DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF PNEUMATIC

ENGINE

PROJECT REPORT (2024-2025)

Submitted by

SACHIN M 312322114094

RATHINA SABAPATHI A 312322114090

In partial fulfillment for the award of degree

Of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

ST JOSEPH’S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(AN AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION)
ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600025

MAY 2025
 ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “Design and Fabrication of Pneumatic

Engine” is the bona fide work of “SACHIN M (312322114094) & RATHINA
SABAPATHI A (312322114090)” who carried out the project work under my
supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Dr. L. BALAMURUGAN M.E, Ph.D. Dr. M. GANESH M.TECH, Ph.D.

Professor Assistant Professor

Head of the Department Supervisor

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering St. Joseph’s College of Engineerig

Chennai-119. Chennai-119
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We express our sincere thanks to our Chairman Dr.

B. BABU MANOHARAN M.A., M.B.A., (Ph.D.,) and our Executive Director
Mrs. B. JESSIE PRIYA M.Com., and our Managing Director Mr. B.
SHASHI SEKAR M.Sc., (INTL. Business) of St. Joseph’s College of
Engineering for their kind attention and valuable suggestions given to us
throughout the course.

We are indebted to our Principal Dr.

VADDI SESHAGIRI RAO M.E., ( Ph.D.,) F.I.E for being a source of
inspiration throughout our study in this college.

We thank our HOD, Department of Mechanical Engineering Dr.

L. BALAMURUGAN M.E., (Ph.D.,) and our staff for their guidance and
encouragement at each and every stage of our project work.

We also thank our Professor and Dean (IQAC), Department of Mechanical

Engineering, Dr. N. ARUNKUMAR M.E., (Ph.D.,) for his guidance and
encouragement at every stage of our project work.

With profound respect, we express our deep sense of gratitude and our
sincere thanks to internal guide, Dr. M. GANESH (M.TECH, (Ph.D.,) for his
valuable guidance and suggestions .We express our thanks to all the staff members
for their assistance and guidance in making this project a success.
 CERTIFICATION OF EVALUTION

COLLEGE : St. JOSEPH’S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

BRANCH : MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SEMESTER : VI

S.NO NAME OF THE TITLE OF THE NAME OF THE

STUDENT PROJECT GUIDE

1 SACHIN M DR. M. GANESH

Z (312322114094) DESIGN AND M.TECH

FABRICATION OF
2 RATHINA SABAPATHI A Assistant Professor
PNEUMATIC ENGINE
(312322114090) Dept. of Mechanical
engineering

This report of the project work submitted by the above students in the partial
fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering degree in Anna
University was evaluated and confirmed to be reports of the work done by the
above students.

Submitted for End Semester VIVA VOICE Examination held on _________

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO TITLE

SYNOPSIS
LIST OF FIGURES
1 Introduction
2 Literature review
3 Description of equipments
3.1 Mechanical components
3.2 Pneumatic components
3.3 Additional and safety components
4 Design and drawing
4.1 Overall diagram
5 Working principle
6 Merits & demerits
7 Applications
8 List of materials
9 Cost Estimation
10 Conclusion
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Title
Number

1 Overall diagram
 LIST OF SYMBOLS

D = Diameter.

V = Velocity.

N = Speed (rpm)

Q = Breaking Load

T = Torque Transmitted

L = Length

a = Center distance

n = factor of safety

P = Pitch

A = Area

N = Power in KW

I = Speed Ratio
 ABSTRACT

The increasing environmental concerns and depletion of fossil

fuels have sparked a global interest in alternative sources of energy
for transportation and machinery. One such innovative solution is
the pneumatic engine, which operates using compressed air as the
working fluid. This project focuses on the design and fabrication of
a pneumatic engine that aims to provide a clean, efficient, and
sustainable alternative to conventional internal combustion
engines.

