3𝑞3 ) + 9 + 14 + 30
= 13(𝑞1 + 2𝑞2 + 3𝑞3 ) + 53 (∵ 53 = 52 + 1)
𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 3𝑐 = 13(𝑞1 + 2𝑞2 + 3𝑞3 + 4) + 1

n
𝑞1 + 2𝑞2 + 3𝑞3 + 4 is some integer
∴ The remainder is 1.

l.i
4. Show that 107 is of the form 4𝒒+3 for any integer 𝒒.

da
By Euclid division lemma
𝑎 = 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑟 , 0≤𝑟<𝑏
107 = 4𝑞 + 3 ka
104 = 4𝑞
26 = 𝑞
∴ 4(26) + 3 = 107 is in the form 4𝑞 +3
vi
5. If (𝒎 + 𝟏)th term of an A.P is twice the (n+1)th term, then prove that (𝟑𝒎 + 𝟏)th term is twice
the (𝒎 + 𝒏 + 𝟏)th term.
al

Given: 𝑡𝑚+1 = 2𝑡𝑛+1 [∵ 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 ]

𝑎 + (𝑚 + 1 − 1)𝑑 = 2[𝑎 + (𝑛 + 1 − 1)𝑑 ]
.k

𝑎 + 𝑚𝑑 = 2(𝑎 + 𝑛𝑑)
𝑎 + 𝑚𝑑 = 2𝑎 + 2𝑛𝑑
w

2𝑎 − 𝑎 + 2𝑛𝑑 − 𝑚𝑑 = 0
𝑎 + 2𝑛𝑑 − 𝑚𝑑 = 0
w

𝑎 = 𝑚𝑑 − 2𝑛𝑑
To prove : 𝑡(3𝑚+1) = 2𝑡(𝑚+𝑛+1) [∵ 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 ]
w

𝑡𝑚+𝑛+1 = 𝑎 + (𝑚 + 𝑛 + 1 − 1)𝑑 ……….(1)

Substitute value of 𝑎 = 𝑚𝑑 − 2𝑛𝑑 in (1)
𝑡𝑚+𝑛+1 = 𝑚𝑑 − 2𝑛𝑑 + 𝑚𝑑 + 𝑛𝑑
𝑡𝑚+𝑛+1 = 2𝑚𝑑 − 𝑛𝑑
𝑡3𝑚+1 = 𝑎 + (3𝑚 + 1 − 1)𝑑
= 𝑎 + 3𝑚𝑑 ………(2)
Substitute value of 𝑎 = 𝑚𝑑 − 2𝑛𝑑 in (2)
𝑡3𝑚+1 = 𝑚𝑑 − 2𝑛𝑑 + 3𝑚𝑑
= 4𝑚𝑑 − 2𝑛𝑑
= 2(2𝑚𝑑 − 𝑛𝑑)
𝑡3𝑚+1 = 2𝑡𝑚+𝑛+1 Hence proved.
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40 Way to Success  - 10 th
Maths

6. Find the 12th term from the last term of the A.P −𝟐, −𝟒, −𝟔, … . −𝟏𝟎𝟎.
Given: A.P is −2, −4 , −6, … − 100 , To find 12th term from the last term
Let us consider an A.P in reverse order −100, −98, −96, … . −2
then, 𝑎 = −100, 𝑑 = 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 = −98 − (−100) = −98 + 100 = 2
𝑛 = 12
𝑡12 = −100 + (12 − 1)2 (∵ 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
= −100 + 11(2)
= −100 + 22
𝑡12 = −𝟕𝟖
7. Two A.P.’s have the same common difference. The first term of one A.P. is 2 and that of the
other is 7. Show that the difference between their 10 th terms is the same as the difference

n
between their 21st terms, Which is the same as the difference between any two

l.i
corresponding terms.
Let 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 be the first terms of two A.P and 𝑑 be the common difference of two A.P.’s

da
𝑎1 = 2, 𝑎2 = 7
Given, common difference is same of two A.P’s
𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 ka
st
1 A.P
10th term = 𝑡10 = 𝑎1 + (10 − 1)𝑑
𝑡10 = 2 + 9𝑑
vi
21st term = 𝑡21 = 2 + 20𝑑
2nd A.P
al

21st term = 𝑡21 = 𝑎2 + (21 − 1)𝑑

𝑡21 = 7 + 20𝑑
.k

Tenth term 𝑡10 = 7 + 9𝑑

Difference between their 10th terms = 10th term of 2nd A.P − 10t term of 1st A.P
w

= 7 + 9𝑑 − (2 + 9𝑑 )
w

= 7 + 9𝑑 − 2 − 9𝑑
= 5 …………….(1)
w

Difference between their 21st term =2nd A.P. − 1st A.P.

= 7 + 20𝑑 − (2 + 20𝑑)
= 7 + 20𝑑 − 2 − 20𝑑
= 5 ……………….(2)
From (1) and (2), Difference between their 10th terms and 21st terms are same.
Also it is proved that the difference is same to the difference of nth terms of first and second A.P.
(Questions 8 – 10 are removed based on reduced syllabus 2021 - 2022)

Important Example Questions:

2 Marks: Eg 2.26(SEP-21), Eg.2.9(PTA-3)

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Chapter 3 - Algebra 41

3. Algebra
Exercise 3.1
Practice these book example problems : 3.1 to 3.9
1. Solve the following system of linear equations in three variables PTA-5
(i) 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟓; 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟗; 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟏𝟔
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 Try Your Self…
(ii) 𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟒 = 𝟎; 𝒚 − 𝒛 + 𝟏 = 𝟎; 𝒛 + 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟒
1. Solve the following system of linear equations in
𝟑𝒚 three variables: 2𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 2𝑧 = −38,
(iii) 𝒙 + 𝟐𝟎 = + 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟐𝒛 + 𝟓 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎 − (𝒚 + 𝒛)
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 17, −6𝑥 + 𝑦 − 7𝑧 = −12

n
𝟐

(i) 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5…….……. (1) SEP-21 2. Solve:

2𝑦

l.i
2𝑥 + 10 = − 6 + 19 = 2𝑧 + 12 = 38 − 2(𝑥 + 𝑧)
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 9 ……….… (2) Ans: 1. 𝑥 = 3; 𝑦 = −8, 𝑧 = −2
𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 16 ….…… (3) 2. 𝑥 = 5; 𝑦 = −3; 𝑧 = 4

da
Add (1) + (2) sub. 𝑧 = 4 in (5)
(1)⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5 3𝑥 − 𝑧 = 2
(2)⇒ 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 9
3𝑥 + 2𝑧 = 14 ……………… (4)
ka 3𝑥 − 4 = 2
3𝑥 = 2 + 4
(2) × 2 ⇒ 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 18 3𝑥 = 6 ⇒ 𝑥 =
6
⇒𝑥=2
vi
(3) ⇒ 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 16 3
(−) (+ ) (−) (−) Sub. 𝑥 = 2, 𝑧 = 4 in (1)
3𝑥 − 𝑧 = 2 …..…….. (5) 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =5
al

(4) ⇒ 3𝑥 + 2𝑧 = 14 2+𝑦+4=5
(5) ⇒ 3𝑥 − 𝑧 = 2
𝑦 =5−2−4
.k

(−) (+) (−)

3𝑧 = 12 𝑦 =5−6
3𝑧 = 12 𝑦 = −1
w

12
𝑧= 3 =4 ∴ 𝒙 = 𝟐, 𝒚 = −𝟏, 𝒛 = 𝟒
w

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
(ii) − + 𝟒 = 𝟎; − + 𝟏 = 𝟎; + = 𝟏𝟒
𝒙 𝒚 𝒚 𝒛 𝒙 𝒙
1 1
= 𝑎, =𝑏 Sub. 𝑎 = 2 in (4)
w

Let
𝑥 𝑦
𝑎 − 2𝑐 + 6 = 0
𝑎 − 2𝑏 + 4 = 0 …….………. (1)
2 − 2𝑐 + 6 = 0
𝑏 − 𝑐 + 1 = 0 ………………. (2)
−2𝑐 + 8 = 0
2𝑐 + 3𝑎 − 14 = 0 …………. (3)
−2𝑐 = −8
From (1) & (2) −8
(1) ⇒ 𝑎 − 2𝑏 + 0𝑐 + 4 = 0 𝑐 = −2 = 4
(2) × 2 ⇒ 2𝑏 − 2𝑐 + 2 = 0 Sub. 𝑐 = 4 in (2)
𝑎 − 2𝑐 + 6 = 0….(4) 𝑏−𝑐+1= 0
𝑏−4+1=0
(4) ⇒ 𝑎 − 2𝑐 + 6 = 0
𝑏=3
(3) ⇒ 3𝑎 + 2𝑐 − 14 = 0 1 𝟏
4𝑎 −8 = 0 ∴ Here 𝑥 = 𝑎 ⇒ 𝒙 = 𝟐
8 1 𝟏 1 𝟏
4𝑎 = 8 ⇒ 𝑎 = =2 𝑦= ⇒𝒚= and 𝑧 = 𝑐 ⇒ 𝒛 = 𝟒
4 𝑏 𝟑

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42 Way to Success  - 10 th
Maths
𝟑𝒚
(iii) 𝒙 + 𝟐𝟎 = + 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟐𝒛 + 𝟓 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎 − (𝒚 − 𝒛)
𝟐
3𝑦 325
𝑥 + 20 = + 10 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 2(−10) 𝑧 = − −13 = 25
2
3𝑦 Sub. 𝑧 = 25 in (3)
𝑥− = 10 − 20 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = −20 … (1)
2
3𝑦 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 105
+ 10 = 2𝑧 + 5
2 𝑦 + 3(25) = 105
3𝑦
− 2𝑧 = 5 − 10 𝑦 + 75 = 105
2
3𝑦 − 4𝑧 = 2(−5) 𝑦 = 105 − 75
3𝑦 − 4𝑧 = −10 ………. (2) 𝑦 = 30
2𝑧 + 5 = 110 − (𝑦 + 𝑧) Sub. 𝑦 = 30 in (1)
2𝑧 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 110 − 5 2𝑥 − 3(30) = −20

n
𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 105 ………….. (3) 2𝑥 − 90 = −20
2𝑥 = −20 + 90

l.i
(2) ⇒ 3𝑦 − 4𝑧 = −10
2𝑥 = 70
(3) × 3 ⇒ 3𝑦 + 9𝑧 = 315
70

da
(−) (−) (−) 𝑥= ⇒ 𝑥 = 35
2
−13𝑧 = −325 ∴ 𝒙 = 𝟑𝟓; 𝒚 = 𝟑𝟎; 𝒛 = 𝟐𝟓
2. Discuss the nature of solutions of the following system of equations
(i) 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝒛 = 𝟔; −𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟓𝒛 = −𝟏𝟐; 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟑
ka
𝟏
(ii) 𝟐𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟑(−𝒙 + 𝟏); −𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 − 𝒛 = −𝟒; 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝒛 = − 𝟐
vi
𝒚+𝒛 𝒛+𝒙 𝒙+𝒚
(iii) = = ; 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟐𝟕
𝟒 𝟑 𝟐
al

(i) 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 6………………………… (1) (1) + (2) ⇒

−3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 5𝑧 = −12 ……………. (2) (1) ⇒ 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3
.k

𝑥 − 2𝑧 = 3 ……………………………… (3) (2)⇒ − 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = −4

(1) + (2) ⇒ 2𝑥 + 5𝑦 = −1 ……. (4)
w

(1)⇒ 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 6 2 ×(2) ⇒ −2𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 2𝑧 = −8 …… (2)

(2)⇒ −3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 5𝑧 = −12 (3) ⇒ 6𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 2𝑧 = −1 …… (3)
w

−2𝑥 + 4𝑧 = −6 4𝑥 + 10𝑦 = −9
9
÷ 2, − 𝑥 + 2𝑧 = −3……… (4) ÷ 𝑏𝑦 2, 2𝑥 + 5𝑦 = − ………(5)
w

2
(3)⇒ 𝑥 − 2𝑧 = 3 (4)− (5) ⇒
(4)⇒ −𝑥 + 2𝑧 = −3 (4)⇒ 2𝑥 + 5𝑦 = −1
9
0=0 (5)⇒ 2𝑥 + 5𝑦 = − 2 ……….. (5)
Here 0 = 0 (−) (−) (+)
The system has an infinitely many solution. 9
0 = −1 − 2
(ii) 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3(−𝑥 + 1)
−2+9
2𝑦 + 𝑧 = −3𝑥 + 3 0= 2
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3 ……………… (1) 0=2
7
− 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = −4 …………. (2) 7
1 Here 0 = 2 then this system is inconsistent
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = − 2 …………… (3)
and has no solution.
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Chapter 3 - Algebra 43
𝑦+𝑧 𝑧+𝑥 𝑥+𝑦
(iii) = = ; 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 27 (2) ⇒ 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0
4 3 2
𝑦+𝑧
=
𝑧+𝑥 3 × (3) ⇒ 3𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 81
4 3 (−) (−) (−) (−)
3𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 4𝑧 + 4𝑥
−2𝑥 − 5𝑧 = −81 ...… (5)
4𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 − 3𝑧 = 0
4𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 …….. (1)
𝑧+𝑥
=
𝑥+𝑦 (4) × 5 ⇒ 25𝑥 − 5𝑧 = 0
3 2
2𝑧 + 2𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 3𝑦 (5) ⇒ 2𝑥 − 5𝑧 = −81
3𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0 (+) (+) (+)

𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0 …… (2) 27𝑥 = 81
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 27 ……….. (3) 81
𝑥 = 27 = 3

n
(1) + (2) ⇒
Sub 𝑥 = 3 in (4) we get 𝑧 = 15

l.i
(1) ⇒ 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0
(2)⇒ 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0 Sub 𝑥 = 3, 𝑧 = 15 in (1) we get 𝑦 = 9

da
5𝑥 − 𝑧 = 0 ……. (4) So the system has unique solution.

3. Vani, her father and her grand father have an average age of 53. One – half of her grandfather’s
age plus one-third of her father’s age plus one fourth of vani’s age is 65. Four years ago if vani’s
ka
grandfather was four times as old as vani then how old are you they all now? PTA-2
Vani’s age = 𝑥 (3) × 2 ⇒ 8𝑥 − 2𝑧 = 24
vi
Her father’s age = 𝑦 (4) × 1 ⇒ 𝑥 − 2𝑧 = −144
Her grandfather’s age = 𝑧 (−) (+) (+)
al

Average age = 53 7𝑥 = 168

𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 168
= 53 𝑥= = 24
.k

3 7
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 53 × 3 Sub. 𝑥 = 24 in (5)
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 159…… (1)
w

1 1 1
4𝑥 − 𝑧 = 12
Here 2 𝑧 + 3 𝑦 + 4 𝑥 = 65 4(24) − 𝑧 = 12
w

3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 780 …… (2) −𝑧 = 12 − 96
Four years ago −𝑧 = −84
w

Vani’s age = 𝑥 − 4
𝑧 = 84
Her father’s age = 𝑦 − 4
Sub. 𝑥 = 24; 𝑧 = 84 in (1)
Grandfather’s age = 𝑧 − 4
𝑧 − 4 = 4(𝑥 − 4) 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 159
𝑧 − 4 = 4𝑥 − 16 24 + 𝑦 + 84 = 159
4𝑥 − 𝑧 − 12 = 0 𝑦 + 108 = 159
4𝑥 − 𝑧 = 12…… (3) 𝑦 = 159 − 108
(1) × 4 ⇒ 4𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 636 𝑦 = 51
(2) ⇒ 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 780 ∴ Vani’s age = 𝟐𝟒
(−) (−) (−) (−) Her father’s age = 𝟓𝟏
𝑥 − 2𝑧 = −144 ………… (4) Her grandfather’s age = 𝟖𝟒
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44 Way to Success  - 10 th
Maths

4. The sum of the digits of a three-digit number is 11. If the digits are reversed, the new number is
46 more than five times the former number. If the hundreds digit plus twice the tens digit is equal
to the units digit, then find the original three digit number?
The three digit number = 100𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 𝑧 (5) ⇒ 594𝑥 + 135𝑦 = 999
(Unit digit = 𝑧, 10th digit = 𝑦, 100th digit = 𝑥)
(4) × 45 ⇒ 90𝑥 + 135𝑦 = 495
Sum of the digits = 11, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 11.. (1)
(−) (−) (−)
If digits reversed then the new number
= 100𝑧 + 10𝑦 + 𝑥 504𝑥 = 504
100𝑧 + 10𝑦 + 𝑥 = 5[100𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 𝑧] + 46 504
𝑥 = 504 = 1
100𝑧 + 10𝑦 + 𝑥 = 500𝑥 + 50𝑦 + 5𝑧 + 46
499𝑥 + 40𝑦 − 95𝑧 = −46……. (2) Sub. 𝑥 = 1 in (4) Sub.𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 3 in (1)
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 𝑧 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 11 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 11

n
𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0…… (3) 2(1) + 3𝑦 = 11 1 + 3 + 𝑧 = 11

l.i
(1) + (3) ⇒ 4 + 𝑧 = 11
(1)⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 11 3𝑦 = 11 − 2
9
𝑧 = 11 − 4

da
(3)⇒ 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0 𝑦= =3
3 𝑧=7
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 11…… (4)
(1) × 95 ⇒ 95𝑥 + 95𝑦 + 95𝑧 = 1045 ka ∴ The number = 100𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 𝑧
(2) ⇒ 499𝑥 + 40𝑦 − 95𝑧 = −46 = 100(1) + 10(3) + 7
594𝑥 + 135𝑦 = 999…….. (5) = 100 + 30 + 7 = 𝟏𝟑𝟕
vi
5. There are 12 pieces of five, ten and twenty rupee currencies whose total value is J105. When
first 2 sorts are interchanged in their numbers its value will be increased by J 20. Find the
number of currencies in each sort.
al

Let number of 5 rupees = 𝑥 (5) ⇒ 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 27

Number of 10 rupees = 𝑦 (4) × (3) ⇒ 3𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 12 Try Your Self…
.k

Number of 20 rupees = 𝑧 (−) (+) (−) 3. A cub scout is selling

𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 12..… (1) 5𝑦 = 15 bags of popcorn. A
w

small bag sells for D3.

Total value = 105 15
𝑦= 5 =3 The medium size bag
5𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 20𝑧 = 105 sells for D5. The large
w

Sub. 𝑦 = 3 in (4) size bag sells for D7.

÷5 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 21……. (2)
𝑥−𝑦 = 4 The scout has sold a
After interchanging
w

𝑥−3=4 total of 15 bags and

10𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 20𝑧 = 105 + 20 has made D77. He has
𝑥 =4+3
10𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 20𝑧 = 125 sold 2 more medium
𝑥=7 bags than small bags.
÷5 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 25…… (3)
Sub. 𝑥 = 7; 𝑦 = 3 in (1) How many of each size
(2) ⇒ 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 21 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 12
did he sell?
Ans:
(3)⇒ 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 25 7 + 3 + 𝑧 = 12
(−) (−) (−) (−) Small size bag = 4
10 + 𝑧 = 12 Medium size bag = 6
−𝑥 + 𝑦 = −4
𝑧 = 12 − 10 Large size bag = 5
× (−1) 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 4 …… (4)
(1) × (4) ⇒ 4𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 48 𝑧=2
(2) ⇒ 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 21 ∴ Number of 5 Rupees = 𝟕
(−) (−) (−) (−) Number of 10 rupees = 𝟑
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 27…. (5) Number of 20 rupees = 𝟐
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Chapter 3 - Algebra 45

Creative Questions

1. Solve: 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟒𝒛 = 𝟏𝟓, 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟏𝟑, 2. Solve: 6𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟓𝒛 = 𝟏𝟑,

𝟑𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝒛 = 𝟐 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟏𝟑, 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 − 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟐𝟔
PTA-1
2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 15 …………… (1) 6𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 5𝑧 = 13 …………….(1) SEP-20
𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 13 …………… (2) 3𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 13 …………… (2)

3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 2 …………….. (3) 7𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 26…………….. (3)

From (1), (2) From (1), (2)

(1) × 2 ⇒ 12𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 10𝑧 = 26
(1) × 2 ⇒ 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 8𝑧 = 30

n
(2) × 5 ⇒ 15𝑥 + 15𝑦 − 10𝑧 = 65
(2) ⇒ 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 13

l.i
(−) (−) (+) (−)
5𝑥 + 11𝑧 = 43
−3𝑥 − 11𝑦 = −39
5𝑥 + 11𝑧 = 43 ……………… (4)

da
× (−1) 3𝑥 + 11𝑦 = 39………..(4)
From (2), (3)
From (2), (3)
(2) ⇒ 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 13
ka (2) × 3 ⇒ 9𝑥 + 9𝑦 − 6𝑧 = 39
(3) × 2 ⇒ 6𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 4
(3) × 2 ⇒ 14𝑥 + 10𝑦 − 6𝑧 = 52
(−) (−) (+) (−)
(−) (−) (+) (−)
vi
7𝑥 + 𝑧 = 17 ………… (5) −5𝑥 − 𝑦 = −13
From (4), (5)
al

× (−1) 5𝑥 + 𝑦 = 13………(5)
(4) ⇒ 5𝑥 + 11𝑧 = 43 From (4), (5)
.k

(5) × 11 ⇒ 77𝑥 + 11𝑧 = 187 3𝑥 + 11𝑦 = 39

(−) (−) (−) (5) × 11 ⇒ 55𝑥 + 11𝑦 = 143
w

−72𝑥 = −144 (−) (−) (−)

w

72𝑥 = 144 −52𝑥 = −104

𝑥=2 52 𝑥 = 104
w

𝑥=2
Sub 𝑥 = 2 in (5) Sub 𝑧 = 3 in (1)
Sub 𝑥 = 2 in (5) Sub 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑦 = 3 in
7𝑥 + 𝑧 = 17 2(2) + 𝑦 + 4(3) = 15 5𝑥 + 𝑦 = 13 (2)
7(2) + 𝑧 = 17 4 + 𝑦 + 12 = 15 5(2) + 𝑦 = 13 3(2) + 3(3) − 2𝑧 = 13
14 + 𝑧 = 17 𝑦 + 16 = 15 𝑦 = 13 − 10 6 + 9 − 2𝑧 = 13
𝑧 = 17 − 1 𝑦 = −1 =3 15 − 13 = 2𝑧
𝑧=3 2𝑧 = 2
𝑧=1
∴ 𝒙 = 𝟐, 𝒚 = −𝟏, 𝒛 = 𝟑 ∴ 𝒙 = 𝟐, 𝒚 = 𝟑, 𝒛 = 𝟏

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46 Way to Success  - 10 th
Maths

Exercise 3.2
Practice these book example problems : 3.10 to 3.12
1. Find the GCD of the given polynomials (i) 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟑𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙 − 𝟑, 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑
(ii) 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟏, 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟏𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟏 (iii) 𝟑𝒙𝟒 + 𝟔𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟒𝒙, 𝟒𝒙𝟒 + 𝟏𝟒𝒙𝟑 + 𝟖𝒙𝟐 − 𝟖𝒙
𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
(iv) 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟑, 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐𝒙 + 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐
(i) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 − 𝑥 − 3 4
SEP-20 (ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 1
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 3 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 11𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 11
𝑥+2 𝑥 + 11
3 2 4 3 2 3 − 11𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 11 4 + 0𝑥 3 + 0𝑥 2 + 0𝑥 − 1
𝑥 + 𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 3 𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 0𝑥 − 𝑥 − 3 𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 𝑥 4 − 11𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 11𝑥
(−) (+) (−) (+)
(−) (−) (+) (−)

n
3 2
11𝑥 − 𝑥 + 11𝑥 − 1
2𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 3
11𝑥 3 − 121𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 − 121
2𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 6

l.i
(−) (+) (−) (+)
(−) (−) (+) (−)
120𝑥 2 + 120
3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 9 120[𝑥 2 + 1]

da
3[𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3] 120[𝑥 2 + 1] ≠ 0
3[𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3] ≠ 0 here 3 is not a divisor of 𝑔(𝑥) Here 120 is not a divisor of 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥−1 ka 𝑥 − 11
𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 3 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 3
2 3 2
𝑥 +1 𝑥 3 − 11𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 11
𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 𝑥 3 + 0𝑥 2 + 𝑥
(−) (−) (+) (−) (−) (−)
vi
−𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3 −11𝑥 2 + 0𝑥 − 11
−𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3 −11𝑥 2 + 0𝑥 − 11
al

(+) (+) (−) (+) (−) (+)

0 0
∴ GCD of 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) is 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑 GCD of 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) is 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
.k

(iii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 4 + 6𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 (iv) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 3

𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥[𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2
− 4𝑥 − 8]……. (1) 𝑓(𝑥) = 3[𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1]…….. (1)
w

𝑔(𝑥) = 4𝑥 + 14𝑥 + 8𝑥 2 − 8𝑥
4 3 𝑔(𝑥) = 6𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 12
𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥[2𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 4]…… (2) 𝑔(𝑥) = 6[𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 6]……. (2)
w

GCD of 3𝑥 & 2𝑥 is 𝒙. GCD of 3 & 6 is 3

2 1
w

𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 8 2𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 4 𝑥3 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 6
2𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 − 16 𝑥3 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1
(−) (−) (+) (+) (−) (−) (−) (−)
3𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 12 𝑥 2 + 0𝑥 + 1
3[𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4] ≠ 0 𝑥2 + 1 ≠ 0
3 is not a divisor of 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑥+1
𝑥−2 𝑥2 + 0𝑥 + 1 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 8 𝑥 3 + 0𝑥 2 + 𝑥
𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 (−) (−) (−)
(−) (−) (−)
𝑥 2 + 0𝑥 + 1
−2𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 − 8
𝑥 2 + 0𝑥 + 1
−2𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 − 8 (−) (−) (−)
(+) (+) (+)
0
0
∴ GCD of 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) is 𝒙[𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟒] GCD of 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) is 𝟑(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)
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Chapter 3 - Algebra 47

Try Your Self…

4. Find the GCD of given polynomial 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 5, 𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 35. Ans: GCD : (𝑥 − 5)
5. Find LCM of the following 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 , 𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 , 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 4 Ans: LCM : 𝑥 6 − 𝑦 6
2. Find the LCM of the given expressions.
(i) 𝟒𝒙𝟐 𝒚, 𝟖𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟐 (ii) 𝟗𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟐 , 𝟏𝟐𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄
LCM of 4 & 8 is 8 LCM of 9 & 12 is 36
LCM : 𝟖𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟐 LCM : 𝟑𝟔 𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟐 𝒄
(iii) 𝟏𝟔𝒎, 𝟏𝟐𝒎𝟐 𝒏𝟐, 𝟖𝒏𝟐 (iv) 𝑝2 − 3𝑝 + 2, 𝑝2 − 4
LCM of (16,12,8) = 48 𝑝2 − 3𝑝 + 2 = (𝑝 − 1)(𝑝 − 2)
𝑝2 − 4 = 𝑝2 − 22 = (𝑝 + 2)(𝑝 − 2)
LCM: 𝟒𝟖𝒎𝟐 𝒏𝟐 ∴ 𝐿𝐶𝑀: (𝒑 − 𝟏)(𝒑 + 𝟐)(𝒑 − 𝟐)

n
(v) 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟑, 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝟔 (vi) (𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚)𝟐, (𝟒𝒙 − 𝟔𝒚)𝟑 , 𝟖𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝟕𝒚𝟑
2
2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 3 (2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 )2 = [𝑥[2𝑥 − 3𝑦]]

l.i
= (2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3) = 𝑥 2 [2𝑥 − 3𝑦]2
4𝑥 − 36 = 4(𝑥 2 − 9)
2 3
(4𝑥 − 6𝑦)3 = [2[2𝑥 − 3𝑦]] = 23 [2𝑥 − 3𝑦]3

da
= 4(𝑥 2 − 32 ) 8𝑥 3 − 27𝑦 3 = (2𝑥 )3 − (3𝑦)3
= 4(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 3) = (2𝑥 − 3𝑦)(4𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 + 6𝑥𝑦)
𝐿𝐶𝑀: 𝟒(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟑)(𝒙 − 𝟑)
ka 𝐿𝐶𝑀: 𝟐𝟑 𝒙𝟐 (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚)𝟑 (𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙𝒚 + 𝟗𝒚𝟐 )

Creative Questions
vi
1. Find the HCF of 396, 504, 636. SEP-21 2. If two positive integers 𝒑 and 𝒒 are
written as 𝒑 = 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟑 and 𝒒 = 𝒂𝟑 𝒃; 𝒂, 𝒃
al

are prime numbers, then verify

𝑳𝑪𝑴(𝒑, 𝒒) × 𝑯𝑪𝑭(𝒑, 𝒒) = 𝒑𝒒
.k

PTA-2
𝑝 = 𝑎2 𝑏3 and 𝑞 = 𝑎3 𝑏
HCF = 𝑎2 𝑏
w

LCM = 𝑎3 𝑏3
396 = 3 × 𝟑 × 𝟐 × 𝟐 × 11
w

HCF × LCM = 𝑎3 𝑏3 × 𝑎2 𝑏 = 𝑎5 𝑏4 ….. (1)

504 = 3 × 𝟑 × 𝟐 × 𝟐 × 2 × 7
𝑝 × 𝑞 = 𝑎2 𝑏3 × 𝑎3 𝑏 = 𝑎5 𝑏4 ………. (2)
w

636 = 𝟑 × 𝟐 × 𝟐 × 53
HCF = 3 × 2 × 2 = 12 Hence verified

Exercise 3.3
1. Find the LCM and GCD for the following and verify that 𝒇(𝒙) × 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝑳𝑪𝑴 × 𝑮𝑪𝑫
(i) 𝟐𝟏𝒙𝟐 𝒚, 𝟑𝟓𝒙𝒚𝟐 (ii) (𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟏), (𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏) (iii) (𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝒙𝒚𝟐 ), (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝒚)
(i) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 21𝑥 2 𝑦 = 7 × 3 × 𝑥 2 × 𝑦 Verification:
𝑔(𝑥 ) = 25𝑥𝑦 2 = 7 × 5 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 2 𝑓 (𝑥 ) × 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝐿𝐶𝑀 × 𝐺𝐶𝐷
21𝑥 2 𝑦 × 35𝑥𝑦 2 = 105𝑥 2 𝑦 2 × 7𝑥𝑦
𝐿𝐶𝑀: 3 × 5 × 7 × 𝑥 2 × 𝑦 2 = 𝟏𝟎𝟓𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
735𝑥 3 𝑦 3 = 735𝑥 3 𝑦 3
𝐺𝐶𝐷: 7 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 = 𝟕𝒙𝒚
Hence 𝑓 (𝑥 ) × 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝐿𝐶𝑀 × 𝐺𝐶𝐷 verified.
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48 Way to Success  - 10 th
Maths

(ii) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 3 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) Verification:

= (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) × 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝐿𝐶𝑀 × 𝐺𝐶𝐷
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 1) × (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)
𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 + 1 = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)
= (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) × (𝑥 + 1)
𝐿𝐶𝑀: (𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟏) (𝑥 3 − 1)(𝑥 3 + 1)(𝑥 + 1) = (𝑥 3 − 1)(𝑥 3 + 1)(𝑥 + 1)
𝐺𝐶𝐷: 𝒙 + 𝟏 Hence 𝑓(𝑥 ) × 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝐿𝐶𝑀 × 𝐺𝐶𝐷 verified.
(iii) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 = 𝑥𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑦) Verification:
𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) × 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝐿𝐶𝑀 × 𝐺𝐶𝐷
𝑥𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑦) × 𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑦) × (𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝐿𝐶𝑀 = 𝒙𝒚(𝒙 + 𝒚)
(𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 )(𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦) = (𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 )(𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦)
𝐺𝐶𝐷 = 𝒙(𝒙 + 𝒚) Hence 𝑓 (𝑥 ) × 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝐿𝐶𝑀 × 𝐺𝐶𝐷 verified.

n
2. Find the LCM of each pair of the following polynomials

l.i
PTA-6
(i) 𝒂𝟐 + 𝟒𝒂 − 𝟏𝟐, 𝒂𝟐 − 𝟓𝒂 + 𝟔 Whose GCD is 𝒂 − 𝟐 (ii) 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟐𝟕𝒂𝟑 𝒙, (𝒙 − 𝟑𝒂)𝟐 Whose GCD is (𝒙 − 𝟑𝒂)
(i) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎2 + 4𝑎 − 12 = (𝑎 + 6)(𝑎 − 2)

da
𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑎2 − 5𝑎 + 6 = (𝑎 − 3)(𝑎 − 2) Try Your Self…
𝐺𝐶𝐷: 𝑎 − 2 6. Find the LCM and GCD for the following
𝑓(𝑥)×𝑔(𝑥) and verify 𝑓(𝑥) × 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝐿𝐶𝑀 × 𝐺𝐶𝐷
𝐿𝐶𝑀 =
𝐺𝐶𝐷
ka 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑎2 𝑏 3 𝑐 4 , 𝑔(𝑥) = 9𝑎4 𝑏 3 𝑐 2
(𝑎+6)(𝑎−2)×(𝑎−3)(𝑎−2)
= Ans: 𝑓(𝑥) × 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝐿𝐶𝑀 × 𝐺𝐶𝐷
(𝑎−2)
vi
𝐿𝐶𝑀 = (𝒂 + 𝟔)(𝒂 − 𝟑)(𝒂 − 𝟐)
(ii) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 4 − 27𝑎3 𝑥
al

= 𝑥[𝑥 3 − 27𝑎3 ] = 𝑥[𝑥 3 − (3𝑎)3 ]

= 𝑥[𝑥 − 3𝑎][𝑥 2 + 9𝑎2 + 3𝑎𝑥 ] Try Your Self…
.k

𝑔(𝑥 ) = (𝑥 − 3𝑎)2 7. Find the LCM of each pair of the

𝐺𝐶𝐷 = 𝑥 − 3𝑎 following polynomials
w

𝑓(𝑥)×𝑔(𝑥) 𝑥(𝑥−3𝑎)(𝑥 2 +9𝑎2 +3𝑎𝑥)×(𝑥−3𝑎)2 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6, 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 12,

𝐿𝐶𝑀 = 𝐺𝐶𝐷
= (𝑥−3𝑎) 𝐺𝐶𝐷: (𝑥 − 2)
)𝟐 ( 𝟐
𝐿𝐶𝑀 = 𝒙(𝒙 − 𝟑𝒂 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒂𝒙 + 𝟗𝒂 𝟐) Ans: 𝐿𝐶𝑀: (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 12)
w

3. Find the GCD of each pair of the following polynomials:

w

(i) 𝟏𝟐(𝒙𝟒 − 𝒙𝟑 ), 𝟖(𝒙𝟒 − 𝟑𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 ) Whose LCM is 𝟐𝟒𝒙𝟑 (𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟐)

(ii) (𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 ), (𝒙𝟒 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚𝟒 ) Whose LCM is (𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 )(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 )
(i) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 12(𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 ) = 12𝑥 3 [𝑥 − 1] (ii) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 ,
𝑔(𝑥 ) = 8(𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 ) 𝑔 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 4
= 8𝑥 2 [𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2] = (𝑥 2 )2 + ( 𝑦 2 )2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2
= 8𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2) = (𝑥 2 )2 + (𝑦)2 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2
𝐿𝐶𝑀 = 24𝑥 3 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2) = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − (𝑥𝑦)2
𝑓(𝑥)×𝑔(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦)(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦)
𝐺𝐶𝐷 =
𝐿𝐶𝑀 𝐿𝐶𝑀 = (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )(𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )
12𝑥 3 (𝑥−1)×8𝑥 2 (𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)
= 𝑓(𝑥)×𝑔(𝑥) (𝑥 3 +𝑦 3 )(𝑥 2 +𝑦2 +𝑥𝑦)(𝑥 2 +𝑦2 −𝑥𝑦)
24𝑥 3 (𝑥−1)(𝑥−2) 𝐺𝐶𝐷 = = (𝑥 3 +𝑦 3)(𝑥 2 +𝑥𝑦+𝑦 3 )
𝐿𝐶𝑀
𝟐
𝐺𝐶𝐷 = 𝟒𝒙 (𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝟐
𝐺𝐶𝐷 = 𝒙 − 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚 𝟐

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Chapter 3 - Algebra 49

4. Given the LCM and GCD of the two polynomials 𝒑(𝒙) and 𝒒(𝒙) find the unknown polynomial in
the following table
S.No LCM GCD 𝒑(𝒙) 𝒒(𝒙)
(i) 𝒂𝟑 − 𝟏𝟎𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏𝒂 + 𝟕𝟎 𝒂−𝟕 𝒂𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝒂 + 𝟑𝟓 ?
(ii) (𝒙𝟒 − 𝒚𝟒 )(𝒙𝟒 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚𝟒 ) (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 ) ? (𝒙𝟒 − 𝒚𝟒 )(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙𝒚)
(i) 𝐿𝐶𝑀 = 𝑎3 − 10𝑎2 + 11𝑎 + 70 (ii) 𝐿𝐶𝑀 = (𝑥 4 − 𝑦 4 )(𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 4 )
𝐺𝐶𝐷 = 𝑎 − 7 𝑥4 + 𝑥2𝑦2 + 𝑦4
𝑝(𝑥 ) = 𝑎2 − 12𝑎 + 35 and 𝑞(𝑥 ) =?
𝐿𝐶𝑀×𝐺𝐶𝐷 = (𝑥 2 )2 + (𝑦 2 )2 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2
𝑞(𝑥 ) = 𝑝(𝑥)
𝑎3 −10𝑎2 +11𝑎+70×𝑎−7 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − (𝑥𝑦)2
= 𝑎2 −12𝑎+35 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦)(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦)
(𝑎3 −10𝑎2 +11𝑎+70)×𝑎−7
= 𝐺𝐶𝐷 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2

n
(𝑎−7)(𝑎−5)
2
𝑎 − 5𝑎 − 14 𝑞(𝑥 ) = (𝑥 4 − 𝑦 4 )(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦)

l.i
𝑎−5 𝑎3 − 10𝑎2 + 11𝑎 + 70
𝑎3 − 5𝑎2 = (𝑥 4 − 𝑦 4 )(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦)
(−) (+)
𝑝(𝑥 ) =?

da
−5𝑎2 + 11𝑎
𝐿𝐶𝑀×𝐺𝐶𝐷
−5𝑎2 + 25𝑎 𝑝 (𝑥 ) =
𝑞(𝑥)
(+) (−)
(𝑥4−𝑦4)(𝑥 2+𝑦 2 +𝑥𝑦)(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 −𝑥𝑦)×(𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 )
−14𝑎 + 70
ka =
(𝑥4−𝑦4 )(𝑥2+𝑦2−𝑥𝑦)
−14𝑎 + 70
(+) (−)
= (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦) × (𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 )
0
vi
( ) 2
𝑞 𝑥 = 𝑎 − 5𝑎 − 14 = (𝒂 + 𝟐)(𝒂 − 𝟕) 𝑝(𝑥 ) = (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 ) × (𝒙𝟐 −𝒚𝟐 )
al

Exercise 3.4
.k

Practice these book example problems : 3.13, 3.14

1. Reduce each of the following rational expressions to its lowest form.
w

𝒙𝟐 −𝟏 𝒙𝟐 −𝟏𝟏𝒙+𝟏𝟖 𝟗𝒙𝟐 +𝟖𝟏𝒙 𝒑𝟐 −𝟑𝒑−𝟒𝟎

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
𝒙𝟐 +𝒙 𝒙𝟐 −𝟒𝒙+𝟒 𝒙𝟑 +𝟖𝒙𝟐 −𝟗𝒙 𝟐𝒑𝟑−𝟐𝟒𝒑𝟐+𝟔𝟒𝒑
w

𝑥 2 −1 𝑥 2 −12 (𝑥+1)(𝑥−1) 𝒙−𝟏

(i) 𝑥2 +𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑥+1) = 𝑥(𝑥+1)
= 𝒙
Try Your Self…
𝑥 2 −11𝑥+18 (𝑥−9)(𝑥−2) 𝒙−𝟗 8. Reduce each of the following rational
w

(ii) 𝑥 2 −4𝑥+4
= (𝑥−2)(𝑥−2) = 𝒙−𝟐 expressions to its lowest form.
9𝑥 2 +81𝑥 9𝑥[𝑥+9] 9(𝑥+9) 𝟗 𝑥 3 −5𝑥 2 (𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)(𝑥 2 −9𝑥+14)
(iii) = 𝑥(𝑥2 +8𝑥−9) = (𝑥+9)(𝑥−1) = (i)
3𝑥 3 +2𝑥 4
(ii) (𝑥−7)(𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2)
𝑥 3 +8𝑥 2 −9𝑥 𝒙−𝟏
1 𝑥−5
𝑝2 −3𝑝−40 (𝑝−8)(𝑝+5) (𝑝−8)(𝑝+5) Ans: (i) [ ] (ii) (𝑥 − 2)
(iv) 2𝑝3−24𝑝2+64𝑝 = 2𝑝(𝑝2−12𝑝+32) = 2𝑝(𝑝−8)(𝑝−4) 𝑥 2𝑥+3
𝒑+𝟓
= 𝟐𝒑(𝒑−𝟒)
𝒚 𝒕
2. Find the excluded values, if any of the following expressions. (i) 𝒚𝟐 −𝟐𝟓 (ii) 𝒕𝟐 −𝟓𝒕+𝟔
𝒙𝟐 +𝟔𝒙+𝟖 𝒙𝟑 −𝟐𝟕
(iii) 𝒙𝟐 +𝒙−𝟐
(iv) 𝒙𝟑 +𝒙𝟐−𝟔𝒙
Try Your Self…
𝑝(𝑦) 𝑦
(i) 𝑞(𝑦)
= 𝑦2 −25 For excluded value 𝑞(𝑦) = 0 9. Find the excluded values, if any of the following
𝑥 3 −27 𝑥 2 −5𝑥+4
2 expressions. (i) 𝑥 2−9 (ii) 𝑥 2−2𝑥−3
𝑦 − 25 = 0
Ans: (i) 𝑥 = ±3 (ii) 𝑥 = −1(or)3
𝑦 2 = 25 ⇒ 𝒚 = ±𝟓
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50 Way to Success  - 10 th
Maths
𝑝(𝑡) 𝑡 𝑥 3 −27 𝑥 3 −33
(ii) 𝑞(𝑡) = 𝑡 2−5𝑡+6 for excluded value 𝑞(𝑡) = 0 (iv) = 𝑥[𝑥2 +𝑥−6]
𝑥 3 +𝑥 2 −6𝑥
𝑡 2 − 5𝑡 + 6 = (𝑡 − 3)(𝑡 − 2) (𝑥−3)(𝑥 2 +9−3𝑥)
(𝑡 − 3)(𝑡 − 2) = 0 = 𝑥(𝑥 2 +𝑥−6)
𝑡−3=0 𝑡−2=0 𝑝(𝑥) (𝑥−3)(𝑥 2 −3𝑥+9)
=
𝑡=3 𝑡=2 𝑞(𝑥) 𝑥(𝑥+3)(𝑥−2)

∴ 𝒕 = 𝟐, 𝟑 for excluded value , 𝑞(𝑥 ) = 0

𝑥 2 +6𝑥+8 (𝑥+2)(𝑥+4)
(iii) = (𝑥−1)(𝑥+2) 𝑥(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2) = 0
𝑥 2 +𝑥−2
𝑝(𝑥) 𝑥+4
= 𝑞(𝑥) = 𝑥−1 𝑥+3=0 𝑥−2= 0
𝑥=0
𝑥 = −3 𝑥=2
for excluded value 𝑞(𝑥 ) = 0

n
∴ 𝒙 = 𝟎, −𝟑, 𝟐
𝑥−1= 0 ⇒ 𝒙=𝟏

l.i
Exercise 3.5

da
Practice these book example problems : 3.15, 3.16
1. Simplify ka
𝟒𝒙𝟐 𝒚 𝟔𝒙𝒛𝟑 𝒑𝟐 −𝟏𝟎𝒑+𝟐𝟏 𝒑𝟐 +𝒑−𝟏𝟐 𝟓𝒕𝟑 𝟔𝒕−𝟏𝟐
(i) 𝟐𝒛𝟐
× (ii) × (iii) ×
𝟐𝟎𝒚𝟒 𝒑−𝟕 (𝒑−𝟑)𝟐 𝟒𝒕−𝟖 𝟏𝟎𝒕

4𝑥 2 𝑦 6𝑥𝑧 3 4𝑥 2 𝑦 6𝑥𝑧 3 𝑥 3 ×𝑧 𝟑𝒙𝟑𝒛

vi
(i) × 20𝑦4 = × 20𝑦4 = 5 =
2𝑧 2 2 𝑦3 𝟓𝒚𝟑

𝑝2−10𝑝+21 𝑝2 +𝑝−12 5𝑡 3 6𝑡−12 5𝑡 3 6(𝑡−2) 𝟑𝒕𝟐

×
al

(ii) 𝑝−7 (𝑝−3)2

(iii) 4𝑡−8 × = 4(𝑡−2) × =
10𝑡 10𝑡 𝟒
2
𝑝 − 10𝑝 + 21 = (𝑝 − 7)(𝑝 − 3) Try Your Self…
.k

2 169𝑎4 156𝑎2 𝑏𝑚5 36𝑏2 𝑚2

𝑝 + 𝑝 − 12 = (𝑝 + 4)(𝑝 − 3) 10. Simplify (i) ÷ ×
15 𝑏 25𝑚3 65𝑎2 𝑏
(𝑝−7)(𝑝−3) (𝑝+4)(𝑝−3) (𝑥+𝑦)2 (𝑎−𝑏)2
w

= 𝑝−7
× (𝑝−3)2
(ii)
𝑎−𝑏 𝑥 2 𝑦2
×
5 (𝑥+𝑦)(𝑎−𝑏)
= (𝒑 + 𝟒) Ans: (i) (ii)
w

𝑏 𝑥−𝑦

𝒙+𝟒 𝟗𝒙𝟐 −𝟏𝟔𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟑 −𝒚𝟑 𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙𝒚+𝒚𝟐

2. Simplify (i) 𝟑𝒙+𝟒𝒚 × 𝟐𝒙𝟐 +𝟑𝒙−𝟐𝟎 (ii) 𝟑𝒙𝟐+𝟗𝒙𝒚+𝟔𝒚𝟐 ×
w

𝒙𝟐 −𝒚𝟐

𝑥+4 9𝑥 2 −16𝑦 2 𝑥 3 −𝑦 3 𝑥 2 +2𝑥𝑦+𝑦 2

(i) 3𝑥+4𝑦 × (ii) ×
2𝑥 2 +3𝑥−20 3𝑥 2 +9𝑥𝑦+6𝑦 2 𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
𝑥 − 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦)
3 3

9𝑥 2 − 16𝑦 2 = (3𝑥 )2 − (4𝑦)2 3𝑥 2 + 9𝑥𝑦 + 6𝑦 2 = 3(𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 )

= (3𝑥 + 4𝑦)(3𝑥 − 4𝑦) = 3(𝑥 + 2𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦)
2 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)2
2𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 20 = (𝑥 + 4)(2𝑥 − 5)
𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑦)
𝑥+4 (3𝑥+4𝑦)(3𝑥−4𝑦) (𝑥−𝑦)(𝑥 2 +𝑦2 +𝑥𝑦) (𝑥+𝑦)2
= 3𝑥+4𝑦 × (𝑥+4)(2𝑥−5) = ×
3(𝑥+2𝑦)(𝑥+𝑦) (𝑥+𝑦)(𝑥−𝑦)

𝟑𝒙−𝟒𝒚 𝒙𝟐 +𝒙𝒚+𝒚𝟐
= =
𝟐𝒙−𝟓 𝟑(𝒙+𝟐𝒚)

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Chapter 3 - Algebra 51

3. Simplify
𝟐𝒂𝟐 +𝟓𝒂+𝟑 𝒂𝟐 +𝟔𝒂+𝟓 𝒃𝟐 +𝟑𝒃−𝟐𝟖 𝒃𝟐 −𝟒𝟗 𝒙+𝟐 𝒙𝟐 −𝒙−𝟔 𝟏𝟐𝒕𝟑 −𝟐𝟐𝒕+𝟖 𝟑𝒕𝟐 +𝟐𝒕−𝟖
(i) ÷ (ii) ÷ (iii) ÷ (iv) ÷ 𝟐
𝟐𝒂𝟐 +𝟕𝒂+𝟔 −𝟓𝒂𝟐 −𝟑𝟓𝒂−𝟓𝟎 𝒃𝟐 +𝟒𝒃+𝟒 𝒃𝟐 −𝟓𝒃−𝟏𝟒 𝟒𝒚 𝟏𝟐𝒚𝟐 𝟑𝒕 𝟐𝒕 +𝟒𝒕
2𝑎2 +5𝑎+3 𝑎2 +6𝑎+5 𝑏2 +3𝑏−28 𝑏 2 −49
(i) 2𝑎2 +7𝑎+6 ÷ −5𝑎2 −35𝑎−50 (ii) ÷ 𝑏2 −5𝑏−14
𝑏2 +4𝑏+4
2𝑎2 +5𝑎+3 −5𝑎2 −35𝑎−50 𝑏2 +3𝑏−28 𝑏2 −5𝑏−14
= × = ×
2𝑎2 +7𝑎+6 𝑎2 +6𝑎+5 𝑏2 +4𝑎+4 𝑏2 −49
2 2
2𝑎 + 5𝑎 + 3 = (𝑎 + 1)(2𝑎 + 3) 𝑏 + 3𝑏 − 28 = (𝑏 + 7)(𝑏 − 4)
2𝑎2 + 7𝑎 + 6 = (2𝑎 + 3)(𝑎 + 2) 𝑏2 + 4𝑏 + 4 = (𝑏 + 2)(𝑏 + 2)
−5𝑎2 − 35𝑎 − 50 = −5[𝑎2 + 7𝑎 + 10] 𝑏2 − 5𝑏 − 14 = (𝑏 − 7)(𝑏 + 2)
= −5(𝑎 + 2)(𝑎 + 5) 𝑏2 − 49 = 𝑏2 − 72 = (𝑏 + 7)(𝑏 − 7)
2
𝑎 + 6𝑎 + 5 = (𝑎 + 1)(𝑎 + 5) (𝑏+7)(𝑏−4) (𝑏−7)(𝑏+2)
= (𝑏+2)(𝑏+2) × (𝑏+7)(𝑏−7) = 𝒃+𝟐
𝒃−𝟒

n
(𝑎+1)(2𝑎+3) 5(𝑎+2)(𝑎+5)
= (2𝑎+3)(𝑎+2) × − (𝑎+5)(𝑎+1) 12𝑡 3 −22𝑡+8 3𝑡 2 +2𝑡−8
(iv) ÷

l.i
3𝑡 2𝑡 2 +4𝑡
= −𝟓 12𝑡3 −22𝑡+8 2𝑡 2 +4𝑡
𝑥+2 𝑥 2 −𝑥−6 × 3𝑡 2 +2𝑡−8
(iii) ÷ 3𝑡

da
4𝑦 12𝑦 2
12𝑡 2 − 22𝑡 + 8 = 2[6𝑡 2 − 11𝑡 + 4]
𝑥+2 𝑥 2 −𝑥−6 𝑥+2 12𝑦2
÷ = × = 2(3𝑡 − 4)(2𝑡 − 1)
4𝑦 12𝑦 2 4𝑦 𝑥 2 −𝑥−6 2
ka 3𝑡 + 2𝑡 − 8 = (3𝑡 − 4)(𝑡 + 2)
𝑥+2 12𝑦2
= × (𝑥−3)(𝑥+2) 2𝑡 2 + 4𝑡 = 2𝑡(𝑡 + 2)
4𝑦
𝟑𝒚 2(3𝑡−4)(2𝑡−1) 2𝑡(𝑡+2) 𝟒(𝟐𝒕−𝟏)
= 𝒙−𝟑 = × (3𝑡−4)(𝑡+2) =
3𝑡 𝟑
vi
𝒂𝟐 +𝟑𝒂−𝟒 𝒂𝟐 +𝟐𝒂−𝟖
4. If 𝒙 = and 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒂𝟐 −𝟐𝒂−𝟒 find the value of 𝒙𝟐 𝒚−𝟐 PTA-3
al

𝟑𝒂𝟐 −𝟑
𝑎2 +3𝑎−4 (𝑎+4)(𝑎−1) (𝑎+4)(𝑎−1) 𝑎+4
𝑥= = = 3(𝑎+1)(𝑎−1) ⇒ 𝑥 = 3(𝑎+1)
3𝑎2 −3 3(𝑎2−12 )
.k

𝑎2 +2𝑎−8 𝑎2 +2𝑎−8 (𝑎+4)(𝑎−2) 𝑎+4

𝑦 = 2𝑎2 −2𝑎−4 = 2(𝑎2 −𝑎−2) = 2[(𝑎−2)(𝑎+1)] ⇒ 𝑦 = 2(𝑎+1)
w

𝑥2 𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑎+4 2(𝑎+1) 𝑥 2
𝑥 2 𝑦 −2 = 𝑦2 = ( ) and = 3(𝑎+1) × ⇒𝑦=3
𝑦 𝑦 𝑎+4
𝑥 2 2 2
w

4
( ) = (3) = 9
𝑦
𝟒
∴ 𝑥 2 𝑦 −2 = 𝟗
w

𝒙−𝟕
5. If a polynomial 𝒑(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟏𝟒 is divided by another polynomial 𝒒(𝒙) we get , find 𝒒(𝒙).
𝒙+𝟐
𝑝(𝑥) 𝑥−7
= 𝑥+2 PTA-2
𝑞(𝑥)
𝑥 2 −5𝑥−14 𝑥−7
= 𝑥+2
𝑞(𝑥)
Try Your Self…
𝑥 2 −5𝑥−14
𝑞 (𝑥 ) = ×𝑥+2 11. If a polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 12 is divided by
𝑥−7
2𝑥+3
(𝑥−7)(𝑥+2) another polynomial 𝑞(𝑥) we get find 𝑞(𝑥)
= × (𝑥 + 2) 2
2𝑥+1
𝑥−7 Ans: 𝑞(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 7𝑥 − 4
𝑞(𝑥 ) = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 2)
𝑞(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4
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52 Way to Success  - 10 th
Maths

Creative Question

𝒂𝟐 −𝟏𝟔 𝟐𝒂𝟐 −𝟑𝒂−𝟐 𝟑𝒂𝟐 −𝟏𝟏𝒂−𝟒

1. Simplify : × ÷ PTA-4
𝒂𝟑 −𝟖 𝟐𝒂𝟐 +𝟗𝒂+𝟒 𝒂𝟐 +𝟐𝒂+𝟒
𝑎2 −16 2𝑎2 −3𝑎−2 3𝑎2 −11𝑎−4 1 (2𝑎+1) 𝑎2 +2𝑎+4
× ÷ = × ×
𝑎3 −8 2𝑎2 +9𝑎+4 𝑎2 +2𝑎+4 (𝑎2 +2𝑎+4)
(2𝑎+1) (3𝑎+1)
𝑎2 −16 2𝑎2 −3𝑎−2 𝑎2 +2𝑎+4 1 𝑎2 +2𝑎+4
= × × = 2 ×
𝑎3 −8 2𝑎2 +9𝑎+4 3𝑎2 −11𝑎−4 (𝑎 +2𝑎+4) (3𝑎+1)
(𝑎+4)(𝑎−4) (2𝑎+1)(𝑎−2) 𝑎2 +2𝑎+4 𝑎2 −16 2𝑎2 −3𝑎−2 3𝑎2 −11𝑎−4
= 2 × (2𝑎+1)(𝑎+4) × (3𝑎+1)(𝑎−4) × 2 ÷ 2
(𝑎−2)(𝑎 +2𝑎+4) 𝑎3 −8 2𝑎 +9𝑎+4 𝑎 +2𝑎+4
1 (2𝑎+1)(𝑎−2) 𝑎2 +2𝑎+4 𝟏
= × × =
(𝑎−2)(𝑎2 +2𝑎+4) (2𝑎+1) (3𝑎+1) (𝟑𝒂+𝟏)

Exercise 3.6

n
Practice these book example problems : 3.17, 3.18

l.i
𝒙(𝒙+𝟏) 𝒙(𝟏−𝒙) 𝒙+𝟐 𝒙−𝟏 𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟑
1. Simplify (i) + (ii) + (iii) +

da
𝒙−𝟐 𝒙−𝟐 𝒙+𝟑 𝒙−𝟐 𝒙−𝒚 𝒚−𝒙
𝑥(𝑥+1) 𝑥(1−𝑥) 𝑥3 𝑦3 𝑥3 𝑦3
(i) + (iii) + = −
𝑥−2 𝑥−2 𝑥−𝑦 𝑦−𝑥 𝑥−𝑦 𝑥−𝑦
𝑥(𝑥+1) 𝑥(1−𝑥) 𝑥 2 +𝑥+𝑥−𝑥 2 𝟐𝒙
+ = =
𝑥−2 𝑥−2 𝑥−2 𝒙−𝟐
ka =
𝑥 3 −𝑦 3 Try Your Self…
𝑥3 64
𝑥+2 𝑥−1 (𝑥+2)(𝑥−2)+(𝑥−1)(𝑥+3) 𝑥−𝑦 12. Simplify −
(ii) 𝑥+3 + = 𝑥−4 𝑥−4
𝑥−2 (𝑥+3)(𝑥−2)
(𝑥−𝑦)(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2+𝑥𝑦) Ans: 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 16
vi
𝑥 2 −4+𝑥 2 +2𝑥−3 =
= 𝑥−𝑦
𝑥 2 +𝑥−6
2
2𝑥 +2𝑥−7 𝟐𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙−𝟕
= 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐
al

= = (𝒙+𝟑)(𝒙−𝟐)
𝑥 2 +𝑥−6

(𝟐𝒙+𝟏)(𝒙−𝟐) (𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟓𝒙+𝟐) 𝟏 𝟐𝒙𝟑 +𝒙𝟐 +𝟑

.k

2. Simplify (i) − 3. Subtract from 𝟐

𝒙−𝟒 𝒙−𝟒 𝒙𝟐 +𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 +𝟐)
𝟒𝒙 𝒙+𝟏
(ii) 𝒙𝟐 −𝟏 − 𝒙−𝟏 2𝑥 3 +𝑥 2 +3 1
− 2
w

(𝑥 2 +2)2 𝑥 +2
(2𝑥+1)(𝑥−2) (2𝑥 2 −5𝑥+2)
(i) − 2𝑥 3 +𝑥 2 +3−(𝑥 2 +2)
𝑥−4 𝑥−4 =
w

(𝑥 2 +2)2
2𝑥 2 −3𝑥−2−2𝑥 2 +5𝑥−2
= 2𝑥 +𝑥 2 +3−𝑥 2−2
3 𝟐𝒙𝟑 +𝟏
𝑥−4 = (𝑥 2 +2)2
= 𝟐
(𝒙𝟐 +𝟐)
w

2𝑥−4 2(𝑥−2)
= = 4. Which rational expression should be
𝑥−4 𝑥−4
𝒙𝟐 +𝟔𝒙+𝟖 𝟑
4𝑥 𝑥+1 4𝑥 𝑥+1 subtracted from to get 𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙+𝟒
(ii) 𝑥2 −1 − 𝑥−1 = (𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)
− 𝑥−1 𝒙𝟑 +𝟖
𝑥 2 +6𝑥+8 3
4𝑥−((𝑥+1)(𝑥+1)) − 𝑝(𝑥 ) = 𝑥2 −2𝑥+4
𝑥 3 +8
= (𝑥+1)(𝑥−1) 𝑥 2 +6𝑥+8 3
PTA-4
− 𝑥2 −2𝑥+4 = 𝑝(𝑥 )
4𝑥−(𝑥 2 +2𝑥+1) 4𝑥−𝑥 2 −2𝑥−1 𝑥 3 +23
= = (𝑥+4)(𝑥+2) 3
(𝑥+1)(𝑥−1) (𝑥+1)(𝑥−1) − 𝑥2 −2𝑥+4 = 𝑝(𝑥 )
(𝑥+2)(𝑥 2−2𝑥+4)
−𝑥 2 +2𝑥−1 −[𝑥 2 −2𝑥+1]
= (𝑥+1)(𝑥−1) = (𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)
(𝑥+4)
−
3
= 𝑝 (𝑥 )
(𝑥 2 −2𝑥+4) 𝑥 2 −2𝑥+4
−(𝑥−1)(𝑥−1) 𝑥+4−3
= (𝑥+1)(𝑥−1) = 𝑝 (𝑥 )
𝑥 2 −2𝑥+4
−𝑥+1 𝟏−𝒙 𝒙+𝟏
= = 𝟏+𝒙 𝑝(𝑥 ) = 𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙+𝟒
𝑥+1
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Chapter 3 - Algebra 53
𝟐𝒙+𝟏 𝟐𝒙−𝟏 𝟏 𝟐𝑩
5. If 𝑨 = 𝟐𝒙−𝟏 , 𝑩 = 𝟐𝒙+𝟏 find 𝑨−𝑩 − 𝑨𝟐 −𝑩𝟐

1 2𝐵 1 2𝐵
− 𝐴2 −𝐵2 = 𝐴−𝐵 − (𝐴+𝐵)(𝐴−𝐵)
𝐴−𝐵 2(4𝑥 2 +1) (2𝑥 + 1)2 = 4𝑥 2 + 1 + 4𝑥
∴𝐴+𝐵 = 4𝑥 2 −1
=
𝐴+𝐵−2𝐵 (2𝑥 − 1)2 = 4𝑥 2 + 1 − 4𝑥
(𝐴+𝐵)(𝐴−𝐵) 1 1
𝐴+𝐵
= 2(4𝑥2 +1)
(2𝑥 + 1)2 + (2𝑥 − 1)2
𝐴−𝐵
= (𝐴+𝐵)(𝐴−𝐵) 4𝑥2 −1 = 8𝑥 2 + 2
1
𝟒𝒙𝟐 −𝟏
= 𝟐(𝟒𝒙𝟐+𝟏) = 2(4𝑥 2 + 1)
= 𝐴+𝐵 (2𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 + 1) = 4𝑥 2 − 1
2𝑥+1 2𝑥−1
Here 𝐴 = 2𝑥−1 , 𝐵 = 2𝑥+1
Try Your Self…

n
2𝑥+1 2𝑥−1
𝐴 + 𝐵 = 2𝑥−1 + 𝑎 𝑏 1 2𝑇
2𝑥+1 13. 𝑆 = 𝑎+𝑏 , 𝑇 = 𝑎+𝑏 then 𝑆−𝑇 − 𝑆 2 −𝑇2 =?

l.i
(2𝑥+1)2 +(2𝑥−1)2
= Ans: 1
(2𝑥−1)(2𝑥+1)

da
𝒙 𝟏
6. If 𝑨 = 𝒙+𝟏 , 𝑩 = 𝒙+𝟏, prove that 7. Pari needs 4 hours to complete a work. His friend
(𝑨+𝑩)𝟐 +(𝑨−𝑩)𝟐 𝟐(𝒙𝟐 +𝟏)
Yuvan needs 6 hours to complete the same work.
=
𝑨÷𝑩 𝒙(𝒙+𝟏)𝟐
ka
How long will it take to complete if they work
(𝐴+𝐵)2 +(𝐴−𝐵)2 together?
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝐴÷𝐵 Let total work = 𝑥
vi
𝐴2 +𝐵2 +2𝐴𝐵+𝐴2 +𝐵2 −2𝐴𝐵
= Hours need by pari to complete the work
𝐴÷𝐵
al

2𝐴2 +2𝐵2 = 4hours

= 𝐴÷𝐵 𝑥
Work done by pari in a hour = 4
.k

2(𝐴2 +𝐵2 )
= 𝑥
𝐴÷𝐵
Work done by yuvan in a hour = 6
w

𝑥 2 1 2
𝐴2 + 𝐵2 = (𝑥+1) + ( ) Work done by both in a hour = 4 +
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥+1
6
w

𝑥 2 +1 6𝑥+4𝑥
= (𝑥+1)2 = 24
w

𝑥 𝑥+1 10𝑥
𝐴÷𝐵 = × =𝑥 =
𝑥+1 1 24
𝑥
2(𝑥2 +1) = 24
2(𝐴2 +𝐵2 ) (𝑥+1)2 𝟐(𝒙𝟐 +𝟏)
= = 10
𝐴÷𝐵 𝑥 𝒙(𝒙+𝟏)𝟐
𝑥
= 2.4
= 𝑅𝐻𝑆

Try Your Self… ∴ Hours need by both to complete to the work

𝑥+1 2𝑥−1 4𝑥−5
14. 𝐴 = 2𝑥−1 ; 𝐵 = 3𝑥+2 ; 𝐶 = 2𝑥 2+5𝑥−3 then find = 2.4 hours
4𝐴 − 3𝐵 + 𝐶.
= 2hours (0.4 × 60)
44𝑥 2 +94𝑥+5
Ans:
6𝑥 3 +19𝑥 2 +𝑥−6 = 𝟐𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐬 𝟐𝟒 𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐭𝐞𝐬.

