“Mobile communication the use .of Tedwalogy bo Communicate with others in’ diffexent locations ‘thet , allons us wsithouk the Use of any Physical connection (wires or cables). Cellular Mobile communication Cellar communication ic a Form of commu nication ig a Rom, af ‘communication technology that enables the use of masile phones >The Fixst’ handled | cellulor mobile phone was demonstrated 45 gah F itchel 8 Martin coopers of.) matorla jin’ ia. The. dierent, byped of matile “communication Systems ore ja mobile “boo way yosho, pubic lone vdatio, mobile” Lelephane, ancl “ amatary (aM) vosko, Ther ability. bo! send “Wnessoge Quickly “Sad ePfi ciently sienables trcells "to “cgerdinate and fun—tune thelr functione, a => Umitationg of Simple mobile. Radia ‘system, Mobile communication 1 ae a = ‘Mobie comrmuni cation WB A Ccammunications metinalk’” “Ehat does nat Myvalve cable oF wive connection Kebween two entities. — Scanned with CamScannerExample of Mabile Rostio Sea) Garge door cpeners, Remte conkws\ent for | home Entaicnment “eguipments, coraless telephones, Hand'= held walkie.” talkies ‘and | ceflulae “telephone Ol axe the lexdmplds of MSIE Voto” cdmmuini. cabion Syskems. Basic cellular “Systern voice ieeutls olinws dod Switches mitsov " ond (Mosile belephane switching [processors office) wie pe Lunes Ceoll sre) Radio |, Stotion ekokicg, | cel sike tee | here FE Poux clements tn calldilar system, these axe, mobile Unie, cell “alka, MTSo,, Vsiee” & dota links. Mobile: Unit ¥ os 4 skys lo od Ai} < > Mobile unit consists of @ “tren diglor or brane receiver , contral Smit, Power ntl 2 pn antenna syckem and it ts mathing rbuk, Phone, SB romsveceiver, peans beth eromgynitler Ce. Ws brensreceyer Used by “the subsedbe, for voice & data calls. _ Scanned with CamScanner“= Rodia cobinets ave the chornele powers unit Provides power cupply to all the ewenttS Be elements m the rrobile Unit. 3 TRerng the twaneritker ; Yecclver, display: megan. ger execution of — Lanctoff B eke ave monitored ond controlled by contra) unit (settings } cet site : : = cell ste wy ag interface between mobile unit & MTSE (Mobile Telephone suattching office] => Tk is mathing fuk antenna, Property. =A srall pact of casa ie called as “cell” >A cell sith antenna e2uipment cal) Ske. is coed as > CAN Sika concighs of an antenna, boner tkker, Reever, contral unit , power unit, radio cobineks cohammeld anal it play's major cole. Power units comsicts, of: “supph)’ provided “ by local Provides bo generator, of glandere by pour supply: : wshich ave assigned ts the cell ste, there channels ull be assigned ..b9 mablle J units bas Per “the ‘Veguivemente, voice anal | gate links (Tranemigsion Mnks] SA bronemissibin’ inks’ ie! weeded between calf sike & MTso for the exchenge of voice ond date Signale. i > opal Fibre ables (ofc) ave.the: ‘performed trangwiegion thks aS they offer huge banduidth, feast loss ; less aise ete., Scanned with CamScanner( ' we. Vink hebwoes, cetheBirabive -of.. ore: 16 @ : mamesane OT cell dite And MTSO. i MTSO}i Mobile Telephone office. G 4 sews ie the heost of the cellular, system, uit e wespansible for each HB every actwity, MTs0 oe suaikehing Prscessoy a) ro) “7 > susiktheS ‘ane! “Used to provide a. link betweon calling & called gubecmbero, > Praessore ove usedl fox Performing a the acbivibeS of MTSO ond it containe the building Property. “a MTS ackivibies eludes. G) 'Mobile unit) validakioy, Ww BIWng. meter mointainonce GH) Handaff execution wy chorme} shanning &, canpwing Pexformome