The pneumatic engine developed in this project converts the

energy of compressed air into mechanical motion using a
reciprocating piston-cylinder arrangement. The engine is designed
to perform the basic mechanical operations such as intake,
expansion, and exhaust using solenoid valves or mechanical timing
systems to control the airflow. Lightweight materials and
precision-machining techniques are employed to ensure maximum
efficiency and minimal frictional losses.

This prototype highlights the feasibility of compressed air as a

viable energy source for small-scale mechanical applications. The
advantages of this system include zero emissions, reduced noise
pollution, and lower operating costs. However, challenges such as
limited energy density and air compression costs are also
acknowledged and discussed.

The successful implementation of this project demonstrates the

potential of pneumatic engines in various sectors, including
automotive, manufacturing, and robotics, where eco-friendly and
cost-effective alternatives are in demand.
 SYNOPSIS

With rising concerns over environmental pollution and the

depletion of fossil fuels, there is a growing demand for clean and
sustainable energy solutions. Pneumatic engines, which use
compressed air as a working medium, present an eco-friendly
alternative to traditional internal combustion engines. This project
aims to design and fabricate a working model of a pneumatic
engine that demonstrates the feasibility of using compressed air for
mechanical motion.

The pneumatic engine operates on compressed air, which is stored

in a tank and directed into a cylinder through control valves. The
pressurized air pushes the piston inside the cylinder, generating
linear motion. This linear motion is then converted into rotary
motion via a crankshaft mechanism, which can be used to perform
mechanical work. The engine works in a cycle consisting of intake,
expansion (power), and exhaust strokes.

To design a compact and efficient pneumatic engine and fabricate

a prototype that converts compressed air energy into rotary
mechanical motion. It analyse the performance of the engine in
terms of torque, RPM, and efficiency. It explore the potential of
pneumatic engines as an alternative in low-load applications

The pneumatic engine serves as a promising alternative to fossil-

fuel-based engines, especially in low-load, eco-sensitive
environments. This project not only demonstrates the practical
implementation of compressed air as an energy source but also
encourages further research into improving the efficiency and
scalability of pneumatic systems.
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A pneumatic engine is a type of motor that uses compressed air to

generate mechanical motion. Instead of burning fuel, it relies on
the expansion of pressurized air to move pistons or turbines,
producing rotational or linear energy. Pneumatic engines are
valued for being clean, safe, and efficient, especially in
environments where flammable fuels are hazardous, such as in
mining or industrial automation. However, they typically offer
lower energy density and range compared to traditional
combustion engines.

The main objective of a pneumatic engine is to convert the

potential energy stored in compressed air into mechanical energy
that can be used to perform various tasks such as driving
machinery or powering vehicles. Unlike conventional internal
combustion engines, pneumatic engines do not rely on the
combustion of fossil fuels, making them a cleaner and more
environmentally friendly alternative. They are particularly useful
in industries and environments where safety is a concern, such as
in mines or chemical plants, because they eliminate the risk of fire
and toxic emissions. Additionally, pneumatic engines aim to
reduce noise, lower operating costs, and promote the use of
renewable energy sources through the recycling of compressed air.
NEED FOR AUTOMATION:

In the field of automation, the pneumatic engine plays a crucial

role by providing a reliable, efficient, and safe means of powering
mechanical systems. As industries increasingly move toward
automated processes, there is a growing need for actuators and
motors that can operate quickly, precisely, and under various
environmental conditions.

Pneumatic engines fulfill this need by using compressed air to

produce motion, making them ideal for applications where
electrical or hydraulic systems might be too hazardous, costly, or
complex. Their ability to provide rapid response times, simple
control mechanisms, and durability under harsh conditions makes
them a preferred choice in manufacturing, packaging, robotics, and
assembly lines. Furthermore, pneumatic systems are often more
cost-effective and easier to maintain, making them essential
components in the push for efficient and scalable automation.