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54 Way to Success  - 10 th
Maths

8. Iniya bought 50kg of fruits consisting of apples and bananas. She paid twice as much per kg for
the apple as she did for the banana. If Iniya bought D1800 worth of apples and D600 worth
bananas, then how many kgs of each fruit did she buy?
Weight of apples = 𝑥 900 600
𝑥= 𝑧 , 𝑦= 𝑧
Weight of bananas = 𝑦
Substituting in (1)
Total weight = 50
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 50
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 50…….. (1) 900 600
+ 𝑧 = 50
Cost of banana = 𝑧/𝑘𝑔 𝑧
1500
Cost of apple = 2𝑧/𝑘𝑔 = 50
𝑧
Total amount of apples =D1800 1500
𝑧= = 30
50
2𝑧 × 𝑥 = 1800

n
𝑧 = 30 Substituting in (2) & (3)
2𝑧𝑥 = 1800 900 900

l.i
1800 𝑥= = = 30
𝑥= 𝑧 3
2𝑧
900
𝑥 = 30

da
𝑥= …… (2) 600 600
𝑧 𝑦= = = 20
𝑧 30
Total amount of bananas = D600
𝑦 = 20
𝑦𝑧 = 600
600
ka Weight of apple = 𝟑𝟎 kgs
𝑦= …… (3) Weight of banana = 𝟐𝟎 kgs
𝑧
vi
Exercise 3.7
al

Practice these book example problems : 3.19, 3.20

1. Find the square root of the following rational expressions.
.k

𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟒 𝒚𝟏𝟐 𝒛𝟏𝟔 𝟕𝒙𝟐+𝟐√𝟏𝟒𝒙+𝟐 𝟏𝟐𝟏(𝒂+𝒃)𝟖(𝒙+𝒚)𝟖 (𝒃−𝒄)𝟖

(i) (ii) 𝟏 𝟏 (iii)
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟖 𝒚𝟒 𝒛𝟒 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙+ 𝟖𝟏(𝒃−𝒄)𝟒 (𝒂−𝒃)𝟏𝟐 (𝒃−𝒄)𝟒
𝟐 𝟏𝟔
w

400𝑥 4 𝑦12 𝑧16 7𝑥 2 +2√14𝑥+2

(i) 100𝑥 8𝑦 4 𝑧4
(ii) 1 1
𝑥 2 − 𝑥+
2 16
1
w

400𝑥 4 𝑦 12 𝑧 16 4𝑥 4 𝑦 12𝑧 16 2 Try Your Self…

√ 100𝑥 8 𝑦4 𝑧 4
=[ ] =√
7𝑥 2 +2√14𝑥+2
𝑥8 𝑦4 𝑧4 15. Find the square 1 1
𝑥 2 − 𝑥+
w

1 root of the 2 16
4𝑦 8 𝑧12 2 following 1
=[ ]
𝑥4 rational (√7𝑥+√2)(√7𝑥+√2) 2

𝒚𝟒 𝒛𝟔 expressions. =[ 1 1 2
]
= 𝟐| | 169𝑥 24 𝑦 28
𝑥 2 −2(𝑥)( )+( )
4 4
𝒙𝟐
(i) 1
121(𝑎+𝑏)8 (𝑥+𝑦)8 (𝑏−𝑐)8 225𝑥 16 𝑦 8 𝑧 40 2 2
(iii) 81(𝑏−𝑐)4 (𝑎−𝑏)12 (𝑏−𝑐)4 (√7𝑥+√2)
8𝑥 2 +2√8𝑥+1 =[ 1 2
]
(ii) √ 1 1 (𝑥− )
4
121(𝑎+𝑏)8(𝑥+𝑦)8 (𝑏−𝑐)8 𝑥 2 −4𝑥+64
√ 81(𝑏−𝑐)4 (𝑎−𝑏)12(𝑏−𝑐)4 √7𝑥+√2 √7𝑥+√2
13 𝑥 4 𝑦 10 =| |=| |
1 Ans: (i) | | (𝑥− )
1 4𝑥−1
15 𝑧 20 4 4
11 (𝑎+𝑏)8 (𝑥+𝑦)8 2
= [ ] √8𝑥+1 4(√7𝑥+√2)
9 (𝑎−𝑏)12 (ii) |( 1 )| =| 4𝑥−1
|
(𝑥−8)
𝟏𝟏 (𝒂+𝒃)𝟒 (𝒙+𝒚)𝟒
= | (𝒂−𝒃)𝟔
| =
√𝟕𝒙+√𝟐
𝟒 | 𝟒𝒙−𝟏 |
𝟗

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Chapter 3 - Algebra 55

2. Find the square root of the following

(i) 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟎𝒙 + 𝟐𝟓
(ii) 𝟗𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟒𝒙𝒚 + 𝟑𝟎𝒙𝒛 − 𝟒𝟎𝒚𝒛 + 𝟐𝟓𝒛𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔𝒚𝟐
(iii) (𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟐)(𝟕𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝟐𝟖𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝟏𝟕 𝟑 𝟒 𝟏𝟏
(iv) (𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏) (𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐) (𝟑 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟐)
𝟔 𝟑

(i) 4𝑥 2 + 20𝑥 + 25 (ii) 9𝑥 2 − 24𝑥𝑦 + 30𝑥𝑧 − 40𝑦𝑧 + 25𝑧 2 + 16𝑦 2

= √9𝑥 2 − 24𝑥𝑦 + 30𝑥𝑧 − 40𝑦𝑧 + 25𝑧 2 + 16𝑦 2

n
= √(3𝑥)2 + (−4𝑦)2 + (5𝑧)2 + 2(3𝑥)(−4𝑦) + 2(3𝑥)(5𝑧) + 2(−4𝑦)(5𝑧)
= √4𝑥 2 + 20𝑥 + 25

l.i
= √(2𝑥 + 5)(2𝑥 + 5) = √(3𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 5𝑧)2

da
= |𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓| = |𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟓𝒛|

(iii) (4𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 2)(7𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 − 2)(28𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 1)

ka
= √(4𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 2)(7𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 − 2)(28𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 1)
vi
= √(4𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)(7𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)(7𝑥 + 1)(4𝑥 − 1)

= √(4𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 − 2)2 (7𝑥 + 1)2

al

= |(𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝟕𝒙 + 𝟏)|

.k

17 3 4 11
(iv) (2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) (2 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 2) (3 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2)
6 3
w

17 3 4 11
= √(2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) (2 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 2) (3 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2)
w

6 3

17 1 1
w

2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 6 (12𝑥 2 + 17𝑥 + 6) = 6 (4𝑥 + 3)(3𝑥 + 2)

6
3 1 1
2
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 2 = 2 [3𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 4] = 2 (3𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 2)
4 11 1 1
𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 2 = 3 [4𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 + 6] = 3 [(4𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 2)]
3 3

1 1 1
= √6 × 2 × 3 (4𝑥 + 3)(3𝑥 + 2)(3𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 2)(4𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 2)

1 𝟏
= √36 (4𝑥 + 3)2 (3𝑥 + 2)2 (𝑥 + 2)2 = 𝟔 |(𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑)(𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐)(𝒙 + 𝟐)|

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56 Way to Success  - 10 th
Maths

Exercise 3.8
Practice these book example problems : 3.21, 3.22
1. Find the square root of the following polynomials by division method
(i) 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟒𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝟔𝒙 + 𝟗 (ii) 𝟑𝟕𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟖𝒙𝟑 + 𝟒𝒙𝟒 + 𝟒𝟐𝒙 + 𝟗
𝟒 𝟐
(iii) 𝟏𝟔𝒙 + 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟏 (iv) 𝟏𝟐𝟏𝒙𝟒 − 𝟏𝟗𝟖𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟖𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟏𝟔𝒙 + 𝟏𝟒𝟒
(i) 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟒𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝟔𝒙 + 𝟗 (ii) 𝟑𝟕𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟖𝒙𝟑 + 𝟒𝒙𝟒 + 𝟒𝟐𝒙 + 𝟗
1 −6 +3 𝟒𝒙𝟒 − 𝟐𝟖𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝟕𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝟐𝒙 + 𝟗
1 1 − 12 + 42 − 36 + 9 2 −7 −3
1 2 4 − 28 + 37 + 42 + 9
4

n
(−)
(−)
2−6 − 12 + 42

l.i
4−7 − 28 + 37
−12 + 36
−28 + 49
(+) (−)

da
(+) (−)
2 − 12 + 3 6 − 36 + 9 4 − 14 − 3 − 12 + 42 + 9
6 − 36 + 9 ka −12 + 42 + 9
(−) (+) (−) (+) (−) (−)
0 0
√𝑥 4 − 12𝑥 3 + 42𝑥 2 − 36𝑥 + 9 √4𝑥 4 − 28𝑥 3 + 37𝑥 2 + 42𝑥 + 9
vi
𝟐
= |𝒙 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟑| = |𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟑|
al

(iii) 𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟒 + 𝟖𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 (iv) 𝟏𝟐𝟏𝒙𝟒 − 𝟏𝟗𝟖𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟖𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟏𝟔𝒙 + 𝟏𝟒𝟒

4 0 1 11 − 9 − 12
.k

4 16 0 8 0 1 11 121 − 198 − 183 + 216 + 144

16 121
w

(−)
(−)
22 − 9 − 198 − 183
8 0 0 8
w

−198 + 81
0 0 (+) (−)
w

(−) (−)
22 − 18 − 12 − 264 + 216 + 144
8 0 1 8 0 1 −264 + 216 + 144
8 0 1 (+) (−) (−)
(−) (−) (−) 0
0
√121𝑥 4 − 198𝑥 3 − 183𝑥 2 + 216𝑥 + 144
√16𝑥 4 𝟐
+ 8𝑥 2 + 1 = |𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏| = |𝟏𝟏𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐|
Try Your Self…
16. Find the square root of the following polynomials by division method.
𝑥 4 − 10𝑥 3 + 37𝑥 2 − 60𝑥 + 36
Ans: |𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6|

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Chapter 3 - Algebra 57

2. Find the values of 𝒂 and 𝒃 if the following polynomials are perfect squares
𝟒 𝟑 𝟐
(i) 𝟒𝒙𝟒 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝟕𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒂 PTA-4 (ii) 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝟑𝟔𝟏𝒙 + 𝟐𝟐𝟎𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎
2 −3 +7 100 + 200𝑥 + 361𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 4
2 4 − 12 + 37 + 𝑏 + 𝑎 10 11 12
4 10 100 220 361 𝑏 𝑎
(−) 100
(−)
4−3 − 12 + 37
20 + 11 220 361
−12 + 9
(+) (−) 220 121
(−) (−)
4−6+7 28 + 𝑏 + 𝑎
20 + 22 + 12 240 𝑏 𝑎
28 − 42 + 49 240 264 144
(−) (+) (−) (−) (−) (−)
0

n
0
The given polynomial is perfect square The given polynomial is a perfect square

l.i
then 𝒂 = 𝟒𝟗, 𝒃 = −𝟒𝟐 then 𝒂 = 𝟏𝟒𝟒, 𝒃 = 𝟐𝟔𝟒
3. Find the values of 𝒎 and 𝒏 if the following polynomials are perfect squares

da
(i) 𝟑𝟔𝒙𝟒 − 𝟔𝟎𝒙𝟑 + 𝟔𝟏𝒙𝟐 − 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒏 (ii) 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟖𝒙𝟑 + 𝒎𝒙𝟐 + 𝒏𝒙 + 𝟏𝟔
6 −5 + 3 1 −4 +4
6 36 − 60 + 61 − 𝑚 + 𝑛 1 1 −8 +𝑚 ka + 𝑛 + 16
36 1
(−) (−)
12 − 5 − 60 + 61 2−4 −8 +𝑚
−60 + 25 −8 + 16
vi
(+) (−) (+) (−)
12 − 10 + 3 36 − 𝑚 + 𝑛 2−8+4 𝑚 − 16 + 𝑛 + 16
al

36 −30 9 8 − 32 + 16
(−) (+) (−) (−) (+) (−)
0 0
.k

The given polynomial is perfect square The given polynomial is perfect square
−𝑚 + 30 = 0 ⇒ −𝑚 = −30 ⇒ 𝒎 = 𝟑𝟎 𝑚 − 16 − 8 = 0 ⇒ 𝑚 − 24 = 0 ⇒ 𝒎 = 𝟐𝟒
w

𝑛−9= 0⇒𝒏 =𝟗 𝑛 + 32 = 0 ⇒ 𝒏 = −𝟑𝟐

Try Your Self…
w

17. Find the values of 𝑎 and 𝑏 if the give polynomial is a perfect square.
𝑎𝑥 4 + 𝑏𝑥 3 + 67𝑥 2 − 70𝑥 + 49 Ans: 𝑎 = 9, 𝑏 = −30
w

Creative Question
PTA-2
𝟒 𝟑 𝟐
1. Find the values of 𝒂 and 𝒃 if 𝟏𝟔𝒙 − 𝟐𝟒𝒙 + (𝒂 − 𝟏)𝒙 + (𝒃 + 𝟏)𝒙 + 𝟒𝟗 is a perfect square.
16𝑥 4 − 24𝑥 3 + (𝑎 − 1)𝑥 2 + (𝑏 + 1)𝑥 + 49 𝑎−10 2 3
(𝑏 + 1) + (𝑎 − 10) = 0
49 − ( ) =0 4
8 3
𝑎−10 2 (𝑏 + 1) = − (𝑎 − 10)…(1)
4
⇒ 49 = ( )
8 Sub 𝑎 = 66 in (1)
Taking Square root on both sides 3
𝑏 + 1 = − (66 − 10)
𝑎−10 2 4
√49 = √( 8
) 3
𝑏 + 1 = − (56)
4
𝑎−10
⇒7= 𝑏 + 1 = −42
8
56 = 𝑎 − 10 𝑏 = −42 − 1 = −43
𝑎 = 56 + 10 = 66 𝒂 = 𝟔𝟔, 𝒃 = −𝟒𝟑
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58 Way to Success - 10 th
Maths
𝒙𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝒚 𝒚𝟐
2. Find the square root of the expression − + 𝟐𝟕 − + 𝒙𝟐 SEP-20
𝒚𝟐 𝒚 𝒙
𝑥 𝑦
−5 +𝑥
𝑦
𝑥 𝑥2 10𝑥 10𝑦 𝑦2
− + 27 − + 𝑥2
𝑦 𝑦2 𝑦 𝑥
𝑥2
𝑦2
(−)
2𝑥 10𝑥
−5 − + 27
𝑦 𝑦
10𝑥
− + 25
𝑦
(+) (−)
2𝑥 𝑦 10𝑦 𝑦2
− 10 + 𝑥 2− + 𝑥2

n
𝑦 𝑥
10𝑦 𝑦2
2− + 𝑥2

l.i
𝑥
(−) (+) (−)
0

da
𝑥2 10𝑦 10𝑦 𝑦2 𝒙 𝒚
∴ √𝑦 2 −
𝑥
+ 27 − 𝑥
+ 𝑥2 = |𝒚 − 𝟓 + 𝒙|
ka
Exercise 3.9

Practice these book example problems : 3.23 to 3.25

vi
1. Determine the quadratic equations, whose sum and product of roots are
(i) −𝟗, 𝟐𝟎 SEP-21 (iii) − 𝟑 , 𝟏
al

PTA-4
𝟐
𝛼 + 𝛽 = −9 , 𝛼𝛽 = 20 3
2 𝛼 + 𝛽 = − 2 𝛼𝛽 = −1
The general form 𝑥 − (𝛼 + 𝛽)𝑥 + 𝛼𝛽 = 0
.k

𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟎 Try Your Self… The general form 𝑥 2 − (𝛼 + 𝛽)𝑥 + 𝛼𝛽 = 0

3
𝟓 18.Determine the quadratic 𝑥2 + 2 𝑥 − 1 = 0
w

(ii) , 𝟒
𝟑 equations, whose sum and product
5 4+√7 4−√7 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐 = 𝟎
𝛼 + 𝛽 = 3 , 𝛼𝛽 = 4 of roots ,
w

2 2
Ans: 2𝑥 2 − (4 + √7)𝑥 + (4 − √7) = 0 (iv) −(𝟐 − 𝒂)𝟐 , (𝒂 + 𝟓)𝟐
The general form
𝛼 + 𝛽 = − (2 − 𝑎 ) 2
w

𝑥 2 − (𝛼 + 𝛽)𝑥 + 𝛼𝛽 = 0
𝛼𝛽 = (𝑎 + 5)2
5
𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 4 = 0 The general form 𝑥 2 − (𝛼 + 𝛽)𝑥 + 𝛼𝛽 = 0
3
𝟐
𝟑𝒙 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎 𝒙𝟐 + (𝟐 − 𝒂)𝟐 𝒙 + (𝒂 + 𝟓)𝟐 = 𝟎
2. Find the sum and product of the roots for each of the following quadratic equations
𝟏 𝟏𝟎
(i) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝟖 = 𝟎 (ii) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 = 𝟎 (iii) 𝟑 + 𝒂 = 𝒂𝟐 (iv) 𝟑𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚 − 𝟒 = 𝟎
(i) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝟖 = 𝟎 (ii) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 = 𝟎
2
Compare with 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 Compare with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 3, 𝑐 = −28 𝑎 = 1 ,𝑏 = 3 ,𝑐 = 0
𝑏 3 𝑏 −3
𝛼 + 𝛽 = − = − = −𝟑 𝛼 + 𝛽 = − 𝑎 = 1 = −𝟑
𝑎 1
𝑐 28 𝑐 0
𝛼𝛽 = 𝑎 = − = −𝟐𝟖 𝛼𝛽 = 𝑎 = 1 = 𝟎
1
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Chapter 3 - Algebra 59
𝟏 𝟏𝟎
(iii) 𝟑 + 𝒂 = (iv) 𝟑𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚 − 𝟒 = 𝟎
𝒂𝟐
𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = −1, 𝑐 = −4
(×) 𝑏𝑦 𝑎2 , 3𝑎2 + 𝑎 = 10 𝑏 −1 𝟏
𝛼 +𝛽 = −𝑎 = −( 3 ) = 𝟑
3𝑎2 + 𝑎 − 10 = 0
𝑐 𝟒
𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = 1, 𝑐 = −10 𝛼𝛽 = 𝑎 = −
𝟑
𝑏 𝟏
𝛼 + 𝛽 = −𝑎 = −𝟑 Try Your Self…
𝟏𝟎 19. Find the sum of roots and product of roots (𝑥 + 2𝑎)(𝑥 − 2𝑏) = 4𝑎𝑏
𝛼𝛽 = − Ans: Sum of roots = −2𝑎 + 2𝑏 , Product of roots = −8𝑎𝑏
𝟑

Creative Question
1. Find the sum and product of the roots of equation 𝟖𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟎 PTA-4
8𝑥 2 − 25 = 0,

n
compare with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
𝑎 = 8, 𝑏 = 0, 𝑐 = −25

l.i
𝑏 0
Sum of the roots = − = = 0
𝑎 8
𝑐 25

da
Product of the roots = 𝑎 = − 8

Exercise 3.10
ka
Practice these book example problems : 3.26 to 3.29
1. Solve the following quadratic equations by factorization method
vi
(i) 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟐 = 𝟎 (iv) √𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟓√𝟐 = 𝟎
(4𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2) = 0 √2 × 5√2 = 10
4𝑥 + 1 = 0
al

𝟏
𝑥−2=0 ∴ (√2𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 + √2) = 0
𝒙 = −𝟒 𝒙=𝟐
√2𝑥 + 5 = 0 𝑥 + √2 = 0
.k

(ii) 𝟑(𝒑𝟐 − 𝟔) = 𝒑(𝒑 + 𝟓)

3𝑝2 − 18 = 𝑝2 + 5𝑝 √2𝑥 = −5 𝑥 = −√2
2 2 5
3𝑝 − 𝑝 − 5𝑝 − 18 = 0 𝑥=−
w

√2
2𝑝2 − 5𝑝 − 18 = 0 𝟓
(2𝑝 − 9)(𝑝 + 2) = 0 ∴ 𝒙 = − , − √𝟐
w

√𝟐
2𝑝 − 9 = 0 𝑝+2= 0 𝟐 𝟏
(v) 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒙 + = 𝟎
9 𝟖
𝑝= 𝑝 = −2
w

2 16𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 1 = 0
𝟗 (4𝑥 − 1)(4𝑥 − 1) = 0
∴ 𝒑 = , −𝟐
𝟐 4𝑥 − 1 = 0 4𝑥 − 1 = 0
(iii) √𝒂(𝒂 − 𝟕) = 𝟑√𝟐
𝑥=4 |
1 1
𝑥=4
Squaring both sides 𝟏 𝟏
2 2 ∴ 𝒙 = 𝟒,𝟒
(√𝑎(𝑎 − 7)) = (3√2)
𝑎(𝑎 − 7) = 9(2) Try Your Self…
𝑎2 − 7𝑎 = 18 20. Solve the following quadratic equation by
𝑎2 − 7𝑎 − 18 = 0 factorization method.
(𝑎 − 9)(𝑎 + 2) = 0 (i) √24 − 10𝑥 = 3 − 4𝑥, 3 − 4𝑥 > 0
𝑎−9= 0 𝑎+2= 0 (ii) √5𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3√5 = 0
| 3 5 3
𝑎=9 𝑎 = −2 Ans: (i) 𝑥 = (or) − (ii) 𝑥 = −√5 (or)
2 8 √5
∴ 𝒂 = 𝟗, −𝟐
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60 Way to Success  - 10 th
Maths

2. The number of volleyball games that must be scheduled in a league with 𝒏 teams is given by
𝒏𝟐 −𝒏
𝑮(𝒏) = where each team plays with every other team exactly once. A league schedules 15
𝟐
games. How many teams are in the league?
𝑛2 −𝑛 (𝑛 − 6)(𝑛 + 5) = 0
𝐺 (𝑛 ) = 2
𝑛−6= 0 𝑛+5=0
Total number of games = 15 |
𝑛=6 𝑛 = −5
𝑛2 −𝑛
= 15 Here 𝑛 ≠ −5 because 𝑛 must be
2
𝑛2 − 𝑛 = 30 positive 𝑛 = 6
𝑛2 − 𝑛 − 30 = 0 Total number of teams = 𝟔

Exercise 3.11

n
Practice these book example problems : 3.30 to 3.35

l.i
1. Solve the following quadratic equations by completing the square method
(i) 𝟗𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒 = 𝟎 (ii)
𝟓𝒙+𝟕
= 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐
2 𝒙−𝟏 PTA-3
9𝑥 − 12 = −4

da
12𝑥 4 5𝑥 + 7 = (3𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1)
÷ 9, 𝑥 2 − 9 = − 5𝑥 + 7 = 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 2
9
2 2 2 4 2 2 5𝑥 + 7 = 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2
𝑥 2 − 2 (3) 𝑥 + (3) = − 9 + (3)
4𝑥 4 4 4
ka 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 9 = 0
𝑥2 − + = − + ÷ 3, 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3 = 0
3 9 9 9
4 4
𝑥2 − 3 𝑥 + 9 = 0 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 = 3
vi
2
2 2 2 𝑥 − 2(1)(𝑥 ) = 3 𝑏 2 −(−2) 2
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 (3) + ( ) = 0 Adding 1 on both sides (− ) = ( )
3 2 2
2
al

2 𝟐 𝟐
(𝑥 − 3) = 0 ⇒ 𝒙 = 𝟑 , 𝟑 𝑥 2 − 2(𝑥 ) + 1 = 3 + 1 Adding (1)2 = 1
2
𝑥 − 2(𝑥 ) + 1 = 4
Try Your Self… (𝑥 − 1)2 = 22
.k

21. Solve the following quadratic equation by (𝑥 − 1) = ±2

completing the square method 𝑥 − 1 = +2 𝑥 − 1 = −2
w

𝑎2 𝑥 2 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑥 + 2𝑏 2 = 0 𝑥 = 2 + 1 |𝑥 = −2 + 1
2𝑏 𝑏
Ans: 𝑥 = { , } 𝑥=3 𝑥 = −1
w

𝑎 𝑎
∴ 𝒙 = 𝟑, −𝟏
2. Solve the following quadratic equations by formula method
w

(i) 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐 = 𝟎 (ii) √𝟐𝒇𝟐 − 𝟔𝒇 + 𝟑√𝟐 = 𝟎

Here 𝑎 = 2 𝑏 = −5 𝑐 = 2 𝑎 = √2 , 𝑏 = −6 , 𝑐 = 3√2
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
𝑥= −𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 6±√62 −4√2(3√2)
2𝑎
5±√(−5)2−4(2)(2)
𝑓 = =
2𝑎 2(√2)
= 2(2) 6±√36−12(2) 6±√36−24
5±√25−16 5±√9
= = 2 2
2√2 √
= = 6±√12
4 4
5±3 = [∵ √12 = √4 × 3 = 2√3]
2√2
𝑥= 4 6±2√3
5+3 5−3 =
𝑥= 4
𝑥= 4
2√2
2(3±√3) 3±√3
=4=2
8
𝑥=4=2
2 1 = =
2√2 √2
𝟏 𝟑+√𝟑 𝟑−√𝟑
∴ 𝒙 = 𝟐, ∴𝒙= ,
𝟐 √𝟐 √𝟐
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Chapter 3 - Algebra 61

(iii) 𝟑𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝟎𝒚 − 𝟐𝟑 = 𝟎 (iv) 𝟑𝟔𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝒂𝒚 + (𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 ) = 𝟎

𝑎 = 3 , 𝑏 = −20 , 𝑐 = −23 𝑎 = 36, 𝑏 = −12𝑎, 𝑐 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏2
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 −𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
𝑦= 𝑦=
2𝑎 2𝑎
12𝑎±√(−12𝑎)2 −4(36)(𝑎2−𝑏2)
20±√(−20)2 −2(3)(−23) =
= 2(3)
2(36)

12𝑎±√144𝑎2 −144(𝑎2−𝑏2 )
=
20±√400+276 = 72
6
12𝑎±√144𝑎2−144𝑎2+144𝑏2
=
20±√676 = 72
6
12𝑎±√144𝑏2
𝑦=
20±26 =

n
72
6 Try Your Self…
12𝑎±12𝑏
20+26 𝑦= 22. Solving the following

l.i
𝑦= 𝑦=
20−26
72
6 6 quadratic equation by
46 12(𝑎±𝑏)
𝑦= | 𝑦 = −6 = formula method
6 72

da
6
23
𝑦 = −1 1 3𝑎2 𝑥 2 − 𝑎𝑏𝑥 − 2𝑏 2 = 0
𝑦= = 6 (𝑎 ± 𝑏) 𝑏 2𝑏
3
Ans: 𝑥 = { , − }
𝟐𝟑 𝑎 3𝑎
∴ 𝒚 = −𝟏, 𝒂+𝒃 𝒂−𝒃
∴𝒚= ,
𝟑
ka 𝟔 𝟔

3. A ball rolls down a slope and travels a distance 𝒅 = 𝒕𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝒕 feet in 𝒕 seconds. Find the time
vi
when the distance travelled by the ball is 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 feet.
Total distance (𝑑) = 𝑡 2 − 0.75𝑡 𝑡=
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
al

2𝑎
Total time = 𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐
−(−3)±√(−3)2 −4(4)(−45)
=
.k

But 𝑑 = 11.25 feet 2(4)

𝑡 2 − 0.75𝑡 = 11.25 3 ± √9+(16×45)

w

=
8
𝑡 2 − 0.75𝑡 − 11.25 = 0
w

3±√9+720
2 75 1125 =
𝑡 − 100 𝑡 − 100
=0 8
w

3±√729
100𝑡 2 −75𝑡−1125 =
=0 8
100
3±27
100𝑡 2 − 75𝑡 − 1125 = 0 = 8
÷ 𝑏𝑦 25, 3+27 3−27
𝑡= 𝑡=
8 8
100 2 75 1125
25
𝑡 − 25 𝑡 − =0 𝑡=
30 −24
𝑡 = 8 = −3
25
8
4𝑡 2 − 3𝑡 − 45 = 0 𝑡 = 3.75 𝑡 ≠ −3

Compare with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 Because 𝑡 must be positive

𝑎 = 4 , 𝑏 = −3, 𝑐 = −45 ∴ 𝒕 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟓 seconds

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62 Way to Success  - 10 th
Maths

Creative Question
𝟏 𝟐 𝟒
1. Solve the equation 𝒙+𝟏 + 𝒙+𝟐 = 𝒙+𝟒 where 𝒙 + 𝟏 ≠ 𝟎, 𝒙 + 𝟐 ≠ 𝟎 and 𝒙 + 𝟒 ≠ 𝟎 using quadratic
formula. PTA-3
Note that the given equation is not in the standard form of a quadratic equation.
Consider
1 2 4
+ 𝑥+2 = 𝑥+4
𝑥+1
1 2 1 2𝑥+4−𝑥−4 𝑥
= 2 [𝑥+4 − 𝑥+2] = 2 [ ] = 2[ ]
𝑥+1 (𝑥+4)(𝑥+2) (𝑥+2)(𝑥+4)

𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 8 = 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥

n
Thus, we have 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 8 = 0, which is a quadratic equation.

l.i
Using the quadratic formula we get
4±√16−4(1)(−8)
𝑥=

da
2(1)
4±√48 4±√16×3 4±4√3
= 2
= 2
= 2 ka
= 2 + 2√3 or 2 − 2√3
Hence the solution set is {𝟐 + 𝟐√𝟑 , 𝟐 − 𝟐√𝟑 }
vi
Exercise 3.12
al

Practice these book example problems : 3.36 to 3.39

𝟐𝟒
.k

1. If the difference between a number and its reciprocal is , find the number. PTA-6
𝟓
1
First number = 𝑥, It’s reciprocal = 𝑥
w

24
Difference = 5
w

1 24
𝑥−𝑥= 5
w

𝑥 2 −1 24
=
𝑥 5
2
5𝑥 − 5 = 24𝑥
2
5𝑥 − 24𝑥 − 5 = 0
(5𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 5) = 0
∴𝑥−5=0 5𝑥 + 1 = 0
𝑥=5 5𝑥 = −1
1
𝑥 = −5
𝟏
If the number is 5 then its reciprocal is 𝟓
𝟏
if the number is − 𝟓 then its reciprocal is −𝟓
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Chapter 3 - Algebra 63

2. A garden measuring 𝟏𝟐𝒎 by 𝟏𝟔𝒎 is to have a 3. A bus covers a distance of 90km at a uniform
pedestrian pathway that is ′𝒘′ meters wide speed. Had the speed been 15 km/hour more
installed all the way around so that it it would have taken 30 minutes less for
increases the total area to 𝟐𝟖𝟓𝒎𝟐 . What is journey. Find the original speed of the bus.
the width of the pathway?
Speed of a bus = 𝑥 km/hr
Total distance = 90 km
Time taken = 𝑇1
distance
𝑇1 = speed

n
90
𝑇1 = hours
𝑥

l.i
Increasing speed = 15 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟
For garden Length = 16𝑚, Breadth = 12𝑚
Speed of a bus = (𝑥 + 15)𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟

da
Width of path = 𝑤
Total distance = 90𝑘𝑚
Length = (16 + 2𝑤)𝑚
90
𝑇2 = (𝑥+15) hours
Breadth = (12 + 2𝑤)𝑚
ka
∴ (16 + 2𝑤)(12 + 2𝑤 ) = 285 Time difference = 30 minutes
vi
192 + 56𝑤 + 4𝑤 2 = 285 1
𝑇1 − 𝑇2 = 2 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
4𝑤 2 + 56𝑤 + 192 − 285 = 0 90 90 1
al

− 𝑥+15 = 2
𝑥
4𝑤 2 + 56𝑤 − 93 = 0
90(𝑥+15)−90𝑥 1
=2
.k

𝑎 = 4 , 𝑏 = 56, 𝑐 = −93 𝑥(𝑥+15)

−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 1
𝑤= 90𝑥 + 1350 − 90𝑥 = 2 (𝑥 2 + 15𝑥 )
w

2𝑎

−56±√562 −4(4)(−93) 𝑥 2 + 15𝑥 = +1350 × 2

w

= 2(4)
𝑥 2 − 15𝑥 − 2700 = 0
−56±√3136+1488
w

= (𝑥 − 45)(𝑥 + 60) = 0
8
−56±68
= 𝑥 = 45 (or) −60
8
56+68 −56−68 𝑥 must be positive ∴ 𝒙 = 𝟒𝟓 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟.
𝑤=− 𝑤=
8 8
12 124 Try Your Self…
= 𝑤=−
8 8
23. A motor boat whose speed is 24km/hr in
𝑤 = 1.5𝑚 still water takes 1 hour more to go 32 km
124
upstream than to return downstream to the
Here 𝑤 must be positive ∴ 𝑤 ≠ − same spot. Find the speed of the stream.
8
Ans: speed of stream = 8 km/hr
∴ 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 𝟏. 𝟓𝒎
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64 Way to Success  - 10 th
Maths

4. A girl is twice as old as her sister. Five years 5. A pole has to be erected at a point on the
hence, the product of their ages (in years) will boundary of a circular ground of diameter
be 375. Find their present ages. PTA-4 20m in such a way that the difference of its
Sister’s age = 𝑥 distances from two diametrically opposite
Girl’s age = 2𝑥 Try Your Self…
24. A girl is twice as old as her fixed gates P and Q on the boundary is 4m.
After 5 years sister four years hence, Is it possible to do so? If answer is yes at
Sister’s age = 𝑥 + 5 the product of their ages what distance from the two gates should
Girl’s age = 2𝑥 + 5 (in years) will be 160.
the pole be erected?
Find their ages.
Product = 375 Ans: Girl = 12, Sister =6
(𝑥 + 5)(2𝑥 + 5) = 375
2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 10𝑥 + 25 = 375

n
2𝑥 2 + 15𝑥 − 350 = 0
(2𝑥 + 35)(𝑥 − 10) = 0

l.i
2𝑥 + 35 = 0
2𝑥 = −35 𝑥 − 10 = 0

da
35
𝑥=−2 𝑥 = 10 From the given data
∴ 𝑥 = 10 [Because 𝑥 must be positive] 𝑥−𝑦 =4
Sister’s age = 𝑥 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐬
Girl’s age = 2𝑥 = 2(10) = 𝟐𝟎 𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐬
ka 𝑥 =4+𝑦
From the figure,
6. From a group of 𝟐𝒙𝟐 black bees, square root of
∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 is right angled triangle
vi
half of the group went to a tree. Again eight-
ninth of the bees went to the same tree. The 𝑃𝑄 2 = 𝑃𝑅 2 + 𝑅𝑄 2
remaining two got caught up in a fragrant 202 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
al

lotus. How many bees were there in total? (4 + 𝑦)2 + 𝑦 2 = 202

Total bees = 2𝑥 2
.k

16 + 𝑦 2 + 8𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 400
2
Square root of half of the group = √𝑥 = 𝑥
8 16𝑥 2 2𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 − 384 = 0
Eight ninth of the bees = (2𝑥 2 ) =
w

9 9 ÷ by 2
Remaining bees = 2 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 − 192 = 0
w

16𝑥 2
∴ 2𝑥 2 − [𝑥 + 9 ] = 2 𝑦 + 16𝑦 − 12𝑦 − 192 = 0
9𝑥+16𝑥 2
(𝑦 + 16)(𝑦 − 12) = 0
w

2𝑥 2 − [ 9 ] = 2
𝑦 = −16(or)12
18𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 − 16𝑥 2 = 18
2𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 − 18 = 0 𝑦 must be positive
(𝑥 − 6)(2𝑥 + 3) = 0 ∴ 𝑦 = 12
𝑥−6=0 2𝑥 + 3 = 0 𝑥 = 4+𝑦
𝑥=6 2𝑥 = −3 = 4 + 12 = 16
3
𝑥 = −2 𝑥 = 16
𝑥 = 6 [Because 𝑥 must be positive] Yes, it is possible to do so because
2 16 − 12 = 4
∴ Total bees = 2𝑥
2
= 2(6) The pole should be erected at the
= 2(36) = 𝟕𝟐 bees distance of 𝑃 from 16m and 𝑄 from 12m.
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Chapter 3 - Algebra 65

7. Music is been played in two opposite galleries 8. There is a square field whose side 10m. A
with certain group of people. In the first gallery a square flower bed is prepared in its centre
group of 4 singers were singing and in the second leaving a gravel path all-round the flower
gallery 9 singers were singing. The two galleries bed. The total cost of laying the flower bed
are separated by the distance of 70 m. Where and gravelling the path at J 3 and J 4 per
should a person stand for hearing the same square metre respectively is J 364. Find
intensity of the singer’s voice? (Hint: The ratio of the width of the gravel path.
the sound intensity is equal to the square of the
ratio of their corresponding distances)

n
P – First gallery, Q – Second gallery

l.i
Distance between galleries = 70𝑚 Side of the square field = 10𝑚
O is the point of a person standing between Side of the flower bed at the centre = 𝑥 𝑚

da
galleries. Width of the gravel path = 𝑤
Number of singers in the first gallery (P) = 4 ka Area of the bed = 𝑥 2 𝑚2
Number of singer in the second gallery (Q) = 9 Cost of laying flower bed = J 3/𝑚2
Distance between P and Q = 𝑥 𝑚 Total cost = 3 × 𝑥 2 = J 3𝑥 2
Distance between Q and O = 𝑦 𝑚 Let
vi
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 70……….. (1) Area of the gravel path = 102 − 𝑥 2
4 𝑥2
al

By using hint 9 = 𝑦2 Cost of laying gravel path = J 4/𝑚2

Taking square root both sides Total cost J 4(100 − 𝑥 2 )

.k

2
=
𝑥 Total cost J 364
3 𝑦
3𝑥 2 + 4(100 − 𝑥 2 ) = 364
w

2𝑦
𝑥= ………….. (2)
3 3𝑥 2 + 400 − 4𝑥 2 = 364
Substituting (2) in (1)
−𝑥 2 = 364 − 400
w

𝑥 + 𝑦 = 70
2𝑦 −𝑥 2 = −36
+ 𝑦 = 70
w

3 𝑥 2 = 36
2𝑦 + 3𝑦 = 70 × 3
𝑥 = ±6
5𝑦 = 210
210 𝑥 = 6 [Because 𝑥 must be positive]
𝑦= 5 From figure,
𝑦 = 42 𝑚 𝑥 + 2𝑤 = 10
Substituting 𝑦 in (1)
6 + 2𝑤 = 10
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 70
2𝑤 = 10 − 6
𝑥 + 42 = 70
2𝑤 = 4
𝑥 = 70 − 42 = 28 4
𝑥 = 28 𝑚 𝑤 = 2 ⇒ 𝑤 = 2𝑚
A person standing 28 m for P and 42m from Q. ∴ Width of the gravel path = 𝟐𝒎
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66  - 10
Way to Success th
Maths

9. The hypotenuse of a right angled triangle is 25cm and its perimeter 56cm. find the length of the
smallest side.
𝑎 + 𝑏 = 56 − 25
𝑎 + 𝑏 = 31
𝑏 = 31 − 𝑎
𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 252
𝑎2 + (31 − 𝑎)2 = 252
𝑎2 + 961 + 𝑎2 − 62𝑎 = 625
2𝑎2 − 62𝑎 + 961 − 625 = 0
2𝑎2 − 62𝑎 + 336 = 0
𝑏 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑚 ÷ By 2

n
ℎ = 𝑏 𝑐𝑚 𝑎2 − 31𝑎 + 168 = 0

l.i
Hypotenuse = 25𝑐𝑚 (𝑎 − 24) = 0 (𝑎 − 7) = 0
Perimeter = 56𝑐𝑚 𝑎 = 24 𝑎=7

da
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 25 = 56 ∴ The length of the smallest side is 7 cm.

Creative Questions
ka
1. A motor boat whose speed is 18 km/hr in still water takes 1 hour more to go to 24 km upstream
than to return downstream to the same spot. Find the speed of the stream. MDL, PTA-2
Let the speed of the stream be 𝑥 km/hr
vi
Speed of the boat upstream = speed of boat in still water – speed of the stream
al

Speed of the boat upstream = (18 − 𝑥) km/hr

Speed of the boat downstram = speed of boat in still water + speed of the stream
.k

speed of the boat down stream = (18 + 𝑥) km/hr

Time of upstream journey = Times for downstream journey + 1hr
w

Distance covered upstream Distance covered downstream

= + 1hr
Speed of the boat upstream speed of the boat downstream
24 24
w

= + 1ℎ𝑟
18−𝑥 18+𝑥
24 24
− =1
w

18−𝑥 18+𝑥
432+24𝑥−432+24𝑥
=1
(18−𝑥)(18+𝑥)
48𝑥 = 324 − 𝑥 2
𝑥 2 + 48𝑥 − 324 = 0
𝑥 2 + 54𝑥 − 6𝑥 − 324 = 0
𝑥 (𝑥 + 54) − 6(𝑥 + 54) = 0
(𝑥 + 54)(𝑥 − 6) = 0
𝑥 + 54 = 0 or 𝑥 − 6 = 0
𝑥 = −54 or 𝑥 = 6
𝑥 = 6 (Speed of the stream cannot be negative)
Thus, the speed of stream is 6 km/hr
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Chapter 3 - Algebra 67

2. A train covered a certain distance at a 3. A car left 30 minutes later than the
uniform speed. If the train would have been scheduled time. In order to reach its
10km/hr faster it would have taken 2 hour destination 150km away in time, it has to
less than the scheduled time and if the train increase its speed by 25km/hr from its
were slower by 10km/hr, it would have usual speed. Find its usual speed. PTA -6
taken 3 hour more than the scheduled time. Let the usual speed of the car be 𝑥 km/hr
Find the distance covered by the train.
Thus, the increase speed of the car is
Distance covered by train = 𝑥 PTA -5
(𝑥 + 25) km/hr
speed of the train = 𝑦 Total distance = 150 km,
Train, taken time to cover given distance 𝑇1 Distance
Time taken =

n
Distance Speed
Time = Speed Let 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 be the time taken in hours

l.i
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑇1 = 𝑦 , 𝑇2 = 𝑦+10 , 𝑇3 = 𝑦−10 by the car to cover the given distance in
scheduled time and decreased time (as

da
If the train would have been 10 km/hr the speed is increased) respectively
faster it would have taken 2 hour less than 1
scheduled time 10
ka By the given information 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 = 2
150 150 1
𝑇1 − 𝑇2 = 2 − =
𝑥 𝑥+25 2
𝑥 𝑥
− 𝑦+10 = 2 𝑥+25−𝑥
150 [𝑥(𝑥+25)] = 2
1
vi
𝑦
𝑥𝑦+10𝑥−𝑥𝑦
=2 𝑥 2 + 25𝑥 − 7500 = 0
𝑦(𝑦+10)
al

10𝑥 = 2𝑦(𝑦 + 10) ………..(1) (𝑥 + 100)(𝑥 − 75) = 0

𝑥 = 75 or −100, but 𝑥 = −100 is not an
.k

If the train were slower by 10km/hr, it

would have taken 3 hour more than admissible value
w

scheduled time Therefore, the usual speed of the car is

𝟕𝟓 km/hr
𝑇3 − 𝑇1 = 3
w

𝑥 𝑥 4. Find two consecutive positive integers,

− =3
𝑦−10 𝑦 sum of whose squares is 365. MDL
w

𝑥𝑦+10𝑥−𝑥𝑦
=3 Two consecutive integers be 𝑥 and 𝑥 + 1
𝑦(𝑦−10)
By the given information,
10𝑥 = 3𝑦(𝑦 − 10) ………..(2)
(1) 2(𝑦+10)
(𝑥 )2 + (𝑥 + 1)2 = 365
⇒ 1 = 3(𝑦−10)
(2) 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 = 365
3𝑦 − 30 = 2𝑦 + 20 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 364 = 0
𝑦 = 50 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 182 = 0
(1) ⇒ 10𝑥 = 2 × 50(50 + 10) = 100(60) (𝑥 + 14)(𝑥 − 13) = 0
= 100(60) 𝑥 = 13 (∵ 𝑥 = −14 is not possible)
𝒙 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎 km Required numbers 𝟏𝟑, 𝟏𝟒
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68 Way to Success  - 10 th
Maths

Exercise 3.13

Practice these book example problems : 3.40 to 3.42

1. Determine the nature of the roots for the following quadratic equations
(i) 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏𝒙 + 𝟐 = 𝟎 SEP-21 (ii) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟏 = 𝟎
Try Your Self…
Compare with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 Compare with 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 25. Determine the nature of
𝑎 = 15 , 𝑏 = 11 , 𝑐 = 2 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −1, 𝑐 = −1 the roots for the following
2 2
∆= 𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐 ∆ = 𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐 quadratic equations
= 112 − 4(15)(2) = (−1)2 − 4(1)(−1) (i) 3𝑥 2 − 2√6𝑥 + 2 = 0
3 2
= 121 − 120 = 1+4 (ii) 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1 = 0
5 3

n
∆= 5, Here ∆ > 0 Ans:
∆= 1, Here ∆> 0
(i) The roots are real and
∴ The roots are real and unequal ∴ The roots are real and unequal

l.i
equal.
(iii) √𝟐𝒕𝟐 − 𝟑𝒕 + 𝟑√𝟐 = 𝟎 (iv) 𝟗𝒚𝟐 − 𝟔√𝟐𝒚 + 𝟐 = 𝟎 (ii) the roots are not real.
𝑎 = √2 , 𝑏 = −3 , 𝑐 = 3√2 𝑎 = 9, 𝑏 = −6√2 , 𝑐 = 2

da
∆= 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ∆ = 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
2
= (−3)2 − 4(√2)(3√2) = (−6√2) − 4(9)(2)
ka
= 9 − 4(3)(2) = 36(2) − 72
= 9 − 24 = 72 − 72
∆= −15, Here∆< 0 ∆= 0
vi
∴ No real roots. ∴ The roots are real and equal
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
(v) 𝟗𝒂 𝒃 𝒙 − 𝟐𝟒𝒂𝒃𝒄𝒅𝒙 + 𝟏𝟔𝒄 𝒅 = 𝟎, 𝒂 ≠ 𝟎, 𝒃 ≠ 𝟎
al

𝑎 = 9𝑎2 𝑏2 , 𝑏 = −24𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 , 𝑐 = 16𝑐 2 𝑑 2

∆ = 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = (−24𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 )2 − 4(9𝑎2 𝑏2 )(16𝑐 2 𝑑 2 )
.k

= 576𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐 2 𝑑 2 − 576𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐 2 𝑑 2
∆ = 0. ∴ The roots are real and equal.
w

2. Find the value(s) of ′𝒌′ for which the roots of the following equations are real and equal.
(i) (𝟓𝒌 − 𝟔)𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒌𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 (ii) 𝒌𝒙𝟐 + (𝟔𝒌 + 𝟐)𝒙 + 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟎
w

(i) (𝟓𝒌 − 𝟔)𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒌𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 (ii) 𝒌𝒙𝟐 + (𝟔𝒌 + 𝟐)𝒙 + 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟎

∆= 0; 𝑎 = 5𝑘 − 6 , Try Your Self… ∆= 0
w

𝑏 = 2𝑘, 𝑐 = 1 26. Find the values of k so that the equation 𝑎 = 𝑘 , 𝑏 = 6𝑘 + 2, 𝑐 = 16

2
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥(1 + 3𝑘) + 7(3 + 2𝑘) = 0 has real
∆ = 𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐 and equal roots. 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0
𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0 10
Ans: 𝑘 = − 9 (or) 2 (6𝑘 + 2)2 − 4(𝑘 )(16) = 0
(2𝑘 )2 − 4(5𝑘 − 6)(1) = 0 36𝑘 2 + 24𝑘 + 4 − 64𝑘 = 0
4𝑘 2 − 20𝑘 + 24 = 0 36𝑘 2 − 40𝑘 + 4 = 0
÷ by 4, 𝑘 2 − 5𝑘 + 6 = 0 ÷ by 4, 9𝑘 2 − 10𝑘 + 1 = 0
(𝑘 − 3)(𝑘 − 2) = 0 (9𝑘 − 1)(𝑘 − 1) = 0
𝑘−3=0 𝑘−2= 0 9𝑘 − 1 = 0 𝑘−1= 0
𝑘=3 𝑘=2 9𝑘 = 1 𝑘=1
𝟏
∴ 𝒌 = 𝟐, 𝟑 𝒌 = 𝟏, 𝟗

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Chapter 3 - Algebra 69

3. If the roots of (𝒂 − 𝒃)𝒙𝟐 + (𝒃 − 𝒄)𝒙 + (𝒄 − 𝒂) = 𝟎 4. If 𝒂, 𝒃 are real then show that the roots of
are real and equal, then prove that 𝒃, 𝒂, 𝒄 are in the equation
arithmetic progression. (𝒂 − 𝒃)𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔(𝒂 + 𝒃)𝒙 − 𝟗(𝒂 − 𝒃) = 𝟎
The roots are real and equal ∆= 0 are real and unequal.
𝑎 = 𝑎 − 𝑏, 𝑏 = 𝑏 − 𝑐, 𝑐 = 𝑐 − 𝑎
𝑎 = 𝑎 − 𝑏, 𝑏 = −6(𝑎 + 𝑏), 𝑐 = −9(𝑎 − 𝑏)
𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0
(𝑏 − 𝑐 )2 − 4(𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑐 − 𝑎) = 0 ∆ = 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑏𝑐 − 4(𝑎𝑐 − 𝑎2 − 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎𝑏) = 0 = [−6(𝑎 + 𝑏)]2
𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑏𝑐 − 4𝑎𝑏 + 4𝑎2 + 4𝑏𝑐 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0 − 4(𝑎 − 𝑏)(−9(𝑎 − 𝑏))
2 2 2
4𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 − 4𝑎𝑏 + 2𝑏𝑐 − 4𝑐𝑎 = 0 = 36(𝑎 + 𝑏)2 + 36(𝑎 − 𝑏)2
(−2𝑎)2 + (𝑏)2 + (𝑐)2 + 2(−2𝑎)(𝑏) + 2𝑏𝑐
+2(−2𝑎)(𝑐) = 0
= 36[(𝑎 + 𝑏)2 + (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 ]
∴ (−2𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 )2 = 0 = 36[𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 − 2𝑎𝑏]

n
−2𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0 = 36[2𝑎2 + 2𝑏2 ] = 36 × 2[𝑎2 + 𝑏2 ]

l.i
𝑏 + 𝑐 = 2𝑎 ∆= 72[𝑎2 + 𝑏2 ]
𝑏+𝑐
𝑎 = 2 ………………. (1) ∴ ∆> 0 [Because 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 is positive for

da
𝑏+𝑐
Here 𝑏, 𝑎, 𝑐 in arithmetic progression then 𝑎 = 2 …… . (2) all values 𝑎 & 𝑏 for 𝑎𝑏 is real and
(1) = (2), ∴ 𝑏, 𝑎, 𝑐 are in A.P unequal]
5. If the roots of the equation (𝒄𝟐 − 𝒂𝒃)𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐(𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝒄)𝒙 + 𝒃𝟐 − 𝒂𝒄 = 𝟎 are real and equal prove
that either 𝒂 = 𝟎 (or) 𝒂𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑 + 𝒄𝟑 = 𝟑𝒂𝒃𝒄.
ka PTA-6
∆=0 𝑎 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑏, 𝑏 = −2(𝑎2 − 𝑏𝑐 ), 𝑐 = 𝑏2 − 𝑎𝑐
𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0
vi
2
𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = (−2(𝑎2 − 𝑏𝑐 )) − 4(𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑏)(𝑏2 − 𝑎𝑐)
= 4(𝑎2 + 𝑏2 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎2 𝑏𝑐 ) − 4(𝑐 2 𝑏2 − 𝑎𝑐 3 − 𝑎𝑏3 + 𝑎2 𝑏𝑐 )
al