criteria of - cellular system / Fore Ore 3 Factors “on iahich Wo perform. once fF . cellular system. depends jen t pNGiCe quality % service quolity 3! special’ Peatuxes. Scanned with CamScannerr pvsice Wwolitys Usice quality ie "a basic Factor W ik mest be maintamed at very good, y excellent jevel For Ony cellular systems, >To climinake the voice quality subcribers must be collected based on thie 'MaK’ (Mean spinion score), : After obtaining mag, ik tehould be veriFiect vith Sem! Giveutt Mevit) scale. SCM sole oS the velakion bel weer Mos veice auoliby, cM Scale Score (tos) usice quality chs 5 Excellent -voice i clear : no vepékitions ave’ veeuivedt” - 4 | ony good Dusiee i clan, sy, occationa) repetitions are cleav, My 8 gga Nese. is Understanda- 7 Ye, Preauent vepttitions ove , eequived. oe : average|faiv - speech , ig underdandabie with effort. os We Poor - speech is nok 4 undexstandotle. , AS Per the cM sole, vice quality. mst. be either wh chy oF CMs + Sa, MOS mat . be greater than 4, on Fedaqere § o> wt te vsiee, coll ts Maintained of excellent Ney gesd thon performance of. the cellular Sytem is Nigh wth vespect to He wice quality. Scanned with CamScanner2. Service euality ; Seve guolity “deperds 479" 3 porometer, ) coverage [ W) Grade of Service AW) Noof despped calle, a) coverage ! > Tk isnl mandstery te pride jos" CONeKOGe bk the Following —conaliblone ‘muck be maintained fox good Peformance of cellular system, a FT Mok Avec, coverage must be Yo"fe and Fo, Svbseribexs must be satisfied with the coveroge. > tH Killy oFeos,, Coverage must be 45". and gor, sulccriberg must be sabitied wilh be coverage. W) Grade of Sewvice Clocking) > ding the busy hari highest. tm thot cose “thease is 1 Merc call attempts aye | 2 Passive of | blocking, ° AS per’ cellar standords allowed blocking = atl Gran). : PTF. Backing te ese than 24 ten the PexPornionee of” celtixtay. “eystem te considered as. yood. He gt 24 = UW) Noe — dropped “calle; rae spuxing the busy hour © Ql calle ore "made & SQu\! ‘call Gre " completed” then “hong ‘wcomplete | Scanned with CamScannerwe) drepped call is one, > propped call vote is gen by L. muct be ero (r) Keay zexo be make, goad Performing eystem, >The Sepped call vate 3. Special Features » Pry feature x) device hich atkracks move subsuibere Into System iS considexed as special feature iSuch as; Unlimited calls 2, Ualiviited” data "B volce ‘stared’ (WSR) box y call Srwarding 5: all waciking’ 6 ae eamming ew “novigation genvice. ee elslag operation ‘of cellular oyster) >The operation: of _ system SS > skeps. “mobile. “ont. Tribiali2abon Zz. “pobile exiginated — cal 3: Nekwork oxiginoted Sal Heal’ termination 5. Mond off. 1 Mowtle ) onte Seabializabiow: ma Powerieg “Gp the mobile ume 5 ors 2 seakching far 7 strangest sek alps chante) y “Muting Lhe Momle unit te the heareck “cell site o Scanned with CamScannercbtaining the neteork oie Ave oS the aiffexent activities of mobile -UKik initialization 2. Mobile originated coll: ues a > TE Ws aH, outgoing call Mobile From the mobile unit > sends MIN Mobile tclentification no.) ancl called susextber? now neaxest cell site. > Receivers the nearest & delivered it: bs. the MTS. ot a — Receivers the request Prom | the! call site. ~> Ttimates the cell, cite ts mae. the matile unit onto a Free vsice chomnel pair > Gormects = the mable unit to the colled, Be subseiber through O auitther. eNoice brancmission a voice Recepbimy TTS Set 3. Network aiginated call ¢ > Receivexe the request Frown em ©, “ollox mrebwerk