• Fast operation
• Simple control
• Safety
• Low maintenance
• Cost-effective
• Eco-friendly
• Versatile
• Energy efficient
 CHAPTER-II

LITERATURE SURVEY

Pneumatic engines have gained significant attention as a

sustainable alternative to conventional internal combustion
engines. Several studies and research projects have explored their
design, efficiency, and potential applications in the automotive and
industrial sectors.

1. Early Research and Concepts:

Initial studies on pneumatic propulsion date back to the late
19th and early 20th centuries, where compressed air was used
in mining locomotives to reduce fire hazards. These early
designs focused on safety and simple mechanical systems.

2. Compressed Air Vehicles (CAVs):

In the 2000s, research on compressed air vehicles gained
momentum as concerns about global warming and fuel
scarcity grew. Studies by engineers and companies like Tata
Motors (India) and MDI (France) evaluated the feasibility
of air-powered cars. They highlighted benefits such as zero
emissions and low operating costs, but also identified
challenges like limited range and energy density.
3. Design Improvements and Prototypes:
Several academic institutions and industrial research labs
have developed prototypes with rotary and reciprocating
mechanisms. Efforts include optimizing valve timing, piston
design, and lightweight materials to improve the power-to-
weight ratio and overall performance.

4. Automation and Industrial Use:

Studies have also explored the role of pneumatic engines in
automation, especially in robotics and factory systems.
Pneumatic actuators and motors are favoured for their speed,
simplicity, and safety, as discussed in journals such as IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Applications.

5. Recent Trends:
Recent work focuses on hybrid systems combining
pneumatic and electric drives to offset energy limitations.
Research continues on improving storage methods (e.g.,
high-pressure tanks, regenerative braking) and energy
recovery systems.
 CHAPTER 3

DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENTS

3.1 Mechanical Components:

• Cylinder and Piston Assembly – Core part that converts

compressed air into linear motion.
• Crankshaft – Converts the reciprocating motion of the
piston into rotary motion.
• Connecting Rod – Links the piston to the crankshaft.
• Plummer Block – Support for rotating shafts.
• Conveyor Belt – To move from point ‘A’ to point ‘B’.

3.2 Pneumatic Components:

• Compressed Air Tank – Stores air under pressure, acts as

the engine’s fuel source.
• Air Compressor – To refill the air tank with pressurized air.
• Solenoid or Manual Valves – Directs airflow into and out of
the cylinder.
• Air Hoses and Fittings – Connect the air tank, valves, and
engine parts.
3.3 Control and Safety Components:

• Flow Control Valve – Regulates the speed of air entering the

cylinder.
• Pressure Gauge – Monitors air pressure levels.
• Safety Valve – Prevents over-pressurization of the system.
• Lubricator – Adds oil mist to the air to reduce friction and
wear.

3.4 Additional Tools and Materials:

• Bearings and Bushings – Reduce friction at rotating joints.

• Mounting Hardware – Bolts, nuts, clamps, and brackets.
• Seals and Gaskets – Ensure airtight operation of the
cylinder.
• Machining Tools – For fabricating custom parts if needed
(e.g., lathe, drill press).
MECHANICAL COMPONENTS:

❖ Cylinder:

• Function: The cylinder is the chamber where the compressed

air enters and interacts with the piston. It provides the
controlled environment for air expansion, which drives the
piston.
• Material: Typically made from steel or aluminium for
durability and resistance to wear.
• Design: Cylinders can be single-acting (air forces the piston
in one direction only) or double-acting (air forces the piston
in both directions).

❖ Piston:

• Function: The piston is the moving part that is driven by the

expanding compressed air. As air enters the cylinder, it
pushes the piston, creating mechanical motion.
• Material: Often made from lightweight, durable materials
such as aluminium or cast iron, ensuring a balance between
strength and weight.