= 4[𝑎4 + 𝑏2 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎2 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑐 2 𝑏2 + 𝑎𝑐 3 + 𝑎𝑏3 − 𝑎2 𝑏𝑐 ] = 4[𝑎4 + 𝑎𝑐 3 + 𝑎𝑏3 − 3𝑎2 𝑏𝑐 ]

= 4𝑎[𝑎3 + 𝑏3 + 𝑐 3 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐 ]
.k

4𝑎 (𝑎3 + 𝑏3 + 𝑐 3 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐 ) = 0
4𝑎 = 0 𝑎3 + 𝑏3 + 𝑐 3 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 0
𝑎3 + 𝑏3 + 𝑐 3 = 3𝑎𝑏𝑐
w

𝑎=0
∴ Hence proved
w

Creative Questions
1. If the equation (𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 )𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒎𝒄𝒙 + (𝒄𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 ) = 𝟎 2. Find the value of 𝒌 for which the equation
w

has equal roots, then prove that 𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 ) 𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒌𝒙 + 𝟒 = 𝟎 has real SEP-20
𝑎 = 1 + 𝑚2 ; 𝑏 = 2𝑚𝑐; 𝑐 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 SEP-21 and equal roots.
∆ = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = (2𝑚𝑐)2 − 4(1 + 𝑚2 )(𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 ) 9𝑥 2 + 3𝑘𝑥 + 4 = 0 has real and equal
= 4𝑚2 𝑐 2 − 4(𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 + 𝑚2 𝑐 2 − 𝑚2 𝑎2 ) roots ⇒ ∆= 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 𝑎 = 9, 𝑏 = 3𝑘, 𝑐=4
= 4𝑚 𝑐 − 4𝑐 + 4𝑎 − 4𝑚 𝑐 + 4𝑚 𝑎
= −4𝑐 2 + 4𝑎2 + 4𝑎2 𝑚2 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0
Here ∆= 0 (3𝑘)2 − 4(9)(4) = 0
2 2 2 2
−4𝑐 + 4𝑎 + 4𝑎 𝑚 = 0 9𝑘 2 − 144 = 0
÷4 −𝑐 2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎2 𝑚2 = 0 𝑘2 =
144
2 2 2 2 9
𝑎 +𝑎 𝑚 =𝑐
2
𝑎2 (1 + 𝑚2 ) = 𝑐 2 𝑘 = 16
2 2
∴ 𝑐 = 𝑎 (1 + 𝑚 )2 𝒌 = ±𝟒
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70 Way to Success  - 10 th
Maths

Exercise 3.14

Practice these book example problems : 3.43 to 3.46

1. Write each of the following expression in 𝜶 𝜷

(ii) 𝜷 + 𝜶
terms of 𝜶 + 𝜷 and 𝜶𝜷
𝜶 𝜷 𝛼 𝛽 𝛼 2 +𝛽 2 (𝛼+𝛽)2−2𝛼𝛽
(i) 𝟑𝜷 + 𝟑𝜶 𝛽
+𝛼 = =
Try Your Self… 𝛼𝛽 𝛼𝛽
𝛼 𝛽 𝛼 2 +𝛽2 7 2 5 49
27. Write the following ( ) −2( ) −5
+ 3𝛼 = = 2 2
= 4
=
49−20 2 𝟐𝟗
× 5 = 𝟏𝟎
3𝛽 3𝛼𝛽 expression in terms 5 5
4
𝛼 2 +𝛽2 of 𝛼 + 𝛽 and 𝛼𝛽 2 2
= 𝜶+𝟐 𝜷+𝟐
3𝛼𝛽 1 1
(i) (𝛼 + ) ( + 𝛽) (iii) 𝜷+𝟐 + 𝜶+𝟐
(𝜶+𝜷)𝟐 −𝟐𝜶𝜷 𝛽 𝛼
= 𝛼3 𝛽3 𝛼+2 𝛽+2 (𝛼+2)2 +(𝛽+2)2

n
𝟑𝜶𝜷 (ii) + + =
𝛽 𝛼 𝛽+2 𝛼+2 (𝛼+2)(𝛽+2)
𝟏 𝟏
(ii) 𝜶𝟐 𝜷 + 𝜷𝟐 𝜶 Ans: (i)
(1+𝛼𝛽)2
𝛼 2 +4 𝛼+4+𝛽 2 +4𝛽+4

l.i
1
𝛼𝛽 =
1 𝛽+𝛼 (𝛼2 +𝛽2 )2 −2(𝛼𝛽)2 𝛼𝛽+2𝛼+2𝛽+4
𝛼2 𝛽
+ 𝛽 2 𝛼 = 𝛼 2 𝛽2 (ii) 𝛼 2 +𝛽2 +4(𝛼+𝛽)+8
𝛼𝛽
=

da
𝛼+𝛽 𝛼𝛽+2(𝛼+𝛽)+4
= 𝛼2 𝛽2
(𝛼+𝛽)2 −2𝛼𝛽+4(𝛼+𝛽)+8
𝜶+𝜷 =
= (𝜶𝜷)𝟐 𝛼𝛽+2(𝛼+𝛽)+4
7 2 5 7
(iii) (𝟑𝜶 − 𝟏)(𝟑𝜷 − 𝟏)
ka =
( ) −2( )+4( )+8
2
5
2
7
2

(3𝛼 − 1)(3𝛽 − 1) = 9𝛼𝛽 − 3𝛼 − 3𝛽 + 1 2

+2( )+4
2
49 49 49+68
= 𝟗𝜶𝜷 − 𝟑(𝜶 + 𝜷) + 𝟏 − 5+14+8 +17
= 4 4
= = 4
vi
𝜶+𝟑 𝜷+𝟑 5 5 5+22
(iv) 𝜷 + 𝜶 2
+7+4
2
+11
2
117 2
𝛼+3 𝛽+3 𝛼 2 +3𝛼+𝛽 2 +3𝛽 𝛼 2 +𝛽2 +3(𝛼+𝛽) = × 27
+ = = 4
al

𝛽 𝛼 𝛼𝛽 𝛼𝛽 117 𝟏𝟑
(𝜶+𝜷)𝟐 −𝟐𝜶𝜷+𝟑(𝜶+𝜷) = =
= 54 𝟔
𝜶𝜷 3. The roots of the equation 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟒 = 𝟎
.k

2. The roots of the equation 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟓 = 𝟎 are 𝜶, 𝜷. Find the quadratic equation whose
are 𝜶 and 𝜷. without solving for the roots, roots are (i) 𝜶𝟐 and 𝜷𝟐
w

𝟏 𝟏 𝜶 𝜷 𝜶+𝟐 𝜷+𝟐
find (i) 𝜶 + 𝜷 (ii) 𝜷 + 𝜶 (iii) 𝜷+𝟐 + 𝜶+𝟐 𝟐
(ii) 𝜶 and 𝜷
𝟐
(iii) 𝜶𝟐 𝜷 and 𝜷𝟐 𝜶
w

2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 5 = 0 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 4 = 0
𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = −7, 𝑐 = 5 𝑎 = 1 , 𝑏 = 6, 𝑐 = −4
w

𝑏 7
𝛼 +𝛽 = −𝑎 ⇒ 𝛼 +𝛽 = 2 −𝑏 −6
𝛼+𝛽 = = = −6
𝑐 5 𝑎 1
𝛼𝛽 = 𝑎 ⇒ 𝛼𝛽 = 2 𝑐 4
𝛼𝛽 = 𝑎 = − 1 = −4
𝟏 𝟏
(i) 𝜶 + 𝜷 Try Your Self… (i) 𝜶𝟐 and 𝜷𝟐
28. If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are roots of the
1
+𝛽 =
1 𝛽+𝛼
equation 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8 = 0, Sum = 𝛼 2 + 𝛽2
𝛼 𝛼𝛽
𝛼+𝛽
then find the values of
1 1
𝛼 2 + 𝛽2 = (𝛼 + 𝛽)2 − 2𝛼𝛽
= (i) 𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 (ii) 𝛼 + 𝛽
𝛼𝛽 = (−6)2 − 2(−4) = 36 + 8 = 44
7 (iii) (𝛼 − 𝛽 ), 𝛼 > 𝛽
3 Product = 𝛼 2 × 𝛽2 = (𝛼𝛽)2 = (−4)2 = 16
= 2
5 Ans: (i) 20 (ii)
4
(iii) ±2
2 ∴ Quadratic equation is 𝑥 2 − (𝛼 + 𝛽)𝑥 + 𝛼𝛽 = 0
7 2 𝟕
=2×5 = 𝟓 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟎
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Chapter 3 - Algebra 71

3(ii).
𝟐 𝟐
and 𝜷 3(iii). 𝜶𝟐 𝜷 and 𝜷𝟐 𝜶
𝜶
2 2
Sum = 𝛼 2 𝛽 + 𝛽2 𝛼
Sum = 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 𝛼𝛽[𝛼 + 𝛽]
2𝛽+2𝛼 2(𝛼+𝛽) = −4(−6)
= 𝛼𝛽 = 𝛼𝛽
= 24
2(−6)
= −4 = 3 Product = (𝛼 2 𝛽)(𝛽2 𝛼 )
2 2 4
= (𝛼 3 𝛽 3 )
Product = (𝛼) (𝛽) = 𝛼𝛽 = (𝛼𝛽)3
4 = (−4)3 = −64
= −4 = −1
∴ Quadratic equation is
2 ( )
∴ Quadratic equation is 𝑥 − 𝛼 + 𝛽 𝑥 + 𝛼𝛽 = 0 𝑥 2 − (𝛼 + 𝛽)𝑥 + 𝛼𝛽 = 0

n
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏 = 𝟎 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟒𝒙 − 𝟔𝟒 = 𝟎

l.i
4. If 𝜶, 𝜷 are the roots of 5. If one root of the equation 6. If one root of the equation
𝟕𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝒙 + 𝟐 = 𝟎 and if 𝟐𝒚𝟐 − 𝒂𝒚 + 𝟔𝟒 = 𝟎 is twice 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝒌𝒙 + 𝟖𝟏 = 𝟎

da
𝟏𝟑 the other then find the
𝜷 − 𝜶 = − . Find the values (having real roots) is the
𝟕
of 𝒂. values of 𝒂. square of the other then
PTA-6 2
7𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 2 = 0 2𝑦 − 𝑎𝑦 + 64 = 0 find 𝒌.
ka
𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = −𝑎, 𝑐 = 64 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = 𝑘, 𝑐 = 81
𝑎 = 7, 𝑏 = 𝑎, 𝑐 = 2
−𝑏 −𝑎 One root = 𝛼 One root = 𝛼
𝛼+𝛽 = 𝑎 =
7 Another root = 2𝛼
vi
𝑐 2
Another root = 𝛼 2
𝛼𝛽 = 𝑎 = 7 𝑏
Sum = − 𝑎 𝑏
Sum = − 𝑎
al

13
(𝛽 − 𝛼 ) = − 𝛼 + 2𝛼 = 2
𝑎
𝑘
7
2
𝛼 + 𝛼2 = − 3
13 𝑎
Here (𝛽 − 𝛼 )2 = (− 7 )
.k

3𝛼 = 2 𝑐
Product = 𝑎
169
𝛽2 + 𝛼 2 − 2𝛽𝛼 = 49 𝑎 = 6𝛼 81
w

𝒄 𝛼 (𝛼 2 ) =
169 Product = 3
(𝛼 + 𝛽)2 − 2𝛼𝛽 − 2𝛼𝛽 = 𝒂 2
49 𝛼 (𝛼 ) = 27
w

169 64
(𝛼 + 𝛽)2 − 4𝛼𝛽 = 𝛼 (2𝛼 ) = 2
49 𝛼 3 = 27
𝑎 2 2𝛼 2 = 32
w

2 169 3
(− 7 ) − 4 (7) = 𝛼 = √27
49 32
𝑎2 8 169
𝛼2 = 2 𝛼=3
−7=
49 49 𝑘
𝛼 2 = 16 Then – 3 = 𝛼 + 𝛼 2
𝑎2 169 8
= + 𝛼 = ±4
49 49 7 𝑘
𝑎2 169+56
– 3 = 3 + 32
= If 𝛼 = 4 𝛼 = −4
49 49 𝑘
225 –3 = 3+9
𝑎2 = × 49 𝑎 = 6(4) 𝑎 = 6(−4)
49 𝑘
2 𝑎 = 24 𝑎 = −24 − = 12
𝑎 = 225 3

𝑎 = ±15 ∴ 𝑎 = ±24 𝑘 = −12 × 3

𝒂 = 𝟏𝟓, −𝟏𝟓 𝒂 = 𝟐𝟒, −𝟐𝟒 𝒌 = −𝟑𝟔

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72 Way to Success  - 10 th
Maths

Creative Question
𝟏
1. Find the value of p, when 𝒑𝒙𝟐 + (√𝟑 − √𝟐)𝒙 − 𝟏 = 𝟎 and 𝒙 = is one root of the equation.
√𝟑
𝑝𝑥 2 + (√3 − √2)𝑥 − 1 = 0 ………………(1) PTA-5
1
sub 𝑥 = in (1)
√3
𝑝 √2
𝑝𝑥 2 + (√3 − √2)𝑥 − 1 = 0 3
+1− −1= 0
√3
1 2 1 𝒑 √𝟐
𝑝 ( 3) + (√3 − √2) −1=0 =
√ √3 𝟑 √𝟑
𝑝 = √6
(Exercise 3.15 is removed based on reduced syllabus 2021 - 2022)

n
Exercise 3.16

l.i
Practice these book example problems : 3.51 to 3.55

da
1. Graph the following quadratic equations and state their nature of solutions.
(i) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟐𝟎
𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
2 9 4 1 0 1 4 9 16 25 36
𝑥
−9𝑥 27 18 9
ka
0 −9 −18 −27 −36 −45 −54
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 20 56 42 30 20 12 6 2 0 0 2
vi
Points: (−3, 56), (−2, 42), (−1, 30), (0, 20), (1, 12), (2, 6), (3, 2), (4, 0), (5, 0), (6, 2)
al
.k
w
w
w

Solution 𝑥 = {4, 5} Real and unequal roots.

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Chapter 3 - Algebra 73

(ii) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟒 = 𝟎
𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟒
𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
2 9 4 1 0 1 4 9 16 25
𝑥
−4𝑥 12 8 4 0 −4 −8 −12 −16 −20
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 25 16 9 4 1 0 1 4 9
Points: (−3, 25), (−2, 16), (−1, 9), (0, 4), (1, 1), (2, 0), (3, 1), (4, 4), (5, 9)

n
l.i
da
ka
vi
al
.k
w
w
w

Solution: 𝑥 = {2,0} Real and equal roots

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74 Way to Success  - 10 th
Maths

(iii) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟕 = 𝟎
𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 7
𝑥 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑥2 16 9 4 1 0 1 4 9
𝑥 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
2 19 13 9 7 7 9 13 19
𝑦 = 𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 7

Points: (−4, 19), (−3, 13), (−2, 9), (−1, 7), (0, 7), (1, 9), (2, 13), (3, 19)

n
l.i
da
ka
vi
al
.k
w
w
w

Solution: No real roots

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Chapter 3 - Algebra 75

(iv) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗 = 𝟎
𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 9
𝑥 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
𝑥2 16 9 4 1 0 1 4 9 16
−9 −9 −9 −9 −9 −9 −9 −9 −9 −9
𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 9 7 0 −5 −8 −9 −8 −5 0 7
Points: (−4, 7), (−3, 0), (−2, −5), (−1, −8), (0, −9), (1, −8), (2, −5), (3, 0), (4, 7)

n
l.i
da
ka
vi
al
.k
w
w
w

Solution: = {−3, 3} , Real and unequal roots

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76 Way to Success  - 10 th
Maths

(v) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟗 = 𝟎
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9
𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
𝑥2 9 4 1 0 1 4 9 16 25
−6𝑥 18 12 6 0 −6 −12 −18 −24 −30
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9 36 25 16 9 4 1 0 1 4
Points: (−3, 36), (−2, 25), (−1, 16), (0, 9), (1, 4), (2, 1), (3, 0), (4, 1), (5, 4)

n
l.i
da
ka
vi
al
.k
w
w
w

Solution: {3, 0}
Real and equal roots

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Chapter 3 - Algebra 77

(vi) (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑)(𝒙 + 𝟐) = 𝟎

2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 6 = 0
2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6 = 0
𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6
𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑥2 9 4 1 0 1 4 9
2 18 8 2 0 2 8 18
2𝑥
𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
−6 −6 −6 −6 −6 −6 −6 −6
2
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 𝑥 − 6 9 0 −5 −6 −3 +4 15
Points: (−3, 9), (−2, 0), (−1, −5), (0, −6), (1, −3), (2, 4), (3, 15)

n
l.i
da
ka
vi
al
.k
w
w
w

Solution: {−2, 1.5}

Real and unequal roots
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78 Way to Success  - 10 th
Maths

2. Draw the graph of 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒 and hence solve 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎

𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒
𝑥 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑥2 4 1 0 1 4 9
−4 −4 −4 −4 −4 −4 −4
2
𝑦 = 𝑥 − 4 0 −3 −4 −3 0 5
Points: (−3, 5), (−2, 0), (−1, −3), (0, −4), (1, −3), (2, 0), (3, 5), (4, 2)
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 0𝑥 − 4
0 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 12
(−) (+) (+)
𝑦= 𝑥+8

n
𝑦 =𝑥+8
𝑥 −2 −1 0 1 2 3

l.i
8 8 8 8 8 8 8
𝑦 6 7 8 9 10 11

da
Points: (−2, 6), (−1, 7), (0, 8), (1, 9), (2, 10), (3, 11)

ka
vi
al
.k
w
w
w

Solution: {−𝟑, 𝟒}

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Chapter 3 - Algebra 79

3. Draw the graph of 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 and hence solve 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝟎

𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 𝑥
𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑥2 9 4 1 0 1 4 9
𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
2
𝑦=𝑥 +𝑥 6 2 0 0 2 6 12
Points: (−3, 6), (−2, 2), (−1, 0), (0, 0), (1, 2), (2, 6), (3, 12)
𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 0
0 = 𝑥 2 + 0𝑥 + 1
(−) (−)
𝑦= 𝑥−1
𝑦 =𝑥−1

n
𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
−1 −1 −1 −1 −1 −1 −1 −1

l.i
𝑦 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2
Points: (−3, −4), (−2, −3), (−1, −2), (0, −1), (1, 0), (2, 1), (3, 2)

da
ka
vi
al
.k
w
w
w

Solution: No real roots.

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80 Way to Success  - 10 th
Maths

4. Draw the graph of 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐 and use it to solve 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 PTA-5

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2
𝑥 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑥2 16 9 4 1 0 1 4 9
3𝑥 −12 −9 −6 −3 0 3 6 9
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2 6 2 0 0 2 6 12 20
Points: (−4, 6), (−3, 2), (−2, 0), (−1, 0), (0, 2), (1, 6), (2, 12), (3, 20)
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2
0 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1
(−) (−) (−)
𝑦= 𝑥+1

n
𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3

l.i
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑦 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4

da
Points: (−3, −2), (−2, −1), (−1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)
ka
vi
al
.k
w
w
w

Solution: {−𝟏, 𝟎}

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Chapter 3 - Algebra 81

5. Draw the graph of 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒 and use it to solve 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒 = 𝟎 SEP-21

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4
𝑥 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2
2 25 16 9 4 1 0 1 4
𝑥
3𝑥 −15 −12 −9 −6 −3 0 3 6
−4 −4 −4 −4 −4 −4 −4 −4 −4
2 6 0 −4 −6 −6 −4 0 6
𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 4
Points: (−5, 6), (−4, 0), (−3, −4), (−2, −6), (−1, −6), (0, −4), (1, 0), (2, 6)
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4
0 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4
(−) (−) (+)

n
𝑦=0

l.i
da
ka
vi
al
.k
w
w
w

Solution: 𝒙 = {−𝟒, 𝟏}
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82 Way to Success  - 10 th
Maths

6. Draw the graph of 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟔 and hence solve 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟏𝟒 = 𝟎. PTA-2, 6

𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟔
𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
𝑥2 9 4 1 0 1 4 9 16 25 36 49
−5𝑥 15 10 5 0 −5 −10 −15 −20 −25 −30 −35
−6 −6 −6 −6 −6 −6 −6 −6 −6 −6 −6 −6
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 6 18 8 0 −6 −10 −12 −12 −10 −6 0 8
Points: (−3, 18), (−2, 8), (−1, 0), (0, −6), (1, −10), (2, −12), (3, −12), (4, −10), (5, −6), (6, 0), (7, 8)
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 6
0 = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 14
(−) (+) (+)
𝑦= 8

n
𝑥 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
𝑦 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

l.i
Points: (−2, 8), (−1, 8), (0, 8), (1, 8), (2, 8), (3, 8), (4, 8), (5, 8), (6, 8)

da
ka
vi
al
.k
w
w
w

Solution: {−𝟐, 𝟕}
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Chapter 3 - Algebra 83

7. Draw the graph of 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟓 and hence solve 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟔 = 𝟎. PTA-3, SEP-20
𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 5
𝑥 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
𝑥2 4 1 0 1 4 9 16 25
2𝑥 2 8 2 0 2 8 18 32 50
−3𝑥 6 3 0 −3 −6 −9 −12 −15
−5 −5 −5 −5 −5 −5 −5 −5 −5
𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 5 9 0 −5 −6 −3 4 15 30
Points: (−2, 9), (−1, 0), (0, −5), (1, −6), (2, −3), (3, 4), (4, 15), (5, 30)
𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 5
0 = 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 6
(−) (+) (+)

n
𝑦= 𝑥 +1

l.i
𝑥 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1

da
𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 −1 0 1 2 3 4
Points: (−2, −1), (−1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)
ka
vi
al
.k
w
w
w

Solution: {−𝟏, 𝟑}

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84 Way to Success  - 10 th
Maths

8. Draw the graph of 𝒚 = (𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟑) and hence solve 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟔 = 𝟎

𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 3) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 3
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3
𝑥 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
2 16 9 4 1 0 1 4 9
𝑥
2𝑥 −8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6
−3 −3 −3 −3 −3 −3 −3 −3 −3
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3 5 0 −3 −4 −3 0 5 12
Points : (−4, 5), (−3, 0), (−2, −3), (−1, −4), (0, −3), (1, 0), (2, 5), (3, 12)
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3
0 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 6

n
(−) (+) (−)
𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 3

l.i
𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
3𝑥 −9 −6 −3 0 3 6 9

da
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 3 −6 −3 0 3 6 9 12
Points: (−3, −6), (−2, −3), (−1, 0), (0, 3), (1, 6), (2, 9), (3, 12)
ka
vi
al
.k
w
w
w

Solution: {−𝟐, 𝟑}
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Chapter 3 - Algebra 85

Shortcut Corner
tpdh tif tpdh mikg;G tpdh vz;
Question Type Question Structure Question Number
x d; nfO Xh; ,ul;il vz; / Coefficient of x v.fh.(Example):3.51(ii),(iii)
is a even number. v.fh.(Example):3.53> 3.55
Type I cjhuzk; (Example): 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 16 = 0 gapw;rp(Exercise): 3.16
[ml;ltizapy; (table) gad;gLj;jNtz;ba 1. (ii), (iv), (v) , 2> 8
Shortcut 1 - 3 - 5 - 7 ] (xw;iw vz;fs;)

n
x d; nfO Xh; xw;iw vz; / Coefficient of x
is a odd number.

l.i
v.fh. (Example): 3.51 (i), 3.52
Type II cjhuzk; (Example): 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 12 = 0
gapw;rp(Exercise): 3.16-1(i)
[ml;ltizapy; (table) gad;gLj;jNtz;ba

da
Shortcut 2 - 4 - 6 - 8] (,ul;il vz;fs;)
𝑥 2 d; nfO ,ul;il vz; / Coefficient of 𝑥 2 is
ka
a even number.
Type III cjhuzk; (Example): 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 5 gapw;rp(Exercise): 3.16-1(vi), 7
[ml;ltizapy; (table) gad;gLj;jNtz;ba
vi
Shortcut 9 - 5 - 1 - 3 - 7 - 11] (xw;iw vz;fs;)
al

Type I
.k

1. gpd;tUk; ,Ugbr; rkd;ghl;bd; jPh;Tfspd; jd;ikia tiuglk; %yk; Muha;f.

Discuss the nature of solutions of the following quadratic equation 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟎
w

𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 16 = 0 d; tiuglj;ij (Graph) tiua ekf;F thpir Nrhb Gs;spfs; (ordered

w

pairs) Njit. mij fz;lwpa tof;fkhd fzf;fPLfis gad;gLj;JNthk;. Mdhy; mtw;iw

shortcut Kiwapy; gpd;tUkhW fzf;fplyhk;. ,e;j fzf;fpy; 𝑥-d; nfO ,ul;ilg;gil
w

vz;zhFk;. vdNt Type-I vdf;nfhs;Nthk;. Type-I gb 𝑥-d; Gs;sp xd;Wk; 𝑦-d; Gs;sp xd;Wk;
fz;lwpe;jhy; NghJk;. mjd;gb 1 – 3 – 5 – 7 vd;w shortcut-I ekf;F fpilj;j Gs;spapd;
tyg;Gwk; ,lg;GwKk; $l;bf;nfhz;Nl nry;y 𝑦 d; kjpg;G fpilf;Fk;.
𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 16 = 0 I 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 cld; xg;gpl (compare)
𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −8, 𝑐 = 16 v.fh. 3.51 (ii)
𝑏 8
𝑥 Gs;sp (point) = − =2=4
2𝑎
𝑦 Gs;sp (point) = (4)2 − 8(4) + 16 = 16 − 32 + 16 = 0> Gs;sp (point) = (4, 0)

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86 Way to Success  - 10 th
Maths

Type II

1. 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎 I 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 cld; xg;gpl
𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 1, 𝑐 = −12
𝑏 1
𝑥 Gs;sp = − 2𝑎 = − 2 = −0.5 v.fh 3.51 (i)
mz;ik Gs;spfs;: 0 kw;Wk; −1
𝑓 (0) = (0)2 + 0 − 12 = −12
𝑓 (−1) = (−1)2 + (−1) − 12
= 1 − 1 − 12 = −12
Gs;spfs; (0, −12), (−1, −12)
𝑥 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
𝑦 0 −6 −10 −12 −12 −10 −6 0 8

n
6 4 2 2 4 6 8

l.i
Type III

da
1. (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑)(𝒙 + 𝟐) = 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 6 = 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6
𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟔 = 𝟎 I 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 cld; xg;gpl
𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 1, 𝑐 = −6 ka
𝑏 1
𝑥 Gs;sp = − = − = −0.25 gapw;rp 3.16 – 1(vi)
2𝑎 4
mz;ik Gs;spfs;: 0 kw;Wk; −1
𝑓 (0) = 2(0)2 + (0) − 6 = −6
vi
𝑓 (−1) = 2(−1)2 + (−1) − 6 = 2 − 1 − 6 = −5
Gs;spfs; (0, −6), (−1, −5)
al

𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑦 9 0 −5 −6 −3 4 15
.k

9 5 1 3 7 11
(Exercises 3.17 – 3.19 are removed based on reduced syllabus 2021 - 2022)
w

Exercise 3.20
Multiple Choice Questions:
w

1. A system of three linear equations in three variables is inconsistent if their planes PTA-1
(A) Intersect only at a point (B) intersect in a line
w

(C) Coincides with each other (D) do not intersect

2. The solution of the system 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3𝑧 = −6, −7𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 7, 3𝑧 = 9 is
(A) 𝒙 = 𝟏, 𝒚 = 𝟐, 𝒛 = 𝟑 (B) 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 3
(C) 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = −2, 𝑧 = 3 (D) 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = −2, 𝑧 = 3
.

𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3𝑧 = −6………. (1) −𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1 𝑧 = 3, 𝑦 = 2 substituting in (1)

−7𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 7 −𝑦 + 3 = 1 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3𝑧 = −6
÷7 −𝑦 = 1 − 3 𝑥 + 2 − 3(3) = −6
−𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1………… (2) 𝑥 + 2 − 9 = −6
−𝑦 = −2
3𝑧 = 9 𝑥 − 7 = −6
−𝑦 = −2
𝒛=𝟑 𝑥 = −6 + 7
𝑧 = 3 substituting in (2) 𝒚=𝟐 𝒙=𝟏 ∴ 𝑥 = 1 , 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 3
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Chapter 3 - Algebra 87

3. If (𝑥 − 6) is the HCF of 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 24 and 𝑥 2 − 𝑘𝑥 − 6 then the value of 𝑘 is PTA-4

(A) 3 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) 8
(𝑥 − 6) is the HCF then if is a factor of 𝑥 2 − 𝑘𝑥 − 6 𝛼𝛽 = −6 𝛼+𝛽 = 𝑘
One root 𝑥 − 6 = 0 6(𝛽) = −6 6−1=𝑘
𝑥=6=𝛼
.
𝛽 = −1 ∴𝑘=5
3𝑦−3 7𝑦−7
4. ÷ is PTA-5
𝑦 3𝑦 2
𝟗𝒚 9𝑦 3 21𝑦 2−42𝑦+21 7(𝑦 2−2𝑦+1)
(A) (B) 21𝑦−21 (C) (D)
𝟕 3𝑦 3 𝑦2
3(𝑦−1) 3𝑦 2 9𝑦
× 7(𝑦−1) =
𝑦 7

n
1
5. 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 2 is not equal to PTA-6

l.i
𝑦 4 +1 𝟏 𝟐 1 2 1 2
(A) (B) (𝒚 + 𝒚) (C) (𝑦 − 𝑦) + 2 (D) (𝑦 + 𝑦) − 2
𝑦2

da
1 𝑦 4 +1 1 2 1 1
𝑦2 + = (𝑦 + 𝑦) − 2 = 𝑦 2 + 𝑦2 + 2 − 2 = 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑦2 𝑦2
1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1
(𝑦 − 𝑦) + 2 = 𝑦 2 + 𝑦2 − 2 + 2 = 𝑦 2 + 𝑦2 ka (𝑦 + 𝑦) = 𝑦 2 + 𝑦2 + 2(𝑦) (𝑦) ≠ 𝑦 2 + 𝑦2
𝑥 8
6. 𝑥 2 −25
− 𝑥2 +6𝑥+5 gives
𝑥 2 −7𝑥+40 𝑥 2 +7𝑥+40 𝒙𝟐 −𝟕𝒙+𝟒𝟎 𝑥 2 +10
(A) (𝑥−5)(𝑥+5) (B) (𝑥−5)(𝑥+5)(𝑥+1) (C) (𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝟓)(𝒙+𝟏) (D) (𝑥2 −25)(𝑥+1)
vi
𝑥 8 𝑥 [𝑥+1]−8[𝑥−5] 𝑥 2 +𝑥−8𝑥+40 𝑥 2 −7𝑥+40
− 𝑥2 +6𝑥+5 = (𝑥+5)(𝑥−5)(𝑥+1) = (𝑥2 −25)(𝑥+1) = (𝑥2 −25)(𝑥+1)
𝑥 2 −25
al

256𝑥 8 𝑦 4𝑧 10
7. The square root of is equal to SEP-21
25𝑥 6𝑦 6𝑧 6
.k

16 𝑥 2 𝑧 4 𝑦2 16 𝑦 𝟏𝟔 𝒙𝒛𝟐
(A) | | (B) 16 | | (C) | | (D) | |
5 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑧 4 5 𝑥𝑧 2 𝟓 𝒚
w

256𝑥 8𝑦 4 𝑧10 16 𝑥 4 𝑦 2 𝑧 5 16 𝑥𝑧 2
√ = | |= | |
25𝑥 6 𝑦6 𝑧6 5 𝑥3 𝑦3 𝑧 3 5 𝑦
w

8. Which of the following should be added to make 𝑥 4 + 64 a perfect square

(A) 4𝑥 2 (B) 𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟐 (C) 8𝑥 2 (D) −8𝑥 2
w

(𝑥 2 )2 + 82 + 2(𝑥 2 )(8) = (𝑥 2 + 8)2

𝑥 4 + 64 + 16𝑥 2 = (𝑥 2 + 8)2 = 16𝑥 2
9. The solution of (2𝑥 − 1)2 = 9 is equal to
(A) −1 (B) 2 (C) −𝟏, 𝟐 (D) None of these
(2𝑥 − 1)2 = 9 ⇒ √(2𝑥 − 1)2 = √9
2𝑥 − 1 = ±3
2𝑥 − 1 = 3 2𝑥 − 1 = −3
2𝑥 = 3 + 1 2𝑥 = −3
2𝑥 = 4 2𝑥 = −2
𝑥=2 𝑥 = −1
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88 Way to Success  - 10 th
Maths

10. The values of 𝑎 and 𝑏 if 4𝑥 4 − 24𝑥 3 + 76𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 is a perfect square are

(A) 100, 120 (B) 10, 12 (C) – 𝟏𝟐𝟎, 𝟏𝟎𝟎 (D) 12, 10

𝑎 = −120, 𝑏 = 100

11. If the roots of the equation 𝑞2 𝑥 2 + 𝑝2 𝑥 + 𝑟 2 = 0 are the squares of the roots of the equation
𝑞𝑥 2 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0, then 𝑞, 𝑝, 𝑟 are in ________
(A) 𝐴. 𝑃 (B) 𝑮. 𝑷 (C) Both 𝐴. 𝑃 and 𝐺𝑃(D) None of these
12. Graph of a linear equation is a SEP-21,PTA-2

n
(A) Straight line (B) circle (C) parabola (D) hyperbola
13. The number of points of intersection of the quadratic polynomial 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 with the 𝑋 axis is

l.i
(A) 0 (B) 𝟏 (C) 0 or 1 (D) −2
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 2) = (𝑥 + 2)2
(𝑥 + 2)2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 + 2 = 0

da
𝑥 = −2, ∴ Point of intersection (−2,0) ⇒ Number of points of intersection = 1
(Questions 14 – 20 are removed based on reduced syllabus 2021 - 2022)
ka
Creative MCQ
1. The G.C.D of 𝑎𝑚 , 𝑎𝑚+1 , 𝑎𝑚+2 is SEP-21
vi
(A) 𝒂𝒎 (B) 𝑎𝑚+1 (C) 𝑎𝑚+2 (D) 1
𝑚 𝑚+1
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎 , 𝑔 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎 = 𝑎 . 𝑎 and ℎ(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑚+2 = 𝑎𝑚 . 𝑎2 . Thus, GCD = 𝑎𝑚
𝑚
al

𝑎2 𝑏2
2. + 𝑏2 −𝑎2 = SEP-20
𝑎2 −𝑏2
2 2
(A) 𝑎 − 𝑏 (B) 𝑎 + 𝑏 (C) 𝑎 − 𝑏 (D) 1
.k

𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎2 −𝑏2
𝑎2 −𝑏2
+ 𝑏2 −𝑎2 = 𝑎2 −𝑏2 + −(𝑎2 −𝑏2 ) = 𝑎2 −𝑏2 − 𝑎2 −𝑏2 = 𝑎2 −𝑏2 = 1
w

3. The LCM of 𝑥 3 − 𝑎3 and (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 is PTA-1

(A) (𝑥 3 − 𝑎3 )(𝑥 + 𝑎) (B) (𝑥 3 − 𝑎3 )(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 (C) (𝒙 − 𝒂)𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒂𝟐 ) (D) (𝑥 + 𝑎)2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎2 )
w

𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑎3 = (𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎2 ) ; 𝑔(𝑥 ) = (𝑥 − 𝑎)2

Thus, LCM = (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎2 )
w

𝑥 3 +8
4. The excluded value of the rational expression 2 is PTA-2
𝑥 −2𝑥−8
(A) 8 (B) 2 (C) 𝟒 (D) 1
𝑥 3 +8
is undefined when 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 8 = 0
𝑥 2 −2𝑥−8
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 4) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −2,4
The excluded values are −2,4
5. If a polynomial is a perfect square then its factors will be repeated ________ number of times PTA-4
(A) Odd (B) zero (C) even (D) none of the above
3𝑦−3 7𝑦−7
6. 𝑦 ÷ 3𝑦 2 is PTA-5
𝟗𝒚 9𝑦 3 21𝑦 2 −42𝑦+21 7(𝑦 2 −2𝑦+1)
(A) (B) (C) (D)
𝟕 21𝑦−21 3𝑦 3 𝑦2
3𝑦−3 7𝑦−7 3𝑦−3 3𝑦 2 3(𝑦−1) 3𝑦 2 9𝑦
÷ = × 7𝑦−7 = × 7(𝑦−1) =
𝑦 3𝑦 2 𝑦 𝑦 7

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Chapter 3 - Algebra 89

7. The solution of 𝑥 2 − 25 = 0 is PTA-5

(A) No real roots (B) real and equal roots (C) Real and unequal roots (D) imaginary roots
𝑥 2 − 25 = 0 ⇒ (𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 5) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = ±5 ∴ Roots are real and unequal.
𝑥 2 −25 𝑥+5
8. On dividing by 𝑥2 −9 PTA-6
𝑥+3
(A) (𝒙 − 𝟓)(𝒙 − 𝟑) (B) (𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 3) (C) (𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 3) (D) (𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 + 3)
𝑥 2 −25 𝑥+5 (𝑥+5)(𝑥−5) (𝑥+3)(𝑥−3)
÷ 𝑥2 −9 = × = (𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 3)
𝑥+3 𝑥+3 𝑥+5

Unit Exercise - 3
𝟏
1. Solve 𝟑 (𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟓) = 𝒚 − 𝒛 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏𝟏 = 𝟗 − (𝒙 + 𝟐𝒛)
1

n
(𝑥 + 𝑦 − 5) = 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 2𝑥 − 11 = 9 − (𝑥 + 2𝑧)
3
From the given equation (4)⇒ 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 2

l.i
𝑦 − 𝑧 = 2𝑥 − 11 (2) × 2 ⇒ 10𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 56
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 11…………… (1) (−) (+) (−)

da
𝑥 + 𝑦 − 5 = 3(2𝑥 − 11) −9𝑥 = −54
−54
𝑥 + 𝑦 − 5 = 6𝑥 − 33 𝑥= ⇒𝑥=6
−9
5𝑥 − 𝑦 = 33 − 5 Substituting 𝑥 = 6 in (4)
ka
5𝑥 − 𝑦 = 28…………………… (2) 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 2
𝑦 − 𝑧 = 9 − (𝑥 + 2𝑧) 6 − 2𝑦 = 2
𝑦 − 𝑧 + 𝑥 + 2𝑧 = 9 −2𝑦 = +2 − 6 ⇒ −2𝑦 = −4
vi
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 9……………….. (3) 𝑦=2
(3)⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 9 𝑥 = 6, 𝑦 = 2 Substituting in (1)
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 11
al

(1)⇒ 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 11
(−) (+) (−) (−) 2(6) − 2 + 𝑧 = 11
−𝑥 + 2𝑦 = −2 12 − 2 + 𝑧 = 11
.k

Multiply (−) 𝑧 = 11 − 10 ⇒ 𝑧 = 1
𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 2…………. (4) ∴ 𝒙 = 𝟔; 𝒚 = 𝟐; 𝒛 = 𝟏
w

2. One hundred and fifty Students are admitted to a school. They are distributed over three sections
𝑨, 𝑩 and 𝑪. If 6 students are shifted from section A to section 𝑪, the sections will have equal number
w

of students. If 4 times of students of section 𝑪 exceeds the number of students of section 𝑨 by the
number of students in section 𝑩, find the number of students in the three sections.
w

Number of Students in section 𝐴 = 𝑥 𝑧 = 30 Substituting in (2)

Number of students in section 𝐵 = 𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑧 = 12
Number of Students in section 𝐶 = 𝑧 𝑥 − 30 = 12
Total = 150 𝑥 = 12 + 30 ⇒ 𝑥 = 42
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 150………….. (1) 𝑥 = 42, 𝑧 = 30 Substituting in (1)
𝑥−6=𝑧+6 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 150
𝑥 − 𝑧 = 12……………. (2) 42 + 𝑦 + 30 = 150
4𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦…..……. (3) 𝑦 + 72 = 150
𝑦 = 150 − 72
Substituting (3) in (1)
𝑦 = 78
(𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝑧 = 150
∴ Students in section 𝑨 = 𝟒𝟐
4𝑧 + 𝑧 = 150 Students in section 𝑩 = 𝟕𝟖
150
5𝑧 = 150 ⇒ 𝑧 = ⇒ 𝑧 = 30 Students in section 𝑪 = 𝟑𝟎
5
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90 Way to Success  - 10 th
Maths

3. In a three-digit number, when the tens and the hundreds digit are interchanged the new number
is 54 more than three times the original number. If 198 is added to the number, the digits are
reversed. The tens digit exceeds the hundreds digit by twice as that of the tens digit exceeds the
unit digit. Find the original number.
The three digit number = 100𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 𝑧 (4) ⇒ 60𝑥 − 23𝑧 = −9
After interchanging (2) × 60 ⇒ 60𝑥 − 60𝑧 = −120
100𝑦 + 10𝑥 + 𝑧 = 54 + 3(100𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 𝑧) (−) (+) (+)

100𝑦 + 10𝑥 + 𝑧 = 54 + 300𝑥 + 30𝑦 + 3𝑧 37𝑧 = 111

111
290𝑥 − 70𝑦 + 2𝑧 = −54………………. (1) 𝑧 = 37 ⇒ 𝑧 = 3
100𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 𝑧 + 198 = 100𝑧 + 10𝑦 + 𝑥 Substituting 𝑧 = 3 in (2)
99𝑥 − 99𝑧 = −198 𝑥 − 𝑧 = −2 ⇒ 𝑥 − 3 = −2
(÷) by 99 𝑥 − 𝑧 = −2………… (2) 𝑥 = −2 + 3 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1

n
𝑦 − 𝑥 = 2 (𝑦 − 𝑧 ) 𝑥 = 1, 𝑧 = 3 Substituting in (3)

l.i
𝑦 − 𝑥 = 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0
𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0…………… (3) 1 + 𝑦 − 2(3) = 0
(1) ⇒ 290𝑥 − 70𝑦 + 2𝑧 = −54

da
1+𝑦−6 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦−5 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 =5
(3) × 70 ⇒ 70𝑥 + 70𝑦 − 140𝑧 = 0 ∴ The three digit number= 100𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 𝑧
360𝑥 − 138𝑧 = −54 = 100(1) + 10(5) + 3
(÷) by 6 60𝑥 − 23𝑧 = −9………… (4)
ka = 100 + 50 + 3 = 𝟏𝟓𝟑
4. Find the least common multiple of 𝒙𝒚(𝒌𝟐 + 𝟏) + 𝒌(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ) and 𝒙𝒚(𝒌𝟐 − 𝟏) + 𝒌(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 )
𝑥𝑦(𝑘 2 + 1) + 𝑘 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) = 𝑘 2 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑘𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑦 2
vi
= 𝑘𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑘𝑦 2 + 𝑘 2 𝑥𝑦
= 𝑥[𝑘𝑥 + 𝑦] + 𝑘𝑦[𝑦 + 𝑘𝑥 ]
al

= 𝑥[𝑘𝑥 + 𝑦] + 𝑘𝑦[𝑘𝑥 + 𝑦]
= (𝑘𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦)
.k

𝑥𝑦(𝑘 − 1) + 𝑘(𝑥 − 𝑦 ) = 𝑘 2 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑘𝑥 2 − 𝑘𝑦 2 = 𝑘 2 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑘𝑦 2 + 𝑘𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦
2 2 2

= 𝑘𝑦(𝑘𝑥 − 𝑦) + 𝑥(𝑘𝑥 − 𝑦) = (𝑘𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑘𝑦 + 𝑥 )

LCM = (𝒌𝒙 + 𝒚)(𝒙 + 𝒌𝒚)(𝒌𝒙 − 𝒚) (or) (𝒌𝒚 + 𝒙)(𝒌𝟐 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 )
w

5. Find the GCD of the following by division algorithm 𝟐𝒙𝟒 + 𝟏𝟑𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝟕𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟑𝒙 + 𝟕,
w

𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏, 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 4 + 13𝑥 3 + 27𝑥 2 + 23𝑥 + 7
w

𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1
ℎ(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1

∴ GCD of 𝑓(𝑥 ), 𝑔(𝑥 ), ℎ(𝑥) is 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏

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Chapter 3 - Algebra 91
𝒙𝟑𝒂 −𝟖 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟑 −𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟐 +𝟒𝒙−𝟏𝟎
6. Reduce the given rational expressions to its lowest form (i) 𝒙𝟐𝒂 +𝟐𝒙𝒂+𝟒 (ii) −𝟒−𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟐
𝑥 3𝑎 −8 (𝑥 𝑎 )3 −8 10𝑥 3−25𝑥 2+4𝑥−10
(i) 𝑥2𝑎 +2𝑥𝑎 +4 = 𝑥2𝑎 +2𝑥𝑎+4 (ii) −4−10𝑥 2
(𝑥 3𝑎 − 8) = (𝑥 𝑎 )3 − 23 5𝑥 2 [2𝑥−5]+2(2𝑥−5)
=
(5𝑥 2 +2)(2𝑥−5)

[∵ 𝑥 3 − 𝑎3 = (𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎2 )] −2(5𝑥 2 +2) −2(5𝑥 2 +2)

2𝑥−5 2𝑥 5
= (𝑥 𝑎 − 2 )(𝑥 2𝑎 + 2𝑥 𝑎 + 4) = = −2 − −2
−2
(𝑥 𝑎 −2)(𝑥 2𝑎 +2𝑥 𝑎 +4) 𝟓
= 𝑥 2𝑎 +2𝑥 𝑎 +4
= 𝒙𝒂 − 𝟐 = −𝒙 + 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
+ 𝒒𝟐 +𝒓𝟐 −𝒑𝟐
𝒑 𝒒+𝒓
7. Simplify 𝟏 𝟏 × [𝟏 + ]
− 𝟐𝒒𝒓
𝒑 𝒒+𝒓
1 1 (𝑞+𝑟)+𝑝
+ 𝑞2 +𝑟 2−𝑝2 2𝑞𝑟+𝑞2 +𝑟2 −𝑝2
𝑝 𝑞+𝑟 𝑝(𝑞+𝑟)

n
1 1 × [1 + ]= 𝑞+𝑟−𝑝 ×[ ]
− 2𝑞𝑟 2𝑞𝑟
𝑝 𝑞+𝑟 𝑝(𝑞+𝑟)

l.i
𝑝+𝑞+𝑟 (𝑞+𝑟)2 −𝑝2
= (𝑞+𝑟)−𝑝 × [ ]
2𝑞𝑟
(𝑝+𝑞+𝑟) ((𝑞+𝑟)−𝑝)((𝑞+𝑟)+𝑝) (𝒑+𝒒+𝒓)𝟐
= (𝑞+𝑟)−𝑝 × =

da
2𝑞𝑟 𝟐𝒓𝒒
8. Arul, Madan and Ram working together can clean a store in 6 hours. Working alone, Madan takes
twice as long to clean the store as Arul does. Ram needs three times as long as Arul does. How
ka
long would it take each if they are working alone?
1
Work done by Arul in an hour = 𝑥 Sub (2), (3) in (1)
1 1 1 1
1 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 = 6
Work done by Madan in an hour = 𝑦
vi
𝑥
6+3+2 1
1 =6
Work done by Ram in an hour = 𝑧 6𝑥
11 1
al

Total hours to clean the store = 6 ℎ𝑟𝑠 =6

6𝑥
1 𝑥×6
Work done by all in an hour = 6 11 = 6 ∴ 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟏
.k

1 1 1 1
∴ + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 6………………. (1) Sub. 𝑥 = 11 in (2) Sub. 𝑥 = 11 in (3)
𝑥 𝑦 = 2𝑥 𝑧 = 3𝑥
Here , 𝑦 = 2𝑥………………… (2)
w

𝑦 = 2(11) 𝑧 = 3(11)
𝑧 = 3𝑥 ………………… (3) 𝒚 = 𝟐𝟐 𝒛 = 𝟑𝟑
w

Work done by Arul in 11 hrs. Work done by Madan in 22 hrs. Work done by ram in 33 hrs.
9. Find the square root of 𝟐𝟖𝟗𝒙𝟒 − 𝟔𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟗𝟕𝟎𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝟖𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑𝟔𝟏
w

17𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 + 19
17𝑥 2 289𝑥 4 − 612𝑥 3 + 970𝑥 2 − 684𝑥 + 361
289𝑥 4
(−)
34𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 − 612𝑥 3 + 970𝑥 2
−612𝑥 3 + 324𝑥 2
(+) (−)
2
34𝑥 − 36𝑥 + 19 646𝑥 2 − 684𝑥 + 361
646𝑥 2 − 684𝑥 + 361
(−) (+) (−)
0
∴ √284𝑥 4 − 612𝑥 3 + 970𝑥 − 684𝑥 + 361 = |𝟏𝟕𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟖𝒙 + 𝟏𝟗|

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92 Way to Success  - 10 th
Maths

10. Solve √𝒚 + 𝟏 + √𝟐𝒚 − 𝟓 = 𝟑 12. Is it possible to design a rectangular park of

√𝑦 + 1 + √2𝑦 − 5 = 3 perimeter 320 m and area 𝟒𝟖𝟎𝟎𝒎𝟐 ? If so
find its length and breadth.
√2𝑦 − 5 = 3 − √𝑦 + 1 Perimeter of the rectangular = 320𝑚
Taking square on both sides,
2 2(𝑙 + 𝑏) = 320
2𝑦 − 5 = (3 − √𝑦 + 1) 2𝑙 + 2𝑏 = 320
2𝑦 − 5 = 9 + 𝑦 + 1 − 6√𝑦 + 1 (÷)𝑏𝑦 2
2𝑦 − 5 = 10 + 𝑦 − 6√𝑦 + 1 𝑙 + 𝑏 = 160
𝑦 − 15 = −6√𝑦 + 1 𝑏 = 160 − 𝑙………. (1)
Taking square on both sides, Area = 4800𝑚2
2
2
(𝑦 − 15) = (−6√𝑦 + 1) 𝑙𝑏 = 4800…………. (2)

n
2
𝑦 − 30𝑦 + 225 = 36(𝑦 + 1) Substituting (1) in (2)

l.i
2
𝑦 − 30𝑦 + 225 = 36𝑦 + 36 𝑙𝑏 = 4800
2
𝑦 − 66𝑦 + 189 = 0 𝑙 (160 − 𝑙 ) = 4800

da
(𝑦 − 3)(𝑦 − 63) = 0 160𝑙 − 𝑙 2 = 4800
𝒚 = 𝟑, 𝟔𝟑 𝑙 2 − 160𝑙 + 4800 = 0
(𝑙 − 120)(𝑙 − 40) = 0
11. A boat takes 1.6 hours longer to go 𝟑𝟔𝒌𝒎𝒔
ka
𝑙 = 120 (𝑜𝑟) 40
up a river than down the river. If the speed
of the water current is 𝟒𝒌𝒎 per hours. What If 𝑙 = 120
vi
is the speed of the boat in still water? 𝑏 = 160 − 𝑙
Speed of boat in still water = 𝑥 km/hr 𝑏 = 160 − 120 ⇒ 𝑏 = 40
Speed of water = 4 km/hr
al

∴ 𝒍 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒎, 𝒃 = 𝟒𝟎𝒎
Speed of a boat in up stream = (𝑥 + 4) km/hr
Speed of water in downstream = (𝑥 − 4) km/hr
.k

Difference in time between upstream and 13. At 𝒕 minutes past 2pm, the time needed to
16 𝒕𝟐
downstream = 1.6 ℎ𝑟𝑠 = 10 ℎ𝑟𝑠 3pm is 3 minutes less than 𝟒 . Find 𝒕.
w

Time taken for upstream = 𝑥+4 hrs

36 Minutes past 2 after pm = 𝑡 minutes
Times needed to past 3 𝑝𝑚
w

36
Time taken for downstream = 𝑥−4 hrs
𝑡2
36
−
36
=
16 = ( 4 − 3) minutes
w

𝑥+4 𝑥−4 10
36(𝑥−4)−36(𝑥+4) 16 1 hour = 60 minutes
(𝑥+4)(𝑥−4)
=
10 𝑡2
36𝑥+144−36𝑥+144 16 288 16 Here 𝑡 + − 3 = 60
= 10 ⇒ 𝑥2 −16 = 10 4
𝑥 2 −16
288×10 4𝑡 + 𝑡 2 − 12 = 60 × 4
2
= 𝑥 − 16
16 𝑡 2 + 4𝑡 − 12 = 240
2
180 = 𝑥 − 16 𝑡 2 + 4𝑡 − 252 = 0
2
𝑥 − 16 − 180 = 0
(𝑡 + 18)(𝑡 − 14) = 0
𝑥 2 − 196 = 0
𝑡 = −18 (𝑜𝑟) + 14
𝑥 2 = 196 ⇒ 𝑥 = ±14
Here 𝑡 must be positive.
𝑥 = 14; Because 𝑥 must be positive
∴ 𝒕 = 𝟏𝟒 𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐭𝐞𝐬.
∴ Speed of boat in still water = 𝟏𝟒 km/hrs
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Chapter 3 - Algebra 93

14. The number of seats in a row is equal to the total 15. If 𝜶 and 𝜷 are the roots of the polynomial
number of rows in a hall. The total number of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑, find the polynomial
seats in the hall will increase by 375 if the whose roots are
number of rows is doubled and the number of 𝜶−𝟏 𝜷−𝟏
(i) 𝜶 + 𝟐, 𝜷 + 𝟐 (ii) 𝜶+𝟏 , 𝜷+𝟏
seats in each row is reduced by 5. Find the
number of rows in the hall at the beginning. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3
Number of rows = 𝑥 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −2 , 𝑐 = 3
𝑏 2
Number of columns = 𝑦 𝛼 + 𝛽 = −𝑎 = +1 = 2
Number of seats in a row = column 𝛼+𝛽 =2
Total number of seats in a row = total 𝑐 3
𝛼𝛽 = 𝑎 = 1 = 3 𝜶𝜷 = 𝟑
number of rows
(i) Roots are (𝜶 + 𝟐), (𝜷 + 𝟐)
No. of. Columns = No. of rows
Sum = (𝛼 + 2) + (𝛽 + 2)

n
𝑦 = 𝑥
=𝛼+𝛽+4 = 2+4 = 6
Total no. of seats in a hall = 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 2
= (𝛼 + 2)(𝛽 + 2)

l.i
Product
Here 2𝑥 (𝑥 − 5) = 𝑥 2 + 375
= 𝛼𝛽 + 2(𝛼 + 𝛽) + 4
2𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 375
= 3 + 2(2) + 4 = 3 + 4 + 4 = 11

da
𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 − 375 = 0
∴ The polynomial is
(𝑥 − 25)(𝑥 + 15) = 0
𝑥 2 − (sum of roots)𝑥 + (product of roots)
𝑥 = 25(or) − 15
= 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟏𝟏
𝑥 Must be positive.
ka (ii) Roots are
𝜶−𝟏 𝜷−𝟏
,
∴ 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟓 𝜶+𝟏 𝜷+𝟏
16. If – 𝟒 is a root of the equation 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒑𝒙 − 𝟒 = 𝟎 𝛼−1
Sum = 𝛼+1 +
𝛽−1
𝟐
and if the equation 𝒙 + 𝒑𝒙 + 𝒒 = 𝟎 has equal 𝛽+1
vi
(𝛼−1)(𝛽+1)+(𝛽−1)(𝛼+1)
roots, find the values of 𝒑 and 𝒒. = (𝛼+1)(𝛽+1)
2
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 𝑝𝑥 − 4………….. (1)
al

𝛼𝛽+𝛼−𝛽−1+𝛼𝛽+𝛽−𝛼−1
=
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 0 𝛼𝛽+𝛼+𝛽+1
Here 𝑥 = −4 2𝛼𝛽−2 2(3)−2 6−2 4
= 𝛼𝛽+(𝛼+𝛽)+1 = 3+2+1 = 6 = 6
.k

𝑓 (−4) = 0 2
2
(−4) + 𝑝(−4) − 4 = 0 Sum = 3
w

16 − 4𝑝 − 4 = 0 (𝛼−1)
Product = (𝛼+1) × (𝛽+1)
(𝛽−1)
−4𝑝 + 12 = 0
w

𝛼𝛽−𝛼−𝛽+1 𝛼𝛽−(𝛼+𝛽)+1
−4𝑝 = −12 ⇒ 𝑝 = 3 = 𝛼𝛽+𝛼+𝛽+1 = 𝛼𝛽(𝛼+𝛽)+1
𝑥 2 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 = 0……………… (2) 3−2+1 2 1
= 3+2+1 = =
w

It has equal roots ∴ 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0 6 3

2
𝑝 − 4𝑞 = 0 ∴ The polynomial is
9 − 4𝑞 = 0 𝑥 2 − (sum of roots)𝑥 + (product of roots)
9 2 1
4𝑞 = 9 ⇒ 𝑞 = 4 𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 3
3
𝟗 𝟐
∴ 𝒑 = 𝟑&𝒒 = 𝟒 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏
(Q. No : 17 – 20 are removed based on reduced syllabus 2021 - 2022)
Important Example Questions:
2 Marks: Example 3.28, Eg. 3.36(PTA-1), Eg.3.19(ii)(PTA-5), Eg.3.26(PTA-6)
5 Marks: Example 3.8, Eg.3.22(PTA-5), Eg.3.46(MDL), Eg. 3.21(SEP-21)
8 Marks: Eg.3.51((i) SEP-21, SEP-20), Eg.3.52 (PTA-4), Eg.3.53, Eg.3.54 (PTA-1), Eg.3.55

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94 Way to Success - 10th Maths

4. Geometry
Exercise 4.1

Practice these book example problems 4.1 to 4.9 and practical geometry
example problems 4.10 and 4.11
1. Check whether the which triangles are similar and find the value of 𝒙.
(i) (ii) In ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪 & ∆𝑷𝑸𝑪
∠𝐶 is common
∠𝑃𝑄𝐶 = 180° − ∠𝑃𝑄𝐵
= 180° − 110°

n
= 70°

l.i
∠𝐴 + ∠𝐵 + ∠𝐶 = ∠𝑃 + ∠𝑄 + ∠𝐶
∠𝐴 + 70° = ∠𝑃 + 70°

da
𝑨𝑫
=
𝑨𝑬 ∠𝐴 = ∠𝑃
𝑫𝑩 𝑬𝑪
∴ ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶~∆𝑃𝑂𝐶
3 2
5
= 7/2 ka Similar
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶
3
≠
4 =
𝑃𝑄 𝑄𝐶
5 7
5 6
⇒ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 ≄ ∆𝐴𝐸𝐷 =3
𝑥
vi
5
Not similar 𝑥 = 2 ⇒ 𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝒄𝒎
al

2. A girl looks the reflection of the top of the lamp post on the mirror which is 6.6m away from the
foot of the lamppost. The girl whose height is 1.25m is standing 2.5m away from the mirror.
.k

Assuming the mirror is placed on the ground facing the sky and the girl, mirror and the lamppost
are in a same line, find the height of the lamp post.
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶
w

=
𝐷𝐸 𝐶𝐷
𝐴𝐵 6.6
= 2.5
w

1.25
6.6×1.25
𝐴𝐵 =
2.5
w

= 𝟑. 𝟑 m
3. A vertical stick of length 6m casts a shadow 400cm long on the ground and at the same time a
tower casts a shadow 28m long. Using similarity, find the height of the tower.
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶
= 𝐷𝐹
𝐷𝐸 Try Your Self…
1. The lengths of three sides of a triangle
600 400
= 2800 𝐴𝐵𝐶 are 6cm, 4cm, and 9cm.
𝐷𝐸
∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 ~ ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶. One of the lengths of
4200 = 𝐷𝐸 sides ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 is 35 cm. What is the
greatest perimeter possible for ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅?
𝑫𝑬 = 𝟒𝟐𝒎 Ans: 166.25 cm

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Chapter 4 - Geometry 95

4. Two triangle 𝑸𝑷𝑹 and 𝑸𝑺𝑹, right angled at 𝑷 and 𝑺 respectively are drawn on the same base
𝑸𝑹 and on the same side of 𝑸𝑹. If 𝑷𝑹 and 𝑺𝑸 intersect at 𝑻, prove that 𝑷𝑻 × 𝑻𝑹 = 𝑺𝑻 × 𝑻𝑸.
In ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 and ∆𝑆𝑄𝑅
PTA-6
∠𝑃 = ∠𝑆 = 90° and ∆𝑆𝑄𝑅
∠𝑃 = ∠𝑆 = 90°
And ∠𝑃𝑇𝑄 = ∠𝑆𝑇𝑅 (vertically opposite angles)
Thus by 𝐴𝐴 criterion of similarity we have ∆𝑃𝑇𝑄~∆𝑆𝑇𝑅
𝑃𝑇 𝑇𝑄
=
𝑆𝑇 𝑇𝑅
⇒ 𝑃𝑇 × 𝑇𝑅 = 𝑇𝑄 × 𝑆𝑇
5. In the adjacent figure, ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪 is right angled at 𝑪 and 𝑫𝑬 ⊥ 𝑨𝑩.
Prove that ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪~∆𝑨𝑫𝑬 and hence find the lengths of 𝑨𝑬 and 𝑫𝑬.

n
In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 ∠𝐶 = 90° and 𝐷𝐸 ⊥ 𝐴𝐵 also in ∆𝐴𝐸𝐷, ∠𝐸 = 90°

l.i
∠𝐴 is common for both ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 and ∆𝐴𝐸𝐷
⇒ By AA criterion. ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶~∆𝐴𝐸𝐷

da
𝐴𝐶 = 3 + 2 = 5, 𝐵𝐶 = 12
𝐴𝐵 = √𝐴𝐶 2 + 𝐵𝐶 2 ka
= √122 + 52
= √169
𝐴𝐵 = 13
vi
𝐴𝐷 𝐸𝐷 𝐴𝐸 3 𝐷𝐸 𝐴𝐸
= 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶 ⇒ 13 = =
𝐴𝐵 12 5
al

Try Your Self…

15 = 13𝐴𝐸 2. In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐶and 𝐵𝐶 = 6𝑐𝑚. 𝐷 is a point on the side
15
= 𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐶 such that 𝐴𝐷 = 5cm and 𝐶𝐷 = 4 cm. Show that
.k

13
𝟏𝟓
∆𝐵𝐶𝐷~ ∆𝐴𝐶𝐵 and hence find 𝐵𝐷.
⇒ 𝑨𝑬 = Ans: 𝐵𝐷 = 6cm
𝟏𝟑
w

𝐷𝐸 3
12
= 13 ⇒ 13𝐷𝐸 = 36
w

𝟑𝟔
𝑫𝑬 = 𝟏𝟑
6. In the adjacent figure, ∆𝑨𝑪𝑩~∆𝑨𝑷𝑸. If 𝑩𝑪 = 𝟖 𝒄𝒎, 𝑷𝑸 = 𝟒 𝒄𝒎, 𝑩𝑨 = 𝟔. 𝟓 𝒄𝒎 and
w

𝑨𝑷 = 𝟐. 𝟖 𝒄𝒎, find 𝑪𝑨 and 𝑨𝑸.