bo delivers MIN detaite be ali call Stes Nl. = > Teansmitts - the Poge information Yr = Ehy D9. “tke entire coveroge are. = send? the Acknowledgement Be the. eet} ste AbOUE, ratching of a, > Sere the | contra), gost ith oiseg, ie Frege formation. : ' Scanned with CamScanner4: COM, Terminabion,s. io Ab. the ond, of conversion, iF the’ mobile use, DXPS of the termination by precescing cal! endl bukton. Ten ik I collecl O° coll kerminobion. aan off s => DYN A coll, “ie the mobile unit ic raving From one call she to the * ather thom te rusk be mgved,,...Grmny old’. voice’ channel. to ENS” woice chonnel poir jy callecdt as hod off. > without effecting the subsorber , gall: Hex. gon! shaped celle: . | = Te hexagonal shapes communications cello oie awtificial 4 Hae" audh’ a SKOHE conmct be genesoted 2A kha! GEA "Corll | spar anectdy “ahispth Chaste “Stectawped owen! DE hey WES the “Gelso? doko shaped “Teele lite the: planned P k vo Overlap | gotten Adee) © jot [ao aptebios weligde Saar ene hetegahst chagact elle fo the layout Smpiiey | the! planning designing the cellular eyster. Scanned with CamScannerWhen compoved 4o the ail ‘three’ Shapes, the hexagons) cell chope has! the largest! Oven fox a given distance between | the Genet jeg Area center oF o Polygon guitoble For omnidivectiong) ore > Rexo.gonoh shape is antennats thus heregono) taped celle widely accceptect Pox mobile carnrhsanicaion- Uniqueness of mobic ‘ Soa Envivonrnent i” Fg: Mobile wealio . tronsmiacion iwrade |, Deccription of-+mabile radio broneraisgon medium > I Propagption okkenuabont, Zn general jthe plopogation ) Path loss norensed at mat vonly. sith fyee. but gigs with dictonce. The Meident angles of both the deck Uove ond the veflected, wove Seas emall 05 chown iy he fg, Se cdee orgie F the aiveck wove o> “Bheialent prgie: of ithe ieset jaove. so, 5 also, called the “elevation | fonglt | > Pevhilly areas the aktenuation » wouter“be Ao daldec Ak Free-'space Lo attehuction would be “12.0 dB| dec Pathe, Propagation tars sould, be to ae] ee as yk moves _ fom, 1 te 19, fem, }. ~piok Scanned with CamScannercal. Cote et = eR ti where C= Received cawier Power Re: Aistoréd_ measured Bxeen' Tk to Ry % = constant. a > Te! AXktonce 4 Power | reception at tue diferent istics o ake Baill vesull in | % (ay Sc Ww ae) = c-6 Gn'dgy en Bis fea ~cn 2 R io ae ee s iy wabtve: 284, alae’ 42's “IAB, shen 2 = 108 “a ~s'ag. ' ete iis SIO); pe is also, VEKYy acy bo Compare” to the Free. space propagation wie of 2sdé}dce and idecibe} ~The Wheoy Scale expresione ore ear Gree ee, or eet Ke a g ea Dos 20195 ; feiks “Tends e -Preertpace) 5 PTH oO veal mobile Adio environment propagation path \ase. slope “vdviey “a’g Cot BA nee ob Ry boss Y casually hee es oS 5, " sepenstng on the ackual conctttions: -ofcociree y oe te lower Hhona, which) ig the ‘Pred Legace “conditlon. ‘The dR ccale expression ic. Scanned with CamScannerc zlologe-loV loge de. 2. Severe Fading: multipath Pocting Fg) MUllipgth Paging: on > the amterma height of the mobile unit ic lowser thom ike Lyptsal auwounclingg ond the comier Fred: wavelength i much Jess thew the Sees OP the gawounding ctracturer 5 mulbipoth WONES GXE_ genexoted. At the mobile unit, te Sem 0F dhe, wmulkipath waves “Carisels ot signa) - | fosing Phenomenon js cia, Soldey > TMe signal fluckuotes ia? a vonge-Jof !obout Hoag. rl) Nae — The varia Puck uatear of the, amplitude, Phases or Mattipath “delays 6& a vadko signal over doc Period of, Eimer’ dv Hover’ distance te Known os * Foting 3.Moble we