❖ Conveyor Belt:

A belt conveyor system consists of two or more pulleys

(sometimes referred to as drums), with a closed loop of
carrying medium—the conveyor belt—that rotates about
them. One or both of the pulleys are powered, moving the
belt and the material on the belt forward.
PNEUMATIC COMPONENTS:

1. Compressed Air Tank:

A Compressed Air Tank is a critical component in a pneumatic

engine, as it serves as the reservoir where compressed air is stored

for later use. The tank provides the energy required to drive the

engine by releasing air under pressure to the cylinder and piston

assembly.

2. Air Compressor:

An air compressor is a crucial component in a pneumatic engine

system, as it provides the compressed air necessary to power the

engine. The compressor is responsible for converting mechanical

energy into compressed air, which is then stored in the compressed

air tank for use by the engine.

TYPES OF AIR COMPRESSOR USED IN PNEUMATIC ENGINES:

1. Reciprocating (Piston) Compressors:

✓ How it Works: This type of compressor uses a

piston inside a cylinder to compress the air. The
piston moves back and forth, drawing in air,
compressing it, and then forcing it into the air tank.

2. Rotary Screw Compressors:

✓ How it Works: These compressors use two

interlocking helical screws (rotors) to trap and
compress air. As the rotors turn, they reduce the
space between them, which increases the air
pressure.

3. Centrifugal Compressors:

✓ How it Works: Centrifugal compressors use high-

speed rotating impellers to accelerate air outward
and increase its pressure. The air is then directed into
a diffuser where the velocity is converted into
pressure.

4. Diaphragm Compressors:

✓ How it Works: This type of compressor uses a

diaphragm (flexible membrane) that moves up and
down to compress air. The diaphragm separates the
air from the mechanical parts, preventing
contamination from oil or grease.
 CHAPTER IV

DESIGN AND DRAWING

4.1 DRAWING FOR DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF

PNEUMATIC ENGINE

1) OVERALL DIAGRAM:
 CHAPTER V

WORKING PRINCIPLE

1. Compressed Air Storage:

Compressed air is stored in a high-pressure tank, which acts as the
energy source for the engine. The air is typically pressurized to
around 100-150 psi, depending on the system's requirements.

2. Air Intake:
When the engine is activated, compressed air is released from the
tank through a valve or solenoid into the cylinder. This air is
directed into the chamber where the piston is located.

3. Air Expansion:
As the compressed air enters the cylinder, it rapidly expands. The
high-pressure air pushes against the piston, causing it to move.
This expansion of air converts the pressure energy of the
compressed air into mechanical motion.

4. Piston Movement:
The force from the expanding air moves the piston within the
cylinder. If the system is designed for linear motion, the piston
moves back and forth. For rotary motion systems (like air motors),
the expanding air turns a rotor or a vane, generating rotational
movement.

5. Exhaust:
After the piston completes its stroke, the air is expelled from the
cylinder through an exhaust valve or port, often at lower pressure.
In a double-acting system, the exhaust process happens after each
cycle, with air entering and exiting on opposite sides of the piston
to maintain continuous motion.
 CHAPTER VI

MERITS & DEMERITS

MERITS

Simple Design:

• Fewer Moving Parts: Pneumatic engines typically have a

simpler design with fewer components, such as no spark
plugs or complex fuel systems. This makes them easier to
maintain and repair.
• Low Maintenance: With fewer parts subject to wear and
tear, pneumatic engines require less maintenance and are
more reliable over time.

High Power-to-Weight Ratio:

• Pneumatic engines can provide a high amount of power

relative to their size and weight, making them useful in
applications where space and weight are important factors,
such as in air-powered vehicles or small machinery.

Instantaneous Response:

• Rapid Start-Up: Pneumatic systems can start quickly since

there is no need for warm-up or complex startup procedures,
which is advantageous for automated systems and robotic
applications.
Cost-Effectiveness:

• Low Operating Costs: Compressed air is relatively

inexpensive to generate compared to traditional fuels.
Additionally, pneumatic engines typically consume less
energy, lowering operational costs.