Given ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶~∆𝐴𝑃𝑄
𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶
= 𝐴𝑄 = 𝐴𝑃
𝑃𝑄
8 6.5 𝐴𝐶
= 𝐴𝑄 = 2.8
4
6.5 𝐴𝐶
2 = 𝐴𝑄 2 = 2.8
6.5
𝐴𝑄 = 2
𝐴𝐶 = 2 × 2.8
𝑨𝑸 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟓𝒄𝒎 𝑨𝑪 = 𝟓. 𝟔𝒄𝒎

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96 Way to Success - 10th Maths

7. In figure 𝑶𝑷𝑹𝑸 is a square and ∠𝑴𝑳𝑵 = 𝟗𝟎° . Prove that
(i) ∆𝑳𝑶𝑷~∆𝑸𝑴𝑶 (ii) ∆𝑳𝑶𝑷~∆𝑹𝑷𝑵
(iii) ∆𝑸𝑴𝑶~∆𝑹𝑷𝑵 (iv) 𝑸𝑹𝟐 = 𝑴𝑸 × 𝑹𝑵
(i) In ∆𝐿𝑂𝑃 and 𝑄𝑀𝑂
we have ∠𝑂𝐿𝑃 = ∠𝑀𝑄𝑂 (= 90° ) and
∠𝐿𝑂𝑃 = ∠𝑄𝑀𝑂 (corresponding angles)
∆𝐿𝑂𝑃~∆𝑄𝑀𝑂 (By AA criterion of similarity) Try Your Self…
3. The points 𝐷 and 𝐸 are on the sides
(ii) ∆𝐿𝑂𝑃 and ∆𝑃𝑅𝑁, we have 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐴𝐶 of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 respectively,
∠𝑃𝐿𝑂 = ∠𝑁𝑅𝑃 (= 90° ) such that 𝐷𝐸 ∥ 𝐵𝐶. If 𝐴𝐵 = 3 𝐴𝐷
∠𝐿𝑃𝑂 = ∠𝑃𝑁𝑅 (Corresponding angles) and the area of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 is 72 cm 2,
∆𝐿𝑂𝑃~∆𝑅𝑃𝑁 then find the area of the
(iii) In ∆𝑄𝑀𝑂 and ∆𝑅𝑃𝑁 (From (i) & (ii)) quadrilateral 𝐷𝐵𝐶𝐸
4. In the figure,
Since ∆𝐿𝑂𝑃~∆𝑄𝑀𝑂 and ∆𝐿𝑂𝑃~∆∠𝑅𝑃𝑁

n
𝐷𝐸 ∥ 𝐵𝐶 and
∆𝑄𝑀𝑂~∆𝑅𝑃𝑁 𝐴𝐷 3
= ,

l.i
(iv) We have ∆𝑄𝑀𝑂~∆𝑅𝑃𝑁 (using iii) 𝐵𝐷 5
𝑀𝑄 𝑄𝑂 calculate the
= 𝑅𝑁 (∵ 𝑃𝑅𝑂𝑄 is a square) Area of ∆𝐴𝐷𝐸
𝑅𝑃 value of

da
𝑀𝑄 𝑄𝑂 Area of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶
= (∵ 𝑅𝑃 = 𝑄𝑂; 𝑄𝑂 = 𝑄𝑅)
𝑄𝑂 𝑅𝑁
9
𝑀𝑄. 𝑅𝑁 = 𝑄𝑂2 Ans: 3. 64𝑐𝑚2 4.
64
𝑀𝑄. 𝑅𝑁 = 𝑄𝑅2
ka
𝑄𝑅2 = 𝑀𝑄 × 𝑅𝑁
8. If ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪~∆𝑫𝑬𝑭 such that area of ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪 is 𝟗𝒄𝒎𝟐 and the area ∆𝑫𝑬𝑭 is 𝟏𝟔𝒄𝒎𝟐 and
vi
𝑩𝑪 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝒄𝒎. find the length of 𝑬𝑭.
Area of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝐵𝐶 2
= 𝐸𝐹2
Area of ∆𝐷𝐸𝐹
al

9 2.12
= 𝐸𝐹2
16
3 2.1
.k

=
4 𝐸𝐹
2.1×4
𝐸𝐹 = 3
w

𝑬𝑭 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝒄𝒎
9. Two vertical poles of heights 𝟔𝒎 and 𝟑𝒎 are erected above a horizontal ground 𝑨𝑪. Find the
w

value of 𝒚. PTA-5
In ∆𝑃𝐴𝐶, ∆𝑄𝐵𝐶 are (1) & (2) ⇒ 3𝐴𝐵 = 6𝐵𝐶
w

similar triangles 𝐴𝐵 6
𝑃𝐴 𝐴𝐶 𝑃𝑄
= =2
𝐵𝐶 3
𝑄𝐵
= 𝐵𝐶 = 𝑄𝐶
𝐴𝐵 = 2𝐵𝐶
6 𝐴𝐶
= 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶
𝑦
𝑦(𝐴𝐶 ) = 6𝐵𝐶……(1) 𝐴𝐶 = 2𝐵𝐶 + 𝐵𝐶 (𝐴𝐵 = 2𝐵𝐶)
∆𝐴𝐶𝑅 and ∆𝐴𝐵𝑄 are 𝐴𝐶 = 3𝐵𝐶
similar triangles Substitute 𝐴𝐶 = 3𝐵𝐶 in (1) we get
𝐶𝑅 𝐴𝐶
= (3𝐵𝐶)𝑦 = 6𝐵𝐶
𝑄𝐵 𝐴𝐵
3 𝐴𝐶 6𝐵𝐶
= 𝐴𝐵 𝑦 = 3𝐵𝐶
𝑦
3(𝐴𝐵) = (𝐴𝐶 )𝑦……………. (2) ⇒𝒚=𝟐𝒎
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Chapter 4 - Geometry 97
𝟐
10. Construct a triangle similar to a given triangle 𝑷𝑸𝑹 with its sides equal to of the
𝟑
𝟐
corresponding sides of the triangle 𝑷𝑸𝑹 (scale factor 𝟑 < 1)
Rough Diagram

n
2
Note: If < 1 , then

l.i
3
the similar triangle
will be inside

da
Construction:
1. Construct a ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 with any measurement.
ka
2. Draw a ray 𝑄𝑋 making an acute angle with 𝑄𝑅 on the side opposite to vertex 𝑃.
2
3. Locate 3 (the greater of 2 and 3 in 3) points 𝑄1 , 𝑄2 & 𝑄3 on 𝑄𝑋 so that 𝑄𝑄1 = 𝑄1 𝑄2 = 𝑄2 𝑄3
vi
2
4. Join 𝑄3 𝑅 and draw a line through 𝑄2 (the second point, 2 being smaller of 2 and 3 in 3)
parallel to 𝑄3 𝑅 to intersect 𝑄𝑅 at 𝑅′
al

5. Draw line through 𝑅 ′ parallel to the line 𝑅𝑃 to intersect 𝑄𝑃 at 𝑃′ . Then ∆𝑃′ 𝑄𝑅′ is the
required triangle each of whose sides is two-three of the corresponding sides of ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅.
.k

𝟒
11. Construct a triangle similar to a given triangle 𝑳𝑴𝑵 with its sides equal to of the
𝟓
𝟒
corresponding sides of the triangle 𝑳𝑴𝑵 (scale factor 𝟓 < 1).
w

Rough Diagram
w
w

4
Note: If < 1 , then
5
the similar triangle
will be inside

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98 Way to Success - 10th Maths

𝟔
12. Construct a triangle similar to a given triangle 𝑨𝑩𝑪 with its sides equal to of the
𝟓
𝟔
corresponding sides of the triangle 𝑨𝑩𝑪 (scale factor 𝟓 > 𝟏).
PTA-1, SEP-20

Rough Diagram

n
l.i
6
Note: If > 1 , then
5
the similar triangle

da
will be outside

ka
𝟕
13. Construct a triangle similar to a given triangle 𝑷𝑸𝑹 with its sides equal to 𝟑 of the corresponding
vi
𝟕
sides of the triangle 𝑷𝑸𝑹 (scale factor 𝟑 > 𝟏).
al

Rough Diagram
.k
w
w
w

7
Note: If > 1 , then
3
the similar triangle
will be outside

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Chapter 4 - Geometry 99

Creative Question
1 . 𝑷 and 𝑸 are points on sides. 𝑨𝑩 and 𝑨𝑪 repsectively, of ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪. If 𝑨𝑷 = 𝟑cm, 𝑷𝑩 = 𝟔cm,
𝑨𝑸 = 𝟓 cm, and 𝑸𝑪 = 𝟏𝟎cm, show that 𝑩𝑪 = 𝟑 𝑷𝑸 PTA-6
𝐴𝑃 3 1 𝐴𝑄 5 1
=9=3, = 15 = 3
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶
In ∆𝐴𝑃𝑄, ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, we have
∠𝐴𝑃𝑄 = ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶
[Corresponding angles]
∠𝐴 = ∠𝐴
[Common angle]

n
By SAS criteria ∆𝐴𝑃𝑄~∆𝐴𝐵𝐶

l.i
𝐴𝑃 𝐴𝑄 𝑃𝑄
= = 𝐵𝐶
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶
𝐴𝑃 𝑃𝑄 𝑃𝑄 3 1

da
𝐴𝐵
= 𝐵𝐶
⇒ 𝐵𝐶
=9=3
∴ 𝐵𝐶 = 3𝑃𝑄 Hence Proved.
ka
Theorem
Theorem 1: Basic Proportionality Theorem (BPT) or Thales theorem
vi
Statement : A straight line drawn parallel to a side of triangle intersecting
the other two sides, divides the sides in the same ratio.
al

Proof :
Given : In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐷 is a point on 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐸 is a point on 𝐴𝐶.
.k

𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸
To Prove : 𝐷𝐵 = 𝐸𝐶
Construction: Draw a line 𝐷𝐸 ∥ 𝐵𝐶
w

No. Statement Reason

w

1. ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = ∠𝐴𝐷𝐸 = ∠1 Corresponding angles are equal because 𝐷𝐸 ∥ 𝐵𝐶

2. ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 = ∠𝐴𝐸𝐷 = ∠2 Corresponding angles are equal because 𝐷𝐸 ∥ 𝐵𝐶
w

3. ∠𝐷𝐴𝐸 = ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = ∠3 Both triangles have a common angle

4. ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶~∆𝐴𝐷𝐸 By 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 similarity
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶
= 𝐴𝐸 Corresponding sides are proportional
𝐴𝐷
𝐴𝐷+𝐷𝐵 𝐴𝐸+𝐸𝐶 Split 𝐴 𝐵 and 𝐴 𝐶 using the points 𝐷 and 𝐸.
=
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸
𝐷𝐵 𝐸𝐶
1 + 𝐴𝐷 = 1 + 𝐴𝐸 On simplification
𝐷𝐵 𝐸𝐶
= Cancelling 1 on both sides
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸
= 𝐸𝐶 Taking reciprocals
𝐷𝐵
Hence proved.
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100 Way to Success - 10th Maths

Theorem 2 : Converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem
Statement : If a straight line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same ratio, then the line must
be parallel to the third side.
Theorem 3: Angle Bisector Theorem PTA-5,SEP-20
Statement : The internal bisector of an angle of a triangle divides the
opposite side internally in the ratio of the corresponding sides
containing the angle.
Proof:
Given : In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐴𝐷 is the internal bisector
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐷
To Prove : 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐶𝐷
Construction: Draw a line through 𝐶 parallel to 𝐴𝐵. Extend 𝐴𝐷 to meet line through 𝐶 at 𝐸
No. Statement Reason

n
1. Two parallel lines cut by a transversal
∠𝐴𝐸𝐶 = ∠𝐵𝐴𝐸 = ∠1
make alternate angles equal.

l.i
2. ∆𝐴𝐶𝐸 is isosceles 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐶𝐸 … (1) In ∆𝐴𝐶𝐸, ∠𝐶𝐴𝐸 = ∠𝐶𝐸𝐴
3. ∆𝐴𝐵𝐷~∆𝐸𝐶𝐷 By 𝐴𝐴 similarity

da
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐷
𝐶𝐸
= 𝐶𝐷
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐷 From (1) 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐶𝐸.
4. =
𝐴𝐶 𝐶𝐷 ka
Hence proved.
Theorem 4 : Converse of Angle Bisector Theorem PTA-3, 4
Statement : If a straight line through one vertex of a triangle divides the opposite side internally in
vi
the ratio of the other two sides, then the line bisects the angle internally at the vertex.
Exercise 4.2
al

Practice these book example problems 4.12 to 4.16 and practical geometry
.k

example problems 4.17 to 4.19

1. In ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪, 𝑫 and 𝑬 are points on the sides 𝑨𝑩 and 𝑨𝑪 respectively such that 𝑫𝑬||𝑩𝑪
w

𝑨𝑫 𝟑
(i) If 𝑫𝑩 = 𝟒 and 𝑨𝑪 = 𝟏𝟓 𝐜𝐦 find 𝑨𝑬. SEP-21
(ii) If 𝑨𝑫 = 𝟖𝒙 − 𝟕, 𝑫𝑩 = 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟑, 𝑨𝑬 = 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑 and 𝑬𝑪 = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏, find the value of 𝒙.
w

(i) Given in ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐷 and 𝐸 are points an the

sides 𝐴𝐵 & 𝐴𝐶 respectively such that 𝐷𝐸||𝐵𝐶 Try Your Self…
w

∴ By Thales theorem, 5. In a ∆ABC, 𝐷, 𝐸 are points on the sides

𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐴𝐶 respectively such that
𝐷𝐵
= 𝐸𝐶
𝐷𝐸 ∥ 𝐵𝐶.
Let 𝐸𝐶 = 𝑥, 𝐴𝐸 = 15 − 𝑥
3 15−𝑥 (i) If 𝐴𝐷 = 6cm, 𝐷𝐵 = 9 cm, and
= 𝐴𝐸 = 8 cm, then find 𝐴𝐶.
4 𝑥
3𝑥 = 60 − 4𝑥 (ii) If 𝐴𝐷 = 8 cm. 𝐴𝐵 = 12cm and
3𝑥 + 4𝑥 = 60 𝐴𝐸 = 12cm, then find 𝐶𝐸.
(iii) If 𝐴𝐷 = 4𝑥 − 3, 𝐵𝐷 = 3𝑥 − 1,
7𝑥 = 60
60 𝐴𝐸 = 8𝑥 − 7 and 𝐸𝐶 = 5𝑥 − 3,
𝑥= then find the value of 𝑥
7
𝑥 = 8.57 Ans: (i) 20cm (ii) 6 cm (iii) 1
𝐴𝐸 = 15 − 8.57
𝑨𝑬 = 𝟔. 𝟒𝟑𝒄𝒎
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Chapter 4 - Geometry 101

(ii) By Thales theorem

𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸
=
𝐷𝐵 𝐸𝐶
8𝑥−7 4𝑥−3
5𝑥−3
= 3𝑥−1
(8𝑥 − 7)(3𝑥 − 1) = (4𝑥 − 3)(5𝑥 − 3)
24𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 − 21𝑥 + 7 = 20𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 − 15𝑥 + 9
4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 2 = 0
÷ 2 ⇒ 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1 = 0
(𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 + 1) = 0
1 1
𝑥 = 1 (or) 𝑥 = − 2 ⇒ 𝒙 = 𝟏 [Since 𝑥 ≠ − 2]

2. ABCD is a trapezium which 𝑨𝑩||𝑫𝑪 and 𝑷, 𝑸 are points on 𝑨𝑫 and 𝑩𝑪 respectively, such that
𝑷𝑸||𝑫𝑪 if 𝑷𝑫 = 𝟏𝟖𝒄𝒎, 𝑩𝑸 = 𝟑𝟓𝒄𝒎 and 𝑸𝑪 = 𝟏𝟓𝒄𝒎, and find 𝑨𝑫.

n
In trapezium 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷, 𝐴𝐵 ∥ 𝐶𝐷 ∥ 𝑃𝑄 From (1) and (2)
𝑥 7
Join 𝐴𝐶, meets 𝑃𝑄 at 𝑅

l.i
= ⇒ 3𝑥 = 126
18 3
In ∆𝐴𝐶𝐷, 𝑃𝑅 ∥ 𝐶𝐷 126
𝑥= = 42

da
𝐴𝑃 𝐴𝑅 3
By BPT, 𝑃𝐷 = 𝑅𝐶
If 𝐴𝑃 = 𝑥
𝑥 𝐴𝑅
= 𝑅𝐶 ………(1) 𝐴𝑃 = 42
18 ka
In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝑅𝑄 ∥ 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐷 = 𝐴𝑃 + 𝑃𝐷 = 42 + 18 = 𝟔𝟎 cm
𝐵𝑄 𝐴𝑅
By BPT, 𝑄𝐶 = Try Your Self…
𝑅𝐶
6. In the figure, 𝐴𝐶 ∥ 𝐵𝐷and 𝐶𝐸 ∥ 𝐷𝐹. If
vi
35 𝐴𝑅
= 𝑅𝐶 𝑂𝐴 = 12 cm, 𝐴𝐵 = 9 cm, 𝑂𝐶 = 8cm
15
7 𝐴𝑅 and 𝐸𝐹 = 4.5 cm, then find 𝐹𝑂
= ……….(2)
al

3 𝑅𝐶 Ans: 10.5 cm
3. In ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪, 𝑫 and 𝑬 are points on the sides 𝑨𝑩 and 𝑨𝑪 respectively. For each of the following cases
.k

show that 𝑫𝑬 ∥ 𝑩𝑪 (i) 𝑨𝑩 = 𝟏𝟐 cm, 𝑨𝑫 = 𝟖 cm, 𝑨𝑬 = 𝟏𝟐 cm and 𝑨𝑪 = 𝟏𝟖 cm

(ii) 𝑨𝑩 = 𝟓. 𝟔 cm, 𝑨𝑫 = 𝟏. 𝟒 cm, 𝑨𝑪 = 𝟕. 𝟐 cm and 𝑨𝑬 = 𝟏. 𝟖 cm
w

Given: In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐷 and 𝐸 are points on the sides 𝐴𝐵 & 𝐴𝐶 respectively

(i) Given 𝐴𝐵 = 12 cm, 𝐴𝐷 = 8 cm, 𝐴𝐸 = 12 cm, 𝐴𝐶 = 18
w

𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 12 18
By corollary of Thales theorem, = 𝐴𝐸 ⇒ = 12
𝐴𝐷 8 Try Your Self…
w

3 3 7. 𝐸 and 𝐹 are points on the sides 𝑃𝑄

2
= 2 ⇒ 𝐷𝐸||𝐵𝐶
and 𝑃𝑅 respectively, of a ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅.
(ii) Given 𝐴𝐵 = 5.6cm , 𝐴𝐷 = 1.4cm For each of the following case,
Verify 𝐸𝐹 ∥ 𝑄𝑅
𝐴𝐶 = 7.2 cm , 𝐴𝐸 = 18 cm
(i) 𝑃𝐸 = 3.9 cm, 𝐸𝑄 = 3 cm,
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶
By corollary of Thales theorem = 𝐴𝐸 𝑃𝐹 = 3.6 cm, and 𝐹𝑅 = 2.4 cm
𝐴𝐷
(ii)𝑃𝐸 = 4 cm, 𝑄𝐸 = 4.5 cm,
5.6 7.2
= 1.8 𝑃𝐹 = 8cm, and 𝑅𝐹 = 9 cm
1.4
56 72
= Ans: (i) 𝐸𝐹 ∦ 𝑄𝑅 (ii) 𝐸𝐹 ∥ 𝑄𝑅
14 18
4=4
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶
∴ 𝐴𝐷 = 𝐴𝐸 ⇒ 𝐷𝐸||𝐵𝐶
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102 Way to Success - 10th Maths

4. In fig. if 𝑷𝑸||𝑩𝑪 and 𝑷𝑹||𝑪𝑫 prove that
𝑨𝑹 𝑨𝑸 𝑸𝑩 𝑫𝑹
(i) 𝑨𝑫 = 𝑨𝑩 (ii) 𝑨𝑸 = 𝑨𝑹
𝑨𝑹 𝑨𝑸 𝑸𝑩 𝑫𝑹
(i) 𝑨𝑫 = 𝑨𝑩 (ii) 𝑨𝑸 = 𝑨𝑹
In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 & ∆𝐴𝐷𝐶, In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 & ∆𝐴𝑄𝑃 𝑃𝑄||𝐵𝐶
𝑃𝑄||𝐵𝐶 & 𝑃𝑅||𝐶𝐷
∴ By Thales theorem Try Your Self…
∴ By Thales theorem
𝐴𝑃 𝐴𝑄 8. 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a quadrilateral with 𝐴𝐵
𝐴𝑄 𝐴𝑃
= 𝑃𝐶 and 𝑅𝐷 =
𝐴𝑅 𝐴𝑃 = 𝑄𝐵………… (1)
𝑄𝐵 𝑃𝐶 𝑃𝐶 parallel to 𝐶𝐷. A line drawn parallel
𝐴𝑄 𝐴𝑅 𝑄𝐵 𝑅𝐷 to 𝐴𝐵 meets 𝐴𝐷 at 𝑃 and 𝐵𝐶 at 𝑄.
⇒ 𝑄𝐵 = 𝑅𝐷 ⇒ 𝐴𝑄 = 𝑃𝑅||𝐶𝐷 𝐴𝑃 𝐵𝑄
𝐴𝑅 Prove that = .
𝑃𝐷 𝑄𝐶
𝑄𝐵 𝑅𝐷 ∴ By Thales theorem
⇒ 𝐴𝑄 + 1 = +1
𝐴𝑅
𝐴𝑃 𝐴𝑅

n
𝑄𝐵+𝐴𝑄 𝑅𝐷+𝐴𝑅 = ………… (2)
= 𝑃𝐶 𝑅𝐷
𝐴𝑄 𝐴𝑅

l.i
𝐴𝑄 𝐴𝑅 𝑄𝐵 𝐷𝑅
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐷
= 𝐴𝑅 ⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐷
𝐴𝑄 𝐴𝑅 (1)and (2) ⇒ = 𝑅𝐷 ⇒ 𝐴𝑄 =
𝑄𝐵 𝑅𝐴
𝐴𝑄

da
5. Rhombus 𝑷𝑸𝑹𝑩 is inscribed in ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪 such that ∠𝑩 is one of its angle. 𝑷, 𝑸 and 𝑹 lie on 𝑨𝑩, 𝑨𝑪
and 𝑩𝑪 respectively. If 𝑨𝑩 = 𝟏𝟐 𝐜𝐦 and 𝑩𝑪 = 𝟔 𝒄𝒎, find the sides 𝑷𝑸, 𝑹𝑩 of the rhombus.
In a diagram 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is a triangle and 𝑃𝑄𝑅𝐵 is a From (1) ka
rhombus inscribed is ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 6−𝑥 𝑥
=
6 12
𝑃𝑄||𝐵𝑅 ⇒ ∠𝑅𝐵𝑃 = ∠𝐶𝑅𝑄 (Corresponding angle)
12(6 − 𝑥 ) = 6𝑥
∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = ∠𝑅𝑄𝐶 (Corresponding angle)
vi
𝑅𝐶 𝑄𝑅 72 − 12𝑥 = 6𝑥
= 𝐴𝐵…………… (1)
𝐵𝐶 72 = 6𝑥 + 12𝑥
al

∴ ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶~∆𝑅𝑄𝐶 (by 𝐴𝐴 creation) 72 = 18𝑥

Let the side length of rhombus is 𝑥 72
𝑥 = 18
.k

(ie) 𝑃𝑄 = 𝐵𝑃 = 𝐵𝑅 = 𝑅𝑄 = 𝑥
Given: 𝐴𝐵 = 12𝑐𝑚 and 𝐵𝐶 = 6𝑐𝑚 𝑥 = 4 cm
w

𝑅𝐶 = 𝐵𝐶 − 𝐵𝑅 = 6 − 𝑥 𝑃𝑄, 𝑅𝐵 = 4 cm

6. In trapezium 𝑨𝑩𝑪𝑫, 𝑨𝑩||𝑫𝑪, 𝑬 and 𝑭 are points on non-parallel sides 𝑨𝑫 and 𝑩𝑪 respectively,
w

𝑨𝑬 𝑩𝑭
such that 𝑬𝑭||𝑨𝑩. Show that 𝑬𝑫 = 𝑭𝑪 .
w

Given: 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is trapezium 𝐴𝐵||𝐷𝐶, 𝐸 and 𝐹 are points an non – parallel sides 𝐴𝐷 and 𝐵𝐶
respectively
Such that 𝐸𝐹||𝐴𝐵
Join 𝐵𝐷 and if intersects 𝐸𝐹 at 𝑂
In the ∆𝐴𝐵𝐷, 𝐸𝑂||𝐴𝐵
𝐴𝐸 𝐵𝑂
= 𝑂𝐷……… (1) (By Thales theorem)
𝐸𝐷
In the ∆𝐵𝐷𝐶, 𝑂𝐹||𝐷𝐶
𝐵𝑂 𝐵𝐹
𝑂𝐷
= 𝐹𝐶
…………… (2) (By Thales theorem)
𝐴𝐸 𝐵𝐹
(1) & (2) ⇒ 𝐸𝐷 = 𝐹𝐶
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Chapter 4 - Geometry 103

7. In figure 𝑫𝑬||𝑩𝑪 and 𝑪𝑫||𝑬𝑭. Prove that 𝑨𝑫𝟐 = 𝑨𝑩 × 𝑨𝑭.

Given: In figure 𝐷𝐸||𝐵𝐶 and 𝐸𝐹||𝐶𝐷 in ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶; 𝐷𝐸||𝐵𝐶.
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸
= 𝐴𝐶 …………. (1) (∵ By corollary of Thales theorem)
𝐴𝐵

In ∆𝐴𝐷𝐶; 𝐸𝐹||𝐷𝐶
𝐴𝐹 𝐴𝐸
= ……………. (2) (∵ By corollary of Thales theorem)
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐶
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐹
(1) & (2) ⇒ = 𝐴𝐷
𝐴𝐵
⇒ 𝐴𝐷 × 𝐴𝐷 = 𝐴𝐵 × 𝐴𝐹
𝐴𝐷 2 = 𝐴𝐵 × 𝐴𝐹
8. Check whether 𝑨𝑫is bisector of ∠𝑨 of ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪 in each of the following

n
(i) 𝑨𝑩 = 𝟓 𝐜𝐦, 𝑨𝑪 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐜𝐦, 𝑩𝑫 = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝐜𝐦 and 𝑪𝑫 = 𝟑. 𝟓 𝐜𝐦

l.i
(ii) 𝑨𝑩 = 𝟒 𝐜𝐦, 𝑨𝑪 = 𝟔 𝐜𝐦, 𝑩𝑫 = 𝟏. 𝟔 𝐜𝐦 and 𝑪𝑫 = 𝟐. 𝟒 𝐜𝐦

da
Given: In the ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶,
(i) 𝑨𝑩 = 𝟓 𝐜𝐦, 𝑨𝑪 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐜𝐦, 𝑩𝑫 = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝐜𝐦 and 𝑪𝑫 = 𝟑. 𝟓 𝐜𝐦
𝐴𝐵 5
𝐴𝐶
=
10
ka SEP-20
𝐴𝐵 1
= 2………………… (1) Try Your Self…
𝐴𝐶
9. In the figure, 𝐴𝑃 = 3 cm,
vi
𝐵𝐷 1.5
𝐷𝐶
= 3.5 𝐴𝑅 = 4.5 cm, 𝐴𝑄 = 6 cm,
𝐵𝐷 15 𝐴𝐵 = 5cm and 𝐴𝐶 = 10 cm.
al

= 35
𝐷𝐶 Find the length of 𝐴𝐷
𝐵𝐷 3 Ans: 7.5 cm
= 7 ……………… (2)
.k

𝐷𝐶
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐷
(1) & (2) ⇒ ≠
𝐴𝐶 𝐷𝐶
w

∴ 𝐴𝐷 is not an angle bisector of ∠𝐴

w

(ii) 𝑨𝑩 = 𝟒 𝐜𝐦, 𝑨𝑪 = 𝟔 𝐜𝐦, 𝑩𝑫 = 𝟏. 𝟔 𝐜𝐦 and 𝑪𝑫 = 𝟐. 𝟒 𝐜𝐦

w

𝐴𝐵 4
𝐴𝐶
=6
𝐴𝐵 2
= 3…………… (1)
𝐴𝐶
𝐵𝐷 1.6
= 2.4
𝐶𝐷
𝐵𝐷 16
= 24
𝐶𝐷
𝐵𝐷 2
= 3…………… (2)
𝐶𝐷
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐷
(1)& (2) 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐶𝐷
⇒ 𝐴𝐷 is the angle bisector of ∠𝐴
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104 Way to Success - 10th Maths

9. In figure ∠𝑸𝑷𝑹 = 𝟗𝟎° , PS is its bisector. If 𝑺𝑻 ⊥ 𝑷𝑹, prove that 𝑺𝑻 × (𝑷𝑸 + 𝑷𝑹) = 𝑷𝑸 × 𝑷𝑹.
Given: In the figure ∠𝑄𝑃𝑅 = 90° ,
PTA-2
PS is its bisector and 𝑆𝑇 ⊥ 𝑃𝑅
𝑃𝑄 𝑄𝑆
= 𝑆𝑅 By Angle bisector theorem
𝑃𝑅
𝑃𝑄 𝑄𝑆
𝑃𝑅
+ 1 = 𝑆𝑅 + 1 Add 1 both side
𝑃𝑄+𝑃𝑅 𝑄𝑆+𝑆𝑅
=
𝑃𝑅 𝑆𝑅
𝑃𝑄+𝑃𝑅 𝑄𝑅
= ………….. (1)
𝑃𝑅 𝑆𝑅

In ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 and ∆𝑆𝑇𝑅

n
∠𝑄𝑃𝑅 = 90° , ∠𝑆𝑇𝑅 = 90°

l.i
∠𝑃𝑅𝑆 = ∠𝑇𝑅𝑆 = ∠𝑅 is common,
By AA similarity

da
𝑃𝑄 𝑄𝑅 𝑃𝑅
∴ 𝑆𝑇
= 𝑆𝑅
= 𝑇𝑅
……………..(2)
𝑃𝑄+𝑃𝑅 𝑃𝑄
(1) & (2) ⇒ =
𝑃𝑅 𝑆𝑇
ka
𝑆𝑇 (𝑃𝑄 + 𝑃𝑅) = 𝑃𝑄 × 𝑃𝑅. Hence proved
10. 𝑨𝑩𝑪𝑫 is a quadrilateral in which 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑨𝑫, the bisector of ∠𝑩𝑨𝑪 and ∠𝑪𝑨𝑫 intersect the sides
vi
𝑩𝑪 and 𝑪𝑫 at the points 𝑬 and 𝑭 respectively. Prove that 𝑬𝑭||𝑩𝑫.
al

Given: 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a quadrilateral in which 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐷, the bisector of ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 and ∠𝐶𝐴𝐷 intersect
the sides 𝐵𝐶 and 𝐶𝐷 at the points 𝐸 and 𝐹 respectively
.k

Construction: Join: 𝐴𝐶 & 𝐵𝐷

In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐴𝐸 is the angle bisector of ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶
w

∴ By angle bisector theorem

w

𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐸
𝐴𝐶
= …………….. (1)
𝐸𝐶
w

In ∆𝐴𝐷𝐶, 𝐴𝐹 is the angle bisector of ∠𝐷𝐴𝐶

∴ By angle bisector theorem
𝐴𝐷 𝐷𝐹
=
𝐴𝐶 𝐹𝐶
𝐴𝐵 𝐷𝐹
But 𝐴𝐷 = 𝐴𝐵 ⇒ = ……………. (2)
𝐴𝐶 𝐹𝐶
𝐵𝐸 𝐷𝐹
(1) & (2) ⇒ 𝐸𝐶 = 𝐹𝐶
𝐵𝐸 𝐷𝐹
In ∆𝐵𝐷𝐶 ⇒ =
𝐸𝐶 𝐹𝐶

⇒ 𝐸𝐹||𝐵𝐷 (By corollary of Thales theorem)

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Chapter 4 - Geometry 105

11. Construct a ∆𝑷𝑸𝑹 which the base 𝑷𝑸 = 𝟒. 𝟓 𝐜𝐦, ∠𝑹 = 𝟑𝟓° and the median from 𝑹 to 𝑹𝑮 is 6 cm.
SEP-21
Rough diagram

n
l.i
da
ka
12. Construct a ∆𝑷𝑸𝑹 in which 𝑸𝑹 = 𝟓 𝐜𝐦, ∠𝑷 = 𝟒𝟎° and the median 𝑷𝑮 from 𝑷 to 𝑸𝑹 is 4.4 cm.
vi
Find the length of the altitude from 𝑷 to 𝑸𝑹.
al

Rough diagram
.k
w
w
w

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106 Way to Success - 10th Maths

13. Construct a ∆𝑷𝑸𝑹 such that 𝑸𝑹 = 𝟔. 𝟓 𝐜𝐦, ∠𝑷 = 𝟔𝟎° and the altitude from 𝑷 to 𝑸𝑹 is of
length 4.5 cm.
Rough diagram

n
l.i
da
ka
vi
14. Construct a ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪 such that 𝑨𝑩 = 𝟓. 𝟓 𝐜𝐦, ∠𝑪 = 𝟐𝟓° and the altitude from 𝑪 to 𝑨𝑩 is 4 cm.
al

Rough diagram
.k
w
w
w

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Chapter 4 - Geometry 107

15. Draw a triangle 𝑨𝑩𝑪 of base 𝑩𝑪 = 𝟓. 𝟔 𝐜𝐦, ∠𝑨 = 𝟒𝟎° and the bisector of ∠𝑨 meets 𝑩𝑪 at 𝑫 such
that 𝑪𝑫 = 𝟒 𝐜𝐦.
Rough diagram

n
l.i
da
ka
vi
16. Draw ∆𝑷𝑸𝑹 such that 𝑷𝑸 = 𝟔. 𝟖 𝐜𝐦, vertical angle is 𝟓𝟎° and the bisector of the vertical angle
meets the base at 𝑫 where 𝑷𝑫 = 𝟓. 𝟐 𝐜𝐦.
al

PTA-4

Rough diagram
.k
w
w
w

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108 Way to Success - 10th Maths

Theorem

Theorem 5 : Pythagoras Theorem SEP-21

Statement :
In a right angle triangle, the square on the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the
squares on the other two sides.
Proof :
Given : In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, ∠𝐴 = 90°
To prove : 𝐴𝐵2 + 𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐵𝐶 2
Construction : Draw 𝐴𝐷 ⊥ 𝐵𝐶

n
l.i
da
ka
No. Statement Reason
vi
1. Compare ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 and ∆𝐷𝐵𝐴 Given ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = 90° and by construction
∠𝐵 is common ∠𝐵𝐷𝐴 = 90°
al

∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = ∠𝐵𝐷𝐴 = 90°

Therefore, ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 ∼ ∆𝐷𝐵𝐴 By 𝐴𝐴 similarity
.k

𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶
=
𝐵𝐷 𝐴𝐵
w

2
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐶 × 𝐵𝐷 …….(1)
2. Compare ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 and ∆𝐷𝐴𝐶 Given ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = 90° and by construction
w

∠𝐶 is common ∠𝐴𝐷𝐶 = 90°

w

∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = ∠𝐴𝐷𝐶 = 90°

Therefore, ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 ∼ ∆𝐷𝐴𝐶 By 𝐴𝐴 similarity
𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐶
= 𝐷𝐶
𝐴𝐶
2
𝐴𝐶 = 𝐵𝐶 × 𝐷𝐶 …….(2)

Adding (1) and (2) we get

𝐴𝐵2 + 𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐵𝐶 × 𝐵𝐷 + 𝐵𝐶 × 𝐷𝐶
= 𝐵𝐶 (𝐵𝐷 + 𝐷𝐶 ) = 𝐵𝐶 × 𝐵𝐶
𝐴𝐵2 + 𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐵𝐶 2
Hence the theorem is proved.
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Chapter 4 - Geometry 109

Exercise 4.3

Practice these book example problems: 4.20 to 4.23

1. A man goes 18 m due east and then 24 m due north. Find the distance of his current position
from the starting point?
Given, 𝐵𝐶 = 18m, 𝐵𝐴 = 24m
By Pythagoras theorem, 𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐵2 + 𝐵𝐶 2
= 242 + 182
= 576 + 324
𝐴𝐶 = 900 = 302
2

𝑨𝑪 = 𝟑𝟎 𝒎
2. There are two paths one can choose to go from Sarah’s house to

n
James house. One way is to take 𝑪 street, and the other way

l.i
requires to take 𝑩 street and then 𝑨 street. How much shorter is
the direct path along 𝑪 street? (Using figure).

da
𝑆𝐽 = √1. 52 + 22
= √2.25 + 4
= √6.25 = 2.5Miles ka
When one can choose the 𝐶 street he requires to go 2.5 miles, and the other way requires to
take 𝐴 street and then 𝐵 street he requires to go (2 + 1.5) 3.5 miles.
∴ 1 miles is shorter the direct path along C street.
vi
3. To get from point 𝑨 to point 𝑩 you must avoid walking through a pond. You must walk 34m south
and 41m east. To the nearest meter, how many meters would be saved if it were possible to make
al

a way through the pond?

Path: I (Through Pond) Path II (South to East)
.k

2
𝐴𝐵 = √34 + 41 2 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝑆 + 𝑆𝐵
= √1156 + 1681 = 34 + 41 = 75 m
w

= √2837 Required Distance = 75 − 53.26

= 𝟓𝟑. 𝟐𝟔 m = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟕𝟒m
w

4. In the rectangle 𝑾𝑿𝒀𝒁, 𝑿𝒀 + 𝒀𝒁 = 𝟏𝟕𝐜𝐦, and 𝑿𝒁 + 𝒀𝑾 = 𝟐𝟔 𝐜𝐦. Calculate the length and
breadth of the rectangle?
w

Given in the rectangle 𝑊𝑋𝑌𝑍; 𝑋𝑌 + 𝑌𝑍 = 17 cm, and 𝑋𝑍 + 𝑌𝑊 = 26 cm

𝑙 + 𝑏 = 17
𝑏 = 17 − 𝑙
𝑑 = 𝑋𝑍 + 𝑌𝑊 = 26 ⇒ 𝑑 + 𝑑 = 26 ⇒ 2𝑑 = 26 ⇒ 𝑑 = 13
𝑙 2 + (17 − 𝑙 )2 = 132
𝑙 + 289 − 34𝑙 + 𝑙 2 = 169
2

2𝑙 2 − 34𝑙 + 289 − 169 = 0

2𝑙 2 − 34𝑙 + 120 = 0
÷ 𝑏𝑦 2 ⇒ 𝑙 2 − 17𝑙 + 60 = 0
(𝑙 − 12)(𝑙 − 5) = 0
𝑙 = 12 or 𝑙 = 5
𝒍 = 𝟏𝟐 𝐜𝐦 ⇒ 𝑏 = 17 − 12
𝒃 = 𝟓 𝐜𝐦
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110 Way to Success - 10th Maths

5. The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 6 m more than twice of the shortest side. If the third side is
2m less than the hypotenuse, find the sides of the triangle. PTA-3
In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶; ∠𝐵 = 90°
Let 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝐴𝐶 = 2𝑥 + 6 and 𝐵𝐶 = 2𝑥 + 4
(2𝑥 + 6)2 = 𝑥 2 + (2𝑥 + 4)2
4𝑥 2 + 36 + 24𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 + 16
𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 − 24𝑥 + 16 − 36 = 0
𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 − 20 = 0 Try Your Self…
(𝑥 − 10)(𝑥 + 2) = 0 10. A lotus is 20 cm above the water surface in a pond and its
stem is partly below the water surface . As the wind blew,
𝑥 = 10 (or) 𝑥 = −2 the stem is pushed aside so that the lotus touched the
But 𝑥 ≠ −2 water 40 cm away from the original position of the stem.
If 𝑥 = 10 How much of the stem was below the water surface

n
⇒ 𝐴𝐶 = 2𝑥 + 6 = 20 + 6 = 26 originally?

l.i
⇒ 𝐵𝐶 = 2𝑥 + 4 = 20 + 4 = 24 Ans: The stem is 30 cm below the water surface
∴ The sides are 𝑨𝑩 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐦; 𝑩𝑪 = 𝟐𝟒 𝐦; 𝑨𝑪 = 𝟐𝟔 𝐦.

da
6. 5 m long ladder is placed leaning towards a vertical wall such that it reaches the wall at a point
4 m high. If the foot of the ladder is moved 1.6 m towards the wall, then find the distance by
which the top of the ladder would slide upwards on the wall.
ka
Given, in the ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝐵𝐷 = 𝐵𝐶 − 𝐷𝐶
𝐴𝐵 = 4 m, 𝐴𝐶 = 5 m = 3 − 1.6
𝐵𝐶 = √𝐴𝐶 2 − 𝐴𝐵2 = 1.4 m
vi
= √52 − 42 𝐴′𝐵 = √𝐴′ 𝐷 2 − 𝐵𝐷 2
= √52 − 1. 42
al

= √25 − 16
= √9 = √25 − 1.96
.k

𝐵𝐶 = 3 m = √23.04 = 4.8 m
Given 𝐷𝐶 = 𝟏. 𝟔 𝐦 𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴′𝐵 − 𝐴𝐵 = 4.8 − 4 = 𝟎. 𝟖 𝐦
′
w

7. The perpendicular 𝑷𝑺 on the base 𝑸𝑹 of a ∆𝑷𝑸𝑹 intersects 𝑸𝑹 at 𝑺, such that 𝑸𝑺 = 𝟑𝑺𝑹. Prove
that 𝟐𝑷𝑸𝟐 = 𝟐𝑷𝑹𝟐 + 𝑸𝑹𝟐
w

PTA-6
Given the ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅, the perpendicular on the base 𝑄𝑅 at 𝑆, such that 𝑄𝑆 = 3𝑆𝑅
In ∆𝑃𝑄𝑆 ⇒ 𝑃𝑄 2 = 𝑃𝑆 2 + 𝑄𝑆 2
w

∆𝑃𝑆𝑅 ⇒ 𝑃𝑅2 = 𝑃𝑆 2 + 𝑆𝑅2

𝑃𝑆 2 = 𝑃𝑅2 − 𝑆𝑅2
𝑄𝑅 = 𝑄𝑆 + 𝑆𝑅
= 3𝑆𝑅 + 𝑆𝑅
𝑄𝑅 = 4𝑆𝑅
𝑄𝑅
4
= 𝑆𝑅
𝑃𝑄 = 𝑃𝑅2 − 𝑆𝑅2 + (3𝑆𝑅 )2
2 Try Your Self…
2 2 2
𝑃𝑄 = 𝑃𝑅 − 𝑆𝑅 + 9𝑆𝑅 2 11. A point 𝑂 in the interior of a rectangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is joined
to each of the vertices 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶and 𝐷. Prove that
𝑃𝑄 2 = 𝑃𝑅2 + 8𝑆𝑅2 2 2 2 2
8𝑄𝑅2
𝑂𝐴 + 𝑂𝐶 = 𝑂𝐵 + 𝑂𝐷
𝑃𝑄 2 = 𝑃𝑅2 + 16
⇒ 𝟐𝑷𝑸𝟐 = 𝟐𝑷𝑹𝟐 + 𝑸𝑹𝟐
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Chapter 4 - Geometry 111

8. In the adjacent figure, 𝑨𝑩𝑪 is a right angled triangle with right angle at 𝑩 and points 𝑫, 𝑬 trisect
𝑩𝑪. Prove that 𝟖𝑨𝑬𝟐 = 𝟑𝑨𝑪𝟐 + 𝟓𝑨𝑫𝟐
To Prove: 8𝐴𝐸2 = 3𝐴𝐶 2 + 5𝐴𝐷 2 RHS= 8𝐴𝐵2 + 3(9𝑥 2 ) + 5𝑥 2
In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐵2 + 𝐵𝐶 2 ……….(1) = 8𝐴𝐵2 + 27𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 2
In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐷, 𝐴𝐷 2 = 𝐴𝐵2 + 𝐵𝐷 2 ……….(2) = 8𝐴𝐵2 + 32𝑥 2
In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐸, 𝐴𝐸2 = 𝐴𝐵2 + 𝐵𝐸2 ………..(3) = 8𝐴𝐵2 + 8 × 4𝑥 2
RHS: = 8𝐴𝐵2 + 8 × (2𝑥 )2
3𝐴𝐶 2 + 5𝐴𝐷 2 = 3[𝐴𝐵2 + 𝐵𝐶 2 ] + 5[𝐴𝐵2 + 𝐵𝐷 2 ] = 8𝐴𝐵2 + 8𝐵𝐸2
= 3𝐴𝐵2 + 3𝐵𝐶 2 + 5𝐴𝐵2 + 5𝐵𝐷 2 = 8(𝐴𝐵2 + 𝐵𝐸2 )
= 8𝐴𝐵2 + 3𝐵𝐶 2 + 5𝐵𝐷 2 From (3)

n
2 )2 )2 2
= 8𝐴𝐵 + 3(3𝑥 + 5(𝑥 RHS = 8𝐴𝐸 = RHS

l.i
Theorem

da
Theorem 6 : Alternate Segment theorem
Statement : If a line touches a circle and from the point of contact a chord is drawn, the angles
ka
between the tangent and the chord are respectively equal to the angles in the
corresponding alternate segments.
vi
Ceva’s Theorem: Let 𝐴𝐵𝐶 be a triangle and let 𝐷, 𝐸, 𝐹 be points on lines 𝐵𝐶, 𝐶𝐴, 𝐴𝐵 respectively.
𝐵𝐷 𝐶𝐸 𝐴𝐹
Then the cevians 𝐴𝐷, 𝐵𝐸, 𝐶𝐹 are concurrent if and only if × 𝐸𝐴 × 𝐹𝐵 = 1
al

𝐷𝐶
where the lengths are directed. This also works for the reciprocal of each of the
ratios as the reciprocal of 1 is 1.
.k

Menelaus Theorem: A necessary and sufficient condition for points 𝑃, 𝑄, 𝑅 on the respective sides
𝐵𝐶, 𝐶𝐴, 𝐴𝐵 (or their extension) of a triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 to be collinear is that
w

𝐵𝑃 𝐶𝑄 𝐴𝑅
× 𝑄𝐴 × 𝑅𝐵 = −1 where all segments in the formula are directed segments.
𝑃𝐶
w

Exercise 4.4
w

Practice these book example problems 4.24 to 4.28, 4.32 to 4.34 and practical
geometry example problems 4.29 to 4.31
1. The length of the tangent to a circle from a point P, which is 25 cm away from the center is
24 cm. What is the radius of the circle?
𝑂𝑇 = √𝑂𝑃2 − 𝑃𝑇 2
= √252 − 242
= √(25 + 24)(25 − 24)
= √(49)(1) = √49
= 7 cm
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112 Way to Success - 10th Maths

2. ∆𝑳𝑴𝑵 is a right angled triangle with ∠𝑳 = 𝟗𝟎° . A circle is inscribed in it. The lengths of the sides
containing the right angle are 6 cm and 8 cm. Find the radius of the circle.
∆𝐿𝑀𝑁 is a right angled triangle with ∠𝐿 = 90° . A circle inscribed in it. The lengths of the sides
containing the right angle are 6 cm and 8 cm

𝑀𝑁 = √𝐿𝑀2 + 𝐿𝑁 2

= √82 + 62
= √64 + 36

= √100 = 10𝑐𝑚
Let radius of the incircle is “r” units

n
Area of the ∆𝐿𝑀𝑁 = Area of ∆𝐿𝑂𝑁 + ∆𝐿𝑂𝑀 + ∆𝑂𝑀𝑁

l.i
1 1 1 1
𝐿𝑀 × 𝐿𝑁 = × 𝐿𝑁 × 𝑟 + 𝑟 × 𝐿𝑀 + × 𝑀𝑁 × 𝑟
2 2 2 2

da
× 𝑏𝑦 2 ⇒ 𝐿𝑀 × 𝐿𝑁 = 𝐿𝑁 × 𝑟 + 𝑟 × 𝐿𝑀 + 𝑀𝑁𝑟
8 × 6 = 6𝑟 + 8 × 𝑟 + 10𝑟
48 = 24𝑟
ka
48
𝑟 = 24
vi
⇒ 𝒓 = 𝟐 𝐜𝐦.
3. A circle is inscribed in ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪 having sides 8cm, 10cm and 12cm as shown in figure, find 𝑨𝑫, 𝑩𝑬
al

and 𝑪𝑭.
Given a circle is inscribed in ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 having sides 8cm, 10cm, and 12cm as shown in figure
.k

Let 𝐴𝐹 = 𝐴𝐷 = 𝑥; 𝐵𝐷 = 𝐵𝐸 = 𝑦; 𝐶𝐸 = 𝐶𝐹 = 𝑧
w

𝑥 + 𝑦 = 12; …………. (1)

𝑧 + 𝑦 = 8𝑐𝑚 ………….. (2)
w

𝑥 + 𝑧 = 10𝑐𝑚…………. (3)
(1)+(2)+(3) ⇒ 2(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) = 30
w

𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 15
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 12 ⇒ 12 + 𝑧 = 15
Try Your Self…
𝑧 = 15 − 12 ⇒ 𝑧 = 3 cm 12. 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐶𝐷 are two chords of a circle which
𝑥 + 𝑧 = 10 ⇒ 𝑦 + 10 = 15 intersect each other internally at P. If 𝐶𝑃 = 4 cm,
𝐴𝑃 = 8 cm, 𝑃𝐵 = 2 cm then find 𝑃𝐷.
𝑦 = 15 − 10 ⇒ 𝑦 = 5 cm
13. 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐶𝐷 are two chords of a circle which
𝑧 + 𝑦 = 8 ⇒ 𝑥 + 8 = 15 intersect each other internally at P. If 𝐴𝑃 = 12 cm,
𝑥 = 15 − 8 𝐴𝐵 = 15 cm, 𝐶𝑃 = 𝑃𝐷 then find 𝐶𝐷
Ans: 12. 4 cm 13. 12cm
𝑥 = 7 cm
∴ 𝑨𝑫 = 𝟕 𝐜𝐦; 𝑩𝑬 = 𝟓 𝐜𝐦; 𝑪𝑭 = 𝟑 𝐜𝐦
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Chapter 4 - Geometry 113

4. 𝑷𝑸 is a tangent drawn from a point 𝑷 to a circle with centre 𝑶 and 𝑸𝑶𝑹 is a diameter of the
circle such that ∠𝑷𝑶𝑹 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎° . Find ∠𝑶𝑷𝑸.
Try Your Self…
∠𝑃𝑂𝑄 = 180° − ∠𝑃𝑂𝑅 14.
= 180° − 120°
= 60°
∠𝑂𝑃𝑄 = 180° − (∠𝑂𝑄𝑃 + ∠𝑃𝑂𝑄 )
= 180° − (90° + 60° ) In the figure, 𝑇𝑃 is a tangent to
a circle. A and B are two points
= 180° − 150° on the circle. If ∠BTP = 72° and
∠ATB = 43° find ∠ABT.
= 𝟑𝟎° Ans: 65°

n
5. A tangent 𝑺𝑻 to a circle touches it at 𝑩. 𝑨𝑩 is a chord such that ∠𝑨𝑩𝑻 = 𝟔𝟓° . Find ∠𝑨𝑶𝑩, where

l.i
"𝑶" is the centre of the circle.
A tangent “𝑆𝑇” to a circle it at 𝐵. 𝐴𝐵 is a chord such that ∠𝐴𝐵𝑇 = 65° , where 𝑂 is the centre of

da
the circle
∠𝑂𝐵𝑇 = 90° (∵ 𝑂𝐵 radius & 𝐵𝑇 − Tangents) ka
∠𝑂𝐵𝐴 = ∠𝑂𝐵𝑇 − ∠𝐴𝐵𝑇 Try Your Self…
° ° 15. A circle touches the side 𝐵𝐶 of
= 90 − 65
= 25° ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶at 𝑃, 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐴𝐶 produced at
vi
𝑄 and 𝑅 respectivley. Prove that
∠𝑂𝐴𝐵 = 25° ; ∠𝑂𝐵𝐴 = 25° 1
𝐴𝑄 = 𝐴𝑅 = 2 (perimeter of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶)
al

∴ ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 180° − (25° + 25° )

= 180° − 50° = 130°
.k

6. In figure, 𝑶 is the centre of the circle with radius 5cm. 𝑻 is a point such that 𝑶𝑻 = 𝟏𝟑𝒄𝒎 and 𝑶𝑻
intersects the circle 𝑬, if 𝑨𝑩 is the tangent to the circle at 𝑬, find the length of 𝑨𝑩.
w

If 𝐴𝐵 is the tangent to the circle at 𝐸. By AA similarity

𝑂𝐸 = 5 cm, 𝑂𝑇 = 13cm, ∆𝑂𝑃𝑇 ~ ∆𝐴𝐸𝑇
w

𝐸𝑇 = 𝑂𝑇 − 𝑂𝐸 𝑂𝑇 𝑂𝑃 𝑃𝑇
= =
= 13 − 5 = 8cm 𝐴𝑇 𝐴𝐸 𝐸𝑇
w

𝑂𝑃 ⊥ 𝑃𝑇 13 5 12
= 𝐴𝐸 = 8
𝐴𝑇
∠𝑂𝑃𝑇 = 90° 5 12
𝑂𝑇 2 = 𝑂𝑃2 + 𝑃𝑇 2 = 8
𝐴𝐸
132 = 52 + 𝑃𝑇 2 40 = 12𝐴𝐸
132 − 52 = 𝑃𝑇 2 40
𝐴𝐸 = 12
169 − 25 = 𝑃𝑇 2
𝑃𝑇 2 = 144 𝐴𝐸 = 3
10

𝑃𝑇 = 12cm 10
In ∆𝑂𝑃𝑇 & ∆𝐴𝐸𝑇, 𝐴𝐵 = 2 × 𝐴𝐸 = 2 × 3
∠𝑃𝑇𝑂 = ∠𝐴𝑇𝐸 (common angle) 20
𝐴𝐵 = 3 cm
∠𝑇𝑃𝑂 = ∠𝐴𝐸𝑇 = 90°
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114 Way to Success - 10th Maths

7. In two concentric circles, a chord of length 16 cm of larger circle becomes a tangent to the smaller
circle whose radius is 6 cm. Find the radius of the larger circle.
In two concentric circle, a chord of length16cm of larger circle becomes a tangent to the smaller
circle whose radius is 6 cm
𝑂𝐷 ⊥ 𝐴𝐵 ⇒ 𝐴𝐷 = 𝐷𝐵 = 8𝑐𝑚
In the right ∆𝑂𝐷𝐵, 𝑂𝐵 = √𝑂𝐷 2 + 𝐷𝐵2
= √62 + 82 = √36 + 64
= √100 = 𝟏𝟎𝒄𝒎
8. Two circles with centres 𝑶 and 𝑶′ of radii 3 cm and 4 cm, respectively intersect at two points 𝑷 and 𝑸,
such that 𝑶𝑷 and 𝑶′𝑷 are tangents to the two circles. Find the length of the common chord PQ.
Given 𝑂𝑃 = 3 cm, 𝑂′ 𝑃 = 4 cm, 𝑃𝑅2 = 16 − (5 − 𝑂𝑅)2
′
𝑂𝑄 = 3 cm, 𝑂 𝑄 = 4 cm 𝑃𝑅2 = 16 − (25 − 10(𝑂𝑅) + 𝑂𝑅 2 )
′
𝑂𝑂 is the ⊥ bisector of the chord 𝑃𝑄 and let 𝑃𝑅2 = 16 − 25 + 10(𝑂𝑅) − 𝑂𝑅2

n
′
𝑅 be the point of intersection of 𝑃𝑄 and 𝑂𝑂 𝑃𝑅2 = −9 + 10(𝑂𝑅) − 𝑂𝑅2 ……… (2)
′ (1)& (2) ⇒ 9 − 𝑂𝑅2

l.i
2
𝑂𝑂 =√𝑂𝑃 + 𝑂 𝑃 ′ 2

= √32 + 42 = −9 + 10(𝑂𝑅) − 𝑂𝑅2

= √9 + 16 9 + 9 = 10 (𝑂𝑅)

da
= √25 = 5𝑐𝑚 10(𝑂𝑅) = 18
18
2
In ∆𝑂𝑃𝑅, 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑃𝑅 + 𝑂𝑅 2 2 𝑂𝑅 = 10
32 = 𝑃𝑅 2 + 𝑂𝑅 2 𝑂𝑅 = 1.8 cm
𝑃𝑅 + 𝑂𝑅2 = 9
2
ka
𝑃𝑅 = √9 − (1.8)2
𝑃𝑅2 = 9 − 𝑂𝑅2 ………….. (1)
= √9 − 3.24
𝑂′ 𝑅 = 𝑂𝑂′ − 𝑂𝑅 = 5 − 𝑂𝑅
vi
In ∆𝑂′ 𝑃𝑅, 𝑂′𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑅2 + 𝑂′𝑅 2 = √5.76
2 2
4 = 𝑃𝑅 + (5 − 𝑂𝑅) 2 = 2.4 cm
al

16 = 𝑃𝑅2 + (5 − 𝑂𝑅)2 𝑃𝑄 = 2𝑃𝑅 = 2(2.4) = 𝟒. 𝟖 𝐜𝐦

9. Show that the angle bisectors of a triangle are concurrent. PTA-4
.k

In the ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, “𝑂” is any point inside the ∆

The angle bisector ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵, ∠𝐵𝑂𝐶, and ∠𝐴𝑂𝐶 meet the sides
𝐴𝐵, 𝐵𝐶 & 𝐶𝐴 at 𝐷, 𝐸 & 𝐹 respectively.
w

∴ In ∆𝐵𝑂𝐶, 𝑂𝐷 is the bisector of ∠𝐵𝑂𝐶

𝑂𝐵 𝐵𝐷
w

∴ = ………………. (1)
𝑂𝐶 𝐷𝐶
Similarly in the triangle 𝐴𝑂𝐶 & 𝐴𝑂𝐵 we get
w

𝑂𝐶 𝐶𝐸
= 𝐴𝐸 …………………….. (2)
𝑂𝐴
𝑂𝐴 𝐴𝐹
= 𝐹𝐵 ……………….. (3) Try Your Self…
𝑂𝐵 16. If all sides of a parallelogram
𝑂𝐵 𝑂𝐶 𝑂𝐴 𝐵𝐷 𝐶𝐸 𝐴𝐹
(1) × (2) × (3) ⇒ × 𝑂𝐴 × 𝑂𝐵 = 𝐷𝐶 × 𝐴𝐸 × 𝐸𝐵 touch a circle, show that the
𝑂𝐶
𝐵𝐷 𝐶𝐸 𝐴𝐹 parallelogram is a rhombus.
× 𝐴𝐸 × 𝐹𝐵 = 1 ……………… (4)
𝐷𝐶
If 𝐴𝐷, 𝐵𝐸 & 𝐶𝐹 are the bisectors of ∠𝐴, ∠𝐵 & ∠𝐶 then by 𝐴𝐵𝑇
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐷 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐹 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐸
= 𝐷𝐶 ; 𝐶𝐴 = 𝐹𝐵 ; 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐸𝐶
𝐴𝐶
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐷 𝐴𝐹 𝐴𝐸
× × = × ×
𝐴𝐶 𝐶𝐴 𝐵𝐶 𝐷𝐶 𝐹𝐵 𝐸𝐶
1=1 (By (4))
∴ 𝑂 is the point of concurrent.
The angle bisectors of a triangle concurrent.
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Chapter 4 - Geometry 115

10. An artist has created a triangular stained glass window and has one strip of small length left
before completing the window. She needs to figure out the length of left out portion based on
the lengths of the other sides as shown in the figure.