ener Bag | Abo Pager? >A eee SIgral WW), con bE “ow te, attepthaxae- heen by a {Somponents cb), ons wh), based Y 3& cere “playset sthersieecenn “4 a eens Os WED FH shorpl a WHR Kpes Oe Ble Scanned with CamScannerwhee «(b= vadio” Econsmnisetdn’ value mi), ond voll) = multipath, Facting MY = long-term Facing. The Somponent mi is called tocol meow 7) lag Homa Cading ord its ‘oiadion is due to the. bexvaly Contour bw the bose station oncl the mobile Unik. She factor wl) ig called, Ragleigh Packing Land tke variation” i¢ die 49 the“ woves ‘oflece Prom the! siroundtng), bstteriége and okhex shocker : wel weet) 1 tye ‘ A mobile signal Packing, ext wy Nae ie “fous value. Precuct WS low, Lelker cowie poser ae “generated Bes :call- _ Site Aya mobile unit. Scanned with CamScannerSPrrponents of cettulor system) There ave majorly Unvee components im \ eal alae System. Tey ave \ Arkenna’ « + nar Asuikching Levipment / : : B Gate Wks Cory dota links TSK" > cporatinete all Ls mana: = Nages date stata Suiltehing Fumetion Comm unicatio, Paform roll (ot with mobiles internal susttch” | pargo ~ . wg of. “cals 2 Figure : 4 general views of cellular telecommunica- Hions Gystetng : rAntenna y * > Antenna Pattern, antenna god, ‘ bdLenng Ulbing antenna height “al| affect the Cellulg Syste design. ond “he ontenna. “patiom sn be, ssiyi “Sivectional avectional” x any hope ‘ey bath the vertical femal horizontal planes, = ANEENMA gain commpentstee Ne ae Womenitlect Power. = difFexent ontenna patterng and antenna, Goins at the cot site ond ok the motile untks Lwould affect the syctem performance and Scanned with CamScannergo musk be conciderest iy “the system’ design > The antenna . pattems geen cellular, sydtemg ore, different form, the Patterns Seen th free’ pace = Pokenna » killing can veduce / the” interference fe He meighbousing celle and enhance the werk spoke WH the. call, Re height of he cé-ate-antennd can affect the owes ond shope of the average ® tke System, a : 2. sattching _ EQuipment Now ore > The SPACEY... of suaikehing SgiKipment system in cellular IS mt beorseel a Hie mdf Swaitch Ports fut on the copacity of, the Processor ascacioted with the aaitelag é PHS (Wgreeltulae “System, epee Would bes loge i! J enpeiacot > Tk TS. important to “concider ied the. Suitehing eesipnet owlel Ca, the max. capacity.. oth the asitehing eeutpmont s destgned , ty © riddles Oe Ge distvibuted switches, Moye moduler TCaK be added {G5 tovease | the capacity oF the Pre car oe EQ iPment. . TUS Khe Rime je determined’ by! is long “ik fakes to veoh Pull capacity, vO gow decentolnred syctemé, qigital” “ssitches may eae Suitable. the! Cutuie “Kend “seame to fg the ablation aft mgyitem tonddees 2” Scanned with CamScannerDota: Links ; The: date linke ove drown Iv na ee > They: ave nat clivectly affected “by the cellular Systen, -s pach’ datalin! has multiple - channel ‘date Qo kbps) Blom the cell’ site “to” the MTSO- : >We fask-speed tate * beamiemiesion Aaa be Poste Brough © vequiay telephone “lint Dale bonk devices oxe needed. " ead They Con be multiexed, MOny-data channele = carrier wire Passing Uhwough a wide-bdnd”” We ov going through a ‘ mlexataave’’ radia Vink where , the “free. 16 wnuch: jarger how “aso Anal: ond Dike “caiétar systeress = Favanced mobile phone System (AMP) was’ oF anals mobile: > phisne Syskonn standard originally developed by Bell labs. : & ule motirdld “Load dewelopi 19.2 Celular Phone, farow 14681 to 19g Bel lobe worker} ont a: System eile | Ales, wake one the Fleck cellular Bho i | davkedt An ihe, us. The Pst, System was successfully * “deployed * disage, Ww 1959, Ayaleg . cellular, Syston —> Nippon Telephone’ Xd a wiry & stays eee Sopa); Baby thee? temmeral ovaley cata cyckemn on, ie . 