• Low Fuel Costs: As compressed air is the "fuel," which can

be generated using renewable energy sources, pneumatic
engines can be both cost-effective and energy-efficient.

Compactness:

• Compact Design: Pneumatic engines tend to be more

compact and lighter than their mechanical or combustion
counterparts, making them ideal for use in tight spaces or
lightweight equipment.

Versatility:

• Multiple Applications: Pneumatic engines can be used

across a wide variety of industries, including manufacturing,
robotics, automation, and even transportation (e.g., air-
powered cars).

• Variable Power Output: Depending on the air pressure and

flow rate, pneumatic engines can be easily adjusted to
provide varying amounts of power, making them versatile for
different tasks.
 DEMERITS

Limited Energy Density:

• Low Power Output per Unit of Volume: Pneumatic

engines rely on compressed air, which has a lower energy
density compared to traditional fuels like gasoline or diesel.
This means that for the same volume, pneumatic engines
generate less power, limiting their use in applications that
require high energy output over long periods.

• Need for Large Tanks: To achieve longer operating times,

pneumatic systems often require large, bulky air storage
tanks to store enough compressed air, which can be
impractical for certain applications.

Compressed Air Supply Issues:

• Need for Continuous Refilling: The compressed air used by

pneumatic engines eventually depletes. Therefore, the system
requires regular recharging or refilling of the air tank, which
can interrupt operations.

• Dependence on External Compressors: In many systems,

pneumatic engines rely on external compressors to supply the
air, requiring additional equipment and energy to maintain air
pressure, which adds to the operational complexity and cost.
Low Efficiency:

• Energy Losses: Converting energy from compressed air to

mechanical power is less efficient compared to traditional
engines. A significant amount of energy is lost in the process
of compressing, storing, and releasing the air.

• Heat Loss: The expansion of compressed air can result in

cooling and loss of energy, further reducing the overall
efficiency of the system.

Limited Control over Power Output:

• Power Fluctuations: The output of pneumatic engines can

be less stable compared to electric or combustion engines.
The power generated depends on the pressure and volume of
compressed air, and fluctuations in air pressure can lead to
inconsistent performance.

Limited Range and Duration:

• Short Operation Time: Due to the low energy density of

compressed air, pneumatic engines have a limited operating
time before needing to refill or recharge. This is especially
problematic in applications requiring long periods of
continuous operation, like in vehicles or heavy machinery.

• Limited Range in Vehicles: In pneumatic-powered vehicles,

the range is typically much lower compared to gasoline or
electric vehicles due to the limited capacity of the
compressed air tanks.
 CHAPTER VII

APPLICATIONS

1. Industrial Automation and Manufacturing:

• Robotic Arms: Used in robotic systems for precise,

controlled movements in assembly lines.
• CNC Machines: Powering machines in manufacturing plants
for tasks like cutting, drilling, and grinding.
• Packaging Machinery: Pneumatic engines are used in
packaging lines for operations such as sealing, labeling, and
handling materials.
• Conveyor Systems: Driving conveyor belts and automated
sorting systems.

2. Air-Powered Vehicles:

• Air-Compressed Cars: Experimental vehicles powered by

compressed air, offering eco-friendly transportation with zero
emissions.
• Trains and Buses: Some concepts involve air-powered trains
or buses, reducing reliance on fossil fuels.
3. Pneumatic Tools:

• Air Drills, Wrenches, and Hammers: Used in construction,

manufacturing, and maintenance applications.
• Sanders and Grinders: Pneumatic engines power various
tools in the automotive, construction, and woodworking
industries.

4. Aerospace and Aircraft Systems:

• Aircraft Control Systems: Pneumatic actuators are used for

controlling flaps, landing gear, and brakes in aircraft.

• Pressure Regulators and Air Systems: Used for cabin

pressurization and air conditioning systems in airplanes.