In the diagram ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐴𝐷, 𝐵𝐸, 𝐶𝐹 are the angle bisectors of

∠𝐴𝑂𝐵, ∠𝐵𝑂𝐶 and ∠𝐴𝑂𝐶 respectively, and 𝑂 is concurrent point.

𝑂𝐵 𝐵𝐹
= 𝐹𝐴 …………. (1)
𝑂𝐴

𝑂𝐶 𝐷𝐶
= 𝐷𝐵 ………… (2)
𝑂𝐵

n
𝑂𝐴 𝐴𝐸
= …………. (3)
𝑂𝐶 𝐸𝐶

l.i
𝑂𝐵 𝑂𝐶 𝑂𝐴 𝐵𝐹 𝐷𝐶 𝐴𝐸
(1) × (2) × (3) ⇒ × × = × ×
𝑂𝐴 𝑂𝐵 𝑂𝐶 𝐹𝐴 𝐷𝐵 𝐶

da
𝐵𝐹 10 3
1= 5
× 3
×4

𝐵𝐹 = 2 cm
ka
11. Draw a tangent at any point 𝑹 on the circle of radius 3.4 cm and centre at 𝑷?
vi

Rough diagram
al
.k
w
w
w

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116 Way to Success - 10th Maths

12. Draw a circle of radius 4.5 cm. Take a point on the circle. Draw the tangent at that point using
the alternate segment theorem.
Rough diagram

n
l.i
da
13. Draw the two tangents from a point which is 10 cm away from the centre of a circle of radius 5
cm. Also, measure the lengths of the tangents. ka SEP-20

Rough diagram
vi
al
.k
w
w
w

The length of the tangent is 8.7cm

Verification: 𝑃𝐴 = √𝑂𝑃2 − 𝑂𝐴2 = √102 − 52 = √100 − 25 = √75 ⋍ 𝟖. 𝟕 𝒄𝒎
Construction:
1. Draw a circle of radius 5 𝑐𝑚 with 𝑂 as Centre.
2. Mark a point 𝑃, 10 𝑐𝑚 away from the Centre 𝑂.
3. Join 𝑂𝑃
4. Draw a perpendicular bisector for 𝑂𝑃 and Mark the point 𝑂𝑃 meets at 𝑀.
5. With 𝑀 as centre, 𝑀𝑂 or 𝑀𝑃 as radius draw a circle which cuts the previous circle at 𝐴 and 𝐵.
6. Join 𝑃𝐴 and 𝑃𝐵 which are the required tangents.
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Chapter 4 - Geometry 117

14. Take a point which is 11 cm away from the centre of a circle of radius 4 cm and draw the two
tangents to the circle from that point. PTA-2 Rough diagram

n
l.i
da
The length of the tangent is 10.2 cm
ka
Verification: 𝑃𝐴 = √𝑂𝑃2 − 𝑂𝐴2 = √112 − 42 = √121 − 16 = √105 ⋍ 𝟏𝟎. 𝟐 𝐜𝐦
vi
15. Draw the two tangents from a point which is 5 cm away from the centre of a circle of diameter 6
cm. Also, measure the lengths of the tangents.
al

Rough diagram
.k
w
w
w

The length of the tangent is 4 cm

Verification : 𝑃𝐴 = √𝑂𝑃2 − 𝑂𝐴2 = √52 − 32 = √25 − 9 = √16 = 𝟒 𝐜𝐦
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118 Way to Success - 10th Maths

16. Draw a tangent to the circle from the point P having radius 3.6 cm, and centre at O. Point 𝑷 is
at a distance 7.2 cm from the centre. Rough diagram

n
l.i
da
The length of the tangent is 6.2 cm
ka
Verification: 𝑃𝑇 = √𝑂𝑃2 − 𝑂𝑇 2 = √(7.2)2 − (3.6)2 = √51.8 − 12.9 = √38.7 ⋍ 𝟔. 𝟐 𝐜𝐦.
vi
Exercise 4.5
al

Multiple Choice Questions:

𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶
1. If in triangles 𝐴𝐵𝐶 and 𝐸𝐷𝐹, 𝐷𝐸 = 𝐹𝐷 then they will be similar, when
.k

(A) ∠𝐵 = ∠𝐸 (B) ∠𝐴 = ∠𝐷 (C) ∠𝑩 = ∠𝑫 (D) ∠𝐴 = ∠𝐹

w

Corresponding angle are equal

w
w

2. In ∆𝐿𝑀𝑁, ∠𝐿 = 60° , ∠𝑀 = 50° . If ∆𝐿𝑀𝑁~∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 then the value of ∠𝑅 is SEP-20

(A) 40° (B) 𝟕𝟎° (C) 30° (D) 110°
∆𝐿𝑀𝑁~ ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅
∠𝐿 = ∠𝑃, ∠𝑀 = ∠𝑄, ∠𝑁 = ∠𝑅
we know that
∠𝐿 + ∠𝑀 + ∠𝑁 = 180°
60° + 50° + ∠𝑁 = 180°
∠𝑁 = 180° − 110°
∠𝑁 = 70°
∴ ∠𝑁 = 70°
∠𝑅 = 70°
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Chapter 4 - Geometry 119

3. If ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 is an isosceles triangle with ∠𝐶 = 90° and 𝐴𝐶 = 5 𝑐𝑚, then 𝐴𝐵 is PTA-4

(A) 2.5 cm (B) 5 cm (C) 10 cm (D) 𝟓√𝟐 𝐜𝐦
∠𝐶 = 90° , ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 is isosceles
𝐴𝐶 = 𝐶𝐵 = 5 cm
∴ 𝐴𝐵 = √52 + 52
= √25 + 25 = √50
= √25 × 2 = 5√2
∴ 𝐴𝐵 = 5√2 cm
4. In a given figure 𝑆𝑇 ∥ 𝑄𝑅, 𝑃𝑆 = 2 cm and 𝑆𝑄 = 3 cm. Then the ratio of the area of ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 to the
area of ∆𝑃𝑆𝑇 is

n
(A) 𝟐𝟓 ∶ 𝟒 (B) 25 ∶ 7
(C) 25 ∶ 11 (D) 25 ∶ 13

l.i
𝑃𝑄 = 𝑃𝑆 + 𝑆𝑄 = 2 + 3 = 5

da
Ratio of the area of similar triangles is equal to the ratio of the square of their corresponding
sides
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 𝑃𝑄2 52 25
= = = ⇒ Ratio 25 : 4
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 ∆𝑃𝑆𝑇 𝑃𝑆 2 22 4
ka
5. The perimeters of two similar triangles ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 and ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 are 36 cm and 24 cm respectively. If
𝑃𝑄 = 10 cm, then the length of 𝐴𝐵 is
vi
PTA-5
2 10√6 2
(A) 6 3 cm (B) 3
cm (C) 66 3 cm (D)𝟏𝟓 𝐜𝐦
al

Given 𝑃𝑄 = 10 cm
Ratio of perimeter = Ratio of corresponding side
.k

36 ∶ 24 = 𝐴𝐵 ∶ 𝑃𝑄
6 ∶ 4 = 𝐴𝐵 ∶ 10
w

4 𝐴𝐵 = 60
w

60
𝐴𝐵 = = 15
4
𝐴𝐵 = 15 cm
w

6. If in ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐷𝐸 ∥ 𝐵𝐶. 𝐴𝐵 = 3.6 cm, 𝐴𝐶 = 2.4 cm and 𝐴𝐷 = 2.1 cm then the length of 𝐴𝐸 is
(A) 𝟏. 𝟒 𝐜𝐦 (B) 1.8 cm (C) 1.3 cm (D) 1.05 cm SEP-21, PTA-3
By corollary of BPT
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶
= 𝐴𝐸
𝐴𝐷
3.6 2.4
= 𝐴𝐸
2.1
2.4×2.1
𝐴𝐸 =
3.6
= 2 × 0.7
= 1.4 𝑐𝑚
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120 Way to Success - 10th Maths

7. In a ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐴𝐷 is the bisector of ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶. If 𝐴𝐵 = 8 cm, 𝐵𝐷 = 6 cm and 𝐷𝐶 = 3 cm. The length
of the side 𝐴𝐶 is PTA-6
(A) 6 cm (B) 𝟒 𝐜𝐦 (C) 3 cm (D) 8 cm
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐷
By 𝐴𝐵𝑇, = 𝐷𝐶
𝐴𝐶
8 6
=3
𝐴𝐶
8×3
𝐴𝐶 = 6
𝐴𝐶 = 4 𝑐𝑚
8. In the adjacent figure ∠𝐵𝐶𝐴 = 90° and 𝐴𝐷 ⊥ 𝐵𝐶 then PTA-1
2 2
(A) 𝐵𝐷 ⋅ 𝐶𝐷 = 𝐵𝐶 (B) 𝐴𝐵 ⋅ 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐵𝐶
(C) 𝑩𝑫 ⋅ 𝑪𝑫 = 𝑨𝑫𝟐 (D) 𝐴𝐵 ⋅ 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐴𝐷 2

n
Given ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = 90° , 𝐴𝐷 ⊥ 𝐵𝐶

l.i
𝐷𝐶 𝐴𝐷
= 𝐵𝐷
𝐴𝐷

da
𝐵𝐷 ⋅ 𝐶𝐷 = 𝐴𝐷 × 𝐴𝐷
𝐵𝐷 ⋅ 𝐶𝐷 = 𝐴𝐷 2
9. Two poles of heights 6 m and 11 m stand vertically on a plane ground. If the distance between
ka
their feet is 12 m, what is the distance between their tops?
(A) 𝟏𝟑 𝐦 (B) 14 m (C) 15 m (D) 12.8 m
vi
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐷 − 𝐵𝐷
= 11 − 6
al

=5𝑚
𝐴𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵2 + 𝐵𝐶 2
2
.k

= 52 + 122
= 25 + 144
w

𝐴𝐶 2 = 169
𝐴𝐶 = √169 = 13 m
w

10. In the given figure, 𝑃𝑅 = 26 cm, 𝑄𝑅 = 24 cm, PTA-6

w

∠𝑃𝐴𝑄 = 90° , 𝑃𝐴 = 6 cm and 𝑄𝐴 = 8 cm. Find 𝑃𝑄𝑅

(A) 80° (B) 85°
(C) 75° (D) 𝟗𝟎°
𝑃𝑅 = 26, 𝑄𝑅 = 24
∠𝑃𝐴𝑄 = 90°
𝑃𝑄 = 10
𝑃𝑄 = √262 − 242
= √100 = 10
𝑃𝑄 + 𝑄𝑅2 = 102 + 242 = 100 + 576 = 676 = 262 = 𝑃𝑅2
2

∴ ∠𝑃𝑄𝑅 = 90°
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Chapter 4 - Geometry 121

11. A tangent is perpendicular to the radius at the PTA-2

(A) centre (B) point of contact
(C) infinity (D) chord
12. How many tangents can be drawn to the circle from an exterior point? SEP-21
(A) one (B) two (C) infinite (D) zero
13. The two tangents from an external points 𝑃 to a circle with centre at 𝑂 are 𝑃𝐴 and 𝑃𝐵. If
∠𝐴𝑃𝐵 = 70° then the value of ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 is
(A) 100° (B) 𝟏𝟏𝟎° (C) 120° (D) 130°

n
l.i
da
14. If figure 𝐶𝑃 amd 𝐶𝑄 are tangents to a circle with centre at 𝑂. 𝐴𝑅𝐵
is another tangent touching the circle at 𝑅. If 𝐶𝑃 = 11 cm and
ka
𝐵𝐶 = 7 cm, then the length of 𝐵𝑅 is MDL
(A) 6 cm (B) 5 cm
(C) 8 cm (D) 𝟒 𝐜𝐦
vi
𝐵𝑄 = 𝐵𝑅
𝐶𝑄 = 𝐶𝑃 = 11 cm
al

𝐵𝐶 = 7 cm
∴ 𝐵𝑄 = 𝐶𝑄 − 𝐵𝐶 = 11 − 7 = 4 cm
.k

15. In figure if 𝑃𝑅 is tangent to the circle at 𝑃 and 𝑂 is the centre of the circle,
then ∠𝑃𝑂𝑄 is
w

(A) 𝟏𝟐𝟎° (B) 100° + (C) 110° (D) 90°

𝑂𝑃 ⊥ 𝑃𝑅
w

SEP-20
∠𝑂𝑃𝑅 = 90° ⇒ ∠𝑂𝑃𝑄 = ∠𝑂𝑃𝑅 − ∠𝑅𝑃𝑄 = 90° − 60° = 30°
𝑂𝑃 = 𝑂𝑄 (radii)
w

∠𝑃𝑂𝑄 = 180° − (30° + 30° )

= 180° − 60° = 120°

Creative MCQ

1. The perimeters of two similar triangles ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 and ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 are 36 cm and 24cm respectively. If
𝑃𝑄 = 10 cm, then the length of AB is PTA-5
2 10√6 2
(A) 6 3 cm (B) cm (C) 66 3 cm (D) 𝟏𝟓 𝐜𝐦
3
Perimeter of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐵
Perimeter of ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅
= 𝑃𝑄
36×10
𝐴𝐵 = = 15 cm
24

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122 Way to Success - 10th Maths

Unit Exercise - 4
𝑪𝑨 𝑪𝑬
1. In the figure, if 𝑩𝑫 ⊥ 𝑨𝑪 and 𝑪𝑬 ⊥ 𝑨𝑩, prove that (i) ∆𝑨𝑬𝑪 ∽ ∆𝑨𝑫𝑩 (ii) = 𝑫𝑩
𝑨𝑩
i) Given ∆𝐴𝐸𝐶 and ∆𝐴𝐷𝐵 are two triangles
Also ∠𝐴𝐸𝐶 = ∠𝐴𝐷𝐵 = 90°
[𝐵𝐷 perpendicular 𝐴𝐶 and 𝐶𝐸 perpendicular 𝐴𝐵]
∴ ∠𝐸𝐴𝐶 = ∠𝐷𝐴𝐵
∠𝐴 is common
By 𝐴𝐴 – criterion of similarity, we know that ∆𝐴𝐸𝐶 ∽ ∆𝐴𝐷𝐵
ii) Also we know
∆𝐴𝐸𝐶 ∽ ∆𝐴𝐷𝐵 (from the proof above)

n
𝐶𝐴 𝐸𝐶 𝐶𝐴 𝐶𝐸
⇒ 𝐵𝐴
= 𝐷𝐵 ⇒ 𝐴𝐵
= 𝐷𝐵

l.i
Hence it is proved.
2. In the given figure 𝑨𝑩 ∥ 𝑪𝑫 ∥ 𝑬𝑭. If 𝑨𝑩 = 𝟔 𝐜𝐦, 𝑪𝑫 = 𝒙 𝐜𝐦, 𝑬𝑭 = 𝟒 𝐜𝐦, 𝑩𝑫 = 𝟓 𝐜𝐦 and

da
𝑫𝑬 = 𝒚 𝐜𝐦. Find 𝒙 and 𝒚.
Given ∆𝐴𝐸𝐹 By 𝐵𝑃𝑇 theorem
and ∆𝐴𝐶𝐷 are 𝐶𝐸 𝑦
𝐴𝐸
= 𝑦+5
ka
similar triangles 𝑥 𝑦
= 𝑦+5 …………. (3)
∠𝐴𝐸𝐹 = ∠𝐴𝐶𝐷 6
vi
= 90° From (1) and (2)
𝑥×𝐴𝐸 𝑥×𝐴𝐸
∠𝐴 is the 𝐴𝐶 + 𝐸𝐶 = +
al

4 6
common angle 𝑥 𝑥
𝐴𝐸 = 𝐴𝐸 [4 + 6]
∴ ∆𝐴𝐸𝐹 ∽ ∆𝐴𝐶𝐷
.k

6𝑥+4𝑥
By 𝐴𝐴 – criterion we have 1= 24
10𝑥
w

𝐴𝐸 𝐸𝐹 4 1=
𝐴𝐶
= 𝐶𝐷 = 𝑥 24
1×24 24 12
𝐴𝐸×𝐶𝐷 𝑥= = 10 = cm
w

∴ 𝐴𝐶 = 10 5
𝐸𝐹
12
=
𝑥 ×𝐴𝐸
…………… (1) Substitute 𝑥 = in (3)
3
w

4
𝑥 𝑦
Also we know =
6 𝑦+5

∆𝐸𝐴𝐵 and ∆𝐸𝐶𝐷, 12/5 𝑦

⇒ = 𝑦+5
6
∠𝐸𝐶𝐷 = ∠𝐸𝐴𝐵 = 90° 12 𝑦
= 𝑦+5
∠𝐸 is the common angle 30

∴ ∆𝐸𝐶𝐷 ∽ ∆𝐸𝐴𝐵 2𝑦 + 10 = 5𝑦
𝐶𝐸 𝐷𝐶 𝑥 −5𝑦 + 2𝑦 = −10
= 𝐵𝐴 = 6
𝐴𝐸 −3𝑦 = −10
𝐶𝐸 𝑥 −10 10
𝐴𝐸
=6 𝑦= = cm
−3 3
𝑥×𝐴𝐸 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟎
𝐶𝐸 = ……… (2) 𝒙= 𝐜𝐦 , 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐦
6 𝟓 𝟑
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Chapter 4 - Geometry 123

3. 𝑶 is any point inside a triangle 𝑨𝑩𝑪. The bisector of ∠𝑨𝑶𝑩, ∠𝑩𝑶𝑪, ∠𝑪𝑶𝑨 meet the sides 𝑨𝑩,
𝑩𝑪 and 𝑪𝑨 in point 𝑫, 𝑬 and 𝑭 respectively. Show that 𝑨𝑫 × 𝑩𝑬 × 𝑪𝑭 = 𝑫𝑩 × 𝑬𝑪 × 𝑭𝑨.
In ∆𝐴𝑂𝐵, 𝑂𝐷 is the bisector of ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵
𝑂𝐴 𝐴𝐷
∴ = 𝐷𝐵 …………… (1)
𝑂𝐵

In ∆𝐵𝑂𝐶, 𝑂𝐸 is the bisector of ∠𝐵𝑂𝐶

𝑂𝐵 𝐵𝐸
∴ = 𝐸𝐶 ……….. (2)
𝑂𝐶

In ∆𝐶𝑂𝐴, 𝑂𝐹 is the bisector of ∠𝐶𝑂𝐴

𝑂𝐶 𝐶𝐹
∴ = 𝐴𝐹 …………. (3) `
𝑂𝐴
(1) × (2) × (3) we get

n
𝑂𝐴 𝑂𝐵 𝑂𝐶 𝐴𝐷 𝐵𝐸 𝐶𝐹
× 𝑂𝐶 × 𝑂𝐴 = 𝐷𝐵 × 𝐸𝐶 × 𝐹𝐴

l.i
𝑂𝐵
𝐴𝐷 𝐵𝐸 𝐶𝐹
1= × ×
𝐷𝐵 𝐸𝐶 𝐹𝐴

da
∴ 𝐷𝐵 × 𝐸𝐶 × 𝐹𝐴 = 𝐴𝐷 × 𝐵𝐸 × 𝐶𝐹
Hence it is proved. ka
4. In the figure, 𝑨𝑩𝑪 is a triangle in which 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑨𝑪. Points 𝑫 and 𝑬 are points on the side 𝑨𝑩 and 𝑨𝑪
respectively such that 𝑨𝑫 = 𝑨𝑬. Show that the points 𝑩, 𝑪, 𝑬 and 𝑫 lie on a same circle.
we can prove that ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 + ∠𝐵𝐷𝐸 = 180°
vi
∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 + ∠𝐶𝐸𝐷 = 180° ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 + ∠𝐵𝐷𝐸 = 180°
al

∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 + ∠𝐵𝐷𝐸 = 180° ∵ ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 (we have 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐶)

To prove the points 𝐵,
.k

Also we know, 𝐷𝐸 ∥ 𝐵𝐶
𝐶, 𝐸 and 𝐷 are concyclic
⇒ ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 = ∠𝐴𝐸𝐷
w

In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 we have
⇒ ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 + ∠𝐶𝐸𝐷 = ∠𝐴𝐸𝐷 + ∠𝐶𝐸𝐷
𝐴𝐷 = 𝐴𝐸, 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐶
w

Adding ∠𝐶𝐸𝐷 on both sides

𝐴𝐵 − 𝐴𝐷 = 𝐴𝐶 − 𝐴𝐸
⇒ ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 + ∠𝐶𝐸𝐷 = 180°
w

𝐷𝐵 = 𝐸𝐶
∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 + ∠𝐶𝐸𝐷 = 180°
By converse of Thales theorem we have,
𝐴𝐷 = 𝐴𝐸, 𝐷𝐵 = 𝐸𝐶 [reason is ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵)
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸 ∴ we have
⇒ 𝐵𝐷 = 𝐸𝐶
𝐵𝐷𝐸𝐶 is a quadrilateral such that
⇒ ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = ∠𝐴𝐷𝐸(corresponding angles)
⇒ ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 + ∠𝐵𝐷𝐸 = ∠𝐴𝐷𝐸 + ∠𝐵𝐷𝐸 ⇒ ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 + ∠𝐶𝐸𝐷 = 180°

Adding ∠𝐵𝐷𝐸 on both sides. ⇒ ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 + ∠𝐵𝐷𝐸 = 180°

we have ∴ 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐸 and 𝐷 are concyclic points.

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124 Way to Success - 10th Maths

5. Two trains leave a railway station at the same time. The first train travels due west and the
second train due north. The first train travels at a speed of 𝟐𝟎 𝐤𝐦/𝐡𝐫 and the second train
travels at 𝟑𝟎 𝐤𝐦/𝐡𝐫. After 𝟐 hours, what is the distance between them?
Let us imagine that the 1𝑠𝑡 train is at 𝐴 and 2𝑛𝑑 train is at 𝐵 after two hours.
𝑂𝐴 = speed × time
= 20 × 2 = 40 kms
𝑂𝐵 = speed × time
= 30 × 2 = 60 kms
After 2 hour the distance between the train is 𝐴𝐵
𝐴𝐵 = √𝑂𝐴2 + 𝑂𝐵2

n
= √402 + 602
= √1600 + 3600 = √5200

l.i
= √10 × 10 × 2 × 2 × 13

da
= 20√13 km
After 2 hour the distance between the train is 𝟐𝟎√𝟏𝟑 𝐤𝐦 ka
6. 𝑫 is the mid point of side 𝑩𝑪 and 𝑨𝑬 ⊥ 𝑩𝑪. If 𝑩𝑪 = 𝒂, 𝑨𝑪 = 𝒃, 𝑨𝑩 = 𝒄, 𝑬𝑫 = 𝒙,
𝑨𝑫 = 𝒑 and 𝑨𝑬 = 𝒉, prove that
𝒂𝟐
(i) 𝒃𝟐 = 𝒑𝟐 + 𝒂𝒙 +
vi
𝟒
𝟐 𝟐 𝒂𝟐
(ii) 𝒄 = 𝒑 − 𝒂𝒙 +
al

𝟒
𝒂𝟐
(iii) 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 = 𝟐𝒑𝟐 + 𝟐
.k

𝐷 is the mid point of 𝐵𝐶 (ii) In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐷, ∠ 𝐴𝐷𝐸 is an acute angle

w

we know that ∠𝐴𝐸𝐷 = 90° 𝐴𝐵2 = 𝐴𝐷 2 + 𝐵𝐷 2 − 2 𝐵𝐷 ⋅ 𝐷𝐸

2
∠𝐴𝐷𝐸 < 90° and ∠𝐴𝐷𝐶 > 90°
w

1 1
𝐴𝐵2 = 𝐴𝐷 2 + [ 𝐵𝐶] − [2 × 𝐵𝐶 ⋅ 𝐷𝐸]
2 2
∴ ∠𝐴𝐷𝐸 is acute angle 1
𝐴𝐵2 = 𝐴𝐷 2 + 4 𝐵𝐶 2 − 𝐵𝐶 ⋅ 𝐷𝐸
w

∠𝐴𝐷𝐶 is obtuse
𝐴𝐵2 = 𝐴𝐷 2 − 𝐵𝐶 ⋅ 𝐷𝐸 +
(i) In ∆𝐴𝐷𝐶, ∠𝐴𝐷𝐶 is obtuse angle 1
𝐵𝐶 2………(2)
4
𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐷 2 + 𝐷𝐶 2 + 2 𝐷𝐶 × 𝐷𝐸 1
1 1
⇒ 𝐶 2 = 𝑝2 − 𝑎𝑥 + 4 𝑎2
⇒ 𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐷 2 + (2 𝐵𝐶)2 + 2 (2 𝐵𝐶 ⋅ 𝐷𝐸)
(iii) From (1) and (2)
2 2 1 2
⇒ 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐴𝐷 + 4 𝐵𝐶 + ( 𝐵𝐶 ⋅ 𝐷𝐸) 1
𝐴𝐵2 + 𝐵𝐶 2 = 2 𝐴𝐷 2 + 2 𝐵𝐶 2
1
⇒ 𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐷 2 + (𝐷𝐸 ⋅ 𝐵𝐶 ) + 𝐵𝐶 2… (1) 𝑎2
4 𝐶 2 + 𝑏2 = 2𝑃2 + 2
2 2 1 2
⇒ 𝑏 = 𝑝 + 𝑎𝑥 + 4 𝑎 Hence proved. Hence it is proved.
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Chapter 4 - Geometry 125

7. A man whose eye-level is 𝟐 𝐦 above the ground wishes to find the height of a tree. He places
a mirror horizontally on the ground 𝟐𝟎 𝐦 from the tree and finds that if he stands at a point
𝑪 which is 𝟒 𝐦 from the mirror 𝑩, he can see the reflection of the top of the tree. How height
is the tree?

n
From the diagram From ∆𝐴𝐶𝐸 and ∆𝐴𝐵𝐹
2 20+4
∆𝐷𝐴𝐶, ∆𝐹𝐵𝐶 are similar =

l.i
𝑥 20
∆𝐴𝐶𝐸, ∆𝐴𝐵𝐹 are similar 2 24
= 20
∴ ∆𝐴𝐶𝐷 and ∆𝐵𝐶𝐹 𝑥

da
20×2
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐶 𝑥=
= 24
𝐵𝐹 𝐵𝐶 10
ℎ 20+4 𝑥=
⇒ = 6
𝑥 4
∴ ℎ = 6𝑥
ℎ
=
24
=6
ka 10
𝑥 4 =6×
6
ℎ = 6 × 𝑥 = 6𝑥 𝒉 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐦
vi
8. An Emu which is 𝟖 ft tall is standing at the foot of a pillar which is 𝟑𝟎 ft high. It walks away from
the pillar. The shadow of the emu falls beyond emu. What is the relation between the length of
al

the shadow and the distance from the emu to the pillar?
.k
w
w

Let 𝑂𝐴 be the shadow of emu= 𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 30

+𝑥=
w

𝑥 8
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑦 𝑦 30
1+𝑥 = 8
The shadow of pillar is 𝑂𝐵
𝑦 30
𝑂𝐵 = 𝑂𝐴 + 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 = −1
𝑥 8
𝑦 30−8
From BPT theorem =
𝑥 8
𝑂𝐴 𝐴𝐷 𝑦 22 11
= = =
𝑂𝐵 𝐵𝐶 𝑥 8 4
𝑥 8 𝑦 11
= 30 =
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥 4
4
On reciprocal we get 𝑥 = 11 × 𝑦
𝑥+𝑦 30
= shadow of emu = 𝟏𝟏 × distance
𝟒
𝑥 8

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126 Way to Success - 10th Maths

9. Two circles intersect at 𝑨 and 𝑩. From a point 𝑷 on one of the circles lines 𝑷𝑨𝑪 and 𝑷𝑩𝑫 are
drawn intersecting the second circle at 𝑪 and 𝑫. Prove that 𝑪𝑫 is parallel to the tangent at 𝑷.
Let 𝑋𝑌 be the tangent at a point 𝑃
To prove: 𝐶𝐷 is ∥ 𝑋𝑌
Join 𝐴𝐵
𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a cyclic quadrilateral
∠𝐵𝐷𝐶 + ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = 180° ………… (1)
∠𝐵𝐷𝐶 = 180° − ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 ………… (2)
∠𝐵𝐷𝐶 = ∠𝑃𝐴𝐵
∠𝑃𝐵𝐴 = ∠𝐴𝐶𝐷
Since 𝑋𝑌 is the tangent to the circle at the point 𝑃

n
∠𝑃𝐴𝐵 = ∠𝐵𝑃𝑌 (Alternative segment theorem)

l.i
∴ ∠𝑃𝐴𝐵 = ∠𝑃𝐷𝐶
∠𝐵𝑃𝑌 = ∠𝑃𝐷𝐶

da
∴ 𝑋𝑌 ∥ 𝐶𝐷
Thus proved.
10. Let 𝑨𝑩𝑪 be a triangle and 𝑫, 𝑬, 𝑭 are points on the respective sides 𝑨𝑩, 𝑩𝑪, 𝑨𝑪 (or their
ka
extensions). Let 𝑨𝑫 ∶ 𝑫𝑩 = 𝟓 ∶ 𝟑, 𝑩𝑬 ∶ 𝑬𝑪 = 𝟑: 𝟐 and 𝑨𝑪 = 𝟐𝟏. Find the length of the line
segment 𝑪𝑭.
We know that
vi
𝐴𝐷 5
=3
𝐷𝐵
al

𝐵𝐸 3
Also 𝐸𝐶 = 2
𝐴𝐶 = 21
.k

𝐶𝐹 𝐶𝐹
⇒ 𝐹𝐴 = 21−𝐶𝐹
w

𝐵𝐸 𝐶𝐹 𝐴𝐷
∴ By Ceva’s theorem × × =1
𝐸𝐶 𝐹𝐴 𝐷𝐵
3 𝐶𝐹 5
w

× 21−𝐶𝐹 × 3 = 1
2
𝐶𝐹 5
× =1
w

21−𝐶𝐹 2
𝐶𝐹 2
=
21−𝐶𝐹 5
5𝐶𝐹 = 42 − 2𝐶𝐹
7𝐶𝐹 = 42
42
𝐶𝐹 = = 𝟔 units.
7

Important Example Questions:

2 Marks: Example 4.1(i)(PTA-1), Eg.4.8(PTA-2), Eg.4.16(PTA-3), Eg.4.14(PTA-4), Eg.4.15(PTA-5), Eg.4.22(MDL)
5 Marks: Example.4.32(SEP-21),Eg.4.25(MDL)
8 Marks: Example 4.10, Eg.4.11, Eg.4.17(PTA-3), Eg.4.18(PTA-5), Eg.4.19(MDL), Eg.4.29, Eg.4.30,
Eg.4.31(SEP-21)
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Chapter 5 – Coordinate Geometry 127

5. Coordinate Geometry
Exercise 5.1

Practice these book example problems : 5.1 to 5.7

1. Find the area of the triangle formed by the points
(i) (𝟏, −𝟏), (−𝟒, 𝟔) and (−𝟑, 𝟏𝟓) (ii) (– 𝟏𝟎, −𝟒), (−𝟖, −𝟏) and (−𝟑, −𝟓)
Area of the triangle Area of the triangle
1 1 −4 −3 1 1 −10 −8 −3 −10
= 2[ ] = 2[ ]
−1 6 −5 −1 −4 −1 −5 −4
1
1 = 2 [(10 + 40 + 12) − (32 + 3 + 50)]

n
= [(6 + 20 + 3) − (4 − 18 − 5)]
2 1
= [62 − 85]

l.i
1
= [29 − (−19)] 2
2 −23
1 1
= = −11.5
2
= 2 [29 + 19] = (48) = 24

da
2 A = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟓 Sq. units.
A = 𝟐𝟒 Sq. units (Area is always positive)
Try Your Self…
ka
1. Find the area of the triangle formed by the points
i) (6,3), (−3,5) and (4, −2) ii) (𝑎, 𝑐 + 𝑎), (𝑎, 𝑐 ) and (−𝑎, 𝑐 − 𝑎)
Ans: (i) 24.5 sq.units (ii) 𝑎2 sq.units
vi
2. Determine whether the sets of points are collinear?
al

𝟏
(i) (– 𝟐 , 𝟑) , (−𝟓, 𝟔) and (−𝟖, 𝟖) If Area of the triangle is 0, the set
Area of the triangle of points are collinear.
.k

1 1
1 − −5 −8 − 2
= 2[ 2 ] Try Your Self…
3 6 8 3
w

1 2. Determine whether the sets of points

= [( −3 − 40 − 24) − (−15 − 48 − 4)] are collinear?
2
w

1 2
= 2 [(−67) − (−67)] i) (−4,3), (− 5 , 6) and (2,8)
1
= 2 [−67 + 67] ii) (𝑎, 𝑏), (𝑎1 , 𝑏1 ) and (𝑎 − 𝑎1 , 𝑏 − 𝑏1 )
w

if 𝑎𝑏1 = 𝑎1 𝑏.
A= 𝟎
Ans: (i) collinear (ii) collinear
Hence the set of points are collinear.
(ii) (𝒂, 𝒃 + 𝒄), (𝒃, 𝒄 + 𝒂) and (𝒄, 𝒂 + 𝒃)
Area of the triangle
1 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎
= 2[ ]
𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 𝑏+𝑐
1
= [𝑎(𝑐 + 𝑎) + 𝑏(𝑎 + 𝑏) + 𝑐(𝑏 + 𝑐 ) − 𝑏(𝑏 + 𝑐) − 𝑐(𝑐 + 𝑎) − 𝑎(𝑎 + 𝑏)]
2
1
= [𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑎 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐𝑏 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑏2 − 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑐 − 𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏]
2
1
A = 2 (0) = 0
∴ Hence the set of points are collinear.
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128 Way to Success  - 10 th

Maths

3. Vertices of given triangles are taken in order and their areas are provided aside. In each case,
find the value of ′𝒑′. S.no Vertices Area (sq. Units)
(i) (𝟎, 𝟎), (𝒑, 𝟖), (𝟔, 𝟐) 𝟐𝟎
(ii) (𝒑, 𝒑), (𝟓, 𝟔), (𝟓, −𝟐) 𝟑𝟐
(i) Vertices: (𝟎, 𝟎), (𝒑, 𝟖), (𝟔, 𝟐) (ii) Vertices: (𝒑, 𝒑), (𝟓, 𝟔), (𝟓, −𝟐)
Area: 20 sq.units
Area : 𝟑𝟐 sq.units
Area of the triangle = 20
1 0 𝑝 6 0 Area of the triangle = 32
[ ] = 20
2 0 8 2 0
1 1 𝑝 5 5 𝑝
[(0 + 2𝑝 + 0) − (0 + 48 + 0)] = 20 [ ] = 32
2 2 𝑝 6 −2 𝑝
2𝑝 − 48 = 40 1
[(6𝑝 − 10 + 5𝑝) − (5𝑝 + 30 − 2𝑝)] = 32
2𝑝 = 40 + 48 2
2𝑝 = 88 (11𝑝 − 10) − (3𝑝 + 30) = 64

n
𝒑 = 𝟒𝟒 11𝑝 − 3𝑝 − 10 − 30 = 64
8𝑝 = 64 + 40

l.i
Try Your Self… 8𝑝 = 104
3. Vertices of given triangles are taken in order and their 104
𝑝 = 8 = 13

da
areas are provided aside. In each case, find the value of 𝑃.
𝒑 = 𝟏𝟑
S.No Vertices Area Sq. units
i) (1, −3)(4, 𝑃)(−9,7) 15
ii) ( )( ) (
𝑃, 𝑃 7, −3 , 12,3 ) 28
ka
Ans: (i) −3 (ii) 1
vi
4. In each of the following, find the values of ‘𝒂’ for which the given points are collinear.
(i) (𝟐, 𝟑), (𝟒, 𝒂) and (𝟔, −𝟑) (ii) (𝒂, 𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂), (−𝒂 + 𝟏, 𝟐𝒂) and (−𝟒 − 𝒂, 𝟔 − 𝟐𝒂)
al

(i) (𝟐, 𝟑), (𝟒, 𝒂) and (𝟔, −𝟑)

Since the given points are collinear, then area of triangle formed by these points = 0
1 2 4 6 2]
.k

[ =0 Try Your Self…

2 3 𝑎 −3 3
(2𝑎 − 12 + 18) − (12 + 6𝑎 − 6) = 0 4. In each of the following, find the values of 𝑘 for
w

(2𝑎 + 6) − (6 + 6𝑎) = 0 which the given points are collinear.

2𝑎 + 6 − 6 − 6𝑎 = 0 i) (𝑘, 2 − 2𝑘 ), (−𝑘 + 1,2𝑘 ), (−4 − 𝑘, 6 − 2𝑘 )
ii) (𝑘, −1)(2,1) and (4,5).
w

−4𝑎 = 0 1
𝑎 = 0 Ans: (i) 𝑘 = 2 or 𝑘 = −1 (ii) 𝑘 = 1
w

(ii) (𝒂, 𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂), (−𝒂 + 𝟏, 𝟐𝒂) and (−𝟒 − 𝒂, 𝟔 − 𝟐𝒂)

1
Area of the triangle =0 ⇒ 2 {𝑥1 (𝑦2 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )} = 0
1
{𝑎(2𝑎 − (6 − 2𝑎)) + (−𝑎 + 1)((6 − 2𝑎) − (2 − 2𝑎)) + (−4 − 𝑎)((2 − 2𝑎) − 2𝑎)} = 0
2
{𝑎(2𝑎 − 6 + 2𝑎) + (−𝑎 + 1)(6 − 2𝑎 − 2 + 2𝑎) + (−4 − 𝑎)(2 − 2𝑎 − 2𝑎)} = 0
𝑎(4𝑎 − 6) + (−𝑎 + 1)(4) + (−4 − 𝑎)(2 − 4𝑎) = 0
4𝑎2 − 6𝑎 − 4𝑎 + 4 − 8 − 2𝑎 + 16𝑎 + 4𝑎2 = 0
8𝑎2 + 4𝑎 − 4 = 0
÷ 𝑏𝑦 4 2𝑎2 + 𝑎 − 1 = 0
(𝑎 + 1)(2𝑎 − 1) = 0
𝑎 = −1 or 2𝑎 = 1
1
𝑎 = −1 or 𝑎 = 2
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Chapter 5 – Coordinate Geometry 129

5. Find the area of the quadrilateral whose vertices are at

(i) (−𝟗, −𝟐), (−𝟖, −𝟒), (𝟐, 𝟐) and (𝟏, −𝟑)
By taking the points in anti clockwise we have to find the area of 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷
1 2 −9 −8 1 2]
Area of 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 = 2 [
2 −2 −4 −3 2
1
= [(−4 + 36 + 24 + 2) − (−18 + 16 − 4 − 6)]
2
1
= 2 [(62 − 4) − (−28 + 16)]
1
= 2 [58 − (−12)]
1
= 2 [58 + 12]
Try Your Self…

n
1
= (70) 5. Find the area of the quadrilateral whose vertices are
2
(−4, −2), (−3, −5), (3, −2), (2,3).

l.i
A = 𝟑𝟓 sq. units Ans: 28 sq.units

da
(ii) (−𝟗, 𝟎), (−𝟖, 𝟔), (−𝟏, −𝟐) and (−𝟔, −𝟑)
By taking the points in anti clock wise direction we find the area of 𝐵𝐴𝐷𝐶.
1 −8 −9 −6 −1 −8
Area of 𝐵𝐴𝐷𝐶= 2 [
6 0 −3 −2 6
]
ka
1
= 2 [(0 + 27 + 12 − 6) − (−54 + 0 + 3 + 16)]
vi
1
= 2 [(39 − 6) − (−54 + 19)]
al

1
= 2 [33 − (−35)]
1
= 2 [68]
.k

A = 𝟑𝟒 sq. units
w

6. Find the value of 𝒌, if the area of a quadrilateral is 28 sq. units, whose vertices are
w

(−𝟒, −𝟐), (−𝟑, 𝒌), (𝟑, −𝟐) and (𝟐, 𝟑) PTA-5, SEP-20
Area of quadrilateral = 28 square units
w

1 −4 −3 3 2 −4
[ ] = 28
2 −2 𝑘 −2 3 −2
[(−4𝑘 + 6 + 9 − 4) − (6 + 3𝑘 − 4 − 12)] = 56 Try Your Self…
(−4𝑘 + 11) − (3𝑘 − 10) = 56 6. Find the value of 𝑘 if the
area of a quadrilateral is
−4𝑘 + 11 − 3𝑘 + 10 = 56 6 sq.units whose vertices
−7𝑘 = 56 − 21 are 𝐴(1,2), 𝐵(−5,6), 𝐶 (7, 𝑘 )
−7𝑘 = 35 and 𝐷(1,2).
Ans: −4
35
𝑘 = −7
𝒌 = −𝟓
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130 Way to Success  - 10 th

Maths

7. If the points 𝑨(−𝟑, 𝟗), 𝑩(𝒂, 𝒃) and 𝑪(𝟒, −𝟓) are collinear and if 𝒂 + 𝒃 = 𝟏, then find 𝒂 and 𝒃.
1 −3 𝑎 4 −3
[ ]=0
2 9 𝑏 −5 9
[(−3𝑏 − 5𝑎 + 36) − (9𝑎 + 4𝑏 + 15)] = 0
−3𝑏 − 5𝑎 + 36 − 9𝑎 − 4𝑏 − 15 = 0
−5𝑎 − 9𝑎 − 3𝑏 − 4𝑏 + 21 = 0
−14𝑎 − 7𝑏 + 21 = 0
−2𝑎 − 𝑏 + 3 = 0
2𝑎 + 𝑏 = 3 …………….. (1)
𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1 (Given)….. (2)
Solving (1) – (2)
⇒ 2𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 3 − 1 Try Your Self…

n
𝒂=𝟐 7. If the area of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 formed by 𝐴(𝑥, 𝑦),
𝐵(1,2) and 𝐶 (2,1) is 6 sq.units, then

l.i
Sub 𝑎 = 2 in (2)
2+𝑏 =1 prove that 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 15.

da
𝑏 = 1−2
𝒃 = −𝟏
8. Let 𝑷(𝟏𝟏, 𝟕), 𝑸(𝟏𝟑. 𝟓, 𝟒) and 𝑹(𝟗. 𝟓, 𝟒) be the mid points of the sides 𝑨𝑩, 𝑩𝑪 and 𝑨𝑪
ka
respectively of ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪. Find the coordinates of the vertices 𝑨, 𝑩 and 𝑪. hence find the area of
∆𝑨𝑩𝑪 and compare this with area of ∆𝑷𝑸𝑹.
To find the vertices of the triangle from the midpoints of the sides.
vi
Vertex A∶ 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚 (𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚𝟑 − 𝒚𝟐 )
= (11 + 9.5 − 13.5, 7 + 4 − 4)
al

= 𝐴(7, 7)
.k

Vertex B: 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚 (𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟑 , 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟑 )

= (11 + 13.5 − 9.5, 7 + 4 − 4)
w

= 𝐵(15,7)
Vertex C: 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚𝟑 − 𝒚𝟏 )
w

= (13.5 + 9.5 − 11, 4 + 4 − 7) = 𝐶 (12,1)

w

Area of triangle ABC Area of triangle PQR

1 7 15 12 7 𝑃 (11,7) 𝑄(13.5,4) and 𝑅(9.5,4)
= 2[ ]
7 7 1 7 1 11 13.5 9.5 11]
1 = 2[
= 2 [(49 + 15 + 84) − (105 + 84 + 7)] 7 4 4 7
1
1 = 2 [(44 + 54 + 66.5) − (94.5 + 38 + 44)]
= 2 [148 − 196]
1
48 = 2 [164.5 − 176.5]
=− 2
1
A = −24 = 24 sq.units = (12) = 6
2

Area of triangle 𝑃𝑄𝑅 = 6

Area of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 24 = 4(6) = 4 × Area of triangle 𝑃𝑄𝑅

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Chapter 5 – Coordinate Geometry 131

9. In the figure, the quadrilateral swimming pool shown is surrounded by concrete patio. Find the
area of the patio.
PTA-2
To find the area of patio we have to subtract area EFGH from area of ABCD
Area of ABCD Area of EFGH
𝑨(−𝟒, −𝟖), 𝑩(𝟖, −𝟒), 𝑪(𝟔, 𝟏𝟎), 𝑫(−𝟏𝟎, 𝟔) 𝑬(−𝟑, −𝟓), 𝑭(𝟔, −𝟐), 𝑮(𝟑, 𝟕), 𝑯(−𝟔, 𝟒)
1 −4 8 6 −10 −4 1 −3 6 3 −6 −3
= [ ] = [ ]
2 −8 −4 10 6 −8 2 −5 −2 7 4 −5
1 (16 + 80 + 36 + 80) 1
= 2[ ] = [(6 + 42 + 12 + 30) − (−30 − 6 − 42 − 12)]
−(−64 − 24 − 100 − 24) 2
1
1
= [212 − (−212)] = [90 − (−90)]
2
2
1 1 1
= 2 [212 + 212] = 2 [424] = 2 [180]
A = 𝟐𝟏𝟐 Square units. A = 𝟗𝟎 Square units.

n
l.i
Area of the concrete patio = Area of 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 − Area of 𝐸𝐹𝐺𝐻 = 212 − 90 = 𝟏𝟐𝟐 sq.units.
10. A triangular shaped glass with vertices at 𝑨(−𝟓, −𝟒), 𝑩(𝟏, 𝟔) and 𝑪(𝟕, −𝟒) has to be painted. If

da
one bucket of paint covers 6 square feet, how many buckets of paint will be required to paint the
whole glass, if only one coat of paint is applied.
1 −5 1 7 −5 ]
Area of triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 = [
2 −4 6 −4
1
−4
ka
= [(−30 − 4 − 28) − (−4 + 42 + 20)]
2
1 1
= 2 [−62 − 58] = 2 [−120] = −60
vi
A = 60 Square units (negative not applicable)
Area covered by one bucket of paint = 6 square feets
al

60
Required number of buckets = 6 = 𝟏𝟎
.k

11. In the figure find the area of (i) triangle AGF (ii) triangle FED (iii) quadrilateral BCFG

Try Your Self…

w

8. In a figure, find the area of

(i) triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐸
w

(ii) Quadrilateral 𝐸𝐵𝐶𝐷

(iii) Quadrilateral 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 .
w

(i) 𝑨(−𝟓, 𝟑), 𝑮(−𝟒. 𝟓, 𝟎. 𝟓), 𝑭(−𝟐, 𝟑)

Area of triangle AGF
1 −5 −4.5 −2 −5
= 2[ ]
3 0.5 3 3
1 Ans: (i) 36 sq.units
= 2 [(−2.5 − 13.5 − 6) − (−13.5 − 1 − 15)]
1
(ii) 96 sq.units
= [(−22) − (−29.5)] (iii) 132 sq.units
2
1 1
= 2 [−22 + 29.5] = 2 [7.5]
A = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟓 sq.units

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132 Way to Success  - 10 th

Maths

(ii) 𝑭(−𝟐, 𝟑), 𝑬(𝟏. 𝟓, 𝟏) and 𝑫(𝟏, 𝟑)

1 −2 1.5 1 −2
Area of triangle FED = 2 [ ]
3 1 3 3
1
= [(−2 + 4.5 + 3) − (4.5 + 1 − 6)]
2
1
= 2 [5.5 − (−0.5)]
1 1
= [5.5 + 0.5] = 2 [6]
2
A = 𝟑 sq.units
(iii) 𝑩(−𝟒, −𝟐), 𝑪(𝟐, −𝟏), 𝑬(𝟏. 𝟓, 𝟏) and 𝑮(−𝟒. 𝟓, 𝟎. 𝟓)
1 −4 2 1.5 −4.5 −4
Area Quadrilateral BCFG = 2 [ ]
−2 −1 1 0.5 −2
1
= 2 [(4 + 2 + 0.75 + 9) − (−4 − 1.5 − 4.5 − 2)]
1

n
= [15.75 − (−12)]
2
1
= 2 [15.75 + 12]

l.i
1
= [27.75]
2

da
= 13.875
𝑨 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟖𝟖 sq.units
ka
Exercise 5.2

Practice these book example problems : 5.8 to 5.16

vi
1. What is the slope of a line whose inclination with positive direction of 𝒙- axis is
(i) 𝟗𝟎° (ii) 𝟎° Try Your Self…
al

𝑚 = tan 𝜃 𝑚 = tan 𝜃 9. What is the slope of a line whose inclination with positive
= tan 90° = ∞ 𝑚 = tan 0° direction of 𝑥 - axis is (i) 45° (ii) 60°
.k

𝒎 = Undefined 𝒎=𝟎 Ans: (i) 1 (ii) √3

2. What is the inclination of a line whose slope is
w

(i) 0 (ii) 1 PTA-3

𝑚=0 Slope 𝑚 = 1
tan 𝜃 = 0 tan 𝜃 = 1 ⇒ 𝜃 = 45° (∴ tan 45° = 1)
w

°
Angle of inclination is 𝟎 Angle of inclination is 𝟒𝟓° .
w

3. Find the slope of a line joining the points

(i) (𝟓, √𝟓)With the origin (ii) (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽, − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽) and (−𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽, 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽) PTA-2
𝑦 −𝑦 𝑦 −𝑦
Slope 𝑚 = 𝑥2 −𝑥1 (5, √5) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) Slope 𝑚 = 𝑥2−𝑥1
2 1 2 1 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (sin 𝜃, −cos 𝜃)
0−√5 √5 (0,0) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) cos 𝜃−(− cos 𝜃) (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = (− sin 𝜃 , cos 𝜃)
⇒ = =
0−5 5 −sin 𝜃−sin 𝜃
√5 𝟏 2 cos 𝜃
Slope = = = −2 sin 𝜃
√5×√5 √𝟓

Try Your Self… =

−cos θ
10. Find the slope of a line joining the points sin 𝜃
(i) (3, √3) and origin (ii) (𝑎𝑡12 , 2𝑎𝑡1 ) and (𝑎𝑡22 , 2𝑎𝑡2 ). = − cot 𝜃
1 2
Ans: (i) (ii)
√3 𝑡2 +𝑡1 𝒎 = − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽

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Chapter 5 – Coordinate Geometry 133

4. What is the slope of a line perpendicular to the line joining 𝑨(𝟓, 𝟏) and 𝑷 where 𝑷 is the mid –
point of the segment joining (𝟒, 𝟐) and (−𝟔, 𝟒).
P is the mid-point of the segment joining (4,2) and (−6,4)
First let us find the point P. Try Your Self…
𝑥1 +𝑥2 y1 +𝑦2
Mid-point = 𝑃 ( , 2 ) 11. Let 𝐴(6,4) and 𝐵(2,12) be the
2
4+(−6) 2+4 (𝑥1 𝑦1 ) = (4,2) given points. Find the slope of a
= 𝑃( 2
,
2
) (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = (−6,4) line perpendicular to AB.
1
−2 6 Ans:
= 𝑃 ( 2 , 2) 2

= 𝑃(−1,3)
Now we have to find the slope or the line which is ⊥ 𝑟 to the line joining the points 𝐴(5,1)
and 𝑃(−1,3)

n
Slope of 𝐴𝑃 × slope of the required line = 𝑚1 × 𝑚2 = −1
𝑦 −𝑦 3−1 2 −1
Slope of 𝐴𝑃 = 𝑥2−𝑥1 = −1−5 = −6 =

l.i
2 1 3
−1
∴ Slope of a required line = =3

da
1
−
3

5. Show that the given points are collinear: 6. If the three points (𝟑, −𝟏), (𝒂, 𝟑) and
(−𝟑, −𝟒), (𝟕, 𝟐) and (𝟏𝟐, 𝟓) (𝟏, −𝟑) are collinear, find the value of 𝒂.
SEP-21
ka
Let the given points be 𝐴(−3, −4), 𝐵(7,2) and Let the given points be 𝐴(3, −1), 𝐵(𝑎, 3),
𝐶(12,5) and 𝐶(1, −3)
vi
𝑦 −𝑦
𝑦2 −𝑦1 Try Your Self… Slope of 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑥2 −𝑥1
Slope of 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑥 2 1
2 −𝑥1 12. Show that the given
[3−(−1)]
al

[2−(−4)] points are collinear =

= [7−(−3)] (1, −1), (2,1), (4,5). 𝑎−3
3+1
= 𝑎−3
.k

2+4
= 4
7+3
= 𝑎−3…………….. (1)
6
= 10
w

𝑦 −𝑦
Slope of 𝐵𝐶 = 𝑥2 −𝑥1
𝟑 2 1
𝒎=𝟓
w

(−3−3)
= 1−𝑎
𝑦2 −𝑦1
Slope of 𝐵𝐶 = 𝑥 −6
2 −𝑥1 = 1−𝑎 …………….(2)
w

5−2
= (1) = (2) [∵ Collinear]
12−7
𝟑 4 −6
𝒎=𝟓 𝑎−3
= 1−𝑎

Slope of 𝐴𝐵 = Slope of 𝐵𝐶 4(1 − 𝑎) = −6(𝑎 − 3)

4 − 4𝑎 = −6𝑎 + 18
∴ The given points are collinear.
6𝑎 − 4𝑎 = 18 − 4
Try Your Self…
2𝑎 = 14
13. If the three points (4,8)(𝑎, 12)and (9,28) are
14
collinear, find the value of 𝑎. 𝑎=
2
Ans: 𝑎 = 5
𝒂=𝟕

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134 Way to Success  - 10 th

Maths

7. The line through the points (−𝟐, 𝒂) and 9. Show that the given points from a right angled
𝟏
(𝟗, 𝟑) has slope − . find the value of 𝒂. triangle and check whether they satisfies
𝟐
Slope of the line passing through the points Pythagoras theorem
(−2, 𝑎), (9,3) is −
1 (i) 𝑨(𝟏, −𝟒), 𝑩(𝟐, −𝟑) and 𝑪(𝟒, −𝟕)
2 𝑦 −𝑦
𝑦2 −𝑦1 3−𝑎 3−𝑎 Slope of 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑥2 −𝑥1
Slope 𝑚 = 𝑥 −𝑥 = 9−(−2) = 11 2 1
2 1 [−3−(−4)] 𝐴(1, −4) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
3−𝑎 1 =
2−1 𝐵 (2, −3) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
= − 2 (Given) −3+4
11
= 1 =1
2(3 − 𝑎) = −11 Try Your Self… [−7−(−3)]
6 − 2𝑎 = −11 14. Determine 𝑥 so that Slope of 𝐵𝐶 = 4−2
−2𝑎 = −11 − 6 2 is the slope the line −7+3 𝐵(2, −3) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
= 2
through (2,5) and 𝐶 (4, −7) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
−2𝑎 = −17 4
(𝑥, 3). = −2

n
𝟏𝟕
𝒂= Ans: 𝑥 = 1
𝟐 = −2

l.i
[−7−(−4)]
8. The line through the points (−𝟐, 𝟔) and Slope of 𝐶𝐴 = 4−1
𝐶 (4, −7) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
(𝟒, 𝟖) is perpendicular to the line through −7+4 𝐴(1, −4) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
=

da
the points (𝟖, 𝟏𝟐) and (𝒙, 𝟐𝟒). Find the 3
3
value of 𝒙. PTA-6 = −3
= −1
Slope of the line passing through the
ka
points (−2,6) and (4,8) Slope of 𝐴𝐵 × slope of 𝐶𝐴 = −1
𝑦 −𝑦
Slope 𝑚1 = 𝑥2 −𝑥1 1 × (−1) = −1
vi
2 1
−1 = −1
8−6 2 2 1
= 4−(−2) = 4+2 = 6 = 3 …………(1) Hence the given points are vertices of
al

rightangled triangle. In order to check this

Slope of the line passing through the
with Pythagoras theorem let us find the
points (8,12) and (𝑥, 24)
.k

length of 𝐴𝐵, 𝐵𝐶 and 𝐶𝐴.