1939, AIL, thd, semebescial nowkeriaiate “Haya (uMT) Sykem was ckorted tn the Nordic coun ties. Scanned with CamScannerct Regional center , CC rpisesiee center | ret Tall, center bo: tuo office LAMc ? Automobile : susitching, Center cov Meg ¢ X cos : XK so Meg : Mobile contra} ~ i sation, 40/000 sub in S00 cies . fy: coponese mobile telephone ee yuan: > cpectrum of BoMHe ; > Toto) norol —chonnels Was 6o9.'CH.Q-ud 1 25 KHE > ame 1460) Mess > MBS: 465%," MSS: 34, d00 European: cellular’ syotemne : countyy® system spain!" NNT uSoc (nordic Monte z -palépione) _, Boch channel, Busi ‘call sike jcharirels, Bw agehe Tatal! Neibe ‘alle’in gedlee” ig | Tokal channel 104 08 1-8 Gexmony — 6t4SoF Cellates 99 and AS (485, $6) 12, S90 subseribexs, 20 celh” sites “Rw reeite, 922 duplex charwéls . Aero 33 4908, ino thandelf fedkGre, eudb22lSod “NAT _Goome pusetiaiy — imtl us: 130) France uSOMH, Digital” “cestulav systems leap waub : a. beep systers 88M wos inteneldped Mh Gexmany wa! asm 4 Spacial Mablle. Group o Cesropiésin “ danclaral Systems coh jie te = Fist digital : call casted! Ga ‘Blobel, system for Mobile ‘coca >in Luniteat states oni novthern! Amevica THe ~ Division mattiple Access (MA TMOA) System (F654) Scanned with CamScanneryuighon MUI > deployed mm 19q3 and coma (ede P 2 cal * . a system pp, acess) (ge-qs) in 193. P pee! | < (personal cettutar S¥stery) “1994 covered, ‘oy exchambell » ~ wired felephone wor ot Wate. . o (@o0s) * 5G (Qoa0} (Unparalleled Seasroue) (qos 05) io . | "4 Wail)’ (Phones became EdmPuters) err) ag TES speed. was upto oy kbps > Aeeveney typically isomua _, and akove , Drowbacks of 1g yr " = Foor battery ; PPoow voice! auality Betage Wise! WwNo cecdvity ” 5. fregs cal drop 8G whveless Technalagy : . > Tk enables Semices guch 08 text messages, messages’ and same, Covi ~ mectiqy metsage) better euality and ' Copacity Cm widely used hm aoe ~ Qo00. Pickure Stk | provides > Allows multiple users on a& single channel. > Suppoitc Usice’ as etl os cata. ke. Scanned with CamScannerRadio ggnale on) 2G networks ave sightal whieh ea,, be comprecsech and, mulliplexed easily: ; bas > 2% tedmalayies con be divided, inte ‘TOMA cl coma —bosedt Skandaxds depending. om, the tre’ or moltiplening ” used. speed is atout qe thes : 7 COME regs Is of Rog ktle Orowbacke: Wweaker digitel signal jl aa a-These systeme aye ‘Unable to handle complex, dato such af videos. il 286 wireless | Fichnatogy si) fo Pes Ae 2Oy technology “bias , the , Second’ Be hig (a) ona @a}) generation of mabile telephony. 3a.5¢ WS Sometimes described ac, aq) celulae “Techoalo ‘ay combiny ith | Gers Genevat oes radio ‘evtee) alich 18 elislution Prom Gem: + used IH 20} ~ ancy, v Fn additlon te Grautk Suattched data, packet switched dota wor aleg implemented. +> Enhanced multi- Possitie. media % streaming. video Oe > SupPArts Web browsing _ such, S86 waivelese Application “proteco| i (ep) acceso, Mulkimedia messaging | seirvice Marte ) - Ex Pox nkeek.com- mant eotian tgewical’’ such” as emotl Onc: world wide web acess,” a secavertl UE som > eeiniee Freq. HE some of thot LF ag... Scanned with CamScannerFeatwes Kede h25q) bk Phone colle 2. send |Receive | Email messages 2. web browsing W'speed = ey tuy kbps 5 Camera phones, 3G wivelers Techeatogy 9 > Dote. Lromemi gg = t . SHON speed nove 