5. Medical Equipment:

• Dentistry: Air-driven tools such as drills and cleaning

devices in dental practices.
• Medical Compressors: For powering ventilators and other
air-driven medical devices.
• Prosthetics: Pneumatic actuators are used in certain
prosthetic limbs for controlled movement.
6. Mining and Hazardous Environments:

• Mining Equipment: Pneumatic engines power drills, rock

breakers, and loaders in mining operations, where explosion-
proof machinery is necessary.
• Oil and Gas Industry: Used in explosive-proof
environments to power tools and equipment safely.

7. Agriculture:

• Pneumatic Seeders: Used for planting seeds efficiently and

accurately in large-scale farming operations.
• Pneumatic Harvesting Tools: Powering devices used for
harvesting crops like fruits, vegetables, and grains.

8. Construction and Demolition:

• Pneumatic Jackhammers: Commonly used in roadwork and

construction for breaking concrete and rocks.
• Pile Drivers: Pneumatically powered pile-driving tools used
in building foundations.

9. Packaging and Sorting:

• Material Handling Systems: Used in food packaging,

bottling, and sorting systems to move items efficiently.
• Vacuum Conveying: Pneumatic systems used to move
small, lightweight materials (like powders or granules) in the
food and pharmaceutical industries.

10. Marine and Submarine Applications:

• Pneumatic Systems for Submarines: Used in ballast control

systems, hatches, and actuators for underwater vehicles.
 CHAPTER VIII

LIST OF MATERIALS

FACTORS DETERMINING THE CHOICE OF MATERIALS

1. Mechanical Properties

• Strength: Must withstand internal pressure and mechanical

stresses.
• Toughness: Resistance to impact, especially in moving parts.
• Fatigue Resistance: Important for components undergoing
cyclic loading.
• Wear Resistance: Especially for parts like pistons and
valves.

2. Weight

• Low Density: Lightweight materials improve overall

efficiency and mobility (especially in portable or automotive
applications).

3. Corrosion Resistance

• Pneumatic engines may encounter moisture from compressed

air, leading to rust or corrosion—especially in humid
environments.
4. Thermal Properties

• Thermal Conductivity: Heat dissipation is essential,

especially in high-speed engines.
• Thermal Expansion: Dimensional stability is important for
maintaining tolerances.

5. Machinability and Manufacturability

• Materials should be easy to machine, cast, mold, or fabricate

based on the component.

6. Cost and Availability

• Economical choices without compromising performance.

• Readily available materials reduce lead time and production
costs.

7. Friction and Lubrication Needs

• Low-friction materials reduce the need for lubrication and

improve efficiency.

8. Compatibility with Compressed Air

• Non-reactivity with air and any potential contaminants or

lubricants used in the system.
9. Environmental and Safety Considerations

• Non-toxic, recyclable, or environmentally friendly options

may be preferred.

Common Materials Used:

• Aluminum alloys: Lightweight, corrosion-resistant, good

machinability.
• Stainless steel: Strong, corrosion-resistant, but heavier and
more expensive.
• Brass and bronze: Good for valves and fittings due to
machinability and corrosion resistance.
• Polymers (e.g., nylon, PTFE): Used for seals, gaskets, or
low-friction moving parts.

GENERAL PURPOSE SELECTION FACTORS

 1. PROPERTIES

The material selected must possess the necessary properties for the

proposed application. The various requirements to be satisfied can be

weight, surface finish, rigidity, ability to withstand environmental

attack from chemicals, service life, reliability etc.

The following four types of principle properties of materials decisively

affect their selection

a. Physical

b. Mechanical

c. From manufacturing point of view

d. Chemical

The various physical properties concerned are melting point, thermal

 Conductivity, specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, specific

gravity, electrical conductivity, magnetic purposes etc.

The various Mechanical properties Concerned are strength in tensile,

Compressive shear, bending, torsional and buckling load, fatigue

resistance, impact resistance, elastic limit, endurance limit, and

modulus of elasticity, hardness, wear resistance and sliding properties.