𝑦 −𝑦
Slope 𝑚2 = 𝑥2−𝑥1 𝐴(1, −4), 𝐵(2, −3) and 𝐶(4, −7)
2 1
w

=
24−12 𝐴𝐵 = √(−3 + 4)2 + (2 − 1)2
𝑥−8
w

12 = √1 + 1
= 𝑥−8………………….. (2)
= √2
w

Since these lines are perpendicular to each

other 𝐵𝐶 = √(−7 + 3)2 + (4 − 2)2
Try Your Self…
𝑚1 × 𝑚2 = −1 15. What is the value of = √(−4)2 + (2)2 = √16 + 4 = √20
1 12 𝑦 so that the line
× 𝑥−8 = −1 𝐶𝐴 = √(−7 + 4)2 + (4 − 1)2
3 through (3, 𝑦) and
4 (2, 7) is parallel to = √(−3)2 + (3)2 = √9 + 9 = √18
= −1
𝑥−8 the line through
4 = −(𝑥 − 8) (−1, 4) and (0, 6)? 𝐵𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐵2 + 𝐶𝐴2
Ans: 𝑦 = 9 2 2 2
4 = −𝑥 + 8 (√20) = (√2) + (√18)
𝑥 =8−4 20 = 20
𝑥=4 Yes , they satisfies Pythagoras theorem.

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Chapter 5 – Coordinate Geometry 135

9(ii) 𝑳(𝟎, 𝟓), 𝑴(𝟗, 𝟏𝟐) and 𝑵(𝟑, 𝟏𝟒) 10. Show that the given points form a
𝑦 −𝑦
Slope of 𝐿𝑀 = 2 1 parallelogram:
𝑥2 −𝑥1
𝐿(0,5) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) 𝑨(𝟐. 𝟓, 𝟑. 𝟓), 𝑩(𝟏𝟎, −𝟒), 𝑪(𝟐. 𝟓, −𝟐. 𝟓)𝑫(−𝟓, 𝟓)
12−5
= 𝑀(9,12) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
9−0 In a parallelogram opposite sides will be
7
=9 parallel by proving that slope of opposite
14−12
sides are equal we may say that opposite sides
Slope of 𝑀𝑁 = are parallel.
3−9
2 𝑀(9,12) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) 𝑦 −𝑦
= −6 Slope 𝑚 = 𝑥2 −𝑥1
𝑁(3,14) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) 2 1
1
= −3 𝐴(2.5,3.5), 𝐵(10, −4), 𝐶 (2.5 − 2.5) and
14−5
𝐷(−5,5)
Slope of 𝑁𝐿 = 𝐿(0,5) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
3−0 Slope of 𝐴𝐵:

n
𝑁(3,14) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
9
=3 −4−3.5 −7.5
𝑚1 = = = −1

l.i
10−2.5 7.5
=3
Slope of 𝐶𝐷:

da
Slope of 𝑀𝑁 × slope of 𝑁𝐿 = −1 [5−(−2.5)]
1
𝑚2 = −5−2.5
− 3 × 3 = −1
5+2.5
=
−1 = −1
ka −7.5
7.5
Hence the given points are right = −7.5 = −1
triangle. In order to check this with
vi
𝑚1 = 𝑚2
Pythagoras theorem let us find the
length of 𝐿𝑀, 𝑀𝑁 and 𝑁𝐿. ∴ 𝐴𝐵, 𝐶𝐷 are parallel
al

𝐿(0,5), 𝑀(9,12) and 𝑁 (3,14) Slope of 𝐵𝐶

.k

𝐿𝑀 = √92 + 72 𝑚1 =
(−2.5+4)
2.5−10
= √130 Try Your Self…
1.5
17. Prove that 𝐴(4,3), 𝐵(6,4),
w

= −7.5
𝑀𝑁 = √62 + 22 𝐶(5,6) and 𝐷(3,5) are the
−15
= √40 = angular points of a square.
w

75
𝑁𝐿 = √32 + 92 = −5
1
w

= √90
Slope of 𝐷𝐴
𝐿𝑀2 = 𝑀𝑁 2 + 𝑁𝐿2
5−3.5
2 2 2 𝑚2 = −5−2.5
(√130) = (√40) + (√90)
1.5
130 = 130 = −7.5
Yes , they satisfies Pythagoras theorem. −15 1
= = −5
75
Try Your Self…
16. Without using Pythagoras theorem, show ∴ Slope of 𝐴𝐵 = slope of 𝐶𝐷 = −𝟏
that 𝐴(4, 4), 𝐵(3, 5) and 𝐶(−1, −1) are the Slope of 𝐵𝐶 = slope of DA= −𝟏/𝟓
vertices of a right-angled triangle.
Hence the given points form a parallelogram.

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136 Way to Success  - 10 th

Maths

11. If the points 𝑨(𝟐, 𝟐), 𝑩(−𝟐, −𝟑), 𝑪(𝟏, −𝟑) and 𝑫(𝒙, 𝒚) form a parallelogram then find the value of
𝒙 and 𝒚.
Since the given points form a 5(𝑥 − 1) = 4(𝑦 + 3)
parallelogram 5𝑥 − 5 = 4𝑦 + 12
Slope of 𝐴𝐵 = slope of 𝐶𝐷 5𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 17……….. (5)
Slope of 𝐵𝐶 = slope of 𝐷𝐴 (3) = (4) ⇒ 𝑚3 = 𝑚4
𝐴(2,2), 𝐵(−2, −3), 𝐶 (1, −3) and 𝐷(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑦−2
0 = 𝑥−2
Slope of 𝐴𝐵
𝑦−2=0
(−3−2)
𝑚1 = 𝑦=2
−2−2
−5 5
= −4 = 4……………..……. (1) Sub 𝑦 = 2 in (5),

n
Slope of 𝐶𝐷 5𝑥 − 4(2) = 17
5𝑥 − 8 = 17

l.i
𝑦−(−3) 𝑦+3
𝑚2 = = 𝑥−1………….. (2)
𝑥−1 5𝑥 = 17 + 8
Slope of 𝐵𝐶

da
5𝑥 = 25
−3+3 0
𝑚3 = = 3 = 0……….... (3) 𝑥=5
1+2
Slope of 𝐷𝐴 ∴ 𝒙 = 𝟓, 𝒚 = 𝟐
𝑦−2
ka
𝑚4 = 𝑥−2……………. (4) Try Your Self…
18. If the point 𝐴(−2, −1), 𝐵(4, 0), 𝐶(3, 3)and 𝐷(𝑥, 𝑦) form a
(1) = (2) ⇒ 𝑚1 = 𝑚2
parallelogram then find the value of 𝑥 and 𝑦.
vi
5 𝑦+3
= 𝑥−1 Ans: 𝑥 = −3 and 𝑦 = 2
4
al

12. Let 𝑨(𝟑, −𝟒), 𝑩(𝟗, −𝟒), 𝑪(𝟓, −𝟕) and 𝑫(𝟕, −𝟕). Show that 𝑨𝑩𝑪𝑫 is a trapezium.
A trapezium will always contain two parallel sides and two non-parallel sides.
.k

Slope of 𝐴𝐵:
w

−4+4 0
𝑚= =6=𝟎
9−3
Slope of 𝐵𝐶:
w

−7+4
𝑚=
5−9
w

−3 𝟑
= =
−4 𝟒
Slope of 𝐶𝐷:
−7+7
𝑚= Try Your Self…
7−5
19. If 𝐴(2, 0), 𝐵(0, 2)and (0, 7) are three vertices, taken
0
=2=𝟎 in order trapezium 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 in which 𝐴𝐵||𝐵𝐶. Find the
coordinates of 𝐷.
Slope of 𝐷𝐴: Ans: (2, 5) or (7, 0)
−7+4 −𝟑
𝑚= 7−3
= 𝟒
The sides 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐶𝐷 are parallel. Slope of 𝐵𝐶 and slope of 𝐷𝐴 are non parallel.
Hence 𝑨𝑩𝑪𝑫 is a trapezium.
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Chapter 5 – Coordinate Geometry 137

13. A quadrilateral has vertices at 𝑨(−𝟒, −𝟐), 𝑩(𝟓, −𝟏), 𝑪(𝟔, 𝟓) and 𝑫(−𝟕, 𝟔). Show that the
mid-points of its sides form a parallelogram.

−4+5 −2−1

n
Midpoint of the side 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑃 ( , )
2 2

l.i
1 −3
= 𝑃 (2 , )
2

da
5+6 −1+5
Midpoint of the side 𝐵𝐶 = 𝑄 ( , )
2 2
11 4 11
= 𝑄 ( 2 , 2) = 𝑄 ( 2 , 2 ) ka
−7+6 6+5
Midpoint of the side 𝐶𝐷 = 𝑅 ( , )
2 2
vi
1 11
= 𝑅 (− 2 , 2 )
al

(−7−4) −2+6
Midpoint of the side 𝐷𝐴 = 𝑆 ( , )
2 2
11 4 11
.k

= 𝑆 (− , ) = 𝑆 (− , 2)
2 2 2
w

Slope of opposite sides:

3
2+ 7/2 7
Slope of the 𝑃𝑄 = 2
= 10/2 = 10 Try Your Self…
w

11 1
−
2 2
20. A quadrilateral has the vertices at the point
11
(−4, 2), (2, 6), (8, 5) and (9, −7). Show that the
w

−2 7/2 7
Slope of 𝑅𝑆 = 2
1 11 = 10/2 = 10
mid-points of the sides of this quadrilateral are
− +
2 2

11
the vertices of a parallelogram.
−2 7/2 7
Slope of 𝑄𝑅 = 2
1 11 = −12/2 = − 12
− −
2 2

3 7
2+ 7/2 7
Slope of 𝑃𝑆 = 2
11 1 = 2
−11−1 = −12/2 = − 12
− −
2 2 2

∴ 𝑃𝑄 = 𝑅𝑆
𝑄𝑅 = 𝑃𝑆
Hence, mid-points of its sides form a parallelogram.

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138 Way to Success  - 10 th

Maths

Creative Question

1. 𝑷𝑸𝑹𝑺 is a rhombus. Its diagonals 𝑷𝑹 and 𝑸𝑺 intersect at the point 𝑴 and satisfy 𝑸𝑺 = 𝟐𝑷𝑹. If
the coordinates of 𝑺 and 𝑴 are (𝟏, 𝟏) and (𝟐, −𝟏) respectively. Find the coordinates of 𝑷.
Given 𝑆(1,1), 𝑀(2, −1) PTA-4
𝑦 −𝑦
Slope of 𝑆𝑀 = 𝑥2−𝑥1
2 1
−1−1 2
𝑚1 = = − 1 = −2
2−1
𝑃𝑅 ⊥ 𝑆𝑄 ⇒ 𝑚1 𝑚2 = −1
1 1 1
𝑚2 = − 𝑚 = − −2 = 2
1

n
Equation of 𝑃𝑅
√5
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) If 𝑃𝑅 = √5, then 𝑃𝑀 =

l.i
2
1
𝑦 + 1 = 2 (𝑥 − 2) Distance of 𝑃𝑀

da
2𝑦 + 2 = 𝑥 − 2 √(𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 =
√5
2
0 = 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 2 − 2
2
𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 4 = 0 √(𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑥−4 + 1) = √5
ka 2 2
−2𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥 Taking square on both sides
4−𝑥 𝑥−4
𝑦= = 𝑥−4 2 5
−2 2 (𝑥 − 2)2 + ( + 1) = 4
vi
2
To find 𝑄,
𝑥−4+2 2 5
Mid point of 𝑄𝑆 = 𝑀 (𝑥 − 2)2 + ( ) =4
al

2
𝑥+1 𝑦+1 (𝑥−2)2 5
( , ) = (2, −1) (𝑥 − 2)2 + =4
2 2 4
.k

𝑥+1= 4 𝑦 + 1 = −2 4(𝑥−2)2 +(𝑥−2)2 5

4
=4
𝑥 = 4−1 𝑦 = −2 − 1
5(𝑥−2)2 5
w

𝑥=3 𝑦 = −3 4
=4
𝑄 is (3, −3) (𝑥 − 2)2 = 1
w

Given 𝑄𝑆 = 2𝑃𝑅 (𝑥 − 2) = ±1
𝑥−2=1 𝑥 − 2 = −1
w

Squaring on both sides

(𝑄𝑆 )2 = (2𝑃𝑅 )2 (3, −3), (1,1) 𝑥 =1+2 𝑥 = −1 + 2
2
𝑄𝑆 = 4𝑃𝑅 2 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) 𝑥=3 𝑥=1
(3 − 1)2 + (−3 − 1)2 = 4𝑃𝑅2
𝑥 = 1 or 𝑥 = 3
22 + (−4)2 = 4𝑃𝑅2 𝑥−4
𝑦=
2 2
4 + 16 = 4𝑃𝑅 1−4 3
If 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = = −2
20 = 4𝑃𝑅2 2
3−4 1
20
= 𝑃𝑅 2 If 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 2
= −2
4
3 1
𝑃𝑅 = √5 The coordinates of 𝑃 is (1, − 2) or (3, − )
2

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Chapter 5 – Coordinate Geometry 139

Exercise 5.3
Practice these book example problems : 5.17 to 5.29

1. Find the equation of a straight line passing 3. Find the equation of line whose inclination
through the mid – point of a line segment is 𝟑𝟎° and making an intercept −𝟑 on the
joining the points (𝟏, −𝟓), (𝟒, 𝟐) and parallel 𝒀 axis.
to (i) 𝑿 axis (ii) 𝒀 axis 𝜃 = 30°
Midpoint of the line segment 𝑚 = tan 𝜃
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2 1 Try Your Self…
=( 2 , 2 ) 𝑚 = tan 30° =
√3 22. Find the
1+4 −5+2 5 −3
=( , ) = (2 , ) Intercept on the equation of a line
2 2 2
(i) 𝑿 axis 𝑦 axis = −3 = 𝑐 whose
inclination is 15°

n
The required line is passing through the Equation of the
and making an
5 3 line: intercept −4 on

l.i
point ( , − ) and parallel to 𝑥 − axis.
2 2 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 the 𝑥 - axis
If the line is similarly to 𝑥 −axis then slope 1
= 𝑥 + (−3) Ans:

da
of the required line 𝑦 = 𝑐 √3
(2 − √3)𝑥 − 𝑦 − 4 = 0
𝑥
𝑦 = −2
3 𝑦= −3
√3
2𝑦 = −3 √3𝑦 = 𝑥 − 3√3
ka
𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑 = 𝟎 The required equation is
(ii) 𝒀 axis 𝒙 − √𝟑𝒚 − 𝟑√𝟑 = 𝟎
The required line is passing through the
vi
5 3 4. Find the slope and 𝒚 intercept of
point (2 , − 2) and parallel to 𝑦 − axis.
√𝟑𝒙 + (𝟏 − √𝟑)𝒚 = 𝟑
If the line is parallel to 𝑦 −axis then slope
al

By comparing the given equation with the

of the required line 𝑥 = 𝑏
5 form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥=2
.k

(1 − √3)𝑦 = −√3𝑥 + 3
2𝑥 = 5 (−√3𝑥+3)
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟓 = 𝟎 𝑦=
w

1−√3
−√3𝑥 3
2. The equation of a straight line is 𝑦= + 1−
1−√3 √3
w

𝟐(𝒙 − 𝒚) + 𝟓 = 𝟎. Find its slope, inclination

√3
and intercept on the 𝒀 axis. Slope = − 1− 3 = 𝑚
√
2(𝑥 − 𝑦) + 5 = 0 Try Your Self…
w

√3 √3+1
2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 5 = 0 Try Your Self… = × 23. Find the slope and
√3−1 √3+1
21. The equation of a 𝑦 intercept of
2𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 5 =
3+√3
5 straight line is 3−1 √3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3 = 0.
𝑦 = 𝑥+2 − 3 (𝑥 − 1) + 𝑦 = 0. 𝟑+√𝟑
√ = Ans: 𝑚 = −√3 and
Slope 𝑚 = 1 Find its slope, 𝟐
𝑦-intercept is 3
3
Angle of inclination: inclination and 𝑦 Intercept = 1−
√3
𝑚=1 intercept on the 3 1+√3
𝑦 - axis. = 1− × 1+
tan 𝜃 = tan 45 √ 3 √3
𝜃 = 45° Ans: 𝜃 = 60°, 3(1+√3)
=
Intercept of 𝑦 axis 𝑦-intercept = −√3 1−3
Slope 𝑚 = √3 𝟑+𝟑√𝟑
𝑦 Intercept (𝑐 ) =
𝟓 = −𝟐
𝟐

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140 Way to Success  - 10 th

Maths

5. Find the value of ‘𝒂’ if the line through (−𝟐, 𝟑) 7. Find the equation of the line through the
and (𝟖, 𝟓) is perpendicular to 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝟐 given pair of points
𝟐 𝟏
Slopes of line joining points (−2,3) and (8,5) (i) (𝟐, 𝟑) and (− 𝟐 , −𝟐)
𝑦 −𝑦 𝑦−𝑦 𝑥−𝑥1
𝑚1 = 𝑥2−𝑥1 Equation is 𝑦 −𝑦1 =
2 1 2 1 𝑥2 −𝑥1
5−3 2 1 2
= = = 𝑦−
3 𝑥−2
8+2 10 5 2 = 1
−2− − −2
3 2
𝐴𝐵 ⊥ 𝐶𝐷 3𝑦−2
3 𝑥−2
𝑚1 × 𝑚2 = −1 8 = 5
Try Your Self… −
3
−
2
1 24. Find the equation of the line −(3𝑦−2) −2(𝑥−2)
× 𝑚2 = −1 passing through (1,2) and =
5 8 5
5
making angle 60° with 𝑥-axis
𝑚2 = −1 × 1 = −5 5(3𝑦 − 2) = 16(𝑥 − 2)

n
Ans: √3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2 − √3 = 0
15𝑦 − 10 = 16𝑥 − 32
Slope of the line 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 2

l.i
16𝑥 − 15𝑦 − 32 + 10 = 0
𝑚2 = 𝑎 The required equation of the straight line

da
𝑚2 = −5 is 𝟏𝟔𝒙 − 𝟏𝟓𝒚 − 𝟐𝟐 = 𝟎
𝒂 = −𝟓
(ii) (𝟐, 𝟑) and (−𝟕, −𝟏)
Try Your Self…
ka 𝑦−3
=
𝑥−2
(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (2,3)
25. Find the value of ‘a’ if the line through (4,3) and −1−3 −7−2
(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = (−7, −1)
(−1,1) is perpendicular to 𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 6 = 0. 𝑦−3
=
𝑥−2
−4 −9
vi
Ans: 𝑎 = 5
−9(𝑦 − 3) = −4(𝑥 − 2)
6. The hill is in the form of a triangle has its foot −9𝑦 + 27 = −4𝑥 + 8
al

at (𝟏𝟗, 𝟑) the inclination of the hill to the 4𝑥 − 9𝑦 + 27 − 8 = 0

ground is 45. Find the equation of the hill 4𝑥 − 9𝑦 + 19 = 0
.k

joining the foot and top. The required equation of the

Equation of the hill joining the foot and top: straight line is 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟗𝒚 + 𝟏𝟗 = 𝟎
w

𝜃 = 450 ; (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (19,3) 8. A cat is located at the point (−𝟔, −𝟒) is

Slope 𝑚 = tan 45° = 1 𝒙𝒚- plane. A bottle of milk is kept at (𝟓, 𝟏𝟏)
w

Equation: 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) The cat wishes to consume the milk

w

𝑦 − 3 = 1(𝑥 − 19) travelling through shortest possible

𝑦 − 3 = 𝑥 − 19 distance. Find the equation of the path it
𝑥 − 𝑦 − 19 + 3 = 0 needs to take its milk.
𝑦−𝑦 𝑥−𝑥
∴ 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 16 = 0 Equation of the path 𝑦 −𝑦1 = 𝑥 −𝑥1
2 1 2 1
The required equation of the Straight line is (−6, −4) and (5,11)
𝒙 − 𝒚 − 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟎. (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (−6, −4)
𝑦+4 𝑥+6
15
= 11 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = (5,11)
Try Your Self… 11(𝑦 + 4) = 15(𝑥 + 6)
26. Find the equation of a line through the given pair
of points. 11𝑦 + 44 = 15𝑥 + 90
(i) (−1, −1) and (−5, 4) (ii) (−1,3) and (4, −2). 15𝑥 − 11𝑦 + 90 − 44 = 0
Ans: (i) 5𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 9 = 0 (ii) 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2 = 0
The required equation is 𝟏𝟓𝒙 − 𝟏𝟏𝒚 + 𝟒𝟔 = 𝟎
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Chapter 5 – Coordinate Geometry 141

9. Find the equation of the median and altitude 10. Find the equation of a straight line which
of triangle 𝑨𝑩𝑪 through 𝑨 where the vertices 𝟓
has slope − 𝟒 and passing through to the
are 𝑨(𝟔, 𝟐), 𝑩(−𝟓, −𝟏) and 𝑪(𝟏, 𝟗).
point (−𝟏, 𝟐). Try Your Self…
The median drawn SEP-21,PTA-6 5 28. Find the equation
passing through Slope 𝑚 = − 4
of a straight line
3
the vertex A Equation of the line which had slope 4
intersect the side passing through and passing
BC at the mid the point (−1,2) through the point
(3,2).
point. 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑥 +𝑥 𝑦 +𝑦 Ans: 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 1 = 0
𝐷 = ( 1 2 2 , 1 2 2) 5
𝑦 − 2 = (− 4) (𝑥 − (−1))
−5+1 −1+9
𝐷=( 2 , ) (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = 𝐵(−5, −1) 4(𝑦 − 2) = −5(𝑥 + 1)
2
(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = 𝐶(1,9)
−4 8 4𝑦 − 8 = −5𝑥 − 5

n
=( , ) = (−2,4)
2 2
5𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 5 − 8 = 0
Equation of the median 𝑨𝑫:

l.i
𝑦−𝑦1 𝑥−𝑥1
The required equation is 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟑 = 𝟎
𝑦2 −𝑦1
= 𝑥2 −𝑥1 11. You are downloading a song, the percent 𝒚

da
𝑦−2 𝑥−6 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = 𝐴(6,2) (in decimal form) of megabytes remaining
=
4−2 −2−6 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = 𝐷(−2,4) to get downloaded in 𝒙 seconds is given by
𝑦−2 𝑥−6
= 𝒚 = −𝟎. 𝟏𝒙 + 𝟏
2 −8
−8(𝑦 − 2) = 2(𝑥 − 6)
ka (i) Find the total 𝑴𝑩 of the song
(ii) After how many seconds will 75% of
−8𝑦 + 16 = 2𝑥 − 12
the song gets downloaded.
vi
2𝑥 + 8𝑦 − 12 − 16 = 0
(iii) After how many seconds the song will
2𝑥 + 8𝑦 − 28 = 0 be downloaded completely.
al

Divide by 2, 𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 14 = 0 (i) To find the total MB of the song we

If a line passing through the vertex 𝐴 is have to assign the value of 𝑥 as 0
.k

altitude, then it will be perpendicular to 𝐵𝐶 𝑦 = −0.1𝑥 + 1

Slope of 𝐵𝐶 If 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = −0.1(0) + 1 = 0 + 1 = 𝟏
w

𝑦 −𝑦 9+1 10 5 Hence the size of song to be downloaded is 1MB.

𝑚= 2 1= = =
𝑥2 −𝑥1 1+5 6 3
(ii) 𝑦 = 75% = 0.75 = 1 − 0.25
w

𝑚1 × 𝑚2 = −1 𝑦 = 0.25 MB to be downloaded
5
× 𝑚2 = −1 𝑦 = −0.1𝑥 + 1
3
w

3 3 0.25 = −0.1𝑥 + 1
𝑚2 = −1 × = −
5 5 Try Your Self… 0.25 − 1 = −0.1𝑥
Equation of altitude 27. Find the equation
−0.75 = −0.1𝑥
of the median and
passing through 𝐴 0.75
altitude of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝑥 = 0.1
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) through 𝐴 where
3 ∴ 𝒙 = 𝟕. 𝟓 Seconds
𝑦 − 2 = − 5 (𝑥 − 6) the vertices are
𝐴(3, 4), 𝐵(5, 1) (iii) Now the single of MB is 0
( )
5 𝑦 − 2 = −3(𝑥 − 6) and 𝐶(−1, −1). 0 = −0.1𝑥 + 1
3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 13 = 0 1
5𝑦 − 10 = −3𝑥 + 18 Ans: 0.1𝑥 = 1 ⇒ 𝑥 = 0.1 = 10
3𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 10 − 18 = 0 Hence it will take 10 seconds to download
𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 − 𝟐𝟖 = 𝟎 the song completely.
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142 Way to Success  - 10 th

Maths

12. Find the equation of the line whose intercepts 14. Find the equation of the Straight line
on the 𝒙 and 𝒚 axes are given below: (i) Passing through (𝟏, −𝟒) and has
(i) (𝟒, −𝟔) intercept which are in the ratio 2:5
𝑥 Intercept ⇒ 𝑎 = 4 (ii) Passing through (−𝟖, 𝟒) and making
𝑦 Intercept ⇒ 𝑏 = −6 equal intercepts on the coordinate axes
(i) 𝑥 Intercept = 2𝑘, 𝑦 Intercept = 5𝑘
Intercept form Try Your Self…
𝑥 𝑦 29. Find the equation of a Equation of the line when intercepts
+𝑏=1
𝑎 line whose intercept are given
𝑥 𝑦
+ −6 = 1 on the 𝑥 and 𝑦 axes are 𝑥 𝑦
+𝑏 =1
4 𝑎
𝑥 𝑦
given below,
−6 =1 i) −5 and 6. The required line is passing through
4
6𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 24 ii)
−15
, 12 the point (1, −4)
2

n
1 −4
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 12 Ans: +( )= 1
2𝑘 5𝑘
(i) 6𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 30 = 0

l.i
𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎 5−8
=1
𝟑 (ii) 8𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 60 = 0 10𝑘
(ii) −𝟓, 𝟒 −3 = 10𝑘 ⇒ 𝑘 =
−3

da
10
𝑥 Intercept ⇒ 𝑎 = −5 −3 3
3
𝑎 = 2 ( 10 ) = − 5
𝑦 Intercept ⇒ 𝑏 = 4 −3 3
𝑏 = 5 ( 10 ) = − 2
Intercept form
ka 𝑥 𝑦
𝑥 𝑦 Equation of the line 3 + 3 =1
𝑎
+𝑏 = 1 −
5
−
2
−5𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 3
vi
𝑥 𝑦
+ 3 =1
−5
4 The required equation is 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑 = 𝟎
−𝑥 4𝑦
al

+ =1 (ii) 𝑎 = 𝑏 (Making equal intercept)

5 3
−3𝑥+20𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
=1 equation of line 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1
.k

15
8 4
−3𝑥 + 20𝑦 = 15 −𝑎 +𝑎 = 1
𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝟎𝒚 + 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟎
w

(−8 + 4) = 𝑎
13. Find the intercept made by following lines on 𝑎 = −4
w

the coordinate areas. Equation of the required line is

𝑥 𝑦
(i) 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟔 = 𝟎 (ii) 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎 + =1
w

𝑎 𝑏
(i) 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 6 Dividing by 6 SEP-21 𝑥 𝑦
+ −4 = 1
𝑥 𝑦 −4
+ =1
2 −3 Try Your Self… 𝑥 + 𝑦 = −4
𝑥 Intercept ⇒ 𝟐 30. Find the intercepts made 𝒙+𝒚+𝟒 =𝟎
by the following lines of
𝑦 Intercept ⇒ −𝟑
the co-ordinate axes. Try Your Self…
(ii) 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 = −12 i) 9𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 30 = 0
31. If the intercept of a line between the
ii) 28𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 49 = 0
Dividing by −12 10
Ans: (i) 𝑎 = , 𝑏 = 15
coordinate axes is divided by the
𝑥 𝑦 3 points(−5,4)in the ratio 1: 2 then find
⇒ + =1 7 −49
−3 −4 (ii) 𝑎 = ,𝑏
= the equation of the line.
4 3
𝑥 Intercept ⇒ −𝟑 (Here 𝑎 = 𝑥 intercept, Ans: 8𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 60 = 0
𝑦 Intercept ⇒ −𝟒 𝑏 = 𝑦 intercept)

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Chapter 5 – Coordinate Geometry 143

Creative Questions
1. A straight line 𝑨𝑩 cuts the co-ordinate axes at 𝑨 and 𝑩. If the mid-point of 𝑨𝑩 is (2, 3), find the
equation of 𝑨𝑩. SEP-20
𝑥 𝑦
Let required equation of 𝐴𝐵 ⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1 ………..(1)
If (1) meets 𝑥-axis then 𝐴(𝑎, 0)
If (1) meets 𝑦-axis then 𝐵(0, 𝑏)
since midpoint of AB is (2,3)
𝑎+0 0+𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
( , ) = (2,3) ⇒ (2 , 2) = (2,3)
2 2
Equating 𝑎 = 4, 𝑏 = 6
𝑥 𝑦
Equation of 𝐴𝐵 = 4 + 6 = 1 ⇒ 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 12 = 0

n
2. The vertices of a triangle are 𝑨(−𝟏, 𝟑), 3. Find the equation of a line passing

l.i
𝑩(𝟏, −𝟏) 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝑪(𝟓, 𝟏). Find the length of the through the point (−𝟒, 𝟑) and having
𝟕
median through the vertex C. MDL slope − . PTA-1
𝟓

da
7
𝐴(−1, 3), 𝐵(1, −1), 𝐶(5,1) Given, (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (−4, 3) and 𝑚 = − 5
−1+1 3−1 The equation of the point-slope form of
𝐷( , ) = 𝐷(0,1)
2 2 the straight line is 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝐶𝐷 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
ka 7
𝑦 − 3 = − 5 (𝑥 + 4)
= √(0 − 5)2 + (1 − 1)2 5(𝑦 − 3) = −7(𝑥 + 4)
vi
5𝑦 − 15 = −7𝑥 − 28
= √52
7𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 28 − 15 = 0
al

=5 7𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 13 = 0
(Exercise 5.4 is removed based on reduced syllabus 2021 - 2022)
.k

Exercise 5.5
w

Multiple choice questions:

1. The area of triangle formed by the points (−5, 0), (0, −5) and (5, 0) is SEP-21, PTA-2
w

(A) 0 sq. Units (B) 25 sq. Units (C) 5 sq. Units (D) none of these
w

1 −5 0 5 −5
Area of the triangle = 2 [ ]
0 −5 0 0
1 1
= 2 [25 − (−25)] = 2 (50) = 25 sq. units

2. A man walks near a wall, such that the distance between him and the wall is 10 units consider
the wall to be the 𝑌 axis. The path travelled by the man
(A) 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎 (B) 𝑦 = 10 (C) 𝑥 = 0 (D) 𝑦 = 10
The path travelled by the man or 𝑥 axis
∴ 𝑥 = 10

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144 Way to Success  - 10 th

Maths

3. The straight line given by the equation 𝑥 = 11 is SEP-20,PTA-1

(A) Parallel to 𝑋 axis (B) parallel to 𝒀 axis
(C) passing through the origin (D) passing through the point (0,11)

parallel to 𝑌 axis
4. If (5, 7), (3, 𝑝) and (6, 6) are collinear then the value of 𝑝 is PTA-5
(A) 3 (B) 6 (C) 9 (D) 12
1 5 3 6 5 5𝑝 + 60 − 51 − 6𝑝 = 0
[ ]=0
2 7 𝑝 6 7 −𝑝 + 9 = 0
(5𝑝 + 18 + 42) − (21 + 6𝑝 + 30) = 0 −𝑝 = −9 ⇒ 𝑝 = 9
5. The point of intersection 3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 4 and 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 8 is

n
PTA-2
(A) (5, 3) (B) (2, 4) (C) (𝟑, 𝟓) (D) (4, 4)

l.i
3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 4………………. (1) 𝑥+𝑦 =8
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 8 …………………… (2) 3+𝑦 =5

da
4𝑥 = 12 𝑦 =8−3= 5
𝑥=3 𝑦=5
Putting 𝑥 = 3 in (2) point of intersection (3, 5)
ka 1
6. The slope of the line joining (12, 3) and (4, 𝑎) is the value of ′𝑎′ is PTA-3
8
(A) 1 (B) 4 (C) −5 (D) 𝟐
𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑎−3 1
vi
Slope = 𝑥 = 4−12 = 8
2 −𝑥1
𝑎−3 1 (12, 3) (4 , 𝑎)
=8 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
al

−8
𝑎 − 3 = −1
𝑎 = −1 + 3 ⇒𝑎=2
.k

7. The slope of the line which is perpendicular to line joining the points (0, 0) and (−8, 8) is
1
(A) −1 (B) 𝟏 (D) −8
w

(C) 3
𝑦 −𝑦
Slope = 𝑥2−𝑥1 (0, 0) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
w

2 1
8−0 8 (−8, 8) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
= −8 = −1 Slope Perpendicular = 1
−8−0
w

1
8. If slope of the line 𝑃𝑄 is then the slope of the perpendicular bisector of 𝑃𝑄 is PTA-6
√3
1
(A) √3 (B) −√𝟑 (C) (D) 0
√3
1 1 1
Slope = , Perpendicular slope = − 𝑚 = − 1 = −√3
√3
√𝟑

9. If 𝐴 is a point on the 𝑦 − axis whose ordinate is 8 and 𝐵 is a point on the 𝑋 axis whose abscissae
is 5 then the equation of the line 𝐴𝐵 is
(A) 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 = 𝟒𝟎 (B) 8𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 40 (C) 𝑥 = 8 (D) 𝑦 = 5
Points (0,8) and (5,0) 5(𝑦 − 8) = 𝑥(−8)
𝑦−𝑦1 𝑥−𝑥1
Equation 𝑦 −𝑦 = 𝑥 −𝑥 5𝑦 − 40 = −8𝑥
2 1 2 1
𝑦−8 𝑥−0
= 5−0 ∴ 8𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 40
0−8
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Chapter 5 – Coordinate Geometry 145

12. A straight line has equation 8𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 21 which of the following is true. PTA-3
(A) The slope is 0.5 and the t intercept is 2.6 (B) The slope is 5 and the y intercept is 1.6
(C) The slope is 0.5 and the y intercept is 1.6 (D) The slope is 5 and the y intercept is 2.6
8𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 21 𝑚 = 0.5 (slope)
4 21
𝑦 = 8𝑥 + 8 𝑐 = 2.6 (𝑦 intercept)
𝑦 = 0.5𝑥 + 2.6
13. When proving that a quadrilateral is a trapezium it is necessary to show PTA-4
(A) Two sides are parallel (B) Two parallel and two non- parallel sides
(C) Opposite sides are parallel (D) All sides are of equal length
14. When proving that a quadrilateral is a parallelogram by using slopes you must find
(A) The slopes of two sides (B) The slopes of two pair of opposite sides

n
(C) The length of all sides (D) Both the length and slopes of two sides
15. (2,1) is the point of intersection of two lines

l.i
(A) 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 3 = 0, 3𝑥 − 𝑦 − 7 = 0 (B) 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟑, 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟕

da
(C) 3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 3, 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 7 (D) 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 3 = 0, 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 7 = 0
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 3; 3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 7
(2,1) is a point ka
2+1 =3 6+1 = 7
3=3 7=7
vi
(Questions 10 and 11 are removed based on reduced syllabus 2021 - 2022)
al

Creative MCQ
1. The perimeter of a triangle formed by the points (0,0), (1,0) and (0,1) is SEP-21
.k

(A) √2 (B) 2 (C) 𝟐 + √𝟐 (D) 2 − √2

𝐴𝐵 = √(1 − 0) + (0 − 0) = √1 = 1
2 2
w

𝐵𝐶 = √(0 − 1)2 + (1 − 0)2 = √(1)2 + (1)2 = √2

𝐴𝐶 = √(0 − 0)2 + (1 − 0)2 = √1 = 1
w

𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 + 𝐴𝐶 = 1 + √2 + 1 = 2 + √2 units
w

2. If the points 𝐴(6, 1), 𝐵(8, 2), 𝐶(9, 4) and 𝐷(𝑝, 3) are the vertices of a parallelogram, taken in
order then the value of 𝑝 is PTA-5
(A) −7 (B) 𝟕 (C) 6 (D) −6
Midpoint of diagonal 𝐴𝐶 = Midpoint of diagonal 𝐵𝐷
6+9 1+4 8+𝑝 3+2
( , )=( , )
2 2 2 2
15 5 8+𝑝 5
( 2 , 2) = ( , 2)
2
Equating 𝑥 coordinates
15 8+𝑝
2
= 2
15 = 8 + 𝑝
𝑝=7
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146 Way to Success  - 10 th

Maths

Unit Exercise -5
1. 𝑷𝑸𝑹𝑺 is a rectangle formed by joining the points 𝑷(𝟏, −𝟏), 𝑸(−𝟏, 𝟒) , 𝑹(𝟓, 𝟒) and 𝑺(𝟓, −𝟏).
𝑨, 𝑩, 𝑪 and 𝑫 are the mid-points of 𝑷𝑸, 𝑸𝑹, 𝑹𝑺 and 𝑺𝑷 respectively. Is the quadrilateral
𝑨𝑩𝑪𝑫 a square, a rectangle or a rhombus? Justify your answer.
Given: 𝑃(−1, −1), 𝑄(−1,4), 𝑅(5,4), 𝑆(5, −1)
−1−1 −1+4 3
𝐴 = Midpoint of 𝑃𝑄 = ( , ) = (−1, )
2 2 2
−1+5 4+4
𝐵 = Midpoint of 𝑄𝑅 = ( , ) = (2,4)
2 2
5+5 4−1 3
𝐶 = Midpoint of 𝑅𝑆 = ( , ) = (5, )
2 2 2
−1+5 −1−1
𝐷 = Midpoint of 𝑃𝑆 = ( , ) = (2, −1)
2 2
3

n
𝑦2 −𝑦1 4−2 𝟓
Slope of 𝐴𝐵 = = = 3 3
𝑥2 −𝑥1 2+1 𝟔 (−1, ) , (2, 4) (2, 4), (5, )
2 2

l.i
3 5
2
−4 − 2 𝟓 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
Slope of 𝐵𝐶 = = =−
5−2 3 𝟔
3 5
−1−2 − 2

da
𝟓
Slope of 𝐶𝐷 = = =
2−5 −3 𝟔
3 5
−1−2 𝟓 3 3
Slope of 𝐴𝐷 = =− 2
=− (−1, ) , (2, −1) (5, ) , (2, −1)
2+1 3 𝟔 2
ka 2
∴ 𝐴𝐵 ∥ 𝐶𝐷, 𝐵𝐶 ∥ 𝐴𝐷 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
3 3
−1+5 + 3
2 2
Midpoint of 𝐴𝐶 = ( , ) = (2, )
2 2 2
vi
2+2 4−1 3
Midpoint of 𝐵𝐷 = ( , ) = (2, )
2 2 2
∴ Diagonals bisect each other & opposite sides are parallel. Therefore 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a Rhombus.
al

2. The area of a triangle is 5 sq. Units. Two of its vertices are (𝟐, 𝟏) and (𝟑, −𝟐). The third vertices
(𝒙, 𝒚) where 𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝟑. Find the coordinates of the third vertex.
.k

PTA-1
Given, area of triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is 5 sq. Units and 𝐴(2,1), 𝐵(3, −2), 𝐶(𝑥, 𝑦) where 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3
1 2 3 𝑥 2
w

Area of ∆ = [ ]=5
2 1 −2 𝑦 1
(−4 + 3𝑦 + 𝑥) − (3 − 2𝑥 + 2𝑦) = 10
w

𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 4 − 3 + 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 10
3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 17 ………… (1)
w

Given 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3 sub in (1)

3𝑥 + 𝑥 + 3 = 17
4𝑥 + 3 = 17
4𝑥 = 17 − 3
4𝑥 = 14
14
𝑥=
4
7
𝑥=
2
7
Substitute, 𝑥 = in 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3
2
7 13
𝑦 = +3=
2 2
𝟕 𝟏𝟑
∴ Third vertex is ( , )
𝟐 𝟐

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Chapter 5 – Coordinate Geometry 147

3. Find the area of a triangle formed by the lines 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟐 = 𝟎, 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟑 = 𝟎 and 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 − 𝟑 = 𝟎.

Given lines are 3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2 = 0 ………. (1)
5𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3 = 0 ……… (2)
2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 3 = 0 ………. (3)
Solving (1) & (2) Substitute 𝑥 = 1 in (1)
(1) × 2 ⇒ 6𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 4 3(1) + 𝑦 − 2 = 0
𝑦 = −1
(2) ⇒ 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 3
𝐵 is (1, −1)
𝑥 =1
Solving (2) & (3)
Substitute 𝑥 = 1 in (1) (2) ⇒ 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 3
3(1) + 𝑦 − 2 = 0 (3) × 2 ⇒ 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 6
𝑦 = −1 9𝑥 =9

n
𝐴(1, −1) 𝑥=1

l.i
Solving (1) & (3) Substitute 𝑥 = 1 in (3)
2−𝑦−3=0
3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2

da
−𝑦 = 1 ∴ 𝑦 = −1
2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 3
𝐴(1, −1), 𝐵(1, −1), 𝐶(1, −1)
5𝑥 =5 ka All the three points are same.
𝑥=1 Area of a triangle = 𝟎 sq.units
4. If vertices of a quadrilateral are at 𝑨(−𝟓, 𝟕), 𝑩(−𝟒, 𝒌), 𝑪(−𝟏, −𝟔) and 𝑫(𝟒, 𝟓) and its area is 72
sq.Units. Find the value of 𝒌.
vi
Vertices of quadrilateral are 𝐴(−5,7), 𝐵(−4, 𝑘), 𝐶(−1,6), 𝐷(4,5)
Area = 72 sq. units.
al

1 −5 −4 −1 4 −5
[ ] = 72
2 7 𝑘 −6 5 7
.k

(−5𝑘 + 24 − 5 + 28) − (−28 − 𝑘 − 24 − 25) = 144

(−5𝑘 + 47) − (−𝑘 − 77) = 144
w

−4𝑘 + 124 = 144

−4𝑘 = 20
w

𝒌 = −𝟓
5. Without using distance formula, show that the points (−𝟐, −𝟏), (𝟒, 𝟎), (𝟑, 𝟑) and (−𝟑, 𝟐) are
w

vertices of a parallelogram.
Let 𝐴(−2, −1), 𝐵(4,0), 𝐶(3,3), 𝐷(−3,2)
0+1 1
Slope of 𝐴𝐵 = =
4+2 6
3−2 1
Slope of 𝐶𝐷 = =
3+3 6
AB& CD are parallel
2+1 3
Slope of 𝐴𝐷 = = = −3
−3+2 −1
0−3 3
Slope of 𝐵𝐶 = = − = −3
4−3 1
AD & BC are parallel
ABCD is a parallelogram

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148 Way to Success  - 10 th

Maths

6. Find the equations of the lines, whose sum and product of intercepts are 1 and –6 respectively.
𝑥 intercept = 𝑎 , 𝑦 intercept = 𝑏 If 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = −2
𝑥 𝑦
Given, sum of intercepts = 1 + =1
3 −2
⇒𝑎+𝑏 =1 𝑥 𝑦
− =1
∴𝑏 =1−𝑎 3 2
Given, product of intercepts = −6 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 6 = 0
𝑎𝑏 = −6 If 𝑎 = −2, 𝑏 = 3
𝑥 𝑦
𝑎(1 − 𝑎) = −6 + =1
−2 3
𝑎 − 𝑎2 = −6 −3𝑥+2𝑦
𝑎2 − 𝑎 − 6 = 0 =1
6
(𝑎 − 3)(𝑎 + 2) = 0 −3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 6
∴ 𝑎 = 3, −2 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟔 = 𝟎
7. The owner of a milk store finds that, he can sell 980 litres of milk each week at E14/litre and 1220 litres

n
of milk each week at E 16/litre. Assuming a linear relationship between selling price and demand, how
many litres could he sell weekly at E 17/ litre?

l.i
Let 𝑥 is the selling price and 𝑦 is the number of litre of milk. If 𝑥 = 17
Given points (14, 980) and (16, 1220) 𝑦 = 120(17 − 14) + 980

da
𝑦−𝑦1 𝑥−𝑥1
∴ = 𝑦 = 120(3) + 980
𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑥2 −𝑥1
𝑦−980 𝑥−14
= = 360 + 980
1220−980 16−14
𝑦−980 𝑥−14 = 1340
=
240 2
ka ∴ He can sell weekly 1340 litres at
𝑦 − 980 = 120(𝑥 − 14)
𝑦 = 120(𝑥 − 14) + 980 …………. (1) Rs.17/ litre
vi
8. Find the image of the point (𝟑, 𝟖) with respect to the line 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟕 assuming the line to be plane mirror.
Also, slope of 𝑃𝑄 × slope of (𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 7) = −1
al

𝑘−8 −1
× = −1
ℎ−3 3
𝑘−8
=3
.k

ℎ−3
𝑘 − 8 = 3ℎ − 9
3ℎ − 𝑘 = 1 …….. (3)
w

𝑄(ℎ, 𝑘)be the image of the point (3,8) Solving (2) & (3)
with respect to the line 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 7 (2) ⇒ ℎ + 3𝑘 = −13
w

∴ R is the midpoint and PQ is a

(3) × 3 ⇒ 9ℎ − 3𝑘 = 3
perpendicular bisector of 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 7
10ℎ = −10
w

ℎ+3 𝑘+8
(𝑥, 𝑦) = ( , )
2 2 ℎ = −1
ℎ+3 𝑘+8
𝑥= ,𝑦 = Substitute ℎ = −1 in (2)
2 2
Since 𝑅(𝑥, 𝑦) is a point on 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 7 −1 + 3𝑘 = −13
ℎ+3 𝑘+8
( ) +3( ) =7 3𝑘 = −12
2 2
ℎ + 3 + 3𝑘 + 24 = 14 𝑘 = −4
ℎ + 3𝑘 = −13 ……… (2) ∴ 𝑄 is (−𝟏, −𝟒)

(Questions 9, 10 are removed based on reduced syllabus 2021 - 2022)

Important Example Questions:
2 Marks: Example 5.2 (PTA-4), Eg 5.9 (iii) (SEP-20), Eg 5.19 (SEP-21)
5 Marks: Example 5.15 (PTA-4), Eg 5.4 (SEP-21)
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Chapter 6 - Trigonometry 149

6. Trigonometry
(Exercise 6.1 is removed based on reduced syllabus 2021 - 2022)

Exercise 6.2

Practice these book example problems : 6.18 to 6.25

1. Find the angle of elevation of the top of a 2. A road is flanked on either side by continuous
tower from a point on the ground, which is rows of houses of height 𝟒√𝟑𝒎 with no
space in between them. A pedestrian is

n
30m away from the foot of a tower of height
standing on the median of the road facing a
𝟏𝟎√𝟑𝒎.

l.i
SEP-21,PTA-2 row house. The angle of elevation from the
pedestrian to the top of the house is 𝟑𝟎° .

da
Find the width of the road.