48° aloe, [ae Seal From 144, kbps > Provides Pade, Commenteokion 8 2 > High speed “Eb | Move Seeuriby. . PW sheeamning | imauie ty | Phone ‘call Pickve NS came Into QF Baoy- 20054, ts mower Ree. ts suip Drowbac| I High — Bandusidth, Reauicement see 2 2 Expensive 36 phones 3. Lage cellphones,’ “Ya: wWivelebe Techmology: 8 = @pebie of providing too Mipe > Moe securely "Gbps Speed. > High copacity tow cost Pec~ bik, > Improves? the capacity & coverage - usex faitness.”, ¢ LTE XE O Tétandovd ¥ fol | sivelese: “icormmunication BF high epeedt: ‘IARC. Kor incite phones, a cake Lexminale . Scanned with CamScanner“Supports atleast goa, ockive ictate, clients; iy eS Smite cell. > AbIKEY to manage — fot moving mobiles SMP Po. MBSEN (Multicast Rroocicast single Prag. Netiorles > TE is based on the Gam] Googe and ums fHseg hls technologies , | Wereacing the capacity & Peay ManG_new modulation edwolagies. SEDGE - Enhancecl pata Rates for asi Communication TYMTS — Univeral Mobile Telecammunications System Hspa’ High Speed packet Access, Drowbacks ; \ Battery Usage if more Q-Hard to trplement” 3. Need compl sated Hardware Us Expensive © eaui Pment veauived to implement, Next generation networle, ; Fregeency Yeuse PTE AO concept of yeusing. a iaetiaf Prequencet method sed by Service pyoniders: to Improve the off eleney fa cellular fu ond te or wa Scanned with CamScannervr ssaadjacent calle aceigned _ different Preeuencies ko avsicl © interference or Caosstalle. — opjective is 4o veuse reg: in nearby celle be te 50 Freguencies ascigned each cell. 2. Transmission porser contralled fo Wik power ak Mok Freq. excoping &S adjacent calls. 3. The iesue ic to determine hows mony cells Must thkervene blo 2 celts using the some Free. The alloked freq. spectrum for mobile Communication hang the 16 is Hy the wange of Bog-Foo MHE.But “sing Ure small bawdesidth, thorsands of cubscuribere ‘need to be sewed over o lage aed, To monage His ikuation, a kechnigne called * Prog: eure" Y¢ adopted _ = Fray.’ Meuse “depends 99 he duster sire, omteme height and Sekance j tromemiteing Power, > HFicieney, mexectes,, Londuiidth algo Mmereages. A Peeps SE AECKEOSES, COMOX Poor Cecreaser Con choral cates The, celle Slngi ade Preeuendes ave, enol OS co-chormel celle. co chonmal Mtexference 2 The" mobile in cet oko gets signals from) other e-chonnel cells, acoaere Reuse Ratio. > Accum suming hexcgonal The winimumn aictomce that alfews the SNe Crea. to be veeised sit depend 9M rrany Fockors | a co-channel cells tr Eke veg, of the center cell, the bype geagraphic, terrain | cantor’, the antenna height & the bronamitted Power ok each cell dite, ' ; 7 : STE A “He cetiaites, tanemit the come poser, Tc mmeressed 9 reduces the chance that co-channg} ‘Wnkerferencd roy occurs then KA ond the Free: vecrse distance Number of channels ) a celhler ayctems, - SS = = Stee Se eee 2 > oxdler to compute ithe capacity” ie! veveless —celtulay ayctem,, c=Mg 41) obviously 8 anos (Chenield per clicker J ey where g ey {St Norof-chanmale Gidarender) oveilable Per cluster. 