The various properties concerned from the manufacturing point of

view are,

➢ Cast ability

➢ Weld ability

➢ Surface properties

➢ Shrinkage

➢ Deep drawing etc.

2. MANUFACTURING CASE
 Sometimes the demand for lowest possible manufacturing cost or

surface qualities obtainable by the application of suitable coating

substances may demand the use of special materials.

3. QUALITY REQUIRED

This generally affects the manufacturing process and ultimately the

material. For example, it would never be desirable to go casting of a

less number of components which can be fabricated much more

economically by welding or hand forging the steel.

4. AVAILABILITY OF MATERIAL

Some materials may be scarce or in short supply, it then becomes

obligatory for the designer to use some other material which though

may not be a perfect substitute for the material designed. The delivery

of materials and the delivery date of product should also be kept in

mind.
5. SPACE CONSIDERATION

Sometimes high strength materials have to be selected because the

forces involved are high and space limitations are there.

6. COST

As in any other problem, in selection of material the cost of

material plays an important part and should not be ignored.

Sometimes factors like scrap utilization, appearance, and non-

maintenance of the designed part are involved in the selection of proper

materials.

CHAPTER IX

COST ESTIMATION
1. MATERIAL COST

Solenoid Valve: - 2000

Pneumatic Actuator: - 2500

Plummer Block: - 1500

Crankshaft: - 550

MS Square Tube: - 200

2. LABOR COST

Cut & Machining the frame, Fabricate the cylinder, Drilling.

3. OVERHEAD CHARGES
The overhead charges are arrived by” manufacturing cost”

Manufacturing Cost =Material Cost + Labor Cost

=6750+800 =7550

Overhead Charges =20% of the manufacturing cost

=1510

4. TOTAL COST

Total cost = Material Cost +Labor Cost +Overhead Charges

=6750+800+1510

=9060

Total cost for this project =9060

 CHAPTER X

CONCLUSION

This project is made with pre planning, that it provides flexibility

in operation.

This innovation has made the more desirable and economical. This

project “DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF PNEUMATIC

ENGINE” is designed with the hope that it is very much economical and

help full to small scale industries, research and development workshops,

etc.

This project helped us to know the periodic steps in completing a

project work. Thus we have completed the project successfully.

 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Bejan, A. (2013). Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics

(4th Ed.). Wiley.
o Covers thermodynamic cycles relevant to air-
powered systems, including pneumatic engines.

2. Mathur, M. L., & Sharma, R. P. (2012). Internal

Combustion Engines. Dhanpat Rai Publications.
o Contains a chapter on air engines and alternative
propulsion methods.

3. Pundir, B. P. (2010). IC Engines. Narosa Publishing

House.
o Discusses various alternative engine types, including
air-powered engines.

4. Nguyen, M. H., & Ryu, S. (2008). "A Study on the

Performance of a Compressed Air Engine." International
Journal of Automotive Technology, 9(1), 49–54.
o Technical paper analyzing the efficiency and
dynamics of pneumatic engines.
5. Sharma, D., & Yadav, M. (2015). “Compressed Air
Vehicle.” International Journal of Scientific &
Engineering Research, 6(7), 1710–1715.
o Case study on the development and viability of air-
powered vehicles.

6. Khurmi, R. S., & Gupta, J. K. (2005). A Textbook of

Thermal Engineering. S. Chand & Company.
o Contains foundational principles applicable to
pneumatic and thermodynamic systems.

7. Rajput, R. K. (2016). Engineering Thermodynamics.

Laxmi Publications.
o Provides essential concepts for understanding air
compression and expansion in engines.

8. Patil, A., & Deshmukh, R. (2013). "Design and

Fabrication of Compressed Air Engine." International
Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics
Research, 2(2), 81–89.
o Describes a practical implementation of a pneumatic
engine prototype.