Try Your Self… ka

1. The angle of elevation
of the top of a tower as
seen by an observer is
30° . The observer is at
vi
In right angled ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 a distance of 30√3 m
from the tower. If the 𝐴𝐵 = Height of the house = 4√3𝑚
al

𝐴𝐵 = Tower = 10√3𝑚
eye level of the 𝐶 = Centre point of the road
𝐵𝐶 = 30𝑚 observer is 1.5m above 𝐵𝐷 = Width of the road
.k

𝐴𝐵
tan 𝜃 = the ground level, then
𝐵𝐶
find the height of the ∴ 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐶𝐷
𝟏𝟎√𝟑
w

= tower. Angle of elevation 𝜃 = 30°

30
Ans: 31.5 m
√3 √3 To find the width of the road
= =
w

3 √3×√3 Opposite Side

1 In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, tan 𝜃 =
tan 𝜃 = Adjacent Side
w

√3
𝐴𝐵 1
1 tan 30° ⇒ 𝐵𝐶 =
tan 30° = √3
√3
4√3 1
∴ 𝜃 = 30° 𝐵𝐶
=
√3
∴ The angle of elevation 𝜽 = 𝟑𝟎°
4√3 × √3 = 𝐵𝐶
Try Your Self… 4 × 3 = 𝐵𝐶
2. Find the angular elevation (angle of elevation
𝐵𝐶 = 12𝑚
from the ground level) of the Sun when the
length of the shadow of a 30 m long pole is ∴ The width of the road 𝐵𝐷 = 𝐵𝐶 + 𝐶𝐷
10√3m. = 12 + 12
Ans: 60° 𝑩𝑫 = 𝟐𝟒𝒎

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150 Way to Success  - 10 th

Maths

3. To a man standing outside his house, the 4. A statue 1.6m tall stands on the top of a
angles of elevation of the top and bottom of pedestal. From a point on the ground, the
° °
a window are 𝟔𝟎 and 𝟒𝟓 respectively. If angle of elevation of the top of the statue is
the height of the man is 180 cm and if he is 𝟔𝟎° and from the same point the angle of
5m away from the wall, what is the height of elevation of the top of the pedestal is 𝟒𝟎° .
the window? (√𝟑 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟐). Find the height of the pedestal.
(𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟒𝟎° = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟑𝟗𝟏, √𝟑 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟐)

n
l.i
da
𝐴𝐵 = Statue = 1.6 m
𝐵𝐶 = Pedestal = ℎ
Let 𝐴𝐵 = Window = ℎ
In right angle ∆ 𝐵𝐶𝐷
𝐸𝐹 = Man = 180𝑐𝑚 = 1.8𝑚 = 𝐶𝐷
ka
tan 40° =
𝐵𝐶
Try Your Self…
4. To find the cloud
𝐶𝐷
𝐶𝐹 = 5𝑚 𝐵𝐶 ceiling, one night an
0.8391 = 𝐶𝐷 observer directed a
vi
To find the height of the window
𝐵𝐶 spotlight vertically at
In right angle ∆ 𝐵𝐶𝐹 𝐶𝐷 = 0.8391…….. (1) the clouds. Using a
al

𝐵𝐶 In right angle ∆ 𝐴𝐶𝐷 theodolite placed

tan 45° = Try Your Self… 100 m from the
5 𝐴𝐶
𝐵𝐶
3. The angle of tan 60° = 𝐶𝐷 = √3 spotlight and 1.5 m
.k

1= elevation of the top

𝐴𝐶
above the ground, he
5 of a hill from the foot 𝐶𝐷 = 3……. (2) found the angle of
√
∴ 𝐵𝐶 = 5m of a tower is 60°and
w

elevation to be 60°.
the angle of elevation From (1) & (2) How high was the
In right angle ∆𝐴𝐶𝐹 of the top of the 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐶
𝐶𝐷 = 0.8391 = cloud ceiling?
w

𝐴𝐶 tower from the foot √3

tan 60° = 𝐵𝐶
Ans: 174.7m
𝐴𝐵+𝐵𝐶
5 of the hill is 30° . If
the tower is 50 m =
𝐴𝐶 0.8391 √3
w

√3 = 5 high, then find the 𝐵𝐶 1.6+ℎ

height of the hill. =
0.8391 √3
𝐴𝐶 = 5√3 Ans: 150m ℎ 1.6+ℎ
=
𝐵𝐶 + 𝐴𝐵 = 5√3 0.8391 √3
ℎ√3 = (1.6 × 0.8391) + ℎ(0.8391)
5 + ℎ = 5√3
ℎ × 1.732 = 1.34256 + ℎ(0.8391)
ℎ = 5√3 − 5 ℎ(1.732 − 0.8391) = 1.34256
= (5 × 1.732) − 5 ℎ(0.8929) = 1.34256
= 8.660 − 5 ℎ=
1.34256
0.8929
ℎ = 3.66m ℎ = 1.503𝑚
Height of the window 𝒉 = 𝟑. 𝟔𝟔m Height of the pedestal 𝒉 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟎𝟑𝒎
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Chapter 6 - Trigonometry 151

5. A flag pole ‘h’ meters is on the top of the 6. The top of a 15m high tower makes an angle
hemispherical dome of radius ‘r’ meters. A of elevation of 𝟔𝟎° with the bottom of an
man is standing 7m away from the dome. electronic pole and angle of elevation of 𝟑𝟎°
Seeing the top of the pole at an angle 𝟒𝟓° with the top of the pole. What is the height
and moving 5m away from the dome and of the electric pole?
seeing the bottom of the pole at an angle
𝟑𝟎° . Find (i) the height of the pole
(ii) radius of the dome. (√𝟑 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟐)

n
l.i
da
i) 𝐴𝐵 = Height of the pole = ℎ 𝐴𝐶 = Tower = 15𝑚
𝐵𝐶 = 𝐷𝐶 = radius of the dome = 𝑟
𝐷𝐸 = Pole = ℎ
𝐷𝐸 = 7 m, 𝐸𝐹 = 5𝑚 ka
In right angle ∆ 𝐴𝐶𝐸, 𝜃 = 45° ∴ 𝐵𝐶 = ℎ ∴ 𝐴𝐵 = 15 − ℎ

tan 45° = 𝐸𝐶 = 1
𝐴𝐶 Let 𝐶𝐷 = 𝐵𝐸 = 𝑥
vi
∴ 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐸𝐶 In right angle ∆ 𝐴𝐶𝐷, 𝜃 = 60°
𝐴𝐶
ℎ+𝑟 = 𝑟+7 tan 60° = 𝐶𝐷 = √3
al

ℎ = 7𝑚 15
Height of the pole = 𝟕𝒎 = √3
𝑥
.k

ii) In right angle ∆𝐵𝐶𝐹, 𝜃 = 30° 𝑥=

15
𝐵𝐶 1 √3
tan 30° = =
w

𝐶𝐹 √3 Try Your Self… 15 √3 15√3

𝑟 1 𝑥= × =
= 5. A lamp-post stands √3 √3 3
w

𝑟+7+5 √3 at the centre of a

𝑟 1 circular park. Let 𝑃 𝑥 = 5√3𝑚.
12+𝑟
=
√3 and 𝑄 be two points In right angle ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐸, 𝜃 = 30°
w

𝑟√3 = 12 + 𝑟 on the boundary

𝑃𝑄 𝐴𝐵 1
√3𝑟 − 𝑟 = 12
such that tan 30° = =
subtends an angle 𝐵𝐸 √3
𝑟(√3 − 1) = 12 90° at the foot of the 15−ℎ 1
= (∵ sub 𝑥 = 5√3)
lamp-post and the 𝑥 √3
12 √3+1
𝑟= × angle of elevation of 15−ℎ 1
√3−1 √3+1 =
the top of the lamp 5√3 √3
12(√3+1)
= post from 𝑃 is 30° . If
3−1
𝑃𝑄 = 30𝑚, then find 15 − ℎ = 5
12(1.732+1)
= the height of the
ℎ = 15 − 5
2
lamp post.
= 6 × 2.732
Ans: 5√6 m ℎ = 10𝑚
𝑟 = 16.392𝑚
Radius of the dome = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟑𝟗𝒎 Height of the electronic pole = 𝟏𝟎𝒎.
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152 Way to Success  - 10 th

Maths

Creative Question
1. A 1.2 m tall girls spots a balloon moving with the wind in a horizontal line at a height of 88.2 m
from the ground. The angle of elevation of the balloon from the eyes of the girl at an instant is
𝟔𝟎° . After some time the angle of elevation reduces to 𝟑𝟎° . find the distance travelled by the
balloon during the interval.
𝐴𝐸 PTA-2
In ∆𝐴𝐶𝐸, = tan 60°
𝐶𝐸
88.2−1.2
= √3
𝐶𝐸
𝐶𝐸 = 29√3
𝐵𝐺
In ∆𝐵𝐶𝐷, = tan 30°
𝐶𝐺
88.2−1.2 1
=
𝐶𝐺 √3

n
𝐶𝐺 = 87√3𝑚

l.i
Balloon traveled distance = 𝐸𝐺 = 𝐺𝐶 − 𝐸𝐶
= 57√3 − 22√3
= 58√3𝑚

da
Exercise 6.3
ka
Practice these book example problems : 6.26 to 6.30

1. From the top of a rock 𝟓𝟎√𝟑𝒎 2. The horizontal distance between two buildings is 70 m. The
vi
high, the angle of depression of a angle of depression of the top of the first building when seen
car on the ground is observed to be from the top of the second building is 45°. If the height of the
second building is 120 m, find the height of the first building.
al

𝟑𝟎° . Find the distance of the car

from the rock. 𝐴 = First Building = ℎ
PTA-6
𝐶𝐷 = Second Building
.k

= 120𝑚
𝐵𝐷 = 𝐴𝐸 = 70𝑚
w

(Distance between two

buildings)
w

In right angle ∆ 𝐴𝐸𝐶

𝜃 = 45°
w

𝐴𝐵 = Height of the rock = 50√3 𝐶𝐸 Try Your Self…

tan 45° = =1
𝐴𝐸 6. A vertical wall and a tower are on
Angle of depression = 30° 𝑥
=1 the ground. As seen from the top of
In right angle ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐴𝐸 the tower , the angles of depression
𝑥
𝐴𝐵 1 = 1 of the top and bottom of the wall are
tan 30° = 𝐵𝐶 = 70
√3 45° and 60° respectively . Find the
𝑥 = 70
50√3 1 height of the wall if the height of the
= 𝐴𝐵 = ℎ,
𝐵𝐶 √3 tower is 90 m. ( 3√3 = 1.732)
𝐵𝐶 = 50√3 × √3 = 50 × 3 𝐸𝐷 = 120 − 𝑥, Ans: 38.04 m
= 150𝑚 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐸𝐷
The distance of the car from rock ∴ ℎ = 120 − 𝑥 = 120 − 70 = 50𝑚
= 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝒎 Height of the first building = 𝟓𝟎𝒎
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Chapter 6 - Trigonometry 153

3. From the top of the tower 60m high the angles of depression of the top and bottom of a vertical
lamp post are observed to be 𝟑𝟖° and 𝟔𝟎° respectively. Find the height of the lamp post.
(𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟑𝟖° = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟏𝟑, √𝟑 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟐) SEP-20

n
l.i
da
𝐴𝐵 = Tower = 60𝑚 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐷𝐸

𝐶𝐷 = lamp post = ℎ ∴ 𝐷𝐸 = 20√3 ……………. (2)

ka
𝐴𝐸 = 𝑥 From (1) & (2)
𝐶𝐷 = 𝐵𝐸 = 60 − 𝑥 = ℎ 𝑥
𝐷𝐸 ⇒ 0.7813 = 20√3
vi
In right angle ∆ 𝐴𝐸𝐶
𝑥 = 20√3 × 0.7813
al

° 𝐴𝐸
tan 38 = 𝐷𝐸 = 0.7813
𝑥 = 20 × 1.732 × 0.7813
.k

𝑥
𝐷𝐸 = …………………… (1)
0.7813 𝑥 = 27.064𝑚
w

In right angle ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 Height of the lamp post

𝜃 = 60°
w

ℎ = 60 − 𝑥
𝐴𝐵
tan 60° = = √3 = 60 − 27.064
w

𝐵𝐶

60
= √3 𝒉 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟗𝟑𝒎
𝐵𝐶

60 Try Your Self…

𝐵𝐶 =
√3
7. A girl standing on a lighthouse built on a cliff near the
60 √3 seashore, observes two boats due East of the
𝐵𝐶 = ×
√3 √3 lighthouse. The angles of depression of the two boats
are 30° and 60° . The distance between the boats is
60√3
= 3 300 m. Find the distance of the top of the lighthouse
from the sea level.
𝐵𝐶 = 20√3 Ans: 150√3 m

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154 Way to Success  - 10 th

Maths

4. An aeroplane at an altitude of 1800m finds that two boats are sailing towards it in the same
direction. The angles of depression of the boats as observed from the aeroplane are 𝟔𝟎° and 𝟑𝟎°
respectively. Find the distance between the two boats. (√𝟑 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟐)
𝐴𝐵 = Height of the 𝐴𝐵 1
tan 30° = 𝐵𝐷 =
√3
aeroplane
1800 1
from earth =
𝑥+𝑦 √3
= 1800𝑚
𝐶 = Boat 1 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1800√3………………. (2)
𝐷 = Boat 2 Substitute (1) in (2)
𝐶𝐷 = Distance
between the two boats 𝑥 + 600√3 = 1800√3
In right angle ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶
𝑥 = 1800√3 − 600√3

n
𝜃 = 60°
𝑥 = 1200√3

l.i
𝐴𝐵 1800
tan 60° = ⇒ √3 =
𝐵𝐶 𝑦
1800
= √3 𝑥 = 1200 × 1.732

da
𝑦
1800 √3 1800√3 𝑥 = 2078.4𝑚
𝑦= × =
√3 √3 3
Distance between the two boats
𝑦 = 600√3𝑚……………. (1)
ka
In right angle ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐷, 𝜃 = 30° = 𝟐𝟎𝟕𝟖. 𝟒𝒎
5. From the top of a lighthouse, the angle of depression of two ships on the opposite sides of it are
vi
observed to be 𝟑𝟎° and 𝟔𝟎° . If the height of the lighthouse is 𝒉 meters and the line joining the ships
𝟒𝒉
𝒎.
al

passes through the foot of the lighthouse, show that the distance between the ships is
√𝟑
In right angle ∆ 𝐵𝐷𝐶
.k

𝜃 = 60°
𝐶𝐷
tan 60° = 𝐵𝐷 = √3
w

ℎ
= √3
𝑦
w

ℎ
𝑦= ……………… (2)
√3
w

𝐴 → Ship 1, 𝐵 →Ship 2 The distance between the two ships (1) + (2)
ℎ 3ℎ+ℎ
𝐶𝐷 = Height of the Light house = ℎ m 𝑥 + 𝑦 = √3ℎ + =
√3 √3
4ℎ
Let 𝐴𝐷 = 𝑥 𝐴𝐵 = m
√3
𝐵𝐷 = 𝑦 Hence proved.
In right angle ∆ 𝐴𝐷𝐶
Try Your Self…
𝜃 = 30° 8. Two crows 𝐴 and 𝐵 are sitting at a height of 15m and 10m in two
𝐶𝐷 1
tan 30° = 𝐴𝐷 = different trees vertically opposite to each other. They view a vadai (an
√3 eatable) on the ground at an angle of depression 45° and 60°
ℎ 1
= 3 respectively. They start at the same time and fly at the same speed along
𝑥 √ the shortest path to pick up the vadai. Which bird will succeed in it?
𝑥 = √3ℎ …………… (1) Ans: Crow 𝐵
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Chapter 6 - Trigonometry 155

6. A lift in a building of height 90 feet with transparent glass walls is descending from the top of the
building. At the top of the building, the angle of depression to a fountain in the garden is 𝟔𝟎° .
Two minutes later, the angle of depression reduces to 𝟑𝟎° . If the fountain is 𝟑𝟎√𝟑 feet from the
entrance of the lift, find the speed of the lift which is descending.
𝐷𝐵 1
tan 30° = =
𝐵𝐶 √3
90−𝑥 1
=
30√3 √3
30√3
90 − 𝑥 =
√3
90 − 𝑥 = 30
𝑥 = 60 feet
𝐴𝐵 = Lift = 90 feet 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

n
Speed =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝐶 =Fountain

l.i
Distance = 60 feet
𝐵𝐶 = 30√3 feet
𝐴𝐷 = 𝑥 ∴ Time = 2 minutes

da
60 feet
(The distance travelled by lift in two minutes) Speed = 2 minutes = 30
In right angle ∆ 𝐷𝐵𝐶,
Speed = 30 feet/minutes
𝜃 = 30°
ka
Exercise 6.4
vi
Practice these book example problems : 6.31 to 6.33
al

1. From the top of a tree of height 13m the angle of elevation and depression of the top and bottom
of another tree are 𝟒𝟓° and 𝟑𝟎° respectively. Find the height of the second tree.
.k

(√𝟑 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟐)
In right angle ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶
w

𝜃 = 30°
w

𝐴𝐵 1
tan 30° = 𝐵𝐶 =
√3
13 1
w

=
𝑦 √3

𝑦 = 13√3
= 13 × 1.732
𝐴𝐵 =Tree 1 = 13𝑚
𝑦 = 22.516
𝐶𝐷 = Tree 2 = 13 + 𝑥
𝐷𝐸 = 𝑥 𝑥=𝑦
𝐴𝐸 = 𝐵𝐶 = 𝑦 ∴ 𝑥 = 22.516
In right angle ∆ 𝐴𝐸𝐷, 𝜃 = 45° Height of the second tree = 𝑥 + 13
𝐷𝐸
tan 45° = 𝐴𝐸 = 1 = 22.516 + 13
𝑥
𝑦
=1 = 35.516𝑚
𝑥=𝑦 𝒉 = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟓𝟐𝒎
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156 Way to Success  - 10 th

Maths

2. A man is standing on the desk of a ship, which is 40m above water level. He observes the angle
of elevation of the top of a hill as 𝟔𝟎° and the angle of depression of the base of the hill as 𝟑𝟎° .
calculate the distance of the hill form the ship and the height of the hill. (√𝟑 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟐)
In right angle ∆ 𝐴𝐸𝐷 Substitute (2) in (1)
𝜃 = 60° 𝑥 = 𝑦√3
𝐷𝐸 𝑥
tan 60° = 𝐴𝐸 = = √3 𝑥 = 40√3 × √3 = 40 × 3
𝑦
𝑥 = 120𝑚
𝑥 = 𝑦√3…………….. (1)
∴ Height of the hill = 𝑥 + 40
In right angle ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 120 + 40
°
𝜃 = 30 𝒉 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝒎
𝐴 → Deck of the ship, 𝐴𝐵 1
𝐵𝐶 → Water level tan 30° = 𝐵𝐶 = Distance of the hill from the

n
√3
𝐴𝐵 = 40𝑚, 𝐸𝐷 = 𝑥, 𝐵𝐶 = 𝑦 40 1 ship
=

l.i
𝑦 √3 𝑦 = 40√3 = 40 × 1.732
𝐶𝐷 = 𝑥 + 40
= Height of the hill 𝑦 = 40√3 ………. (2) = 𝟔𝟗. 𝟐𝟖𝒎

da
3. If the angle of elevation of a cloud from a point ‘𝒉’ metres above a lake is 𝜽𝟏 and the angle of
depression of its reflection in the lake is 𝜽𝟐 . prove that the height that the cloud is located from
𝒉(𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽𝟏+𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽𝟐 )
the ground is 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽𝟐 −𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽𝟏
.
ka
In right angle ∆ 𝐷𝐸𝐶 ′
𝐸𝐶 ′
vi
ℎ+𝑦
tan 𝜃2 = =
𝐷𝐸 𝐷𝐸
ℎ+𝑥+ℎ
tan 𝜃2 = [∵ 𝑦 = 𝑥 + ℎ]
al

𝐷𝐸
2ℎ+𝑥
𝐷𝐸 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 ……………… (2)
𝟐
.k

From (1) & (2)

𝑥 2ℎ+𝑥
=
w

tan 𝜃1 tan 𝜃2
𝑥 tan 𝜃2 = 2ℎ tan 𝜃1 + 𝑥 tan 𝜃1
w

𝑥 tan 𝜃2 − 𝑥 tan 𝜃1 = 2ℎ tan 𝜃1

𝐴𝐵 →Surface of the lake, 𝐶 → Cloud 𝑥 [tan 𝜃2 − tan 𝜃1 ] = 2ℎ tan 𝜃1
w

2ℎ tan 𝜃1
𝐶 ′ → Reflection of the cloud in the lake 𝑥 = tan 𝜃
2 −tan 𝜃1

Given The height that the cloud is located from the

ground = 𝑥 + ℎ
Let 𝐴𝐷 = ℎ , 𝐷𝐸 = 𝐴𝐵 2ℎ tan 𝜃1
= tan 𝜃 +ℎ
The height that the cloud is located from 2 −tan 𝜃1
2ℎ tan 𝜃1+ℎ tan 𝜃2−ℎ tan 𝜃1
the ground = ℎ + 𝑥 = tan 𝜃2 −tan 𝜃1
In right angle ∆ 𝐷𝐸𝐶 ℎ tan 𝜃1 +ℎ tan 𝜃2
=
𝑥 tan 𝜃2 −tan 𝜃1
tan 𝜃1 = 𝐷𝐸 ℎ[tan 𝜃1 +tan 𝜃2 ]
=
𝑥 tan 𝜃2 −tan 𝜃1
𝐷𝐸 = tan 𝜃 ……………….. (1)
1 Hence proved.
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Chapter 6 - Trigonometry 157

4. The angle of elevation of the top of a cell phone tower from the foot of a high apartment is 60°
and the angle of depression of the foot of the tower from the top of the apartment is 30°. If the
height of the apartment is 50 m, find the height of the cell phone tower. According to radiations
control norms, the minimum height of a cell phone tower should be 120 m. State if the height of
the above mentioned cell phone tower meets the radiation norms.
𝐴𝐵 → Cell phone tower, 𝐶𝐷 → Apartment From (1) & (2)
building 𝑥+50
50√3 = 3
√
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐸 + 𝐸𝐵
= (𝑥 + 50)𝑚 𝑥 + 50 = 50√3 × √3
𝐶𝐷 = 50𝑚 𝑥 + 50 = 50 × 3
In right angle 𝑥 + 50 = 150
∆ 𝐵𝐶𝐷 𝑥 = 150 − 50
𝜃 = 30° 𝑥 = 100m

n
𝐶𝐷 1 ∴ Height of the cell phone tower
tan 30° = = 3
𝐵𝐶 √ 𝑥 + 50 = 100 + 50

l.i
50 1
𝐵𝐶
= 3 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝐦
√
𝐵𝐶 = 50√3 ……………… (1) According to radiation control norms, the

da
minimum height of a cell phone tower
In right angle ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶
𝐴𝐵 should be 120m
tan 60° = = √3 Here, the height of the cell phone tower
𝐵𝐶
𝑥+50
𝐵𝐶
= √3 ⇒
ka is 150m
𝑥+50 Yes, the cell phone tower meets the
𝐵𝐶 = 3 ……………… (2) radiation norms.
√
vi
5. The angle of elevation and depression of the top and bottom of a lamp post from the top of a
66 m high apartment are 60° and 30° respectively. Find
al

(i) The height of the lamp post.

(ii) The difference between height of the lamp post and the apartment.
.k

(iii) The distance between the lamp post and the apartment. (√𝟑 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟐)
66 1
𝐵𝐶
= ⇒ 𝐵𝐶 = 66√3 …………………… (1)
√3
w

In right angle ∆ 𝐴𝐸𝐷

𝜃 = 60°
w

𝐴𝐸
tan 60° = 𝐸𝐷 = √3
w

𝑥
= √3
𝐵𝐶
𝑥 = √3 × 𝐵𝐶 = √3 × 66√3 = 66 × 3
𝐶𝐷 = Apartment = 66𝑚 𝑥 = 198𝑚
𝐴𝐵 = Lamp post (i) The height of the lamp post = 𝑥 + 66
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑥 + 66 = 198 + 66 = 𝟐𝟔𝟒𝒎
𝐵𝐶 = 𝐷𝐸 (ii) The difference between height of the lamp
In right angle ∆ 𝐵𝐶𝐷 post and the apartment = 264 − 66 = 𝟏𝟗𝟖𝒎
(iii) The distance between the lamp post and the
𝜃 = 30°
𝐶𝐷 1 𝐶𝐷 apartment = 𝐵𝐶 = 66√3 = 66 × 1.732
tan 30° = 𝐵𝐶 ⇒ = 𝐵𝐶
√3 = 𝟏𝟏𝟒. 𝟑𝟏𝒎
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158 Way to Success  - 10 th

Maths

6. Three villagers 𝑨, 𝑩 and 𝑪 can see each other using

telescope across a valley. The horizontal distance between
𝑨 and 𝑩 is 8 km and the horizontal distance between 𝑩 and
𝑪 is 12 km. The angle of depression of 𝑩 from 𝑨 is 20° and
the angle of elevation of 𝑪 from 𝑩 is 30°. Calculate:
(i) The vertical height between 𝑨 and 𝑩.
(ii) The vertical height between 𝑩 and 𝑪.
(𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝟎° = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟒𝟎, √𝟑 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟐)
In right angle ∆ 𝐴𝐷𝐵 12
𝑦 = 3× 3
√3
°
𝜃 = 20 √ √
° 𝐴𝐷 12√3
tan 20 = = 0.3640 = 3
𝐵𝐷
𝑥
= 0.3640 = 4√3 = 4 × 1.732
8
𝑥 = 0.3640 × 8 𝑦 = 6.928

n
𝑥 = 2.9120 Answers:

l.i
In right angle ∆ 𝐵𝐸𝐶 (i) The vertical height between 𝐴 and 𝐵
𝜃 = 30°
𝐸𝐶 1 𝑥 = 2.912 = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟏 km
tan 30° =

da
= (ii) The vertical height between 𝐵 and 𝐶
𝐵𝐸 √3
𝑦 1
= 𝑦 = 6.928 = 𝟔. 𝟗𝟑 km
12 √3 ka
Exercise 6.5
Multiple Choice Questions :
vi
10. If the ratio of the height of a tower and the length of its shadow is √3: 1, then the angle of
elevation of the sun has measure SEP-21, PTA-6
(D) 𝟔𝟎°
al

(A) 45° (B) 30° (C) 90°

opposite side √3
∵ opposite side: Adjacent side √3: 1 ⇒ =
Adjacent side 1
.k

tan 𝜃 = √3 ⇒ tan 60° = √3

∴ 𝜃 = 60°
w

11. The electric pole subtends an angle of 30° at a point on the same level as its foot. At a second
point ‘b’ metres above the first, the depression of the foot of the tower is 60° . The height of the
w

tower (in metres) is equal to

𝒃 𝑏 𝑏
(A) √3 𝑏 (B) (C) (D)
𝟑 2 √3
w

𝑏
⇒ 𝐵𝐶 = ……………….. (1)
√3
In right angle ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶
𝐴𝐵 1 𝑥+𝑏 1
tan 30° = 𝐵𝐶 = ⇒ =
√3 𝐵𝐶 √3
⇒ 𝐵𝐶 = √3 (𝑥 + 𝑏) ………………. (2)
𝐴𝐵 = Electric pole = 𝑏 + 𝑥 From (1) & (2)
First point 𝐶, second point 𝐷, 𝐷 is ‘b’ m 𝑏
above from 𝐶 = √3 (𝑥 + 𝑏) ⇒ 𝑏 = 3(𝑥 + 𝑏)
√3
In right angle ∆ 𝐵𝐶𝐷 2𝑏
⇒ 𝑏 = 3𝑥 + 3𝑏 ⇒ 3𝑥 = −2𝑏 ⇒ 𝑥 = − 3
𝐶𝐷
tan 60° = 𝐵𝐶 = √3 Height of the electric pole = 𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑏 2𝑏 −2𝑏+3𝑏 𝑏
⇒ 𝐵𝐶 = √3 = − +𝑏 = =3 3 3
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Chapter 6 - Trigonometry 159

12. A tower is 60 m height. Its shadow is 𝑥 metres shorter when the sun’s altitude is 45° than when
it has been 30°, then 𝑥 is equal to
(A) 41.92 m (B) 43.92 m (C) 43 m (D) 45.6 m

𝐴𝐵 60
tan 45° = 𝐵𝐶 = 1 ⇒

n
= 1 ⇒ 𝑦 = 60𝑚
𝑦
𝐴𝐵 1 60 1

l.i
tan 30° = 𝐵𝐷 = ⇒ =
√3 𝑥+𝑦 √3

⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 60√3 = 60 × 1.732

da
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 103.92
𝑥 + 60 = 103.92 ka
𝑥 = 103.92 − 60 = 43.92𝑚
13. The angle of depression of the top and bottom of 20 m tall building from the top of a
vi
multistoried building are 30° and 60° respectively. The height of the multistoried building and
the distance between two buildings (in meters) is
al

(A) 20,10√3 (B) 30,5√3 (C) 20, 10 (D) 𝟑𝟎, 𝟏𝟎√𝟑

.k

𝑦+20
𝑥
= √3
w

𝑦+20
𝑥= …………… (2)
√3
w

From (1) & (2)

𝑦+20
𝑥 = √3𝑦 =
w

√3

3𝑦 = 𝑦 + 20
3𝑦 − 𝑦 = 20
In right angle ∆ 𝐴𝐸𝐷
2𝑦 = 20 ⇒ 𝑦 = 10
° 𝐴𝐸 1
tan 30 = 𝐸𝐷 = ∴ Height of the multistoried building
√3
𝑦 1
= ⇒ 𝑥 = √3𝑦…………… (1) 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑦 + 20 = 10 + 20 = 𝟑𝟎𝒎
𝑥 √3

In right angle ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 Distance between the two buildings

𝐴𝐵 𝑥 = 𝑦√3 = 𝟏𝟎√𝟑𝒎
tan 60° = 𝐵𝐶 = √3

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160 Way to Success  - 10 th

Maths

14. Two persons are standing ‘𝑥’ metres apart from each other and the height of the first person is
double that of the other. If from the middle point of the line joining their feet an observer finds
the angular elevations of their tops to be complementary, then the height of the shorter person
(in metres) is
𝒙 𝑥
(A) √2𝑥 (B) 𝟐√𝟐 (C) 2 (D) 2 𝑥
√
In right angle ∆ 𝐶𝐷𝑀
𝐶𝐷 𝑦 2𝑦
tan 𝜃 = 𝐷𝑀 = 𝑥/2 ⇒ tan 𝜃 = 𝑥 ….. (1)
In right angle ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝑀
𝐴𝐵
tan (90 − 𝜃 ) = 𝐵𝑀
2𝑦 4𝑦
cot 𝜃 = 𝑥/2 ⇒ cot 𝜃 = 𝑥
𝑥
∴ tan 𝜃 = 4𝑦……………. (2)

n
From (1) & (2), (1) = (2)

l.i
2𝑦 𝑥
𝐴𝐵 = Tall person = 2𝑦 = 4𝑦
𝑥
𝐶𝐷 = Short person = 𝑦 𝑥2
8𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑦 2 =

da
8
𝐵𝐷 = Distance between two person = 𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥
𝑀 = Mid point of 𝐵𝐷 𝑦 = √ 8 = √4×2 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2
√2
𝑥
∴ 𝐵𝑀 = 𝐷𝑀 =
𝑥
2
kaHeight of shorter person =
2√2
𝑚
15. The angle of elevation of a cloud from a point h metres above a lake is 𝛽. The angle of depression
of its reflection in the lake is 45°. The height of location of the cloud from the lake is
vi
𝒉(𝟏+𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜷) ℎ(1−tan 𝛽)
(A) 𝟏−𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜷 (B) 1+tan 𝛽 (C) ℎ tan (45° − β) (D) none of these
al

From (1) & (2)

𝑥
= 2ℎ + 𝑥
.k

tan 𝛽
𝑥
− 𝑥 = 2ℎ
tan 𝛽
w

𝑥 − 𝑥 tan 𝛽 = 2ℎ(tan 𝛽)
𝑥 (1 − tan 𝛽) = 2ℎ(tan 𝛽)
w

2ℎ(tan 𝛽)
𝑥= 1−tan 𝛽
w

𝐷𝐸 ′
The height of location of the cloud from the lake
tan 45° = =1
𝐶𝐷 𝐵𝐸 = 𝑥 + ℎ
𝑦+ℎ 2ℎ(tan 𝛽)
= 1 ⇒ 𝐶𝐷 = 𝑦 + ℎ = +ℎ
𝐶𝐷 1−tan 𝛽
𝐶𝐷 = 𝑥 + ℎ + ℎ 2ℎ tan 𝛽 +ℎ−ℎ tan 𝛽
=
𝐶𝐷 = 2ℎ + 𝑥…………. (1) 1−tan 𝛽
ℎ+ℎ tan 𝛽
𝐸𝐷
tan 𝛽 = 𝐶𝐷 = 𝐶𝐷
𝑥 = 1−tan 𝛽
𝑥 ℎ(1+tan 𝛽)
𝐶𝐷 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛽…………. (2) 𝐵𝐸 =
1−tan 𝛽

(Questions 1 – 9 are removed based on reduced syllabus 2021 - 2022)

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Chapter 6 - Trigonometry 161

Creative MCQ
1. The angle of elevation and depression are usually measured by a device called PTA-1
(A) Clinometer (B) Kaleidoscope (C) Periscope (D) Telescope

Unit Exercise 6

5. A bird is sitting on the top of a 80 m high tree. 6. An aeroplane is flying parallel to the
From a point on the ground, the angle of Earth’s surface at a speed of 175 m/sec
elevation of the bird is 𝟒𝟓° . The bird flies away and at a height of 600 m. The angle of
horizontally in such away that it remained at elevation of the aeroplane from a point on
a constant height from the ground. After 2 the Earth’s surface is 𝟑𝟕° at a given point.
After what period of time does the angle of

n
seconds, the angle of elevation of the bird
elevation increase to 𝟓𝟑° ?
from the same point is 𝟑𝟎° . Determine the (𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟓𝟑° = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟐𝟕𝟎, 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟑𝟕° = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝟑𝟔)

l.i
speed at which the bird 𝐴 → Aeroplane’s
flies. (√𝟑 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟐) position at

da
𝐶 → First position the angle
of the bird of elevation
𝐷 → After two
ka 37°
second, 𝐵 → Position of
position of aeroplane
at the 53°
vi
the bird
𝐴𝐷 = 600𝑚 = 𝐵𝐸
𝐵𝐶 = 80𝑚 = 𝐷𝐸
°
In right angle ∆ 𝐴𝐷𝐶 𝜃 = 37°
In right angle ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝜃 = 45
al

𝐴𝐷
𝐵𝐶 tan 37° = 𝑥+𝑦 = 0.7536
°
tan 45 = 𝐴𝐵 = 1
(𝑥 + 𝑦)0.7536 = 𝐴𝐷
.k

80
=1 (𝑥 + 𝑦)(0.7536) = 600𝑚 ……….. (1)
𝑥
𝑥 = 80 m In right angle ∆ 𝐵𝐸𝐶 𝜃 = 53°
w

𝐵𝐸
In right angle ∆ 𝐴𝐸𝐷 𝜃 = 30° tan 53° = 𝐶𝐸 = 1.3270
𝐷𝐸 1 600
tan 30° = = = 1.3270
w

𝐴𝐸 √3 𝑥
80 1 𝑥(1.3270) = 600
𝑥+𝑦
= 600
√3 𝑥 = 1.3270 = 452.15 ……………. (2)
w

𝑥 + 𝑦 = 80√3 (𝑥 + 𝑦)(0.7536) = 600………….. (1)

80 + 𝑦 = 80√3 Substitute (2) in (1)
𝑦 = 80√3 − 80 (452.15 + 𝑦)(0.7536) = 600
600
𝑦 = (80 × 1.732) − 80 452.15 + 𝑦 = 0.7536
= 138.56 − 80 452.15 + 𝑦 = 796.18
𝑦 = 58.56 𝑦 = 796.18 − 452.15
The bird crossed 58.56𝑚 in two seconds 𝑦 = 344.03
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 Distance 𝑦 = 344.03𝑚
∴ Speed of the bird =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 Speed = 175 𝑚/𝑠
58.56 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 344.03
= ∴ Time = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 175
2
= 𝟐𝟗. 𝟐𝟖𝒎/𝒔 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟕 seconds (approx.)
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162 Way to Success  - 10 th

Maths

7. A bird is flying from 𝑨 towards 𝑩 at an angle of 35°, a point 30 km away from 𝑨. At 𝑩 it changes
its course of flight and heads towards 𝑪 on a bearing of 𝟒𝟖° and distance 32 km away.
(i) How far is 𝑩 to the North of 𝑨?
(ii) How far is 𝑩 to the West of 𝑨?
(iii) How far is 𝑪 to the North of 𝑩?
(iv) How far is 𝑪 to the East of 𝑩?
(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟓𝟓° = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝟗𝟐, 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟓𝟓° = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟑𝟔, 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝟐° = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟗𝟏, 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝟐° = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟑𝟏)

(ii) Distance of B to the west of A = AF

In right angle ∆𝐵𝐹𝐴

n
𝜃 = 55° (90 − 35° )

l.i
𝐴𝐹
cos 55° = 𝐴𝐵 = 0.5736
𝐴𝐹

da
= 0.5736
30

ka 𝐴𝐹 = 0.5736 × 30
= 17.208
𝐴𝐹 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟐𝟏𝒌𝒎 (approx.)
vi
(iii) Distance of C to the North of B = GC
In right angle ∆𝐵𝐺𝐶
al

𝜃 = 42° (90° − 48° )

.k

𝐺𝐶
sin 42° =
𝐵𝐶
(i) Distance of 𝐵 to the North of 𝐴 = 𝐵𝐹
= 0.6691
w

In right angle ∆ 𝐵𝐹𝐴 𝐺𝐶

= 0.6691
32
w

°( °)
𝜃 = 55 90 − 35 𝐺𝐶 = 0.6691 × 32
w

𝐵𝐹
sin 55° = 𝐴𝐵 = 0.8192 𝑮𝑪 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟒𝟏𝒌𝒎 (approx.)
(iv) Distance of C to the East of B =EC
𝐵𝐹
= 0.8192
𝐴𝐵 In right angle ∆ 𝐵𝐸𝐶
𝐵𝐹 𝐸𝐶
= 0.8192 sin 48° = 𝐵𝐶
30
𝐸𝐶
𝐵𝐹 = 30 × 0.8192 cos 42° = 32 = 0.7431

= 24.576 𝐸𝐶 = 32 × 0.7431
= 23.779
𝑩𝑭 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟓𝟖𝒌𝒎 (approx.)
𝑬𝑪 = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟕𝟖𝒌𝒎 (approx.)

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Chapter 6 - Trigonometry 163

8. Two ships are sailing in the sea on either side 9. A building and a statue are in opposite
of the lighthouse. The angles of depression of side of a street from each other 35 m apart.
two ships as observed from the top of the From a point on the roof of building the
° °
lighthouse are 𝟔𝟎 and 𝟒𝟓 respectively. If the angle of elevation of the top of statue is
√𝟑+𝟏 34° and the angle of depression of top of
distance between the ships is 𝟐𝟎𝟎 ( )
√𝟑 the statue is 𝟑𝟒° . Find the height of the
metres, find the height of the lighthouse. statue. (𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝟒° = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟓𝟐, 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟑𝟒° = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝟒𝟓)

PTA-4

n
𝐴𝐵 = Light House
𝐶, 𝐷 → Ships

l.i
𝐴𝐵 = Building = 𝑦
√3+1
𝐶𝐷 = 200 [ ] =𝑥+𝑦 𝐶𝐸 = State = 𝑥 + 𝑦
√3

da
Height of the light house = ℎ 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐷 = 35𝑚
In right angle ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐷 (Distance between statue and the
building= 𝐵𝐶)
𝜃 = 45°
𝐴𝐵
ka In right angle ∆ 𝐴𝐷𝐸
tan 45° = 𝐵𝐷 = 1 𝐸𝐷
tan 24° = 𝐴𝐷 = 0.4452
ℎ
=1 ⇒ℎ=𝑦 𝑥
vi
𝑦 = 0.4452
35
°
In right angle ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝜃 = 60 𝑥 = 35 × 0.4452
al

𝐴𝐵
tan 60° = = √3 𝑥 = 15.582
𝐵𝐶
ℎ In right angle ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶,
= √3
.k

𝐴𝐵
𝑥
ℎ tan 34° = = 0.6745
𝐵𝐶
𝑥= 𝑦
√3 = 0.6745
w

√3+1 35
𝐶𝐷 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 200 [ 3 ] 𝑦 = 0.6745 × 35
√
w

ℎ
+ ℎ = 200 [
√3+1
] = 23.6075
√3 √3 Height of the statue
ℎ+√3ℎ √3+1
w

= 200 [ ] 𝐶𝐸 = 𝑥 + 𝑦
√3 √3
√3+1 √3+1 = 15.582 + 23.608
ℎ[ ] = 200 [ ] = 39.189
√3 √3
ℎ = 200𝑚 𝐶𝐸 = 39.19𝑚
Height of the light house = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒎 Height of the statue = 𝟑𝟗. 𝟏𝟗𝒎

(Questions 1 – 4 are removed based on reduced syllabus 2021 – 2022)

Important Example Questions:

2 Marks: Example 6.19 (PTA-1), Eg.6.26 (PTA-3)
5 Marks: Example 6.29 (PTA-1), Eg.6.21(SEP-21, PTA-5), 6.18 (MDL)

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164 Way to Success  - 10 th

Maths

7. Mensuration
Exercise 7.1

Practice these book example problems : 7.1 to 7.14

1. The radius and height of a cylinder in the ratio 3. The external radius and the length of a
5:7 and its curved surface area is 𝟓𝟓𝟎𝟎𝐬𝐪. 𝐜𝐦 hollow wooden log are 16cm and 13cm
Find its radius and height. respectively. If its thickness is 4cm then find
Radius 𝑟 5 5ℎ its T.S.A.
= ℎ = 7 ⇒ 𝑟 = 7 ……………..(1)
Height
Given:
CSA of the cylinder = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ =5500
External Radius (R)

n
22 5ℎ
2 × × 7 × ℎ = 5500 =16cm.
7

l.i
Internal Radius (r)
= 16 − 4 =12cm

da
[∵width=4cm]
= 5×5×7×7 kaLength (Height) = 13cm.
ℎ = 35cm TSA of hollow cylinder
5(35) = 2𝜋(𝑅 + 𝑟)(𝑅 − 𝑟 + ℎ)
Substitute ℎ = 35 in (1), 𝑟 = 7 = 25cm. 22
= 2 × 7 × (16 + 12)(16 − 12 + 13)
vi
𝒓 = 𝟐𝟓 cm, 𝒉 = 𝟑𝟓cm
22
2. A solid iron cylinder had total surface of = 2 × 7 × 28 × 17 = 𝟐𝟗𝟗𝟐 sq.cm
al

1848 sq.m. Its curved surface area is five- 4. A right angled triangle 𝑷𝑸𝑹 where
sixth of its total surface. Find the radius and ∠𝑸 = 𝟗𝟎° is rotated about 𝑸𝑹 and 𝑷𝑸. If
height of the iron cylinder.
.k

𝑸𝑹 = 𝟏𝟔𝒄𝒎 and 𝑷𝑹 = 𝟐𝟎𝒄𝒎, compare

5 5
CSA of cylinder = 6 TSA ⇒ CSA = 6 × 1848 the curved surface areas of the right circular
w

⇒ CSA = 1540𝑚2 ……………..(1) cones so formed by the triangle.

According to Pythagoras theorem,
In cylinder, TSA − CSA = 2𝜋𝑟 2
𝑃𝑄 = √202 − 162
w

2𝜋𝑟 2 = 1848 − 1540

22 = √400 − 256
2× × 𝑟 2 = 308
w

7 = √144
𝑃𝑄 = 12cm.
CSA of cone = 𝜋𝑟𝑙
𝑟2 = 7 × 7 (1) CSA (Rotated about QR)
𝑟 = 7 m. = 𝜋 × 12 × 20 = 240𝜋𝑐𝑚2 ………..(1)
(2) CSA (Rotated about PQ)
From (1), CSA =1540
= 𝜋 × 16 × 20 = 320𝜋𝑐𝑚2 …………(2)
2𝜋𝑟ℎ = 1540
22
(2) > (1) ⇒
∴2× × 7 × ℎ = 1540 CSA (Rotated about PQ)
7
1540×7 > CSA (Rotated about QR)
ℎ = 2×22×7 = 35𝑚.
CSA of the cone when rotated about
∴ 𝒓 = 𝟕𝒎, 𝒉 = 𝟑𝟓𝒎 ‘PQ’ is larger than ‘QR’.
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Chapter 7 - Mensuration 165

5. 4 persons live in a conical tent whose slant 6. A girl wishes to prepare birthday caps in the
height is 19m. If each person require 𝟐𝟐𝒎𝟐 of form of right circular cones for her birthday
the floor area, then find the height of the tent. party, using a sheet of paper whose area is
Required base area of cone = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 22 × 4 𝟓𝟕𝟐𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟐 , how many caps can be made
22 with radius 5cm and height 12cm.
7
× 𝑟 2 = 88
𝑟 = 5 cm, ℎ = 12 cm
2 7
𝑟 = 88 × = 28 Slant Height 𝑙 = √ℎ2 + 𝑟 2
22
𝑟 = √28 = √4 × 7 = √122 + 52
= 2√7 m. = √144 + 25
Height of the tent ℎ = √𝑙 2 − 𝑟 2 = √169 = 13 cm
2 Number of caps

n
= √192 − (2√7)
Area of paper sheet
= area of one cap (CSA of cone 𝜋𝑟𝑙)

l.i
= √361 − 28
5720×7
= √333 = 22×5×13 = 28

da
𝒉 ≅ 𝟏𝟖. 𝟐𝟓m. Number of caps can be made=28

7. The ratio of the radii of two right circular cones of same height is 1:3. Find the ratio of their
ka
curved surface area when the height of each cone is 3 times the radius of the smaller cone.
Smaller cone: Large cone: PTA-2
vi
𝑟1 → 𝑟 𝑟2 → 3𝑟
ℎ1 → 3𝑟 ℎ2 → 3𝑟
al

𝑙1 = √(3𝑟)2 + 𝑟 2 = √10𝑟 2 = 𝑟√10 𝑙2 = √(3𝑟)2 + (3𝑟)2 = √18𝑟 2 = √9 × 2(𝑟) = 3𝑟√2

.k

CSA of small cone : CSA of large cone

𝜋𝑟1 𝑙1 : 𝜋𝑟2 𝑙2 Try Your Self…
w

𝑟 × 𝑟√10 ∶ 3𝑟 × 3𝑟√2 1. If the ratio of the radii of two cylinder of

equal height is 1: 3, what is the ratio of their
w

√5 √2 ∶ 9√2 curved surface area?

Ans: 1: 3
√5: 9
w

Ratio of the CSA is √5: 9

8. The radius of a sphere increases by 𝟐𝟓% . Find the percentage increase in its surface area.
Surface area of sphere = 4𝜋𝑟 2
Original = SA (when r =100 units) = 4𝜋(100)2 = 10000 × 4𝜋 Sq.units.
New = SA (when r =125 units)
i.e. increased by25% = 4𝜋(125)2 = 15625 × 4𝜋 sq.units.
new SA 15625×4𝜋
Percentage change = [Original SA − 1 ] × 100 = [ − 1] × 100 = 56.25%
10000×4𝜋

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166 Way to Success  - 10 th

Maths

9. The internal and external diameter of a hollow hemispherical vessel are 20 cm and 28 cm
respectively. Find the cost to paint the vessel all over at D 0.14 per 𝒄𝒎𝟐.
𝑟 = 10 cm, 𝑅 = 14 cm
TSA of hemisphere = 𝜋(3𝑅2 + 𝑟 2 ) Where R- External radius, r- Internal radius
22
= (3(14)2 + 102 ) Try Your Self…
7
22 2. The internal and external diameters
= × (588 + 100) of a hollow hemispherical vessel are
7
22 24 𝑐𝑚 and 25 𝑐𝑚 respectively. Find
= × 688
7 the cost of painting the vessel all over,
TSA = 2162.16 𝑐𝑚2 at the rate of 10 paise per sq. cm
Required cost =2162.16×0.14 = D 302.72 Ans: C 192.578
10. The frustum shape outer portion of the table lamp has to be painted including
the top part. Find the total cost of painting the lamp if the cost of painting 1

n
sq.cm is D 2.

l.i
𝑟 = 6 cm, 𝑅 = 12 cm
Required Area = CSA of Frustum + top part circle area

da
= 𝜋(𝑅 + 𝑟)𝑙 + 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑙 = √ℎ2 + (𝑅 − 𝑟)2
= 𝜋(12 + 6)10 + 𝜋(6)2
= √82 + (12 − 6)2
= 180𝜋 + 36𝜋 = 216𝜋
= 216 ×
22
=
4752
ka = √64 + 36
7 7
≅ 678.86 𝑐𝑚2 = √100
vi
Required Cost = 678.86×2 =D1357.72 = 10cm
al

Creative Questions
1. If the base area of a hemispherical solid is 𝟏𝟑𝟖𝟔 sq. metres, then find its
.k

(i) Curved surface area (ii) Total surface area

Given that,
w

Base Area = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 1386𝑚2

(i) CSA of hemisphere = 2𝜋𝑟 2 (ii) TSA of hemisphere = 3𝜋𝑟 2
w

SEP-20
= 2 × 1386 = 3 × 1386
2
= 4158 𝑚2
w

= 2772 𝑚
2. If the slant height of the frustum cone is 10 cm and perimeters of its circular base are 18 cm and
28 cm respectively. What is the curved surface area of the frustum?
PTA-6
Slant height of the frustum 𝑙 = 10 𝑐𝑚
14
Circular base (top) = 2𝜋𝑅 = 28 𝑐𝑚 ⇒ 𝑅 = 𝜋 cm
Circular base (bottom)= 2𝜋𝑟 = 18 𝑐𝑚
9
𝑟 = 𝜋 𝑐𝑚
Curved surface area of the frustum = 𝜋(𝑅 + 𝑟)𝑙
14 9
= 𝜋 ( 𝜋 + 𝜋) × 10
23
= 𝜋 × 𝜋 × 10
= 230 cm2
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Chapter 7 - Mensuration 167

Exercise 7.2

Practice these book example problems : 7.15 to 7.23

1. A 𝟏𝟒 𝒎 deep well with inner diameter 𝟏𝟎 𝒎 is dug and the earth taken out is evenly spread all
around the well to form an embankment of width 𝟓 𝒎. Find the height of the embankment.
Volume of embankment = Volume of well
Volume of hollow cylinder = Volume of cylinder
𝜋(𝑅2 − 𝑟 2 )ℎ = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
𝜋 × (102 − 52 )ℎ = 𝜋 × 5 × 5 × 14
5×5×14
ℎ= 75

n
14 Try Your Self…
= 3. A well of diameter 2 𝑚 is dug 14 𝑚 deep. The earth taken
3

l.i
out of it is spread evenly all around it to form an
= 4.666….. embankment of height 40𝑐𝑚. find the width of the
Height of the embankment = 𝟒. 𝟔𝟕 𝒎 embankment. Ans: 5 𝑐𝑚

da
2. A cylindrical glass with diameter 𝟐𝟎 𝒄𝒎 has water to a height of 𝟗 𝒄𝒎. A small cylindrical metal
of radius 𝟓 𝒄𝒎 and height 𝟒 𝒄𝒎 is immersed it completely. Calculate the raise of the water in the
ka
glass? SEP-20
Volume of water raised in cylindrical glass
Try Your Self…
= Volume of cylindrical metal immersed
vi
4. A glass cylinder with
2
𝜋𝑅 𝐻 = 𝜋𝑟 ℎ 2 diameter 20 𝑐𝑚 has
water to a height of 9 𝑐𝑚.
al

𝜋 × 10 × 10 × ℎ = 𝜋 × 5 × 5 × 4 A metal cube of 8 𝑐𝑚
5×5×4 edge is immersed in it
ℎ= completely. Calculate the
.k

10×10
height by which water
=1 will rise in the cylinder.
The raise of the water in the glass = 𝟏 𝒄𝒎
w

Ans: 1.629 𝑐𝑚
3. If the circumference of a conical wooden piece is 𝟒𝟖𝟒 𝒄𝒎 then find its volume when its height
w

is 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝒄𝒎.
Base circumference of the cone (2𝜋𝑟) = 484
w

22
2× × 𝑟 = 484
7

𝑟 = 77 cm
1
Try Your Self…
2
Volume of cone = 3 𝜋𝑟 ℎ 5. The circumference of the base of a
1 22 cone is 44 𝑐𝑚 and its slant height
= × × 77 × 77 × 105 is 25 𝑐𝑚. Find the volume and
3 7
= 652190 𝑐𝑚3 curved surface of the cone
Volume of the conical wooden piece = 𝟔𝟓𝟐𝟏𝟗𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟑 Ans: CSA = 550 𝑐𝑚2 , 𝑉 = 1232 𝑐𝑚3

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168 Way to Success  - 10 th

Maths

4. A conical container is fully filled with petrol. The radius is 𝟏𝟎 𝒎 and the height is 𝟏𝟓 𝒎. If the
container can release the petrol through its bottom at the rate of 𝟐𝟓 cu. meter per minute, in how
many minutes the container will be emptied. Round off your answer to the nearest minute.
1
volume of conical container ( πr2 h)
Minutes = volume of petrol released per3minute
1 22
× ×10×10×15
3 7
=
25
1×22×10×10×15
= 3×7×25
440
= 7
= 62.8
Try Your Self…
≅ 𝟔𝟑 6. A Cylindrical container is fully filled with water. The diameter is

n
The container will be emptied in 14 𝑚 and the height is 10 𝑚. If the container can release the water
63 minutes (approx.) through its bottom at the rate of 22 cu. meter per minute, in how

l.i
many minutes the container will be emptied. Ans: 70 minutes

5. A right angled triangle whose sides are 𝟔 𝒄𝒎, 𝟖 𝒄𝒎 and 𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎 is revolved about the sides

da
containing the right angle in two ways. Find the difference in volumes of the two solids so formed.
1
Volume of cone = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
3
1
Volume of cone (revolved about 6 𝑐𝑚) = × 𝜋 × 8 × 8 × 6
3
ka (𝑟 = 8, ℎ = 6)
= 128𝜋 𝑐𝑚3 ……….. (1)
1
Volume of cone (revolved about 8 𝑐𝑚) = 3 × 𝜋 × 6 × 6 × 8 (𝑟 = 6, ℎ = 8)
vi
= 96 𝜋 ……….. (2)
al

Difference in volumes (1) – (2) = 128𝜋 − 96𝜋

= 32𝜋
.k

22
= 32 ×
7
704
=
w

7
≅ 100.571
Difference in the volumes of two solids = 𝟏𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟖 𝒄𝒎𝟑
w

6. The volumes of two cones of same base radius are 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟑 and 𝟓𝟎𝟒𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟑 . Find the ratio of
w

heights. PTA-4
1
Volume of cone = 3 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
Try Your Self…
Volume of cone 1 : Volume of cone 2 = 3600 ∶ 5040 7. The Ratio of Volumes of two cones
1 1
is 4: 5 and the Ratio of the Radii of
𝜋𝑟 2 × ℎ1 ∶ 𝜋𝑟 2 × ℎ2 = 180 ∶ 252 their Bases is 2: 3. Find The Ratio
3 3
of their Vertical Heights.
ℎ1 ∶ ℎ2 = 45 ∶ 63 Ans: 9: 5
ℎ1 ∶ ℎ2 = 5 ∶ 7
Ratio of the height 𝟓 ∶ 𝟕

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Chapter 7 - Mensuration 169

7. If the ratio of radii of two spheres is 𝟒 ∶ 𝟕, find 9. The outer and the inner surface areas of a
the ratio of their volumes spherical copper shell are 𝟓𝟕𝟔𝝅 𝐜𝐦𝟐 and
Given: 𝑟1 ∶ 𝑟2 = 4: 7 𝟑𝟐𝟒𝝅 𝐜𝐦𝟐 respectively. Find the volume
4 of the material required to make the shell.
Volume of sphere 1 𝜋𝑟 3 𝑟1 3
3 1
= 4 = ( ) Surface area of sphere = 4𝜋𝑟 2
Volume of sphere 2 𝜋𝑟23 𝑟2
3

4 3 Outer surface Area of sphere

= ( 7)
4𝜋𝑅2 = 576𝜋
64
= 343 𝑅2 =
576𝜋
4𝜋
Ratio of the volume = 𝟔𝟒 ∶ 𝟑𝟒𝟑 𝑅 = 12 𝑐𝑚
8. A solid sphere and a solid hemisphere have Inner surface Area of sphere
equal total surface area. Prove that the ratio of 4𝜋𝑟 2 = 324𝜋

n
their volume is 𝟑√𝟑 ∶ 𝟒. PTA-6 𝑟2 =
324𝜋

l.i
4𝜋
TSA of sphere = TSA of hemisphere
𝑟 = 9 𝑐𝑚
𝑟12 3 𝑟1 √3
4𝜋𝑟12 = 3𝜋𝑟22 ⇒ 𝑟2 = 4 ⇒ 𝑟 =

da
4
2 2 2 Volume of hollow sphere = 3 𝜋(𝑅3 − 𝑟 3 )
4
volume of sphere 𝜋𝑟13 4 22
= 32 = × × (123 − 93 )
volume of hemisphere 𝜋𝑟 3 3 7
3 2

𝑟 3
ka = ×
4 22
× (1728 − 729)
= 2 (𝑟1 ) 3 7
2
4 22
3 =3× × 999
vi
√3 7
= 2( 2 )
29304
2×3√3
= 7
al

= 8
= 4186.285
3√3
=
.k

4 Volume of the material required

∴ Ratio of the volume 𝟑√𝟑 ∶ 𝟒 ≅ 𝟒𝟏𝟖𝟔. 𝟐𝟗 𝐜𝐦𝟑
w

10. A container open at the top is in the form of a frustum of a cone of height 𝟏𝟔 𝒄𝒎 with radii of its
lower and upper ends are 𝟖 𝒄𝒎 and 𝟐𝟎 𝒄𝒎 respectively. Find the cost of milk which can
w

completely fill a container at the rate of C 𝟒𝟎 per litre.

1
Volume of frustum = 3 𝜋ℎ(𝑅2 + 𝑟 2 + 𝑅𝑟)
w

1 22
= × × 16(202 + 82 + (20 × 8))
3 7
1 22
=3× × 16 × 624
7
73216
= 7
= 10459.4 𝑐𝑚3
Volume of frustum = 10.4594 litres [∴ 1000 𝑐𝑚3 = 1 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒]
Required cost = 10.4594 × 40
= C 418.376
Cost of the milk which can completely fill the container ≅ C 𝟒𝟏𝟖. 𝟑𝟖
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170 Way to Success  - 10 th

Maths

Creative Questions

1. The heights of two right circular cones are in the ratio 𝟏: 𝟐 and the perimeters of their bases are
in the ratio 𝟑: 𝟒. Find the ratio of their volumes. SEP-21
Let ℎ1 and ℎ2 be the heights and 𝑟1 and 𝑟2 be the radii of the two cones respectively.
ℎ1 1
Ratio of their heights = ℎ1 : ℎ2 = 1: 2 ⇒ =
ℎ2 2
𝑟 3
Ratio of perimeters ⇒ 2𝜋𝑟1 : 2𝜋𝑟2 = 3: 4 ⇒ 𝑟1 = 4
2
1 1
Volume of first cone : Volume of Second cone = 𝜋𝑟12 ℎ1 : 3 𝜋𝑟22 ℎ2
3
𝑟2ℎ 𝑟 2 ℎ
= 𝑟12 ℎ 1 = (𝑟1 ) (ℎ1 )

n
2 2 2 2

3 2 1
=( ) ( )

l.i
4 2
9 1 9
= 16 × 2 = 32

da
2. Find the volume of the iron used to make a hollow cylinder of height 9 cm and whose internal
and external radii are 3 cm and 5 cm respectively. ka SEP-20
Let 𝑟, 𝑅 and ℎ be the internal radius, external radius and height of the hollow cylinder respectively.
Given 𝑟 = 3𝑚, 𝑅 = 5 𝑐𝑚, ℎ = 9 𝑐𝑚
Volume of hollow cylinder = 𝜋(𝑅2 − 𝑟 2 )ℎ cu. Units
vi
22
= (52 − 32 ) × 9
7
al

22
= (25 − 9) × 9
7
.k

22
= × 16 × 9
7
= 452.57 𝑐𝑚2
w

3. A well of diameter 3m is dug 14m deep. The earth, taken out of it has been spread evenly all
w

around it in the shape of a circular ring of width 4m to form an embankment. Find the height of
the embankment. PTA-5
Well Embankment
w

Volume of embankment = Volume of well 𝐷 = 3m

3
𝑟 = 2 = 1.5m
Volume of hollow cylinder = Volume of cylinder 𝑟 = 3 = 1.5m 𝑅 = 3 + 4 = 11 = 5.5m
2 2 2
𝜋(𝑅2 − 𝑟 2 )ℎ = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ ℎ = 14 m
𝜋 × (5.52 − 1.52 )ℎ = 𝜋 × 1.5 × 1.5 × 14
(5.5 + 1.5)(5.5 − 1.5)ℎ = 1.5 × 1.5 × 14
7 × 4 × ℎ = 31.50
28 × ℎ = 31.50
31.50
ℎ= = 1.125
28
∴ Height of the embankment = 1.125 𝑚
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Chapter 7 - Mensuration 171

Exercise 7.3

Practice these book example problems : 7.24 to 7.28

1. A vessel is in the form of a hemispherical bowl mounted by a hollow cylinder. The diameter is
𝟏𝟒 𝒄𝒎 and the height of the vessel is 𝟏𝟑 𝒄𝒎. Find the capacity of the vessel.
Capacity of the vessel (V) = Volume of cylinder + Volume of hemisphere
2
= 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ + 3 𝜋𝑟 3
Try Your Self…
2𝑟 8. A solid is in the shape of a cylinder
= 𝜋𝑟 2 [ℎ + ]
3 surmounted on a hemisphere. If the
22 2(7) diameter and the total height of the
= 7
× 7 × 7 [6 + ] solid are 21 𝑐𝑚, 25.5 𝑐𝑚
3

n
32 respectively, then find its volume
= 22 × 7 × 3
Ans: 7623 𝑐𝑚3

l.i
4928
V= 3
= 1642.66……
Capacity of the vessel≅ 𝟏𝟔𝟒𝟐. 𝟔𝟕 𝒄𝒎𝟑

da
2. Nathan, an engineering student was asked to make a model shaped like a cylinder with two cones
attached at its two ends. The diameter of the model is 𝟑 𝐜𝐦 and its length is 𝟏𝟐 𝐜𝐦. If each cone
ka
has a height of 𝟐 𝒄𝒎, find the volume of the model that Nathan made.
Volume of the model = Volume of cylinder + Volume of cone × 2
vi
1
= 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ1 + 3 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ2 × 2 Try Your Self…
9. A toy is in the shape of a right circular cylinder
2
= 𝜋𝑟 2 [ℎ1 + 3 ℎ2 ]
al

with a hemisphere on one end and a cone on the

other. The radius and height of the cylindrical part
22 3 3 2 are 5 cm and 13 cm respectively. The radii of the
= × 2 × 2 × [8 + 3 (2)]
.k

7 hemispherical and conical parts are the same as

22 3 3 28 that of the cylindrical part. Find the surface area of
= × × × the toy if the total height of the toy is 30 𝑐𝑚.
7 2 2 3
w

Ans: 770 𝑐𝑚2

Volume of the model = 𝟔𝟔 𝒄𝒎𝟑
w

3. From a solid cylinder whose height is 𝟐. 𝟒 𝐜𝐦 and the diameter 𝟏. 𝟒 𝐜𝐦, a cone of the same height and
same diameter is carved out. Find the volume of the remaining solid to the nearest 𝐜𝐦𝟑 .
w

Volume of remaining solid = Volume of cylinder – Volume of cone

= 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ − 3 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
1 Try Your Self…
10. From a solid cylinder
2 of height 30 𝑐𝑚 and
= 3 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
radius 7 𝑐𝑚 a conical
2 22 7 7 24 cavity of height 24 𝑐𝑚
=3× × 10 × 10 × 10
7 and base radius 7 𝑐𝑚
2464 is drilled out. Find
= 1000 diameter = 1.4cm
7 Volume of the
radius r= 0.7 = cm
= 2.464 𝑐𝑚3 10 remaining solid.
24
Volume of the remaining solid height h = 10 cm Ans: 3388 𝑐𝑚3
= 𝟐. 𝟒𝟔𝒄𝒎𝟑
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172 Way to Success  - 10 th

Maths

4. A solid consisting of a right circular cone of height 𝟏𝟐 𝒄𝒎 and radius 𝟔 𝒄𝒎 standing on a

hemisphere of radius 𝟔 𝒄𝒎 is placed upright in a right circular cylinder full of water such that it
touches the bottom. Find the volume of the water displaced out of the cylinder, if the radius of
the cylinder is 𝟔 𝒄𝒎 and height is 𝟏𝟖 𝒄𝒎.
Volume of water displaced = Volume of solid placed
1 2
= 3 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ + 3 𝜋𝑟 3 (Volume of cone + Volume of hemisphere)
1
= 3 𝜋𝑟 2 (ℎ + 2𝑟)
1 22
=3× × 6 × 6 × (12 + 2(6))
7
44×6
= × 24
7
6336
= 7
Volume of the water displaced = 𝟗𝟎𝟓. 𝟏𝟒 𝒄𝒎𝟑

n
5. A capsule is in the shape of a cylinder with two hemisphere stuck to each of its ends. If the length

l.i
of the entire capsule is 𝟏𝟐 𝒎𝒎 and the diameter of the capsule is 𝟑 𝒎𝒎, how much medicine it
can hold?

da
Volume of capsule = Volume of cylinder +( 2 ×Volume of hemisphere)
2
= 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ + (2 × 3 𝜋𝑟 3 )
ℎ = 12 − 3
4𝑟
= 𝜋𝑟 2 (ℎ + 3
)
ka =9
3
22 3 3 4 3 𝑟=
= × 2 × 2 × [9 + 3 (2)] 2
7
vi
22 3 3
= × × × 11
7 2 2
2178 1089
= =
al

28 14
1089
Volume of capsule = ≅ 77.785
14
.k

A capsule can hold 𝟕𝟕. 𝟕𝟖 𝒎𝒎𝟑 medicine.