4 : a Ke NonoF channels” per” eel}! LN = Novof cele Po. cluster Me Novof cluskerci f= Totol noof a ; Channels avatlabia Bar’ system substitute aan @) Ww Gi) C= MKN son PG Wi the meneue of capacity of the eee is very ~ Yportant to the Service . provide, Since ik determines the max toffe capacity that | 4 Scanned with CamScannercd by. the aewice Provider: The higher Con we : the capacity the higher the potential revenue ito e Be sewice Provider. = A lage cluster size (nN) inclicates that the vatig Bho the cell vadius the dickance blus ca-thonnel celle Mr ic large, athe ivolwe for Wis a: function’ of hous “mich interference a mablle or base. Station con! toldrate ule, maintaining a. SaFFiclent Quality. oF communication, >The reg: reuse factor Bre bY Lb, mee eoch cell wsithin a cluster ig Ons assignest In of the total avoilable channels Im the sytem, Celtulor beaffics .9F & cellplar systens. oie NOE umber of usere Trunking: Accommedate o WO Wmitecl “adio gpedisum PA Nawge noo Users. te dove: the relatively emat) no-of channeis th a cell, cays 71 > Providing access to each other MEE Pet pool of available channels, See te oo. FL balhic intensity A sadio chon : that 5 occupied. fo 30 minutes caries, SE Eetonge, of traffic, The Hime vequived te allagcte a Axunkedt.. vadid’ chennel dosing on hour sel up Time ; tea vequesting user, Blocked coll: coll which ‘cannot be completed ak time £ vequest , duc to congestion + Also veferved to aso ‘tock “coll. Scanned with CamScannerRalding! Brie s “average * duction: of 6 typical seit Aehoted by! |p (fn! etbnels) a Traffic Intensity : Meccuve of channel Eme -— vtshtch, itr the overage: chanhel sce » Extange Tie ts a dimensionless ere a be used to measure the Gme LEW LAKOM oF tinge wav mulkiple chomnele, denoted Hy Ae” A'='AH. sbesichs Traffic intendty” across the entive beankea| vedlio msyctem ) measured 1H Elange, Stace? (SF | SeWIE! “Goth ' ‘4 A mecawe ‘of "congestion cakegh Ye specified or the “pabariity of a celj being Blocked [for Bang g), _ He prabalitity of a call) being deloyedt 6. coral, Ormaunt of me (for Belong ¢) Reauest Rote : The_.average | nerof gail’ edurects for SntE “Wine “clenoted by. afseconds, ~ 3 bypes OF — bnantedt System’ ne astening — for call reanests 1% bype + Py’ (biocting’)” = Goes ae ainlyd whens” Se ode ehunics Se The AGRE channete: f Wiz Te “total offered channels i } ard type: a quere is Provided | to, bale wisthed Scanned with CamScannerGes 1 (Grade of sewice | : The ability’ Ga User ts accere a tants ed gggkem’ daving the busest hour. Get FE bypicsly ghien ap the Thelthoos heb’ call ig Blocked’, a the Ukelihool “of a ‘cal! experi- Lending a delay greater Boars a certain ening kine » . Celular Structures y Mace cells: These Fells ove the base’ ctations that Prosde coveroge 4. large Oren “volth -takerdte Dicterce reo) roy humdieds of metexe tp... Severd|. Blo meters.) 1 ‘ oo > hey AUIPIN the baseline coverage’ fov ony Ure ne providing connectivity“ and up atl te me. >The poser concumption yeries from ‘toow'to Yow ; they have cectoved antennas normally covering 1o®™’ per sector. > Macwocel} pexfoxrmance com be Mereased "by “wroreosing the efficienyy of the: brantweceiver, Mlexocelts : : « : bs Worden | Kae tovo Heo emit Power tha, S, Rheyove” chnatlor base at ish CM Peckuwes rok ave Used ity Cuex both Yadoor and outdoor ormuded areas, Wracka’ ” g. Lakiong IPT, con eypreany Teaver S. Fange: of. few melee to ones tor tig Kilo metere, ' es The Peseer consumation Yanges from Sow ly ites => They, ave, s generally used Cov AWidlagy purposes aswell as outdoor auck ds “hak pote, : is / ; Scanned with CamScannerRice —cetts ( ‘ : he — 9 > Pico -celle have tomer branemit power LOD Mo, Bs's, they have omni-directional ankermas 4a mmecre Bolg — wshich Ave sectoved. TP TMe bomemit Power ranges Prom .a50 mw to Sa They ove generally used Or door des Owound —hat-cpots Whe offices, wailwoy stations ‘et. > Ploo-cells provide coverage, ofink eapodttes e wash Gree dfFicult av expensive to