6. As shown in figure a cubical block of side 𝟕 𝒄𝒎 is surmounted by a hemisphere. Find the surface
w

area of the solid.

Surface Area of the solid
w

= TSA of cube – Area of base of hemisphere + CSA of hemisphere

= 6𝑎2 − 𝜋𝑟 2 + 2𝜋𝑟 2
w

= 6𝑎2 + 𝜋𝑟 2
𝑎2
= 6𝑎2 + 𝜋 ( )
4
𝜋
= 𝑎2 (6 + 4 )
𝑎2
= (24 + 𝜋)
4
𝑎2 22
= (24 + )
4 7
𝑎2 190
= ( )
4 7
95𝑎2 95(7)2 95×49
= = = = 332.5 cm2
14 14 14
Surface Area of the solid = 𝟑𝟑𝟐. 𝟓 𝐜𝐦𝟐
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Chapter 7 - Mensuration 173

7. A right circular cylinder just enclose a sphere of radius 𝒓 units. Calculate

(i) the surface area of the sphere (ii) the curved surface area of the cylinder
(iii) the ratio of the areas obtained in (i) and (ii).
(i) Surface Area of sphere = 4𝜋𝑟 2 sq.units
(ii) CSA of cylinder = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ = 2𝜋𝑟(2𝑟)
= 𝟒𝝅𝒓𝟐 sq.units
4𝜋𝑟 2
(iii) Ratio of (i) and (ii) = 4𝜋𝑟 2
1
= 1 = 𝟏: 𝟏

(Exercise 7.4 is removed based on reduced syllabus 2021 - 2022)

n
Exercise 7.5

l.i
Multiple Choice Questions:
1. The curved surface area of a right circular cone of height 15 𝑐𝑚 and base diameter 16 𝑐𝑚 is

da
(A) 60𝜋 𝑐𝑚2 (B) 68𝜋 𝑐𝑚2 (C) 120𝜋 𝑐𝑚2 (D) 𝟏𝟑𝟔𝝅 𝒄𝒎𝟐
CSA of cone = 𝜋𝑟𝑙 (∵ 𝑙 = √ℎ2 + 𝑟 2 = √225 + 64 = √289 = 17)
= 𝜋 × 8 × 17 = 136𝜋 𝑐𝑚2
ka
2. If two solid hemispheres of same base radius 𝑟 units are joined together along their bases, then
curved surface area of this new solid is
vi
(A) 𝟒𝝅𝒓𝟐 sq. units (B) 6𝜋𝑟 2 sq. units (C) 3𝜋𝑟 2 sq. units (D) 8𝜋𝑟 2 sq. units
Join two hemispheres = Sphere ⇒ ∴ CSA of new solid is 4𝜋𝑟 2
al

3. The height of a right circular cone whose radius is 5 𝑐𝑚 and slant height is 13 𝑐𝑚 will be
(A) 𝟏𝟐 𝒄𝒎 (B) 10 𝑐𝑚 (C) 13 𝑐𝑚 (D) 5 𝑐𝑚
.k

SEP-21
ℎ = √𝑙 2 − 𝑟 2 = √132 − 52
w

= √169 − 25 = √144 = 12 cm
4. If the radius of the base of a right circular cylinder is halved keeping the same height, then the
w

ratio of the volume of the cylinder thus obtained to the volume of original cylinder is
(A) 1 ∶ 2 (B) 𝟏 ∶ 𝟒 (C) 1 ∶ 6 (D) 1 ∶ 8
w

𝑟 2
Volume of new cylinder 𝜋( ) ℎ
2
= 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
volume of original cylinder
𝑟2 1
= 4×𝑟2 = 4 = 1: 4
1
5. The total surface area of a cylinder whose radius is 3 of its height is PTA-1
9𝜋ℎ2 𝟖𝝅𝒉𝟐 56𝜋ℎ2
(A) sq. units (B) 24𝜋ℎ2 sq. units (C) sq. units (D) sq. units
8 𝟗 9
TSA of cylinder = 2𝜋𝑟(ℎ + 𝑟)
ℎ ℎ
= 2𝜋 3 (ℎ + 3 )
ℎ 4ℎ 8𝜋ℎ2
= 2𝜋 × 3 × = sq.units
3 9
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174 Way to Success  - 10 th

Maths

6. In a hollow cylinder, the sum of the external and internal radii is 14 𝑐𝑚 and the width is 4 𝑐𝑚.
If its height is 20 𝑐𝑚, the volume of the material in it is PTA-4
(A) 5600𝜋 𝑐𝑚3 (B) 𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟎𝝅 𝒄𝒎𝟑 (C) 56𝜋 𝑐𝑚3 (D) 3600𝜋 𝑐𝑚3
Volume of hollow cylinder = 𝜋ℎ (𝑅2 − 𝑟 2 )
= 𝜋ℎ(𝑅 + 𝑟) (𝑅 − 𝑟)
= 𝜋 × 20 × 14 × 4
= 1120 𝜋 𝑐𝑚3
7. If the radius of the base of a cone is tripled and the height is doubled then the volume is
(A) made 6 times (B) made 𝟏𝟖 times (C) made 12 times (D) unchanged
1
Volume of new cone ×𝜋×(3𝑟)2 ×2ℎ 9𝑟 2 ×2
3
= 1 = = 18
volume of original cone 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ 𝑟2
3
8. The total surface area of a hemi-sphere is how many times the square of its radius ?
(A) 𝜋 (B) 4𝜋 (C) 𝟑𝝅 (D) 2𝜋

n
SEP-21,PTA-3
2
TSA of hemisphere = 3𝜋𝑟

l.i
i.e, 3𝜋 (𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠)2 = 3𝜋 times 𝑟 2
9. A solid sphere of radius 𝑥 cm is melted and cast into a shape of a solid cone of same radius.

da
The height of the cone is
(A) 3𝑥 𝑐𝑚 (B) 𝑥 𝑐𝑚 (C) 𝟒𝒙 𝒄𝒎 (D) 2𝑥 𝑐𝑚
Volume of cone = Volume of sphere 1 4
3
× 𝜋 × 𝑥 × ℎ = 3 × 𝜋 × 𝑥3
2 ka
1 4
𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = 𝜋𝑟 3 ℎ=
4𝑥 3
= 4𝑥 cm
3 3
𝑥2
10. A frustum of a right circular cone is of height 16 𝑐𝑚 with radii of its ends as 8 𝑐𝑚 and 20 𝑐𝑚.
vi
Then, the volume of the frustum is
(A) 𝟑𝟑𝟐𝟖𝝅 𝒄𝒎𝟑 (B) 3228𝜋 𝑐𝑚3 (C) 3240𝜋 𝑐𝑚3 (D) 3340𝜋 𝑐𝑚3
1 1
Volume of frustum = 3 𝜋ℎ (𝑅2 + 𝑟 2 + 𝑅𝑟) = 3 × 𝜋 × 16 × 624
al

1
= 3 𝜋 × 16(202 + 82 + (20 × 8)) = 3328𝜋 𝑐𝑚3
.k

11. A shuttle cock used for playing badminton has the shape of the combination of
(A) a cylinder and a sphere (B) a hemisphere and a cone
w

(C) a sphere and a cone (D) frustum of a cone and a hemisphere

12. A spherical ball of radius 𝑟1 units is melted to make 8 new identical balls each of radius 𝑟2 units.
w

Then 𝑟1 : 𝑟2 is PTA-6, SEP-20

(A) 𝟐: 𝟏 (B) 1: 2 (C) 4: 1 (D) 1: 4
w

Volume of spherical ball (radius 𝑟1 ) = 8 ×volume of ball (radius 𝑟2 )

4 4
3
× 𝜋(𝑟1 )3 = 8 × 3 × 𝜋 × 𝑟23
𝑟 3 8
(𝑟1 ) = 1
2
𝑟1 2
=1
𝑟2
𝑟1 : 𝑟2 = 2: 1
13. The volume (in cm3)
of the greatest sphere that can be cut off from a cylindrical log of wood of
base radius 1 𝑐𝑚 and height 5 𝑐𝑚 is PTA-6
𝟒 10 20
(A) 𝟑 𝝅 (B) 3 𝜋 (C) 5𝜋 (D) 3 𝜋
4 4 4
Volume of greatest sphere = 3 𝜋𝑟 3 = 3 𝜋(1)3 = 3 𝜋 𝑐𝑚3
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Chapter 7 - Mensuration 175

14.The height and radius of the cone of which the frustum is a part are ℎ1 units and 𝑟1 units
respectively. Height of the frustum is ℎ2 units and radius of the smaller base is 𝑟2 units. If
ℎ2 : ℎ1 = 1: 2 then 𝑟2 : 𝑟1 is PTA-2
(A) 1: 3 (B) 𝟏: 𝟐 (C) 2: 1 (D) 3: 1
In the diagram,
𝐴𝑂𝑉 ∽ 𝐵𝑂′ 𝑉
𝑟 ℎ −ℎ ℎ 1
∴ 2 = 1 2 =1− 2 =1−2
𝑟1 ℎ1 ℎ1
𝑟2 1
= 2 ⇒ 𝑟2 : 𝑟1 = 1: 2
𝑟1

15. The ratio of the volumes of a cylinder, a cone and a sphere, if each has the same diameter and
same height is PTA-5
(A) 1: 2: 3 (B) 2: 1: 3 (C) 1: 3: 2 (D) 𝟑: 𝟏: 𝟐

n
Volume (cylinder : cone : sphere)
1 4
𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ: 3 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ: 3 𝜋𝑟 3

l.i
1 4 2 4
= 𝜋𝑟 2 (2𝑟): 3 𝜋𝑟 2 (2𝑟): 3 𝜋𝑟 3 = 2𝑟 3 : 3 𝑟 3 : 3 𝑟 3

da
(×) 𝑏𝑦 3 ⇒ 6: 2: 4
(÷) 𝑏𝑦 2 ⇒ 3: 1: 2

Creative MCQ
ka
1. If the volume of sphere is 36𝜋𝑐𝑚3 , then its radius is equal to PTA-3
(A) 𝟑 𝒄𝒎 (B) 2 𝑐𝑚 (C) 5 𝑐𝑚 (D) 10 𝑐𝑚
vi
4 3
𝜋𝑟 3 = 36𝜋 ⇒ 𝑟 3 = 36 × 4 ⇒ 𝑟 3 = 9 × 3
3
𝑟 3 = 27 ⇒ 𝑟 = 3 cm
al

2. C.S.A of solid sphere is equal to PTA-5

.k

(A) T.S.A of solid sphere (B) T.S.A of hemisphere

(C) C.S.A of hemisphere (D) none of these
w

Unit Exercise - 7
w

1. The barrel of a fountain-pen cylindrical in shape, is 𝟕 𝐜𝐦 long and 𝟓 𝐦𝐦 in diameter. A full

barrel of ink in the pen will be used for writing 𝟑𝟑𝟎 words on an average. How many words can
w

be written using a bottle of ink containing one fifth of a litre?

Volume of cylindrical pen = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
22 5 5
= × 2×10 × 2×10 × 7
7
11
= 𝑐𝑚3 [used for 330 words]
8
1
Number of words by 5𝑡ℎ litre (ie., 200 𝑚𝑙 = 200 𝑐𝑚3 )
330
= 11 × 200
8
330×200×8
= = 48000
11
Number of words can be written using one fifth of a litre Ink = 𝟒𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎 words

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176 Way to Success - 10 th

Maths

2. A hemi-spherical tank of radius 𝟏. 𝟕𝟓 𝒎 is full of water. It is connected with a pipe which empties
the tank at the rate of 𝟕 litre per second. How much time will it take to empty the tank
completely?
Required time (In seconds)
2
volume of hemisphere Tank ( πr3)
= volume of water dischaged from pipe3 per second
2×22×175×175×175
= 3×7×7×1000
9625
= 6
≅ 1604 seconds
Time taken to empty the tank ≅ 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟒 seconds (or) 𝟐𝟕 minutes (approx)
3. Find the maximum volume of a cone that can be carved out of a solid hemisphere of radius 𝒓

n
units.
1
Volume of cone = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ

l.i
3
1
= 𝜋 × 𝑟2 × 𝑟
3

da
𝟏
Maximum volume of cone = 𝟑 𝝅𝒓𝟑 cu.units
4. An oil funnel of tin sheet consists of a cylindrical portion 𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎 long attached to a frustum of a cone. If
ka
the total height is 𝟐𝟐 𝒄𝒎, the diameter of the cylindrical portion be 𝟖 𝒄𝒎 and the diameter of the top of
the funnel be 𝟏𝟖 𝒄𝒎, then find the area of the tin sheet required to make the funnel.
𝑙 = √122 + (9 − 4)2 [∵ 𝑙 = √ℎ2 + (𝑅 − 𝑟 2 )]
vi
= √144 + 25
= √169
al

𝑙 = 13 𝑐𝑚
Area of tin sheet = CSA of frustum + CSA of cylinder
.k

= 𝜋 (𝑅 + 𝑟)𝑙 + 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
= 𝜋 [(𝑅 + 𝑟)𝑙 + 2𝑟ℎ]
w

22
= [(9 + 4)13 + 2(4)(10)]
7
w

22
= [169 + 80]
7
22 5478
w

= 7
× 249 = 7
≅ 𝟕𝟖𝟐. 𝟓𝟕 𝒄𝒎𝟐
Area of tin sheet to make the funnel ≏ 782.57 𝑐𝑚2
7. The slant height of a frustum of a cone is 𝟒 𝒎 and the perimeter of circular ends are 𝟏𝟖 𝒎 and
𝟏𝟔 𝒎. Find the cost of painting its curved surface area at C100 per sq. m.
CSA of frustum = 𝜋(𝑅 + 𝑟)𝑙
9 8
= 𝜋 [(𝜋) + (𝜋)] × 4
𝜋
= 𝜋 (17) × 4
CSA of frustum = 68 𝑚2
Required cost = 68 × 100 = C 𝟔𝟖𝟎𝟎
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Chapter 7 - Mensuration 177

𝟒𝟑𝟔𝝅
8. A hemi-spherical hollow bowl has material of volume cubic cm. Its external diameter is
𝟑
𝟏𝟒 𝒄𝒎. Find its thickness.
2 436𝜋
Volume of hollow hemisphere 3 𝜋(𝑅3 − 𝑟 3 ) =
3
2 436𝜋
× 𝜋 × (73 − 𝑟 3 )𝑉 =
3 3
3 436𝜋×3
343 − 𝑟 =
3×2×𝜋
3
−𝑟 = 218 − 343
−𝑟 3 = −125 = 53
𝑟 = 5 𝑐𝑚
Thickness = 𝑅 − 𝑟 = 7 − 5 = 2 𝑐𝑚
Thickness of the bowl = 𝟐 𝒄𝒎

n
𝟓 𝟏
9. The volume of a cone is 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝟕 cu. cm. The area of its base is 𝟐𝟎𝟏 𝟕 sq. cm. Find the slant height

l.i
of the cone.
1 1408 7040×3×7
Base Area (𝜋𝑟 2 ) = 201 7 = ℎ = 7×1×22×8×8

da
7
2 1408 7 ℎ = 15 𝑐𝑚
𝑟 = 7
× 22
𝑟 2 = 64 ka Slant height 𝑙 = √ℎ2 + 𝑟 2
𝑟 = 8 𝑐𝑚 = √152 + 82
1 5 7040 = √225 + 64 = √289
Volume of cone = 3 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = 1005 =
7 7
𝑙 = 17 𝑐𝑚
vi
1 22 7040
× ×8×8×ℎ =
3 7 7 Slant height of the cone = 𝟏𝟕 𝒄𝒎
al

10. A metallic sheet in the form of a sector of a circle of radius 𝟐𝟏 𝒄𝒎 has central angle of 𝟐𝟏𝟔° . The
sector is made into a cone by bringing the bounding radii together. Find the volume of the cone
.k

formed. PTA-2
2𝜋𝑅
Arc length 𝐿 = × 216
360
w

2𝜋×21×3
𝐿= 5
w

Circum of base of the cone = Arc length

2𝜋×21×3 63
i.e, 2𝜋𝑟 = =
w

5 5
𝑟 = 12.6 𝑐𝑚 1
Volume of cone = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
ℎ= √𝑙 2 − 𝑟2 3
1 22
= √212 − 12.62 =3× 7
× 12.6 × 12.6 × 16.8

= √441 − 158.76 = √282.24 = 2794.176 𝑐𝑚3

ℎ = 16.8 𝑐𝑚 Volume of the cone formed = 𝟐𝟕𝟗𝟒. 𝟏𝟕𝟔 𝒄𝒎𝟑

(Questions 5 and 6 are removed based on reduced syllabus 2021 - 2022)

Important Example Questions:
2 Marks: Example 7.19(PTA-1), Eg. 7.15 (SEP-21), Eg 7.8 (SEP-20), Eg.7.23 (PTA-5, SEP-21)
5 Marks: Example 7.27(PTA-1), Eg.7.5 (PTA-3), Eg.7.22 (MDL), Eg.7.24 (SEP-21)

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178 Way to Success  - 10 th

Maths

8. Statistics and Probability

(Exercises 8.1, 8.2 are removed based on reduced syllabus 2021 - 2022)
Exercise 8.3
Practice these book example problems : 8.17 to 8.25

1. Write the sample space for tossing three 3. If 𝑨 is an event of a random experiment such that
coins using tree diagram. 𝑷(𝑨): 𝑷(𝑨 ̅ ) = 𝟏𝟕: 𝟏𝟓 and 𝒏(𝑺) = 𝟔𝟒𝟎 then
When we tossing find (i) 𝑷(𝑨 ̅ ) (ii) 𝒏(𝑨) PTA-3
three coins, since 𝑃(𝐴): 𝑃(𝐴̅) = 17: 15, 𝑛(𝑆) = 640
each coin contain 2 (i) 𝑃 (𝐴̅) =?

n
faces marked with 𝑃(𝐴) 17
=
H,T. 𝑃(𝐴̅) 15

l.i
Tree diagram: 𝑃(𝐴) 17
= 1−𝑃(𝐴) 15

da
Hence, the sample space 15𝑃 (𝐴) = 17(1 − 𝑃(𝐴))
can written as 15𝑃 (𝐴) = 17 − 17𝑃(𝐴)
𝑆 = {𝐻𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝐻, 𝐻𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝐻𝐻, 𝑇𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝑇𝑇} 15𝑃(𝐴) + 17𝑃(𝐴) = 17
32𝑃 (𝐴) = 17
2. Write the sample space for selecting two
ka 17
balls from a bag containing 6 balls 𝑃 (𝐴) = 32
numbered 1 to 6 (using tree diagram). 17
𝑃 (𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐴̅) = 1 ⇒ 𝑃(𝐴̅) = 1 − 32
vi
When we select two balls from a bag PTA-4
32−17 𝟏𝟓
containing 6 balls numbered 1,2,3.4,5,6. 𝑃 (𝐴̅) = 32 = 𝟑𝟐
al

Tree diagram: (ii) 𝑛(𝐴)

𝑛(𝐴)
𝑃 (𝐴 ) = 𝑛(𝑆)
.k

𝑃(𝐴) × 𝑛(𝑆) = 𝑛(𝐴)

17
𝑛(𝐴) = 32 × 640
w

𝑛(𝐴) = 340
w

4. A coin is tossed thrice. What is the probability

of getting two consecutive tails?
w

A coin is tossed thrice

𝐻𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝐻, 𝐻𝑇𝑇,
𝑆={ }
𝑇𝐻𝐻, 𝑇𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝑇𝑇
𝑛 (𝑆 ) = 8
Let A be the event of getting two
Hence the sample space can be written as, consecutive tails,
𝑆 = {(1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6) 𝐴 = {𝐻𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝑇𝑇}
(2,1), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6) 𝑛 (𝐴 ) = 3
(3,1), (3,2), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6) 𝑃 (𝐴 ) =
𝑛(𝐴)
=8
3
(4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,5), (4,6) 𝑛(𝑆)

(5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,6) ∴The probability of getting two

𝟑
(6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5)} consecutive tails = 𝟖
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Chapter 8 – Statistics and Probability 179

5. At a fete, cards bearing numbers 1 to 1000, one number on one card are put in a box. Each player
selects one card at random and that card is not replaced. If the selected card has a perfect square
number greater than 500, the player wins a prize. What is the probability that
(i) the first player wins a prize (ii) the second player wins a prize, if the first has won?
At a fete, cards bearing numbers from 1 𝑡𝑜 1000, (i.e) 𝑛(𝑆) = 1000
(i) Let 𝐴 be the selected card has a perfect square number greater than 500.
𝐴 = {529, 576, 625,676,729,784,841,900,961} ⇒ 𝑛(𝐴) = 9
∴ The probability that the first player wins a prize
𝑛(𝐴) 𝟗
𝑃 (𝐴 ) = = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑛(𝑆)
(ii) Let 𝐵 be the second player wins a prize, 𝑛(𝐵) = 8, 𝑛(𝑆) = 999
∴ The probability of the second player wins a prize
𝑛(𝐵) 𝟖
𝑃 (𝐵 ) = = 𝟗𝟗𝟗

n
𝑛(𝑆)
6. A bag contains 12 blue balls and 𝒙 red balls. If one ball is drawn at random (i) what is the

l.i
probability that it will be a red ball? (ii) If 𝟖 more red balls are put in the bag, and if the
probability of drawing a red ball will be twice that of the probability in (i), then find 𝒙.

da
A bag contains, 12 blue balls & 𝑥 red balls, 𝑛(𝑆) = 12 + 𝑥
(i) Let 𝐴 be the event it will be a red ball, 𝑛(𝐴) = 𝑥
𝑛(𝐴) 𝒙
∴ The probability that it will be a red ball 𝑃(𝐴) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 𝟏𝟐+𝒙
To find 𝒙:
ka
(ii) Let 𝐵 be the event of 8 more red balls
𝑛(𝐵) = 𝑥 + 8, 𝑛(𝑠) = 12 + (𝑥 + 8)
vi
𝑛(𝐵) 𝑥+8 𝒙+𝟖
∴ 𝑃 (𝐵 ) = = 12+(𝑥+8) = 𝒙+𝟐𝟎
𝑛(𝑆)
al

According to the condition:

If 8 more red balls are put in the bag, the probability of drawing a red ball will be twice that
.k

of the probability in (i).

∴ 𝑃(𝐵) = 2𝑃(𝐴)
w

𝑥+8 𝑥
= 2( )
12+(𝑥+8) 𝑥+12
𝑥+8 2𝑥
= 𝑥+12
w

20+𝑥
(𝑥 + 8)(𝑥 + 12) = 2𝑥 × (20 + 𝑥)
w

𝑥 + 12𝑥 + 8𝑥 + 96 = 40𝑥 + 2𝑥 2
2

𝑥 2 + 20𝑥 + 96 = 40𝑥 + 2𝑥 2
0 = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 + 40𝑥 − 20𝑥 − 96
𝑥 2 + 20𝑥 − 96 = 0
(𝑥 + 24)(𝑥 − 4) = 0
𝑥−4=0
𝑥=4
𝑥 = −24 is not permissible.
If 𝑥 = 4,
4 4 1
From (i) = 16 = 4
4+12
𝟏
∴ 𝑃 (𝐴 ) = 𝟒
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180 Way to Success  - 10 th

Maths

7. Two unbiased dice are rolled once. Find the probability of getting SEP-20
(i) a doublet (equal numbers on both dice) (ii) the product as a prime number
(iii) the sum as a prime number (iv) the sum as 1
Two unbiased dice are rolled once.
𝑆 = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6)
(2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6)
(3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6)
(4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,4), (4,5), (4,6)
(5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,5), (5,6)
(6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)}
𝑛(𝑆) = 36
(i) Let the 𝐴 be event of getting a doublet.
Try Your Self…
𝐴 = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4), (5,5), (6,6)}

n
1. Two dice are thrown
𝑛(𝐴) = 6, simultaneously. Find the

l.i
𝑛(𝐴) 6 𝟏
∴ 𝑃 (𝐴 ) = = = probability of getting
𝑛(𝑆) 36 𝟔
(ii) Let 𝐵 be the event of getting the product as a prime number. (i) an even number as the

da
𝐵 = {(1,2), (1,3), (1,5), (2,1), (3,1), (5,1)} sum
𝑛 (𝐵 ) = 6 (ii) a multiple of 2 on one
𝑛(𝐵) 6 𝟏 dice and a multiple of
∴ 𝑃(𝐵) = 𝑛(𝑆) = 36 = 𝟔 ka 3 on the other
(iii) Let 𝐶 be the event of getting the sum as a prime number. (iii) same number on both
{(1,1), (1,2), (1,4), (1,6), (2,1), dice (ie) doublet
𝐶 = (2,3), (2,5), (3,2), (3,4), (4,1), (iv) a multiple of 3 as the
vi
sum
(4,3), (5,2), (5,6), (6,1), (6,5)}
Ans:
𝑛(𝐶 ) = 15 1 11 1 1
al

𝑛(𝐶) 15 𝟓 (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

∴ 𝑃 (𝐶 ) = = 36 = 𝟏𝟐 2 36 6 3
𝑛(𝑆)
(iv) Let 𝐷 be the event of getting the sum as 1.
.k

𝐷={ }
𝑛 (𝐷 ) = 0
w

𝑛(𝐷) 0
∴ 𝑃 (𝐷 ) = = 36 = 0
𝑛(𝑆)
∴ 𝑃 (𝐷 ) = 𝟎
w

8. Three fair coins are tossed together. Find the probability of getting
w

(i) all heads (ii) atleast one tail (iii) atmost one head (iv) atmost two tails
Three fair coins are tossed together.
𝑆 = {𝐻𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝐻, 𝐻𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝐻𝐻}
𝑛(𝑆) = 8.
i) Let 𝐴 be the event of getting all heads.
𝐴 = {𝐻𝐻𝐻 }; 𝑛(𝐴) = 1
𝑛(𝐴) 𝟏
𝑃 (𝐴 ) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 𝟖
ii) Let 𝐵 be the event of getting atleast one tail. PTA-5
𝐵 = {𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝐻, 𝐻𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝐻𝐻}
𝑛 (𝐵 ) = 7
𝑛(𝐵) 𝟕
∴ 𝑃 (𝐵 ) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 𝟖

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Chapter 8 – Statistics and Probability 181

iii) Let 𝐶 be the event of getting atmost one head. PTA-5

𝐶 = {𝐻𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝑇}
𝑛 (𝐶 ) = 4
𝑛(𝐶) 𝟒 Try Your Self…
𝑃 (𝐶 ) = 𝑛(𝑆) = 2. Two dice are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
𝟖
1 and 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 respectively. They
∴ 𝑃 (𝐶 ) = 2 are rolled and the sum of the numbers
iv) Let 𝐷 be the event of getting atmost 2 tails. on them is noted. Find the probability of
getting each sum form 9 to 11
𝐷 = {𝐻𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝐻, 𝐻𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝐻𝐻 } separately.
𝑛(𝐷) = 7 1 1
𝑛(𝐷)
Ans: Getting 9 = , getting 10 = ,
12 12
𝑃 (𝐷 ) = 1
𝑛(𝑆) getting 11 =
12
𝟕
∴ 𝑃 (𝐷 ) = 𝟖

n
9. A bag contains 𝟓 red balls, 𝟔 white balls, 𝟕 green balls, 𝟖 black balls. One ball is drawn at random

l.i
from the bag. Find the probability that the ball drawn is.
(i) white (ii) black or red (iii) not white (iv) neither white nor black

da
𝑛(𝑅) = 5, 𝑛(𝑊 ) = 6, 𝑛(𝐺 ) = 7, 𝑛(𝐵) = 8
𝑛(𝑆) = 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 = 26
i) Let 𝐴 be the event of drawn white ball 𝑛(𝐴) = 6
𝑛(𝐴)
ka
𝑃 (𝐴 ) = 𝑛(𝑆)
6 𝟑
𝑃 (𝐴) = 26 = 𝟏𝟑
vi
ii) Let 𝐵 & 𝑅 be the event of drawn black or red ball.
al

8
𝑃 (𝐵) = 26 Try Your Self…
3. A bag contains 3 red balls, 5 black ball and
5
𝑃 (𝑅 ) = 26
.k

4 white balls. A ball is drawn at random

8 5 form the bag. What is the probability that
𝑃(𝐵 ∪ 𝑅) = 𝑃(𝐵) + 𝑃(𝑅) = + the ball is drawn is
26 26
w

13 𝟏
∴ 𝑃(𝐵 ∪ 𝑅) = 26 = 𝟐 (i) white (ii) red and blue
(iii) black (iv)not red.
w

iii) Let 𝐴̅ be the event of getting not white ball.

1 2 5 3
3 Ans: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
𝑃 (𝐴) = 13 3 3 12 4
w

𝑃 ( 𝐴 ) + 𝑃 ( 𝐴̅ ) = 1
𝑃(𝐴̅) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴)
3 13−3
= 1 − 13 =
13
10
∴ 𝑃(𝐴̅) = 13
iv) Let 𝐶 be the event of neither white nor black.
𝑛(𝐶 ) = 26 − (6 + 8)
= 26 − 14 = 12
𝑃(neither white not black)
𝑛(𝐶) 12 𝟔
P(𝐶 ) = = 26 = 𝟏𝟑
𝑛(𝑆)
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182 Way to Success  - 10 th

Maths

10. In a box there are 20 non-defective and some defective bulbs. If the probability that a bulb selected at
𝟑
random from the box found to be defective is 𝟖 then, find the number of defective bulbs.
In a box, 𝑛(non defective bulbs) = 20
𝑛(defective) = 𝑥
3
𝑃 (𝐷 ) = 8 ; 𝑛(𝐷 ) =? Try Your Self…
3 8−3 5 4. A lot consists of 144 ball pens of which 20
̅) = 1 − ⇒
𝑃 (𝐷 =8
8 8 are defective and others good. Raji will
20 buy a pen if it is good, but will not buy if
𝑃(non defective bulbs) = 𝑥+20
it is defective. The shopkeeper draws one
20 5 pen at random and gives it to her. What
=8
𝑥+20 is the probability that
5𝑥 + 100 = 160 (i) She will buy it? (ii) She will not buy it?

n
5𝑥 = 160 − 100 Ans: (i)
31
(ii)
5
36 36

l.i
5𝑥 = 60
60
𝑥=

da
5
𝑥 = 𝟏𝟐
∴ The number of defective bulbs = 12 ka
11. The king and queen of diamonds, queen and jack of hearts, jack and king of spades are removed
from a deck of 52 playing cards and then well shuffled. Now one card is drawn at random from the
remaining cards. Determine the probability that the card is (i) a clavor (ii) a queen of red card
vi
(iii) a king of black card.
𝑛(𝑆) = 52
al

Try Your Self…

Removed cards ⟹ 5. The king, queen and jack of clubs are
.k

removed from a deck of 52 playing

𝐾 & 𝑄 of diamonds = 2
cards and the remaining cards are
𝑄 & 𝐽 of hearts = 2 shuffled. A card is drawn from the
w

remaining cards. Find the probability

𝐽 & 𝐾 of spades = 2 of getting a card (i) heart (ii) queen
w

∴ Total 6 cards removed from deck of 52 cards. (iii) clubs

13 3 10
∴ 52 − 6 = 46 Ans: (i)
49
(ii)
49
(iii)
49
w

𝑛(𝑆) = 46
i) Let 𝐴 be the event of a card clavor
𝑛(𝐴) = 13
𝑛(𝐴) 𝟏𝟑
∴ 𝑃 (𝐴 ) = = 𝟒𝟔
𝑛(𝑆)

ii) Let 𝐵 be the event of a card of a queen of red card.

𝑛(𝐵) = 0, 𝑃(𝐵) = 𝟎
iii) Let 𝐶 be the event of a king of black card 𝑛(𝐶 ) = 1
𝟏
∴ 𝑃(𝐶 ) = 𝟒𝟔

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Chapter 8 – Statistics and Probability 183

12. Some boys are playing a game, in which the stone thrown by them landing in a circular region
(given in the figure) is considered as win and landing other than the circular region is considered
as loss. What is the probability to win the game?
Area of the rectangle (𝑙 × 𝑏) = 4 × 3 = 12 feet
𝑛(𝑆) = 12 feet
Let 𝐴 be the event of success in the game.
𝑛(𝐴) = circular region
ie 𝑛(𝐴) = 𝜋𝑟 2 ⇒ 𝑟 = 1 feet
⇒ 𝜋 × 12 = 𝜋
∴The probability of success in the game
𝑛(𝐴) 𝜋
𝑃 (𝐴 ) = = 12
𝑛(𝑆)

n
3.14 3.14×100 314 𝟏𝟓𝟕
= = = =
12 12×100 1200 𝟔𝟎𝟎

l.i
13. Two customers Priya and Amuthan are visiting a particular shop in the same week (Monday to

da
Saturday). Each is equally likely to visit the shop on any one day as on another day. What is the
probability that both will visit the shop on.
(i) the same day (ii) different days (iii) consecutive days?
𝑆 = {(mon, mon), (mon, tues), (mon, wed), (mon, thurs), (mon, fri), (mon, sat)
ka
(tues, tues), (tues, mon), (tues, wed), (tues, thurs), (tues, frid), (tues, sat)
(wed, wed), (wed, mon), (wed, tues), (wed, thurs), (wed, fri), (wed, sat)
vi
(thurs, thurs), (thurs, mon), (thurs, tues), (thurs, wed), (thurs, fri), (thurs, sat)
(fri, fri), (fri, mon), (fri, tues), (fri, wed), (fri, thurs), (fri, sat)
al

(sat, sat), (sat, mon), (sat, tues), (sat, wed), (sat, thurs), (sat, fri)}
𝑛(𝑆) = 36
.k

i) Let 𝐴 be the event of both will visit the shop on the same day.
𝐴 = {(mon, mon), (tues, tues), (wed, wed), (thurs, thurs), (frid, fri), (sat, sat)}
w

𝑛 (𝐴 ) = 6
w

𝑛(𝐴) 6 𝟏
∴ 𝑃 (𝐴 ) = = 36 = 𝟔
𝑛(𝑆)
w

ii) Let 𝐵 be the event of both will visit the shop on different days.
𝐵 = {different days except same days ie (mon, tues), (mon, wed) … … (sat, fri)}
𝑛(𝐵) = 30
30 𝟓
𝑃 (𝐵) = 36 = 𝟔
𝐴̅ means considered as different days.

iii) Let 𝐶 be the event of both will visit the shop on consecutive days.
𝐶 = {(Mon, Tue), (Tue, wed), (wed, thurs), (thurs, fri), (fri, sat)}
𝑛 (𝐶 ) = 5
𝑛(𝐶) 𝟓
∴ 𝑃(𝐶 ) = 𝑛(𝑆) = 𝟑𝟔

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184 Way to Success  - 10 th

Maths

14. In a game, the entry fee is E150. The game consists of tossing a coin 3 times. Dhana bought a
ticket for entry. If one or two heads show, she gets her entry fee back. If she throws 3 heads, she
receives double the entry fees. Otherwise she will lose. Find the probability that she
(i) gets double entry fee (ii) just gets her entry fee (iii) loses the entry fee.
In a game, the entry fee is E150. The game consists of tossing a coin 3 times.
𝑆 = {𝐻𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝐻, 𝐻𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝐻𝐻, 𝑇𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝑇𝑇}
𝑛 (𝑆 ) = 8
i) According to the condition,
Let 𝐴 be the event of gets double entry fee.
[If she throws 3 heads, she receives double entry fees].
𝐴 = {𝐻𝐻𝐻 }; 𝑛(𝐴) = 1
𝑛(𝐴) 𝟏
∴ 𝑃 (𝐴 ) =

n
𝑛(𝑆)
=𝟖
ii) Let 𝐵 be the event of just gets her entry fee,

l.i
[one or two heads show, gets her entry fee back]

da
𝐵 = {𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝐻, 𝐻𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝐻𝐻, 𝑇𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝐻 }
𝑛 (𝐵 ) = 6
𝑛(𝐵) 6 𝟑
∴ 𝑃 (𝐵 ) = = =
𝑛(𝑆) 8 𝟒
ka
iii) Let 𝐶 be the event of loses the entry fee
[In above the two conditions are not satisfied, she will lose].
vi
𝐶 = {𝑇𝑇𝑇}, 𝑛(𝐶 ) = 1
𝑛(𝐶) 𝟏
∴ 𝑃(𝐶 ) = 𝑛(𝑆) =
al

Creative Question
.k

1. Two dice, one blue and one grey, are thrown at the same time. Write down all the possible
w

outcomes. What is the probability that the sum of the two numbers appearing on the top of the
dice is (i) 8 (ii) 13 (iii) less than or equal to 12 MDL
w

Total out comes = 6 × 6 =36 𝑛 (𝐵 ) = 0

w

𝑛(𝑆) = 36 𝑛(𝐵) 0
𝑃 (𝐵 ) = = 36 = 0
𝑛(𝑆)
(i) sum of two dice 8
Let 𝐴 be the event getting sum 8 of two dice (iii) less than or equal to 12
𝐴 = {(2,6), (3,5), (4,4), (5,3), (6,2)} Let 𝐶 be the event getting sum of
𝑛 (𝐴 ) = 5 two dice is less than or equal to 12
𝑛(𝐴) 5
𝑃 (𝐴 ) = = 36 𝐶 = {(1,1) … (6,6)}
𝑛(𝑆)

(ii) sum of two dice 13 𝑛(𝐶 ) = 36

Let 𝐵 be the event getting sum 13 of two dice 𝑛(𝐶) 36
𝑃 (𝐶 ) = 𝑛(𝑆) = 36 = 1
𝐵 ={}

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Chapter 8 – Statistics and Probability 185

Exercise 8.4
𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
1. If 𝑷(𝑨) = 𝟑 , 𝑷(𝑩) = 𝟓 , 𝑷(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) = 𝟑 then find 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩). PTA-1
2 2 1
𝑃 (𝐴 ) = 3 , 𝑃 (𝐵 ) = 5 , 𝑃 (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ) = 3
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) =?
𝑃 (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ) = 𝑃 (𝐴 ) + 𝑃 (𝐵 ) − 𝑃 (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 )
1 2 2
= 3 + 5 − 𝑃 (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 )
3
2 2 1
𝑃 (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ) = 3 + 5 − 3
1 2 5+6
=3+5= 15

n
𝟏𝟏
= 𝟏𝟓

l.i
2. 𝑨 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝑩 are two events such that, 𝑷(𝑨) = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐, 𝑷(𝑩) = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖, and 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔. find
(i) 𝑷(𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝑨) (ii) 𝑷(𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝑩)(iii) 𝑷(𝑨 𝒐𝒓 𝑩)

da
𝑃 (𝐴) = 0.42, 𝑃(𝐵) = 0.48, 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0.16
(i) 𝑃(not 𝐴) = 𝑃(𝐴̅) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴) ka
= 1 − 0.42 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟖
(ii) 𝑃(not 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐵̅) = 1 − 𝑃 (𝐵)
vi
= 1 − 0.48 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐
(iii) 𝑃(𝐴 or 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)
al

𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃 (𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)

= 0.42 + 0.48 − 0.16
.k

= 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒
3. If 𝑨 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩 are two mutually exclusive events of a random experiment and 𝑷(𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝑨) = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓,
w

𝑷(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓, then find 𝑷(𝑩). PTA-2

w

𝑃 (not 𝐴) = 0.45 = 𝑃(𝐴̅),

𝑃 (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 0.65
w

𝑃 (𝐵 ) = ?
𝑃 ( 𝐴 ) = 1 − 𝑃 ( 𝐴̅ )
= 1 − 0.45
= 0.55
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵)
0.65 = 0.55 + 𝑃(𝐵)
0.65 − 0.55 = 𝑃(𝐵)
0.10 = 𝑃(𝐵)
∴ 𝑃(𝐵) = 𝟎. 𝟏
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186 Way to Success  - 10 th

Maths

4. The probability that at least one of 𝑨 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩 occur is 𝟎. 𝟔. If 𝑨 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩 occur simultaneously with
probability 𝟎. 𝟐, then find 𝑷(𝑨̅ ) + 𝑷 (𝑩
̅ ).
Try Your Self…
Given: 𝑃 (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 0.6, 𝑃 (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0.2 6. The probability that atleast one
of 𝐴 and 𝐵 occur is 0.89 if 𝐴
𝑃 (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
and 𝐵 occur simultaneously
0.6 = 𝑃 (𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 0.2 with probability 0.32 then find
𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵)
0.8 = 𝑃 (𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵)
Ans: 1.21
∵ 𝑃 (𝐴) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴̅), 𝑃(𝐵) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐵̅)
0.8 = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴̅) + 1 − 𝑃 (𝐵̅)
0.8 − 2 = −[𝑃(𝐴̅) + 𝑃(𝐵̅)]
1.2 = 𝑃 (𝐴̅) + 𝑃(𝐵̅)

n
𝑃 (𝐴̅) + 𝑃(𝐵̅) = 1.2

l.i
5. The probability of happening of an event 𝑨 is 𝟎. 𝟓 and that of 𝑩 is 𝟎. 𝟑. If 𝑨 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝑩 are mutually
exclusive events, then find the probability that neither 𝑨 𝒏𝒐𝒓 𝑩 happen.

da
𝑃 (𝐴) = 0.5, 𝑃(𝐵) = 0.3
𝑃 (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ) = 𝑃 ( 𝐴 ) + 𝑃 ( 𝐵 )
= 0.5 + 0.3
ka
= 0.8
𝑃 (neither 𝐴 nor 𝐵) = 𝑃 (𝐴̅ ∩ 𝐵̅) = 𝑃(̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)
vi
= 1 − 𝑃 (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 )
= 1 − 0.8
al

𝑃 (̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 0.2
.k

(Questions 6 - 14 are removed based on reduced syllabus 2021 - 2022)

w

Exercise 8.5
w

Multiple Choice Questions :

PTA-1, 4, 5
w

9. Which of the following is incorrect?

(A) 𝑷(𝑨) > 𝟏 (B) 0 ≤ 𝑃(𝐴) ≤ 1 (C) 𝑃(∅) = 0 (D) 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃 (𝐴̅) = 1
Incorrect 𝑃(𝐴) > 1
10. The probability a red marble selected at random from a jar containing 𝑝 red, 𝑞 blue and 𝑟 green
marbles is
𝑞 𝒑 𝑝+𝑞 𝑝+𝑟
(A) 𝑝+𝑞+𝑟 (B) 𝒑+𝒒+𝒓 (C) 𝑝+𝑞+𝑟 (D) 𝑝+𝑞+𝑟

𝑛(𝑟) = 𝑝, 𝑛(𝑏) = 𝑞 , 𝑛(𝑔) = 𝑟, 𝑛(𝑠) = 𝑝 + 𝑞 + 𝑟,

𝑛(𝑟)
𝑃 (𝑟 ) = 𝑛(𝑠)
𝑝
= 𝑝+𝑞+𝑟

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Chapter 8 – Statistics and Probability 187

11. A page is selected at random from a book. The probability that the digit at units place of the
page number chosen is less than 7 is SEP-21
3 𝟕 3 7
(A) 10 (B) 𝟏𝟎 (C) 9 (D) 9

𝑆 = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} ⇒ 𝑛(𝑆) = 10
Let 𝐴 be the event of the digit at units place of the number chosen is less than 7;
𝐴 = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6}, 𝑛(𝐴) = 7
𝑛(𝐴) 7
∴ 𝑃 (𝐴 ) = = 10
𝑛(𝑆)
𝑥 2
12. The probability of getting a job for a person is 3. If the probability of not getting the job is 3
then the value of 𝑥 is

n
(A) 2 (B) 𝟏 (C) 3 (D) 1.5

l.i
𝑥 2
𝑃(𝐴) = (getting a job), 𝑃(𝐴̅) = (not getting a job), 𝑥 =?
3 3
𝑥 2

da
𝑃 ( 𝐴 ) + 𝑃 ( 𝐴̅ ) = 1 ⇒ +3=1
3
𝑥+2
=1
3

𝑥+2 =3 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3−2 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1
ka
13. Kamalam went to play a lucky draw contest. 135 tickets of the lucky draw were sold. If the
vi
1
probability of kamalam winning is 9, then the number of tickets bought by kamalam is
al

(A) 5 (B) 10 (C) 𝟏𝟓 (D) 20

𝑛(𝑆) = 135
.k

Let 𝑥 be the number of tickets bought by kamalam

1
w

Probability of winning the contest = 9

𝑥 1
∴ 135 = 9 ; 9𝑥 = 135
w

135
𝑥= = 15
w

14. If a letter is chosen at random from the English alphabets {𝑎, 𝑏, … . , 𝑧}, then the probability that
the letter chosen precedes 𝑥. SEP-20
12 1 𝟐𝟑 3
(A) 13 (B) 13 (C) 𝟐𝟔 (D) 26

𝑆 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒, … , 𝑧}, 𝑛(𝑆) = 26

Let 𝐴 be the event of the letter chosen precedes 𝑥.
𝑛(𝐴) = 26 − 3 = 23
𝑛(𝐴) 23
∴ 𝑃 (𝐴 ) = = 26
𝑛(𝑆)

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188 Way to Success - 10 th

Maths

15. A purse contains 10 notes of E 2000, 15 notes of E 500, and 25 notes of E 200. One note is drawn
at random. What is the probability that the note is either a E 500 note or E 200 note?
1 3 2 𝟒
(A) 5 (B) 10 (C) 3 (D) 𝟓
𝑛(𝑆) = 10 + 15 + 25
𝑛(𝑆) = 50
Let 𝐴 be the note is either E500, 𝑛(𝐴) = 15
𝑛(𝐴) 15
𝑃 (𝐴 ) = = 50
𝑛(𝑆)

𝑃(𝐵) be the note E200

𝑛(𝐵) = 25

n
𝑛(𝐵) 25
𝑃 (𝐵 ) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 50

l.i
∴ 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵)
15 25
= 50 + 50

da
40 4
= =
50 5
ka
(Questions 1 to 8 are removed based on reduced syllabus 2021 - 2022)
vi
Creative MCQ

1. A fair die is thrown once. The probability of getting a prime (or) composite number is PTA-6
al

𝟓 1
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 𝟔 (D) 6
.k

𝑆 = {1,2,3,4,5,6} Since 1 is neither a prime nor a composite number,

5
Required probability = 6
w
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Unit Exercise - 8
9. In a two children family, find the probability that there is at least one girl in a family.
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𝑆 = {𝐵𝐵, 𝐵𝐺, 𝐺𝐺, 𝐺𝐵}

𝐵 → boys, 𝐺 → girls
𝑛 (𝑆 ) = 4
Let 𝐴 be the event of at least one girl
𝐴 = {𝐵𝐺, 𝐺𝐺, 𝐺𝐵}
𝑛 (𝐴 ) = 3
𝑛(𝐴) 3
𝑃 (𝐴 ) = 𝑛(𝑆)
=4
3
∴ 𝑃 (𝐴 ) = 4

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Chapter 8 – Statistics and Probability 189

10. A bag contains 𝟓 white and some black balls. If the probability of drawing a black ball from the
bag is twice the probability of drawing a white ball then find the number of black balls.
𝑛(𝑊 ) = 5, 𝑛(𝐵) = 𝑥, 𝑛(𝑆) = 5 + 𝑥
According to the condition, 𝐵 → Black ball, 𝑊 → White ball
𝑃 (𝐵) = 2𝑃 (𝑊 ), 𝑛(𝐵) =?
𝑥 5
= 2 (5+𝑥)
𝟓+𝒙
𝑥 = 10
∴ Number of black balls = 𝟏𝟎
12. The King, Queen and Jack of the suit spade are removed from a deck of 𝟓𝟐 cards. One card is
selected from the remaining cards. Find the probability of getting (i) a diamond (ii) a queen

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(iii) a spade(iv) a heart card bearing the number 𝟓.

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Total Cards = 52 cards.
King, Queen, and Jack of the suit spade are removed from a deck of 52 cards.

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∴ 𝑛(𝑆) = 52 − 3 = 49
(i)Let 𝐴 be the event of getting a diamond ka
𝑛(𝐴) = 13
𝑛(𝐴) 𝟏𝟑
∴ 𝑃 (𝐴 ) = = 𝟒𝟗
𝑛(𝑆)
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(ii)Let 𝐵 be the event of getting a queen
𝑛 (𝐵 ) = 3 (4 − 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑑𝑒 1)
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𝑛(𝐵) 𝟑
∴ 𝑃 (𝐵 ) = = 𝟒𝟗
𝑛(𝑆)
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(iii)Let 𝐶 be the event of getting a spade

𝑛(𝐶 ) = 10 (13 − 3) ( 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑑 − 𝐽𝑎𝑐𝑘, 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑)
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𝑛(𝑐) 𝟏𝟎
∴ 𝑃(𝐶 ) = 𝑛(𝑠) =
𝟒𝟗
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(iv)Let 𝐷 be the event of getting a heart card bearing the number 5.

𝐷 = {5}
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𝑛 (𝐷 ) = 1
𝑛(𝐷) 1
∴ 𝑃 (𝐷 ) = = 49
𝑛(𝑆)
𝟏
∴ 𝑃(𝐷 ) = 𝟒𝟗
(Questions 1 to 8, 11 are removed based on reduced syllabus 2021 - 2022)
Important Example Questions:
2 Marks: Example 8.23 (SEP-21), Eg.8.32(PTA-6)
5 Marks: Example 8.19 (SEP-21), Eg. 8.31(PTA-1,4), Eg.8.30(PTA-4)

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190 Way to Success  - 10 th

Maths

Public Exam Question Paper – September 2021

Time Allowed : 3 hrs. Maximum Marks : 100

Instructions :
(1) Check the question paper for fairness of printing. If there is any lack of fairness, inform
the Hall Supervisor immediately.
(2) Use Blue or Black ink to write and underline and pencil to draw diagrams.
Note : This question paper contains four parts.

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PART – I 𝟏𝟒 × 𝟏 = 𝟏𝟒

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Note : (i) Answer all the questions.

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(ii) Choose the most appropriate answer form the given four alternatives and write the
option code and the corresponding answer.

1. If 𝑛(𝐴 × 𝐵) = 6 and 𝐴 = {1, 3} then 𝑛(𝐵) is

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(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 6
2. The sum of the exponents of the prime factors in the prime factorization of 1729 is
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(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
3. Given 𝐹1 = 1, 𝐹2 = 3 and 𝐹𝑛 = 𝐹𝑛−1 + 𝐹𝑛−2 then 𝐹5 is
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(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 8 (d) 11

256 𝑥 8 𝑦4 𝑧 10
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4. The square root of is equal to

25 𝑥 6 𝑦 6 𝑧6
16 𝑥 2 𝑧 4 𝑦2 16 𝑦 16 𝑥𝑧 2
| | (b) 16| 𝑥2 𝑧 4 | | | | |
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(a) 𝑦2
(c)
𝑥𝑧 2
(d)
5 5 5 𝑦
5. Graph of a linear equation is a ________.
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(a) Straight line (b) Circle (c) Parabola (d) Hyperbola

6. The G.C.D of 𝑎𝑚 , 𝑎𝑚+1 , 𝑎𝑚+2 is
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(a) am (b) am+1 (c) am+2 (d) 1

7. If in ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐷𝐸 ∥ 𝐵𝐶, 𝐴𝐵 = 3.6 𝑐𝑚, 𝐴𝐶 = 2.4 𝑐𝑚 and 𝐴𝐷 = 2.1 𝑐𝑚 then, the length of AE is
(a) 1.4 cm (b) 1.8 cm (c) 1.2 cm (d) 1.05 cm
8. How many tangents can be drawn to the circle from an exterior point?
(a) one (b) two (c) infinite (d) zero
9. The area of a triangle formed by the points (−5, 0), (0, −5) and (5, 0) is
(a) 0 sq. units (b) 25 sq. units (c) 5 sq. units (d) none of these
10. The perimeter of a triangle formed by the points (0, 0), (1, 0) and (0, 1) is
(a) √2 (b) 2 (c) 2 + √2 (d) 2 − √2
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Public Exam Question Paper – September 2021 191

11. If the ratio of the height of a tower and the length of its shadow is √3: 1 then, the angle of
elevation of the sun has measure
(a) 45° (b) 30° (c) 90° (d) 60°
12. The height of a right circular cone whose radius is 5 cm and slant height is 13 cm will be
(a) 12 cm (b) 10 cm (c) 13 cm (d) 5 cm
13. The total surface area of a hemisphere is how many times the square of its radius?
(a) 𝜋 (b) 4𝜋 (c) 3𝜋 (d) 2𝜋
14. A page is selected at random from a book. The probability that the digit at units place of the
page number chosen is less than 7 is
3 7 3 7
(a) 10 (b) 10 (c) 9 (d) 9

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PART - II
Note : Answer any 10 questions. Question No. 28 is compulsory. 𝟏𝟎 × 𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎

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15. If 𝐴 = {1, 3, 5} and 𝐵 = {2, 3} then show that 𝑛 (𝐴 × 𝐵) = 𝑛 (𝐴) × 𝑛 (𝐵).
16. Let 𝐴 = {1, 2 ,3 , 4, … … . . ,45} and 𝑅 be the relation defined as “ is square of a number” on 𝐴.
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Write 𝑅 as a subset of 𝐴 × 𝐴. Also, find the domain and range of 𝑅.
17. Find the number of terms in the A.P., 3, 6, 9, 12, ………,111.
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18. If 3 + 𝑘, 18 − 𝑘, 5𝑘 + 1 are in A.P. then find 𝑘.
19. Determine the quadratic equations, whose sum and product of roots are −9 and 20.
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20. Determine the nature of the roots for the quadratic equation 15𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 + 2 = 0.
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AD 3
21. In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐷 and 𝐸 are points on the sides 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐴𝐶 respectively such that 𝐷𝐸 ∥ 𝐵𝐶. If DB
=4
and 𝐴𝐶 = 15 cm, find 𝐴𝐸.
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22. Show that the points (−3, −4), (7, 2) and (12, 5) are collinear.
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23. Calculate the slope and 𝑦 intercept of the straight line 8𝑥 − 7𝑦 + 6 = 0.

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24. Find the intercepts made by the line 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 6 = 0 on the coordinate axes.
25. Find the angle of elevation of the top of a tower from a point on the ground, which is 30 m
away from the foot of a tower of height 10√3 m.
26. Find the volume of a cylinder whose height is 2 m and base area is 250 m2 .
27. A die is rolled and a coin is tossed simultaneously. Find the probability that the die shows an
odd number and the coin shows a head.
28. The heights of two right circular cones are in the ratio 1: 2 and the perimeters of their bases
are in the ratio 3: 4. Find the ratio of their volumes.

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192 Way to Success  - 10 th

Maths

PART – III
Note : Answer any 10 questions. Question No. 42 is compulsory. 𝟏𝟎 × 𝟓 = 𝟓𝟎
29. Let 𝐴 = {𝑥 𝜖 𝕎| 𝑥 < 2}, 𝐵 = {𝑥 𝜖 ℕ|1 < 𝑥 ≤ 4} and 𝐶 = {3, 5}. Verify that
𝐴 × ( 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 ) = (𝐴 × 𝐵 ) ∩ (𝐴 × 𝐶 ).
30. The sum of three consecutive terms that are in A.P. is 27 and their product is 288. Find the
three terms.
31. Find the HCF of 396, 504, 636.
32. Solve : 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5; 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 9; 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 16.
33. Find the square root of 64𝑥 4 − 16𝑥 3 + 17𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1.
34. State and prove Pythagoras Theorem.

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35. Show that in a triangle, the medians are concurrent.
36. Find the equation of the median of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 through 𝐴 where the vertices are 𝐴(6, 2), 𝐵(−5, −1)

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and 𝐶(1, 9).
37. If the points 𝑃 (−1, − 4), 𝑄 (𝑏, 𝑐) and 𝑅 (5, −1) are collinear and if 2𝑏 + 𝑐 = 4, then find the

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values of b and c.
38. Two ships are sailing in the sea on either sides of a lighthouse. The angle of elevation of the
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top of the lighthouse as observed from the ships are 30° and 45° respectively. If the lighthouse
is 200m high, find the distance between the two ships. (√3 = 1.732)
39. If the radii of the circular ends of a frustum which is 45 cm high are 28 cm and 7 cm, find the
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volume of the frustum.
40. A toy is in the shape of a cylinder surmounted by a hemisphere. The height of the toy is 25 cm.
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Find the total surface area of the toy if its common diameter is 12 cm.
41. Two dice are rolled. Find the probability that the sum of outcome is (i) equal to 4
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(ii) greater than 10 (iii) less than 13.

42. If the equation (1 + 𝑚2 )𝑥 2 + 2𝑚𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 = 0 has equal roots, then prove that
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𝑐 2 = 𝑎 2 ( 1 + 𝑚 2 ).
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PART - IV
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Note : Answer the following questions. 𝟐 × 𝟖 = 𝟏𝟔

43. (a) Construct a ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 whose base 𝑃𝑄 = 4.5 𝑐𝑚, ∠R = 35° and the median from 𝑅 to 𝑅𝐺 is
6 cm.
OR
(b) Draw a circle of diameter 6 cm from a point 𝑃, which is 8 cm away from its centre. Draw
two tangents 𝑃𝐴 and 𝑃𝐵 to the circle and measure their lengths.
44. (a) Draw the graph of 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 12 = 0 and state the nature of their solution.
OR
(b) Draw the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 4 and hence use it to solve 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4 = 0.
2

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