reach “sing the Wrove bradikional macvecett approach. Femto- cells, ia Ore ASO bnouin” pe HenBs He x Ove deploy ment Mens generally, less. than, 20mm. > Femto + celts ode) Pov“ etadll “wddene & home S24 een, Poe ot Vey Small Inge coverage : Le Joat TP They ove ~ danni -airecional, Onkennas, bon gwil Power TS ground (00 mul: Pthey could be plugged iy Using a. OSL Lhe or modem’ cable, . Bhs nes =A Femtocell allows sewice Provides “to exkend Service cOrEroge ndponte oat! the (call edge, where occess would be, Nien ted or “Gnavailaste, cell split 3 : > The motivation “pried _lementing rQ, cellular “movtie’ system ts & Sony ve Me naltinabtod of Speckyum efFicten B > when boffic density, storks boy Al? Up dy “the Frequency chanmels Fs, im eath- call c/eanigs 4 provide enough mobile calls, the 4Qinal_ cell eon tee gplit Mito smaller dette, Scanned with CamScannerss usually the Mew wodius Bond tue & te Original yodinss. Hew cel woclius = old cetf wadinela Then, New cell area = ot cert avealu,,’ eavey the the old cet], then set each new cell Somme Max. belie load of New “raft food {unit ores =x tregttc load fuunit ven my Fig cel splitting y = Mere ave a fande of cell selithg Teckiniquies. [Permanent ‘plitting : a + Ta “ietallation of exery rors epht ceil, has. to be Planned ahead of Ene, be. hp-9¢ channels, the tromemitted “"psvter, “the assigned Preauendes , | the. choosing - of cellsite section a He Lealfic loot , Sonsideratoy chould’ all) be! condidered.” SD uhen veady , the actual fewide out -over ghoul be sek at the towest tole "Point, Usually of wright on &. weekend: Hopefully Fon & feu cil? will be cheapped "because /+ of Hie Cub - over, “dboaming “Hat the downtime of the gystern’ ic uoithin 8h, as Dynamic splitting : “Ais acheme ..i¢ based on using the allocated spectrum effidency. ip real Rime. Ta! algertthm Scanned with CamScannerFor cymamically gplitting ceil sikes ier & tediow fay, OS We con't efor fo hove one single call MOTE al ching cetl gplitting at heavy traffic hows. Celt Seckori: 4g: 7 Celis axe divided Into oO hoof weage - shapedt sectors each with theiv, own set of. chamels. > Sectorving 16 nether wwoy fo Increase capacty, TH seckoring ,a cel] has some eoveroge Space bak Inctead of using a ‘Single omnizdirectiong) antenna Yat bonsmits in all “directions , eithe, Uwee on 6- dNectional antennas ‘ave usect & ed, with beamnsidth’ of about (20% oe Go” 28 Showy im figure. ©) 126° ‘sectoring W& 60° Seckoring Tas Gack thee sector causes . interference ty tha, cals ok ore om ts Hrangmission sarghe ontg = sity Wae® seckoring 12.063 conchanmal cette Interference with, Gor, seckaring (ge 2 og. calls cance «interference, et “4 Im. the, Case off. toe- cel feckaring “6 oe. Oye vechabing no, Interakenes akee” plane teu: ce the mice cel FR notiinn Helv coat ee ARGH angles a , shown oth, Fig. : SY => For the case of o° 2 ntony 'F Oly “one Weg co-channel interFering ceNS depends on the acter C2 Hite RelSrin : cell coiuseas Yokerference, Te “novoe Scanned with CamScanner« cope ByF aCe. Fig: 190° sextoring Fig: Go? Seckoving > cell sectoving helps. iy and interference > cell sectoving inereasing channel copccities Is Used my Gorn And cpma! Adwantoges : Reduces _ co-channel inkerFeence Ly eee eee ty’ by MEBedsing P Trerenses | capa Sgnel to TnterPerende Yatis (try, eel vadius © Jets unchanged. Dicodvantoges » - ~FNo-of “antennas Pex cell gets: Mtreacecl > Temking CFFicency ceweaseg due to’ chorinal’ sectoring. > seckovivig makes handoff move typical. ‘Scanned with CamScanner